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2017BRES0017.Pdf II Acknowledgements/Remerciements/Dankwoord First, I would like to thank my supervisors Karine Olu and Lénaïck Menot. Merci pour les discussions pendant ce travail. Merci pour le support et l’encouragement que vous m’avez donné pendant cette thèse. Merci pour les opportunités de présenter ce travail dans des différents congrès et d'y faire des rencontres. I am grateful to the rapporteurs, Anthony Grehan (NUIG) and Ellen Kenchington (Fisheries and Oceans Canada) as well as other members of the jury Annabelle Aish (Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle), Gérard Thouzeau (UBO) and Yves-Marie Paulet (UBO) for accepting to validate this work. I also would like to thank the members of my thesis committee/Comité de these: Jean-François Bourillet (Ifremer), Sophie Arnaud-Haond (Ifremer), Sebastien Rochette (Ifremer), Jérôme Paillet (Ifremer), Florence Cayocca (AAMP) and Veerle Huvenne (NOCS). Thank you for your help that was and is much appreciated. Merci beaucoup! Dank je wel! Merci à tous les membres de LEP. Un merci tout particulier à : Jozée et Pierre-Marie pour ces années au LEP ; Julie pour ton aide en cartographie ; Ivan and Bérengère for sharing an office and nice moments of laughter, discussion, tea breaks with chocolate and of course for the cactus (we are almost finished!); Eve-Julie pour ton patience et aide aux moments que j’ai eu besoin de quelques choses au CENTOB et d’autres laboratoires et merci pour les bons moments sur Moz1 ; Jean-Pierre pour ta participation aux campagnes d’Evhoe et la collecte des données imagerie que j’ai traitée ; Jean-Pierre (encore une fois) et Manu pour les séances de tri de poisson pendant Evhoe 2013 ; Marjo pour ton aide avec les questions d’anglais, etc. ; Alizé et Marion pour la confirmation des identifications des certaines espèces/morphotype ; Philippe R. pour ton aide avec les ordinateurs – la combinaison entre un ordinateur et moi n’était pas toujours bonne. Je voudrais remercier les chefs de missions et les équipages des N/O Pourquoi Pas ? Thalassa et Le Suroît pour les campagnes BobGeo, BobGeo 2, BobEco, Evhoe 2009-2013 et les équipes du ROV et SCAMPI qui ont collecté des images. Ces images pendant ces campagnes sont analysées pendant cette étude, si possible. Également, je voudrais remercier le chef de mission et les équipages de N/O L’Atalante et du Scampi pendant la campagne MOZ-01, que j’ai participé avec plaisir. In addition, I would like to thank the captain and crew of the RV James Cook and the crew of the ISIS ROV (NOCS) during the JC124-125-126 cruise in which I was happy to join. I would like to thank Veerle III Huvenne (NOCS) for the possibility to participate in this cruise as well as the other people in my shift and on board with who I had nice discussions and moments. Je voudrais remercier Bernard Le Cann pour ses patientes explications des courants dans le Golfe de Gascogne et Jean-François Bourillet pour la même patience en géologie. Merci à Brigitte Guillaumont qui m’a donné mon premier contrat à l’Ifremer qui aura finalement abouti à cette thèse. Merci à mes amis et ma belle-famille qui m’ont demandé comment ça va avec moi et la thèse et ceux qui m’ont aidé avec la thèse. Merci ! Ik wil ook graag mijn familie en vrienden, in het speciaal mijn ouders en mijn zussen Maaike en Kerry, bedanken voor hun steun die jullie mij hebben gegeven tijdens mijn promotieonderzoek. Dank je voor de interesse die jullie in mijn werk hebben getoond, zelfs als ik te diep en te lang over het onderwerp door bleef kletsen. Dank jullie wel! I am especially grateful to my partner Christophe. You have supported me until the end. Thank you for keeping up with all the mood swings that I had when I was speaking about my PhD. Thank you for listening to me and giving me your advice on anything (maps, photoshop/illustrator, etc.) when I needed it. IV Table of Contents Acknowledgements/Remerciements/Dankwoord ............................................................... III Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... V List of figures .......................................................................................................................... IX List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... XI Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction (version française) .............................................................................................. 3 Introduction (English version) ................................................................................................ 9 1. Cold-water corals as conservation targets ................................................................... 9 2. Submarine canyons as hosts for coral habitats .......................................................... 10 3. The project CoralFISH and data collection ............................................................... 11 4. Thesis objectives ........................................................................................................ 12 References ............................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 1 Submarine canyons and cold-water corals at stake .......................................... 19 Résumé français .................................................................................................................... 21 Submarine canyons and cold-water corals at stake .............................................................. 29 1. Submarine canyons .................................................................................................... 29 1.1. Morphology ........................................................................................................ 30 1.2. Hydrodynamics and sedimentation processes .................................................... 31 1.3. Organic matter .................................................................................................... 34 2. Cold-water corals ....................................................................................................... 36 2.1. Scleractinians ..................................................................................................... 38 2.1.1. Biology ........................................................................................................ 38 2.1.2. Distribution ................................................................................................. 40 2.1.3. Environmental conditions ........................................................................... 43 2.1.4. Biodiversity of scleractinian reefs............................................................... 47 2.2. Antipatharians, gorgonians and sea pens ........................................................... 49 2.2.1. Biology ........................................................................................................ 49 2.2.2. Distribution ................................................................................................. 53 2.2.3. Environmental conditions ........................................................................... 55 2.2.4. Biodiversity ................................................................................................. 56 V 3. Anthropogenic impact ............................................................................................... 57 3.1. Litter ................................................................................................................... 57 3.2. Fisheries ............................................................................................................. 59 3.2.1. Bottom trawling .......................................................................................... 59 3.2.2. Long-lining ................................................................................................. 64 3.3. Oil and gas industry ............................................................................................ 64 3.4. Climate change ................................................................................................... 65 4. Conservation .............................................................................................................. 68 References ............................................................................................................................ 73 Chapter 2 The French Atlantic: Bay of Biscay .................................................................... 93 Résumé français .................................................................................................................... 95 The French Atlantic: Bay of Biscay ................................................................................... 101 1. Morphology ............................................................................................................. 101 2. Hydrodynamics and sedimentation ......................................................................... 103 3. Organic matter ......................................................................................................... 106 4. Cold-water corals ..................................................................................................... 107 4.1. Presence and distribution ................................................................................
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