684 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 Mr. CABELL, Mr. GARMATZ, Mr. By Mr. CRAMER: of the House with respect to peace in the LOWENSTEIN, Mr. ROSENTHAL, Mr. H. Res. 787. Resolution to express the sense Middle East; to the Committee on Foreign PATTEN, Mr. ST GERMAIN, Mr. Ot­ of the House with respect to peace in the A1Iairs. TINGER, and Mr. GAYDOS): Middle East; to the Committee on Foreign H. Con. Res. 479. Concurrent resolution to Affairs. express the sense of the House with respect By Mr. DERWINSKI (for himself, Mr. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS to peace in the Middle East; to the Commit­ CRANE, Mr. BUCHANAN, Mr. BIESTER, tee on Foreign A1Iairs. Mr. BROCK, Mr. FISH, Mr. GOODLING, Under clause 1 of rule xxn, .private By Mr. PEPPER (for himself, Mr. How­ Mr. HARVEY, Mr. HASTINGS, Mr. bills and resolutions were introduced and ARD, Mr. BRASCO, Mr. CORMAN, Mr. HOGAN, Mr. HORTON, Mr. HUNT, Mr. severally referred as follows: FALLON, Mr. KARTH, Mr. MACDONALD JOHNSON of Pennsylvania, Mr. JoNAS, By Mr. CAREY: Of Massachusetts, Mr. HELSTOSKI, Mr. Mr. KLEPPE, Mr. McCLORY, Mr. Mc­ H.R. 15503. A bill for the relief of Domen­ O'NEILL Of Massachusetts, Mr. ADAMS, DONALD of Michigan, Mr. McEWEN, ico Marrone, his wife, Luisa Marrone, and Mr. MlKVA, Mr. TuNNEY, Mr. BIAGGI, Mr. PETTIS, Mr. RAILSBACK, Mr. their minor child, Luigi Marrone; to the Mr. HICKS, Mr. TIERNAN, Mr. BARING, SCOTT, Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin, Committee on the Judiciary. Mr. ANDERSON of California, Mr. Mr. WHITEHURST, Mr. WILLIAMS, and By Mr. RYAN: BLATNIK, Mr. DADDARIO, Mr. CAREY, Mr. ZION): H.R. 15504. A bill for the relief of Cynthia Mr. RYAN, Mr. WRIGHT, Mr. STRATTON, H. Res. 788. Resolution to express the sense Maude Robinson; to the Committee on the Mr. CONYERS, and Mr. HECHLER of of the House with respect to peace in the Judiciary. West Virginia): Middle East, to the Committee on Foreign By Mr. THOMPSON of Georgia: H. Con. Res. 480. Concurrent resolution to Affairs. H.R. 15505. A blll for the relief of Jack B. express the sense of the House with respect By Mr. PERKINS (for himself and Mr. Smith and Charles N. Martin, Jr.; to the to peace in the Middle East; to the Commit­ AYRES): Committee on the Judiciary. tee on Foreign A1fairs. H. Res. 789. Resolution providing for the By Mr. UTT: By Mr. ASPINALL: expenses incurred pursuant to House Resolu­ H.R. 15506. A bill for the relief of Krikor H. Res. 786. Resolution to provide further tion 200; to the Committee on House Ad­ Garabed Ayvasian, Marian Ayvasian · (wife), funds for the expenses of the investigations ministration. Leon Ayvasian, Sita Ayvasian, Artinl Ayva­ authorized by House Resolution 21; to the By Mr. TAYLOR: sian, and Tgohi Ayvasian (chlldren); to the Committee on House Administration. H. Res. 790. Resolution to express the sense Committee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS FANNIN NOTES INDUSTRY its domestic commodities and products from e:q>losive growth of imports currently PROBLEM imports. crippling the domestic shoe industry. As re­ Ideally, of course, all countries should be cently as 1959, for instance, shoe imports so constituted that tariffs wouldn't be neces­ equaled only 3.5 per cent of U.S. shoe pro­ HON. SAM STEIGER sary and there would be, literally, "free trade" duction but, last year, they equaled 37.5 per with everyone competing-no strings at­ cent of it, and the industry estimates that OF ARIZONA tached-with everyone else. But life is one by 1975 one out of every two pairs of shoes IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES thing, art is another, and free trade is an art !sold in the United States will be foreign Wednesday, January 21, 1970 that is as elusive today as it was when inter­ made. national commerce began. The industry, Fannin said, also reckons Mr. STEIGER of Arizona. Mr. Speaker, The fact that the United States is, day by that for every 10 million shoes imported 1n the midst of an extremely difficult day, getting into an increasingly critical po­ (and there were 200 million of them in 1969) , inflationary situation it is ironic that we sition in its foreign ·trade is no particular there are roughly 3,000 job opportunities lost are also facing an international trade secret, but the very complexity of how we got for domestic shoe workers. into our current jam helps to obscure the Hurt even more, of course, is the consumer problem of such burgeoning proportions seriousness of it. As our production costs electronic industry. Of the total market of that it may threaten our domestic econ­ soar, the fewer goods we sell overseas. The 12.5 million television sets la!st year, for in­ omy. fewer goods we sell overseas, the more jobs stance, a full4.2 million of them, 33 per cent, In last Sunday's Arizona Republic, are lost domestically. came from abroad. The industry estimates business and financial editor Don Camp­ And, at the same time, the more foreign that the import share of this will rise to 43 markets we lose, the more American manu­ per cent of the market in the current year. bell printed an interview with Arizona's In the case of tape instruments, the battle Senator PAUL FANNIN outlining the scope facturers are tempted to move some of their operations abroad to compete more evenly. already has been decisively lost-a full 10.8 of this problem and some of the actions The result: the loss of even more jobs here million of the 11.9 million tape machines which must be taken if a trade crisis in the United States. sold la!st year, 90 per cent-were imported. is to be avoided. One of the more vocal advocates of ta.Jting This year, the industry expects the import of Senator FANNIN notes some of the com­ action in this area before the damage is ir­ share the market to rise to 92 per cent. plexities which have gotten us into our reversible is Arizona's senior U.S. Senator, But, while "Cheap foreign labor" is the Paul J. Fannin, whose concern is underscored traditional rallying cry of the protectionists, current international logjam and puts Fannin said, the whole problem is a. bit more forth some interesting and innovative by the fact that Arizona's role as a foreign exporter is growing by leaps and bounds-up complex than that. The disparity in labor ideas on how the problem may be at­ to $98.2 million in 1966 (the latest year avail­ costs, is further complicated by unfavorable tacked. able), exclusive of agricultural items, from tariff structure!s coming out of the "Kennedy Mr. Speaker, I include the article to $63 million just six years earlier. It was in Round" of tariff negotiations-a drastic re­ duction in the tariffs on about 100,000 prod­ which I have referred, which appeared 1966 thlllt Arizona finally nosed Colorado out ucts involved in world trade and a move that in the Arizona Republic on Sunday, of the No. 1 spot in exports among the Moun­ tatn States. was decidely overdue. January 18, in the RECORD at this point: The negotiations were the result of con­ The key to the crisis, Sen. Fannin said gressional action in 1963 giving the late INDUSTRY AT THE CROSSROADS?-IMPLACABLE this past week in an interview, is the infla­ PINCERS OF SOARING COSTS, Low TARIFFS President the authority to slash import tionary cycle in the United States and, in duties up to 50 per cent across the board. STRANGLING MANUFACTURERS IN THE MAR­ particular, the soaring cost of labor-which, KETPLACE The knotty details of the authorization, how­ since 1965, ha!s risen at twice the rate of out­ ever, kept all 46 nations involved in the (By Don G. Campbell) put per man hour. matter busy clear up until it was finally With the possible exception of performing As a case in point, Sen. Fannin cites the signed into law on Nov. 13, 1967. brain surgery in the back of a. truck camper disparity between labor costs among the ma­ "The trouble is," Sen. Fannin said, "that while negotiating the Coronado Trail, few jor auto producing countries. In the United the tariffs worked out were supposed to even States, according to Fannin's figures, labor things come quite so close to sheer impos­ up the productive capacities of the countries costs in the industry amount to about $5.31 involved. Countries like Mexico, with a. much sibility as that of understanding our tariff an hour as against: laws. lower productive capacity than the United Argentina, $1.19; Australia, $1.92; Brazil, States, were protected from a. flood of imports And yet, ironically, few international ar­ $0.96; Germany, $2.20; Italy, $1.99; Japan, with relatively high tariffs." rangements strike so decisively at the-man­ $1.40; Mexico, $2.04; South Africa, $1.05; The trouble is, the Arizona. senator said, in-the-street's pocketbook and arouse so United KingdoM, $1.57. the situation changed quickly and, by the much emotionalism as this complex network Undoubtedly, too, Fannin feels, labor con­ time the nonstop negotiations on the Ken­ of duties that each country erects to protect Siderations are also the prime factor in the nedy Round had been completed, the pro- January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 685 ductivity capacity of such countries as Japan J. EDGAR HOOVER, PATRIOT does the nation a disservice when he calls and Germany had drastically changed-they J. Edgar Hoover has reached age 75, an attention to It. What fuzzy-headedness! What no longer needed the "protection" that the occasion his friends have chosen as a signal nonsense! high tariff still gave them. to salute his 45 years of dedicated service as It may not be politically chi chi these days Meanwhile, of course, inilation in the director of the Federal Bureau of Investiga­ to speak strongly on behalf of America, to United States had continued at a dizzy pace tion, while his enemies have inveighed express fealty and devotion to her principles and-between soaring costs and disadvan­ against hi-m on the grounds of advanced age of freedom-in short, to be a patriot. It may tageous tariff barriers-American goods were and anachronism. not be popular, but thank God for those who rapidly being priced out of the market. (In As far as we are concerned, and we daresay do so. And no American does so more force­ France, for instance, tariffs are based on as most Americans are concerned, the former fully, more convincingly, and then acts to "horsepower units" which makes the duty on have all the best of it. give substance to these principles, than J. a Volkswagen only $16 while on a Chevy II, Mr. Hoover is the one American in whom Edgar Hoover. with only twice the "horsepower units,'" the most other Americans have the greatest de­ duty is $180). gree of confidence and respect. What is true In order to sell abroad, at all, then, Ameri­ today has been valid through the Adminis­ can manufacturers have been fleeing to such trations of eight Presidents of the United THE ARAB-ISRAELI DISPUTE free-port assembly zones as Mexican border, States. Because of it, Mr. Hoover, who is five Taiwan and Singapore--not merely to pick up years past the mandatory retirement age for lower priced labor, but to execute an end-run Federal Government employes, could an­ HON. G. WILLIAM WHITEHURST around the tariff barriers, too. The result: nounce quietly that he has no intention of OF VIRGINIA plants that should be built in the United retiring, a decision in which the President States ("You can train an American Indian,'' concurs and which he, like Lyndon Johnson, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Sen. Fannin said, "to assemble a part just as made possible through a special Executive Wednesday, January 21, 1970 easily as you can teach a Korean.") are being order. built abroad and staffed by foreigners. Nor is this feeling confined merely to the Mr. WHITEHURST. Mr. Speaker, I By the end of 1970, the electronic industry Executive Branch of Government. On May have already joined with some of my col­ estimates, all but two of the major American '1, 1964, when Mr. Hoover completed 40 years leagues in expressing concern over the manufacturers will be importing complete as FBI director, the House of Representa­ recent statements of Secretary of State TV sets, or substantially finished chassis, tives adopted a unanimous resolution ex­ Rogers with respect to the Arab-Israeli from their own foreign plants for sales in the pressing the hope that he would "continue in quarrel in the Middle East. I have con­ United States. his present office for many years to come." sistently stated that I believe that face­ No one, Fannin said, wants to try to Certainly we cannot call to mind Immedi­ to-face discussions between Israeli and counter this by launching a drive for a ately any other American who has served his return to the isolationistic high tariffs asso­ Government so long and so well as this by Arab representatives a:fiord the best cited with the disastrous Smoot-Hawley now famlliar figure. Upon assuming his office, chance for permanent peace in that part Tariff Act of 1931 which would simply result Mr. Hoover erased the vestiges of a veritable of the world. Last week I had the oppor­ in retaliatory tariffs around the world, shut­ Augean Stable of corruption and scandal tunity to talk to representatives of the ting us completely out of all markets. which he was named to correct, then pro­ United Jewish Federation of Norfolk and The solution, Arizona's senior senator be­ ceeded to write a record of achievement in Virginia Beach, the Jewish Community lieves, has to be a return to realism on the the area of law enforcement that became the Council of Newport News-Hampton, and part of organized labor in the United States, envy of Scotland Yard and the French Surete the Jewish Community Council of Ports­ plus legislation that would give American and much, much older agencies of Western industries the same incentives for building Europe which long had been adjudged the mouth, along with other distinguished plants in the United States as they now have ne plus ultra in this field. representatives of the Jewish commu­ for building them abroad. In so doing, Mr. Hoover, by dint of per­ nity in Tidewater. These organizations "I don't see how labor can take much sat­ sonal example, carved into the pillars of his have prepared a paper which I believe isfaction in getting workers a $5-an-hour bureau a reputation for honesty, integrity would have particular interest to my col­ scale," Fannin said, "if there aren't any jobs and flinty character, individually and collec­ leagues in the Congress. The paper sets to be filled-il.nd that's the direction we're tively, that has often stood in stark contrast out clearly past resolutions and analyzes going." to other agencies and departments and even Branches of the Government. The Congress, the statements made by Secretary Rog­ Currently under study by the Treasury ers, as well as the positions adopted by Department, he added, is proposed legislation both House and Senate, have been ensnared that he has drafted that would domesticate in scandals in the last 45 years; the FBI has the great powers with reference to the some of the incentives-such as tax defer­ not. The White House has had its deep freezes Arab-Israeli dispute. ments on funds reinvested in plants-that and minks and vicuna coats; the FBI has not. The material follows: American manufacturers now enjoy in set­ The Supreme Court has had the probity of PREPARED BY DIRECTION OF THE UNITED JEWISH ting up foreign subsidiaries. some of its Justices questioned; the FBI has FEDERATION OF NORFOLK AND VIRGINIA BEACH, But the time is short, and the squeeze is not endured any such tribulation. THE JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF NEW• rapidly becoming a stranglehold. Mr. Hoover would never permit it. It is as PORT NEWS-HAMPTON, THE JEWISH CoM­ simple as that. MUNITY COUNCIL OF PORTSMOUTH, AND THE Consequently the only criticism that ls COMMUNITY RELATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE leveled against him, except by those criminal ABOVE BODIES, JANUARY 9, 1970 sources which he himself has said would J. EDGAR HOOVER, PATRIOT cause him great concern if they did not at­ I. Introduction: tack him, is that he over-concentrates on the This paper will attempt to outline our un­ threat of Communism to the American sys­ derstanding, as interested citizens of the key HON. MASTON O'NEAL tem. His critics charge that his expressed points of disagreement between the United OF GEORGIA view in 1919, that Communist "doctrines States, Israel, USSR and the Arab nations threaten the happiness of the community, resulting from Secretary of State William P. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the safety of every Individual, and the con­ Rogers' recent speech. We will attempt to Wednesday, January 21, 1970 tinuance of every home and fireside," "has not evaluate these positions relating to the best altered In 50 years. Yet they contend that interests of the U.S. and the free people of Mr. O'NEAL of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, the nature of Com~unism is not today what the world. the Albany Herald, a distinguished news­ it was 50 years ago. II. The UN resolution of 1967-the Six Day paper in my district, on January 5, 1970, We suggest that Mr . Hoover is right and War: paid a most deserved tribute to one of they are wrong. For the Hoover critics would (1) Advocated withdrawal of Israel armed America's most dedicated and respected have a difficult time selling their view to, let forces from certain newly occupied terri­ public servants, Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, Di­ us say, a quadruple amputee of the Vietnam tories, rector of the Federal Bureau of Investi­ War or the Korean War; to a horribly crip­ (2) Stated that all nations should respect pled East Berliner pulled bleeding to safety and acknowledge the sovereignty, territory gation. across the barbed wire of the Berlin Wall integrity and political independence of every A little over 5 years ago this body by humane West Berliners; to the political state in the area, unanimously adopted a resolution ex­ prisoner lying rotting in one of Senor Castro's (3) Stated that all peoples have a right to pressing the hope that Mr. Hoover would dungeons, and to at least two brilliant Rus­ live within secure and recognized boundaries "continue in his present office for many sian writers now undergoing Sovief incarcer­ without fear of war, years to come." I would like to reiterate ation for the offense of exercising the right (4) Guaranteed freedom of navigation that hope now. of free speech which the U.S.S.R. Constitu­ through international waterways, tion guarantees to them--on paper only, it (5) Required a just settlement of the ref­ Mr. Speaker, I include in the RECORD seems. ugee problem, the editorial entitled ·"J. Edgar Hoover The "Communist menace" is only a "myth,'' (6) Stated that Jerusalem must be avail­ Patriot": ' say the Hoover critics, and the FBI director able to all religions. 686 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 m. U.S. interpretation and position prior ample, the hot line between the U.S. and the possessions behind. These refugees number to Secretary Rogers' speech is as follows: USSR was used during the Six Day War to approximately the same as Arab refugees. (1) Territorial integrity must be secured cool the action. Secretary Rogers' proposal for (3) Omitted was provisions for releasing for all. admission of all refugees would create an present Jews in Arab countries who wish to (2) Direct negotiations are necessary with enemy within that could eventually destroy leave and are not allowed to do so. the Rhodes Formula as a possiblllty. Israel and deprive the U.S. of Israel's Mid ( 4) The Rhodes Formula was changed from (3) Israel Is a sovereign nation and has a East strength. that used by Dr. Ralph Bunche so that In­ right to eixst. (6) The USSR can only be deterred by direct negotiations through Rogers' recom­ (4) International waterways are open to strength. This is one area of the world where mendations means little. Direct negotiations all. strength by Israel has held the Russians in between belligerents dropped. Provisions for ( 5) Refugee problem must be solved. check throughout that part of the world enforcing Rogers' position vague and un­ (6) Israel mllltary position must be main­ without committing U.S. troops. Israel has workable partly depending upon Russia and tained at a level necessary for defense. specifically gone on record as not requiring or France as guarantors. (7) Within the city of Jerusalem, the reli­ even considering U.S. troops. (5) Enforcement provisions stlll allow Arab gious rights of all religions must be pro­ (7) The democracy of Israel which sup­ nations to force withdrawal of policing troops tected and guaranteed. ports, defends and strengthens the U.S. po­ under certian circumstances. Jordan and During subsequent Big Four conferences, sition in the Middle East has accomplished Egypt can nullify bilateral treaties with the U.S. till now has continued to maintain this without grant-in-aid from the U.S. in Israel. these positions, specifically reiterating that dollars or manpower. X. We believe the U.S. should return to its direct negotiations are paramount, and fur­ VIII. Does Secretary Rogers' new position positions prior to Secretary Rogers' speech ther adding that no settlement would be further the best interests of the United and use its good offices, with others to bring lmi><)sed, and the U.S. would draw no maps States? Will it bring peace? We think not. these belligerents together and negotiate a of territory adjustments. Secretary Rogers' (1) These new proposals represent a con­ political settlement. speech changes these positions. tinued softening of the U.S. offers at the Big Therefore we respectfully ask our Sena­ IV. The Russian position has been as Two Conferences without any reciprocal pro­ tors and our Representatives to reaffirm their follows: posals from Russia. The reverse is true; Arab position of April 24, 1969 wherein they recog­ ( 1) All occupied territories :nust be and Russian intransigence becomes more evi­ nized the necessity for direct negotiations returned. dent. Their tactics most obvious; wait long between Arabs and Israel. (2) An imposed peace by the giant powers enough and Israel's cards available for nego­ We further request that they ask President is the only possible solution. tiation and compromise will have all been Nixon to reaffirm his statement of March 4, (3) Waterways are to be internationalized. played by the U.S. 1969 wherein he indicated there would be no (4) Refugees from Israel must all be (a) Historically, only negotiations from "map drawing" of territories or imposed set­ repatriated. positions of strength have been successful in tlements on Israel by the U.S. and other V. The position of Israel has been and is: containing Russian ambitions. The deteriora­ nations. (1) First, peace treaties must be signed tion of Israel's bargaining position, i.e., im­ A course requiring direct negotiations by between the belllgerents, then the UN reso­ posed boundaries, refugee solution, city of the U.S. must eventually lead to peace. His­ lution of 1967 can be implemented. Jerusalem, etc. ceded to the Arab world for torically any other course would not be (2) Israel is willing to cooperate in solving very little in return by Secretary Rogers, lasting. Peace would help preserve the NATO the refugee problem. weakens the possibility of peace In the Middle alliance by lessening USSR pressure on Tur­ (3) Territory and other advantages won East. key and eventually Greece. A refuge for Jews by Israel are negotiable and can be discussed. (2) An "even-handed" policy on the part would be preserved for Jews without placing (4) Direct negotiations are a necessity; the of the U.S. is excellent, provided It does a. humanitarian strain for their rescue and Rhodes Formula as used by Dr. Ralph Bunche not create an imbalance of military power resettlement in the Western world. Peace is acceptable. in the Mid East. If the Arab nations continue would permit the expansion of U.S. economic VI. Position of the Arab nations is: to receive arms, money and advisors from interest in the Near East. It will encourage (1) First, withdrawal by Israel from all Russia and also receive arms and aid from the Israel to remain and grow stronger as the occupied territories, then negotiation through U.S. in its "even-handed" policy, the end only democratic nation in the Middle East, the UN is possible. result is that Israel, receiving · arms only and a friend of influence of the U.S. (2) No direct negotiations with Israel. from the U.S. will not be as strong as Arab Newsweek, January 5, 1970 capsules the (3) Israel's sovereignty is not recognized. nations. She will become vulnerable to at­ results of Secretary Rogers' position: ( 4) The Rhodes Formula is not acceptable. tack as the Arabs receiving more material "But for the moment, Washington seems (5) The Arab nations are unalterably dedi- grow stronger. Inevitably this will weaken to be backing the policy that offended the cated to the destruction of Israel. U.S. influence, strengthen USSR presence and Israelis, did little to improve relations with VII. The positions held by the U.S. prior create a salutary climate for Arab attack. the Arabs and with Moscow with no reason to to Secretary Rogers' changes have been ad­ (3) The most recent addendum to Rogers' increase the pressure on its Arab clients to vantageous to the best interests of the U.S. position which allows Jordan and/or Egypt come to terms. All this underscored an un­ as follows: to nullify any bilateral treaties between Israel avoidable drawback to Mr. Nixon's low profile (1) The USSR moved into the area in and either of her neighbors, will emasculate stand-namely, that it spells out how much strength, arming and rearming the Arab present hope of peace between Israel and Washington w1ll allow its opponents to get nations. The USSR dispersed a fleet into the any of her neighbors willing to take a mod­ away with. By applying that policy to the Mediterranean; the USSR began a program erate tone. Middle East, Mr. Nixon was running the risk of economic aid, and military advisors, chiefly (4) A potential threat to escalation is Israel that his administration might dissipate its to Egypt. The obvious and ultimate goal of forced to the wall by continued border war­ influence without achieving a settlement that the USSR was to nulllfy the U.S. 1nfiuence in fare and terrorist tactics, stripped of its serves the national interests." the area and to threaten the NATO alliance. materials for negotiation (other than the A free and strong Israel has prevented USSR methods of implementing Rogers' "give­ 1nfiuence from engulfing the Near East and away" proposals) seeing its enemy growing the NATO alliance, especially Turkey. stronger and foreseeing no hope for peace be­ HIGH INTEREST RATES AND (2) The wishes of the American people ing forced to take additional military action SCHOOLCHILDREN have been fulfilled in their desire to succor to keep Russia off-balance and the Arab na­ the survivors of the European holocaust of tions from getting strong enough to carry out the Hi tier era. Nasser's recent and continual threats of ex­ HON. WRIGHT PATMAN tinction. (3) Even though diplomatic relationship OF TEXAS between certain oil producing Arab nations 5. If a nation refuses to negotiate it does and the U.S. were severed immediately after not want peace. Traditionally the only suc­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Six Day War, these nations continued to cessful way to end a war is for the parties to Wednesday, January 21, 1970 sell their oil to their most valuable customer, negotiate a viable peace treaty. The Arab na­ the U.S. The U.S. has continued to secure tions have refused repeatedly to negotiate Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, high in­ oil as needed from the Middle East without under any circumstances, while Israel con­ terest rates have hurt nearly everyone having to commit troops to defend American tinues to offer to negotiate. As long as Arabs in this Nation, but no group has been hit interests. Contrary to Messrs. Rockefeller, believe U.S. will accept "no direct negoti­ harder or more tragically than the McCloy and Anderson, there is no reason to ation", peace will not come. schoolchildren. believe these nations will discontinue selling IX. Secretary of State Rogers omitted dis­ The high interest, tight money poli­ oil to the U.S. now. cussion of certain dynamics in the situation cies, which do not seem to worry any­ (4) Although the USSR has been able to and changed others: one in the Nixon administration, are extend Its 1nfiuence into certain Arab na­ (1) El Fatah was not considered nor their tions, this 1nfiuence has been held to a rea­ continued use of UNWRA refugee camps, striking at the heart of our great pub­ sonable degree by the existence of Israel, a supplied mostly by U.S. funds, as recruiting lic school system. Outrageous interest staunch ally of the u.s. and training centers for terrorists. rates are forcing hundreds of school dis­ (5) Obviously the U.S. believes its best In­ (2) Omitted was financial adjustment to tricts to forgo much-needed bond issues terests are served by a strong Israel. For ex- those Jews forced to flee Arab nations leaving to :finance new schools. Others are :find- January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 687 ing it impossible to market bonds already the ceiling on State bond interest from 5 to 7 Mr. Valory. I thought her testimony was de­ voted. per cent. Bond interest rates now are aver­ plorable as indicating a lack of appreciation Mr. Speaker, as a result, schoolchildren aging 6.7 per cent--highest in history. But of the gravity of this problem. She pointed even if the measure passes, Mr. Anderson out what a powerful weapon the consumer are being faced with greatly overcrowded said school districts will be hard pressed to has in leaving the product which he doesn't classrooms and, in some areas, the stu­ fit construction bids into budgets approved like or she doesn't like right there on the dents are being forced into a half-day a year or more before, when costs were less. grocery shelf as if this was some solution. schedule because of rising interest rates. Then too, he said if the bonds again be­ Well, you can't tell that to the children in Surely this Nation is not willing to see come salable, they will be competing with the California schools, some of them are two its school systems destroyed by high in­ other State water, education, veterans and and three shifts a day, disrupting the whole terest rates. It is a terrible shame that park bonds. family schedule, destroying the efficacy of He urged establishment of priorities for teaching. And yet, the best we could get out we have allowed this situation to reach scheduling bond sales in accordance with a of our leaaership in the State is a statement this point. Mr. Speaker, apparently the coordinated policy. deploring the situation and saying that may­ situation in California is among the be we should leave the goods on the shelf. worst in the Nation. Recently, the Do­ STATEMENT OF MONROE SWEETLAND, LEGISLA­ Well, I want quickly to just mention I mestic Finance Subcommittee of the TIVE CONSULTANT, NATIONAL EDUCATION work in a number of Western States, in 13 Banking and Currency Committee con­ ASSOCIATION, WESTERN STATES of them, and I thought your committ.1e might ducted "grassroots'' hearings in Los An­ Mr. SWEETLAND. Thank you, I certainly be interested in hearing a little about, just geles and much of the testimony came will, Mr. Chairman. a word from each of several of them. from school officials who expressed great The other day a columnist in one of the Washington State. Its 1969 State legisla­ leading California newspapers, a financial ture, with a gun at its head, because of concern about what rising interest rates columnist, took off on your distinguished the refusal of the bond sellers to bid at 6 were doing to their schools. chairman and quoted in some disparage­ percent, hiked its rate to 8 percent, and Last week, the Daily Bond Buyer, a ment I think at the height of his emotion bonds voted since March 31, 1969, may now publication which follows school district about the subject of high interest rates. go to 8 percent; 7 and 8 percent mean that bond issues closely, reported that high He quoted Congressman Patman as re­ on 25-year bonds the face value of the bonds interest rates had stalled new school con­ ferring at times to highway robbery and a doubles in the lifetime, more than doubles struction in California to the point where boarding house reach and the swindlers, and in the lifetime of the payroll. so forth. I have been on the telephone talking Washington has to resubmit many bond more than 100,000 elementary and high to school administrators in California, and issues and these are expensive special elec­ school students will be without adequate I began to make notes after I talked to a few tions, and in that State they have to some­ classroom space this year. of them and I came up with the following how attract 40 percent of the voters to a The publication reported that no funds words from them: users, pound of flesh, special election, and then 60 percent of them are available for 225 building projects in scalpers, legalized larceny, and bank rob­ have to say "Yes," in order to ever raise 125 different California school districts. bery in reverse. the interest rate on these bonds. Mr. Speaker, I insert in the RECORD Now, this arises because probably the most Oregon. Oregon State Treasurer Bob a copy of the article from the Daily Bond devastating assault on our schools at the Straub summed it up by saying, "High in­ moment is the strike of the moneylend­ terest rates in 1969-71 "-he told me I could Buyer of January 15, 1970. ers and the bond houses. Their refusal to say this to you-"tragically will cost Ore­ Mr. Speaker, I also insert in the REc­ buy the bonds voted for our new schools by gon schools and cities millions of dollars that ORD testimony by Mr. Monroe Sweetland, local taxpayers unless they can somehow ex­ could be much more usefully spent to meet legislative assistant for the National ceed the present legal interest and force greater needs for education and public Education Association, Western States, the States to hike the return to the lenders health. However, we seem to have no choice. before the Domestic Finance Subcom­ has set back our schools in a time of great With extreme reluctance, our legislature has need and is doing uncounted damage to the raised these limits on interest rates from 5 mittee on December 2, 1969, along with to 7 percent on the advice of our State bond his pertinent insertions: education of children. In California, as Mr. Hanna well knows, attorney." [From the Daily Bond Buyer, Jan. 15, 1970] it is aggravated by a game of Russian rou· Nevada. Mr. Lincoln Liston, the finance THE $275 MILLION SCHOOL BONDS NOT SALABLE lette we are playing with the children in the officer of the State department of education IN CALIFORNIA DUE TO 5 PEUCENT INTEREST schools because of the fact that we built reports the legislature raised the interest LIMIT years ago many schools that were not earth­ rates from 5 to 6 percent back in 1967, and SAN FRANCISCO.-The State's inability to quake proof. Under California's field act our in 1969 raised it to 7 percent. market its bonds due to high interest rates district has been required under State law Arizona. Governor Williams has requested has stalled new school construction to the to eliminate the unsafe schools within a the legislature to raise the rate. point where more than 100,000 elementary short period of time. That time has now California. And I have attached to my re­ and high school students will be without run out and yet even when the local dis­ port a number of newspaper stories on the adequate classroom space this year, a new trict passes a bond issue in response to that acute crisis in California as a result of the report states. demand of the State of California they can­ boycott of school issues by the financiers. The report, the work of the State Alloca­ not build their buildings because they can­ Mr. HANNA. At that point may I say that tion Board, warns the Legislature that no not sell the bonds. all of your testimony together with the at­ funds are available for about 225 building I am here to report for the National Edu­ tachments and the newspaper articles will projects in 125 school districts. More than cation Association and for our principal Cal­ be received and placed in the record. $275 million in school construction bonds, ifornia affiliate, the California Teachers As­ Mr. SWEETLAND. I won't show you the-I authorized by the voters, are unsalable be­ sociation, that our leadership is not only won't try to read here or recite the many cause the interest rate has soared above the aroused and determined to do something letters from school districts telling what maximum 5 per cent limit. about this, but we are more than a little havoc this thing is committing on the chil­ The board, which makes loans to school frightened at the impact of the skyrocket­ dren in their districts. districts under the State's school building aid ing interest rates on our school bonds. Now, that isn't something you can cor­ program, said that since last March 13 it has I was dismayed this morning to see in the rect next year. Once these kids have lost a been forced to fund only projects actually New York Times that the impoverished State year in school or have operated under very under construction or in site condemnation of West Virginia yesterday sold a $90 mil­ disadvantageous circuxnstances, you don't proceedings. And to assure completion of lion road bond issue but it received only one make that up. these projects existing monies in the State bid, and it accepted a record interest rate Now, I want to say in conclusion, Mr. School Building Fund are being augmented of 6.89 percent. Chairman, that we welcome Mr. Patman's bill, by a loan from the General Fund, the report Mr. HANNA. Those are tax-free bonds. and there is other legislation-you have says. Mr. SWEETLAND Yes, sir. They are compara­ made some proposals, Mr. Hanna, and I know Board executive officer Don Anderson said ble to the bonds we are talking about for our Mrs. Sullivan and others have proposals, the main concern is for the spiraling num­ public schools in this State. When the Cali­ but we are looking for a way out and we hope ber of non-funded projects. These have been fornia voters vote next June on raising the either through the establishment of the listed according to a complicated priority interest rate from 5 to 7 percent with all of Reconstruction Finance Corporation or point schedule, he explained, adding: its multi-million-dollar inflationary impact something like it, the RFC, we will find a "When State bonds can be sold again 4nd on our economy, and they may well turn it way in which the Federal Government can additional funds become available, this back­ down, but when they vote they will be set­ come to the rescue of State and local gov­ log will be financed in such priority order." ting a limit of 7 percent. And already we see ernments in this crisis. Nothing is more sub­ Of the $275 million in unsold bonds, $185 in the State of West Virginia, we saw in Sil­ versive to local government about which million has been committed to approved proj­ verton, Oreg., earlier this week that they are we hear so much than to have absentee ects, leaving $90 million for new loan appli­ touching the 7-percent-interest rate any­ faceless bond houses say they won't buy cations. way. So what are we doing? Are we engaged the bonds and won't carry out the policies The report states that Proposition 7, which in a game that cannot lead us anywhere? which the local school district, the people in will be on the June 2 ballot, would increase The Governor's principal consumer adviser, the district and the States ask for. It appears 688 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 that they feel immune from public responsi­ astating current assault on our schools is the nessmen, and the parent who know a.nd care bility. They force their high interest rates strike of the money lenders. Their refusal to about their children's education. through our legislatures. They are coercing buy the bonds for our new schools voted by Even when the Legislature in Washington the parents and the taxpayers to go along the local taxpayers, unless they can exceed and other States gave in to the bond mer­ with these usurious proposals. And we wel­ the present legal interest and force the chants' boycotts, and hiked the legal rate, come your hearings in the hope that it is St ates to bike the rates for the lenders, has this act, too, precipitates still another local going to lead to the only solution we can set back our schools in time of great need, election. see and we wish the Governor of this State and is doing uncounted damage to the educa­ In Kitsap County, where the local school had asked for it, and that is Federal inter­ tion of several million children. board prepared a $425,000 issue, the bid vention to provide the massive infusion of Attached to this prepared statement is a call has been canceled by the board because funds at modest low interest rates which the chart showing the growing resistance to tax­ they felt the new interest load made their people need and have to have. We wait payer-approval of sorely-needed new class­ cause hopeless. eagerly an opportunity to work with your rooms. A big new factor in these rejections is In Pasco District No. 1, in Eastern Wash­ committee and we would like to be told, the skyrocketing interest rate which kites ington, the voters this year passed a $1,630,- Mr. Chairman-and of course I mean Mr. the cost of new schools far beyond previous 000 issue at the legal 6% rate. Only $600,000 Patman in this respect also because he is years. The cost of construction has risen ma­ of this was sold and when the balance was chairman of the full committee, and we like terially, to be sure, but the greatest increase re-submitted for bids last week (November his initiative in this matter-we want to be by far is in one single item-the interest 25) , the boycott by the bond houses was told how can we tie in and gear in. We have rate--and this factor lays no bricks, nor complete and not a single bld was made. no small political strength. We have con­ raises a roof, nor provides a single laboratory. Here, too, in the face of urgent need by the siderable strength. How can we help to find I am here to report, and I speak for the children, another expensive election and de­ some way out of this terrible situation which National Education Association, that our lay will be required to approve a hike to 8 % California and all of our States face? leadership is both aroused and more than interest. Mr. HANNA. Thank you, Mr. Sweetland. a little frightened at the sky-rocketing inter­ In the small rural districts of Deer Park Let me assure you of this, that your testi­ est rates on school bonds. and Kettle Falls, the school boards have mony together with others that we have When the bond merchants refuse to bid twice decided, in the face of pathetically beard here and probably will bear as indi­ inadequate local school conditions, to call cated to this committee--and I am sure Mr. on bonds authorized by the voters, they sub­ vert self-government itself. These same off proposed bond issues because in their Gettys agrees with me--one of the most judgment the voters would not approve it at serious threats that the schools of the United money hucksters have been traditional op­ ponents of general Federal support for local these exorbitant interest rates. States have faced since its full inception The State of Washington presents many both to quality and quantity is today's high school Districts, and have on occasion struck a holy pose as defenders of State and local more grave local crises, of which the above interest rate and the shortage of funds to are only a few examples. carry on this most important activity; am school control. Yet nothing is more destruc­ I not correct? tive, more subversive of local control, than OREGON Mr. SwEETLAND. Thank you very much. You to have disregarded the expressed will of the Oregon's 1969 Legislature, like Washington, will find, for instance--maybe you knew this local taxpayers unless and until they accede felt it had no choice but to hike the legal in­ already-in your folio a letter from Newport to the demand of these same bond-buyers terest rate. Oregon State Treasurer Robert Mesa, that is in Orange County, is it, and for greatly increased rates of interest. Straub expressed the sentiment heard all from other districts in the State, I think I am submitting herewith some examples across the Western States and be authorized there are 20 letters or so in their showing from our survey of several Western States me to use this comment: "High interest rates what this does at the local level, what it which make clear the harm being done to our in 1969-71 tragically will cost Oregon actually means. schools by these usurious demands of the schools and cities millions of dollars that Mr. HANNA. Thank you very much, sir. bond merchants: could be much more usefully spent to meet Mr. SWEETLAND. We certainly feel encour­ WASHINGTON greater needs for education and public aged by your holding these hearings. health. However, we seem to have no choice. Mr. HANNA. Thank you. Washington's 1969 Legislature, with a gun With extreme reluctance our Legislature has Mr. SWEETLAND. Thank you. at its bead because of the refusal of bond­ raised these statutory limits on interest rates sellers to bid at the legal 6% rate, hiked its from 5% to ':' % on the advice of our State PREPARED STATEMENT OF MONROE SWEETLAND, rate to 8 %. Bonds voted since March 31, bond attorney, who has predicted that no LEGISLATIVE CONSULTANT, NATIONAL EDu­ 1969 may now go to 8% interest. construction bonds can be sold below that CATION AssOCIATION, WESTERN STATES In suburban Seattle, an area of great figure during the coming two years.'' On November 22nd, the financial editor of growth, we find schools operating on double The Lake Oswego Unified District offered one of the principal California daily news­ shifts, shortened class time and with severe its bonds, but was shocked to receive a bid papers headed his column: "Patman's Cure­ disruption of both family and teacher sched­ of 6.14%. Early in 1969 the board rejected Roll Back Interest." Referring to your com­ ules. this bid as exorbitant. The bonds were then mittee's distinguished Chairman, be went on Last year in the Kent School District the re-submitted to the market and were sold to say, "The Old Populist • • • demonstrated voters approved a $3-million bond issue at at 6.24%. This effort by the local board to yesterday that he hasn't changed his mind the legal rate of 6%, but there were no bids save their taxpayers some money actually one bit. He flailed out at his favorite whip­ from the striking bond houses. cost the District an additional $140,000 over ping boys with plenty of the old verbal vim, In Renton School District the voters ap­ the life of the issue. remarking that he sees no signs of the Ad­ proved $18-million in bonds, but only $12- At Albany Union High School this year the ministration really checking the inflation million were sold. The authority has ex­ board has declined all bids as too high, even trend. Patman declared: 'They'll never re­ pired on the remaining $6-million and an though they were under the new 7% ceiling. duce the cost of living until they roll back expensive second election must be held at the At Silverton, Oregon, a reluctant school interest rates. Interest rates are so high now new interest level. It may or may not be board recently accepted a bid at 6.8% inter­ they are really against conscience.' • • • The approved. est, which clearly indicates that even the 7% Congressman, who bas made a career out of In Puyallup District an issue of $490,000 ceiling cannot long withstand the demands battling banks, lards his comments freely at 6% was voted but not a single bid ensued. of the bond-buyers. with phrases like "highway robbery" and Under Washington's strict election law, it NEVADA "boardinghouse reach," and "swindlers." takes at least a 40% voter turnout and a 60% In the course of my preparation for this Mr. Lincoln Liston, Finance Officer for the "yes" vote to approve a bond issue. I do not State Department of Education reports that testimony I have heard again and again, from need to tell you Congressmen what an oner­ usually restrained and judgmatic school ad­ the Legislature raised the legal interest rate ous law this is. Only when the public is limit from 5 % to 6 % in 1967, and in 1969 ministrators and state officials, as well as deeply aroused and informed can a special teachers, words far more explosive than those raised it to 7%. election attract 40% of the presidential year ARIZONA attributed to you, Mr. Chairman, by the voters, and 60% approval is a huge majority. columnist who sought to disparage your lead­ Yet the decision of the taxpayers can be set Governor Williams has requested the Leg­ ership. Among the epithets spit out by school aside by faceless absentee brokers who simply islature to raise the 6% limit now in effect. leaders whom I interviewed this last week sit it out until their terms are met. More­ There has been a serious problem in the across several Western States, and I quote over, Washington law provides that if bonds Tucson District, but we will have to check from my notes, occurred the following color­ are not sold within two years, the authoriza­ every county in Arizona to complle precise fUl verbiage: "usurers," "pound of flesh," tion expires. Therefore, Washington Districts information because the State Department "scalpers," "legalized larceny," "blackmail," are now engaged in re-submitting their bond of Education does not collect the records on and bank robbery tn reverse." issues in expensive special elections. These local bond issues. What is the situation with our Western elections are paid for by the taxpayers but CALIFORNIA schools which can provoke such unaccus­ they are caused by the boycott of the bond At the end of this prepared statement are tomed vehemence and expletive? It is sim­ agents who have no responsibllity for these newspaper stories summarizing the acute ply that at a time of great population growth extra costs to the local taxpayers. Who pays crisis in California as a result of the boycott there has been an intensification of local for the campaign materials and promotion of school bond issues by the financiers. (See property-tax-payer resistance to the rising necessary to inform and re-sell the public? particularly the New York Times story at­ cost of new schools. Probably the most dev- It is the PTA's, the teachers, the local busi- tached herewith.) January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 689 Because the interest rate is a constitu­ Patman wasted no time conung forth with that charge rates well below the current mar­ tional provision in California, it is necessary two predictions: ket. to submit it to the vote of the people, which (1) We're going to have a bad depression To sell the $30-million, however, the statt. is being done at the time of the primary if we don't hold back interest; (2) I! they had to reduce the issue by $10-million and election in June, 1970. Most California Dis­ attempt to raise the 8¥-z per cent prime rate shorten the life of the bonds. tricts in which the voters have recently ap­ (and there's talk of it) "I predict Congress The selling of the $94,995,000 required an proved bonds, have been unable to sell them. will take some action toward a rollback." act of the Legislature lifting the interest­ I am attaching herewith statements from Two other targets came into the Congress­ rate ceiling on revenue bonds of the Central the superintendents and fiscal officers of a man's focus. Valley Project of the water program to 6¥-z wide variety of California Districts in which House approved banking control legisla­ per cent from 5¥-z per cent. The issue uti­ they relate their local problems. The state­ tion (ushered through by chairman of the lized all the available electric-power reve­ ments referred to may tbe found at the end of House Banking and Currency Committee nues from the project, preventing additional the prepared statement. Patman) is "just about perfect." It would bond sales of the same type. Also attached to this testimony I am pre­ turn the clock back for one-banking holding To get through the next 12 months until senting a table which will indicate to you companies, confine their activities to banking. the 5 per cent ceiling could be changed. Cal­ why this boycott is so devastating to the (It has bankers up tight, even though the ifornia is counting on several stratagems. financial position of our local schools. You Senate has yet to approve the House legisla­ The most important is the bond-anticipa­ will note that a $2-million bond issue with tion.) tion note issue, which "very possibly" could interest of 5% !or 20 years increases the cost Argues Patman: "Banks do have confiden­ be sold under the 5 per cent limit in the of the total issue by more than 50%. When tial relationships and information. They also current tax-exempt securities market, ac­ the interest rate is raised to 7% for 20 years have that most valuable franchise--the right cording to Mrs. Priest. the total cost is increased to about 80%. I! to create money. We don't want them to be In addition, the administration of Gov. the interest rate is 8%, as in Washington, the grabbing up all the businesses ..." Ronald Reagan has cut back spending "as $2-million issue is more than doubled-it be­ He also took a dim view of bank operations much as possible,'' Mrs. Priest said. Schools comes in fact a $4-million bond issue. on certain military installations, implying have been able to borrow directly from the I! the pay-off period is 25 years, which is they took advantage of servicemen even state's general funds to pay for capital fa­ very common in public bond issues, the face though the U.S. Treasury subsidized their em ties needed for the school year starting value of the bonds sold is greater by more operations to insure them against losses. (He in September. Nearly $30-million has been ad­ than 100% by the time the 25 years have said the subsidy was $10 million in five years vanced so far, according to Mr. Weinberger. elapsed and this would be true at both Cali­ and included $1.4 million to Bank of The bond market also could change enough fornia's 7% celling and Washington's 8%. America.) to permit bond sales under the 5 per cent Mr. Chairman, we welcome your proposal as The Congressman, who has made a career ceiling. Mrs. Priest added hopefully, al­ embodied in H.R. 14639 to establish a Devel­ out of battling banks, lards his comments though investment bankers hesitate to pre­ opment Bank to aid in financing public freely with phrases like "highway robbery" dict rates will come down that much. agencies. We in the National Education As­ and "boardinghouse reach,'' and "swindlers." "I'm an optimist, I really am,'' she de­ sociation hope that either through this or It helps to raise the hackles. clared, "I look to see interest rates dropping some similar program the people may find a toward the latter part of the summer . . . way whereby our Federal Government can Toward the latter part of the year at least." come to the rescue of State and local Gov­ (From the New York Times, June 28, 1969) Mr. Weinberger mentioned two other ernments in this crisis of our schools. This CALIFORNIA BONDS ARE NOT SELLING "mechanisms" that might be utilized to Legislation may also serve to remind these 5 PERCENT INTEREST-RATE CEILING PUTS STATE bridge the gap until more bonds could be banks and bond houses that the public es­ OUT OF MARKET sold. At a meeting of the California Group tablished them and accredits them, and that of the Investment Bankers Association they must not operate without a sense of (By John H. Allan) earlier this week ( 6-22-69) at Santa Bar­ publlc responsibillty. It appears to us that SACRAMENTO, CALIF.-Callfornia, Which bara, he spoke of a system of exchanging they now feel immune from public respon­ runs neck and neck with New York as the state bonds for land acquisition and to pay sibility. They have forced their high interest nation's biggest borrower in the tax-exempt contractors' bills. He also said construction rates through our Legislature. They have bond market, has not been able to sell bonds programs were to be rescheduled. coerced the parents of our children into ac­ since April 28 because of high interest rates, Both state financial offi.cials were optimis­ quiescence with usurious interest rates. We and it may not be able to sell any for another tic about the chances for changing Cali­ welcome your hearings and the opportunity year. fornia's interest rate limit. "I can't really it provides to bring this orlsis to the attention This became apparent after talks this week see the need for a ceiling." Mrs. Priest re­ o! the Congress and the public. Only action with Mrs. Ivy Baker Priest, the state treas­ marked, and Mr. Weinberger spoke out by the Federal Congress can save this situa­ urer; Caspar W. Weinberger, director of fi­ sharply at the investment bankers' meeting tion. We await eagerly an opportunity to nance, and investment bankers and bond against "legislative log-rolling" that might work with your committee In persuading the analysts in Los Angeles and San Francisco. impede getting the limit change on the Congress and the executive departments of California has a 5 per cent maximum rate ballot next June. the Federal Government that this problem on its general obligation bonds and similiarly APPROVAL HELD LIKELY must have an immediate priority. rated issues currently are being sold at bor­ rowing costs three-quarters of a percentage California voters will most likely pass the point or more higher than that. Because of change in the 5 per cent ceiling after the [From the San Francisco Chronicle, Legislature puts the measure on the ballot, Nov. 22, 1969] the high cost of special elections, a vote to lift or eliminate the 5 per cent ceiling is asserted Mrs. Priest, who was Treasurer of PATMAN'S CURE-ROLL BACK INTEREST not likely to take place until next June 2, the United States in the Eisenhower's Ad­ (By Sidney P. Allen) the date of a statewide primary election. ministration. It has been indelibly established over a In the meantime, the oontinuously pros­ "The reasons for raising the ceiling must period of about 40 years now that Congress­ pering state is being squeezed for capital to be very thoroughly given to the voters," she man Wright Patman (Dem-Texas) holds that finance its huge water-resources development said. "It is very necessary to remove the 5 "big banking" is basically suspect. In his program and other projects. per cent ceiling, I think the voters will ac­ view, it is responsible for many-maybe even At the beginning of September, the state cept this." most--of our troubles. will need funds to continue its water pro­ Many California municipalities have also The old Populist, here to address the Cali­ gram, and it is planning to sell an issue been impeded by a 5 per cent rate limit. fornia Credit Union League, demonstrated of one-year or two-year bond-anticipation The Bank of America so far this year has yesterday that he hasn't changed his mind notes, a type of short-term financing used purchased 64 local bond issues that totaled one bit. He flailed away at his favorite whip­ only rarely in the past in California. Ac­ $52.7-million. These sales would otherwise ping boys with plenty of the old verbal vim. cording to Mr. Weinberger, the size of the have attracted no bids. Remarking that he sees no signs of the issue would be $100-million. The purchases have been made, it is said, Administration really checking the inflation Ordinarily, recently, California has been because of the bank's sense of civic respon­ trend, Patman declared: selling $500-million to $600-million a year of sibility and partly in hope of getting de­ "They'll never reduce the cost of living general obligation bonds. At least 60 per posits from the localities selling the bonds. If the squeeze on the banking system is con­ until they roll back interest rates. Interest cent of this financing has gone to pay for tinued very much longer, however, it will rates are so high now they are really against the water program, a $2.8-billion project to conscience." distribute water from the Sierras north of beoome that much more difficult for such He was particularly critical of the big city Sacramento as far south as the Mexican bond purchases to be continued. banks that defied precedent and increased border. [From the Wall Street Journal, the prime bank rate from 7¥-z to 8¥-z per cent So far in 1969, the state has sold only $7.5- last June. To illustrate one effect of higli million of bonds to develop San Francisco's Aug. 29, 1969] inter ·est he used this analogy: harbor; $30-million for higher education fa­ BANK OF AMERICA CEASES BUYING SCHOOL "A 1 percent increase, if charged on all cilities; $94,995,000 for the water program, BONDS AT 5 PERCENT public and private debts in the Nation and a few small issues sold directly to the Bank of America notified California school amounts to about $12 billion a year • . ." Federal Government under special programs districts "about 10 days ago" that it would CXVI--44-Part 1 690 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 no longer consider buying their bond issues SOMETHING NEW [From the Salinas (Calif.) Californian, at 5% interest. That's below the 6.37 percent national Nov. 25, 1969] In what officers had said was a goodwill average for such bonds reached last month as WASHINGTON UNION BOND VOTE CALLED gesture, the bank during the past several banks curtailed purchases of municipals to years acquired about $100 million of bond conserve funds for loans to corporate clients. Washington Union Elementary School Dis­ issues at that rate, often bidding alone on But the state bond limit of 5 percent has trict trustees last night called a $200,000 issues other institutions wouldn't touch. created serious problems. The state even con­ bond issue election for Feb. 17, 1970. However, the California legislature recently sidered issuance of bond anticipation notes If the bond issue passes, it will keep the removed the state's 5% interest ceiling on for such programs as the State Water Project state-aided district bonded to capacity bond issues and permitted localities to re­ as recently as last summer. through 1970-71 and enable it to build more submit bond issues for authorization to sell "We have not issued any of these nor are classrooms to keep pace vith enrollment t hem at up to 7 %. there any current plans to do so," a spokes­ growth. That legislation and the continued "tight" man in the office of State Treasurer Ivy Baker Although the district is now eligible for money conditions led to the bank's decision. Priest said. four classrooms, it hasn't the money to Leland S. Prussia Jr., vice president, invest­ This mont h something new was tried to build them, because $70,000 in bonds voted ment and securities, said yesterday. "It was help break the logjam. Three school district in September, 1968, are unsaleable. The dis­ a great sacrifice on our part to support the bonds totaling $5,975,000 were sold at 5 per­ trict put the bonds out to bid recently at 5% level," he said. The bank, the nation's cent through land developers interested in five percent interest and got no bidders. largest, "really" doesn't "have the money" to having the new construction. The bonds for which the board of trustees continue the practice, he said. There are two alternative solutions to the seeks approval on Feb. 17, 1970, will bear Bank of America's practice of purchasing situation. One, to. raise the interest limit to seven percent interest and will presumably bonds at rates below market dates back to 7 percent, already has passed the Legislature be saleable. the Depression, when it began buying public but, by constitutional provision, must be ap­ The board last night decided to cancel the works issues of various California localities. proved by the electorate next June. $70,000 in unsaleable bonds if the bond issue The bonds the bank currently would be The other alternative is for rising inflation to be halted and decrease the high interest. passes in February. buying under such a practice should be Washington Union is a state-aided school selling for "6% or more," Mr. Prussia &aid. President Nixon says that is in prospect. A Bank of America authority on the bond district, which must keep itself bonded to situation, Leland S. Prussia Jr., a vice presi­ capacity to continue receiving state school [From the San Francisco Examiner, dent in the investment and security divi­ building assistance. Oct. 19, 1969] sion, is inclined to agree. The district grew from 452 students on THE 1.3 BILLION IN BONDS Go B EGGING "We have an overheated economy," he said. Oct. 1, 1968, to 507 last Oct. 1. (By Harold V. Streeter> California is banging its head so hard WHAT SCHOOL BONDS COST against a bond ceiling that it now has a EXAMPL ES OF A $2,000,000 BOND ISSUE AND A $16,000,000 BOND ISSU E FOR 20- AND 25-YEAR TERMS $1.3 blllion headache. That's the total, as or this past week, of Repaid at 5 percent Repaid at 7 pe rcent Repaid at 8 percent authorized state bonds unsold because of a interest interest interest legal limit of 5 percent. This threatens a de­ lay or slowup of such efforts as the $2.8 Total Interest Total Interest Total Interest billion State Water Project and new con­ struction for universities, colleges and pub­ 20-year bond issue : lic schools. $2,000,000 ______------$3,168,000 $1,168,000 $3, 72.2, 420 $1,722, 420 $4,015,240 $2,015,240 $16,000,000 ______------25,344,000 9,344, 000 29,779,360 13,779,360 32, 121,920 16,121,920 With the national interest going rate 25-year bond issue : closer to 7 percent, the water project has $2,000,000 _____ ------3, 510,000 1, 510,000 4, 242,000 2,242, 000 4,631, 000 2, 631,000 $600 million in bonds it can't market. It is $16,000,000 ______28,080,000 12,080,000 33,936,000 17,936,000 37,048,000 21,048,000 in such trouble that Governor Reagan is ex­ pected to have his director of finance bor­ Sou rce : Monroe Sweetland, legislative consultant, Western State National Education Association, Burlingame, Calif. row $100 million from the general fund by year's end. CALIFORNIA TEACHERS ASSOCIATION 3-YEAR CHART OF TAX AND BOND ELECTION RESULTS There's a $275 million bond hangup for TAX ELECTIONS public school building which has its impact in the Bay Area. In San Mateo County alone, Elections Percent Percent the high interest rates have blocked the sale Year held Passed Failed passed failed of more than $10 million in modernization bonds in 11 school districts. These are State 1968-69 ••. ------237 121 116 51.1 48.9 bonds subject to the 5 percent limit. 1967-68 . ••• ------123 81 42 65.8 34.2 The unmarketed water project and public 196&-67 ------240 128 112 53.3 46.7 school bonds are the biggest in the $1.3 billion total. The remainder, in totals rang­ BOND ELECTIONS ing from $80 million down to $50 million, encompass such areas as state building con­ Elections Percent Percent Amount Amount struction, the state part system and junior Year held Passed Failed passed failed passed failed college construction. TAX ABANDONED 1968-69______227 81 146 35.7 64. 3 $280, 076, 335 $862, 268, 430 San Francisco has been more fortunate. Its 1967~8 ______175 79 96 45.1 54. 9 213, 216, 000 329, 145, 870 bond limit, imposed by municipal vote, is 6 196&-67 ------207 85 122 41.1 58. 9 175, 852, 750 375, 588, 748 percent, and despite the tight-money situa­ tion, it has remained among the nation's SAN JOSE UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, ernment that would make it possible to dis­ cities with top credit rating, according to San Jose, Calif., November 21,1969. pose of these bonds. Wlllia.m Dwyer, assistant general manager Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, Sincerely yours, for financing with the Public Utilities Com­ Legislative Consultant, National Education GEORGE M. DOWNING, mission. Association, Burlingame, Calif. Superintendent of School.s . "The City will be marketing $26 million in DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: In reply to your com­ bonds for airport expansion next January and munication of November 20 relative to the RINCON VALLEY UNYON also $3 million for the water department," ability of this district to sell bonds, we can SCHOOL DIBTRicr, he said. indicate that of a $9,500,000 bond issue voted Santa Rosa, Calif., November 21, 1969. "We expect no difficulty." in February 1969, we have been able to dis­ Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, Dwyer said there were a number of reasons •. pose of only $2,500,000. This bond issue was Legislative Consultant, National Education including the recent decision of the U.S. voted to replace schools that do not comply Association, Burlingame, Calif. Senate Finance Committee to abandon a pro­ with the California Field Act. Consequently, DEAR Sm: At the present time the district posal to impose a tax on municipal bonds. failure to dispose of the bonds at the current has authorized bonds that we were unable Also Dwyer said the airport bonds were so five per cent limitation makes it impossible to sell at a bond sale that was conducted on strongly backed by City business interests for us to proceed with the implementation of August 19, 1969. No bids were received. that he anticipated no problem in selling the replacing these pre Field Act schools. We are in the process of preparing a cam­ bonds within the present rate average of Obviously, the district would welcome any paign to ask the voters to authorize bonds 5.95 percent interest. effort on the part of the federal or state gov- at no more than 7% interest. This election January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 69l will be held on February 10, 1970. Please call us December 2, for the latest SONORA ELEMENTARY ScHOOL, Our district is growing fairly rapidly, and development in Temecula. Sonora, Calif., November 24,1969. our housing is falling behind this growth. Sincerely yours, Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, We are using relocatable buildings which our LERoY R . SMALL. 'National Education Association, operating budget ca.n ill afford. We have a Burlingame, Calif. building program with plans, specifications CANYON UNION SCHOOL, DISTRICT, DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: In answer to your and approval, all ready to go but no funds. Lakehead, Calif., November 24, 1969. query of November 20, 1969, we wish to ad­ Sure hope we get some help from some­ NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, vise that we did pass our bond issue, how­ one, as we are not sure we can continue to West Coast Regional Office, ever, since we were unable to sell our bonds pass the same bonds the second time. Burlingame, Calif. at the 5 % interest rate, we are going to go Respectfully, DEAR Sm: The district has not sold any back to the voters on December 16 for per­ DouGLAS L. WHITED, of the bonds. Our prospects for selling all mission to sell the bonds at 7 % interest. District Superintendent. of the bonds are nil. We are attempting to We are presently leasing 19 relocatable sell a small amount of the bonds to individ­ classrooms to fill our present needs. uals that live in the community. However, Sincerely, NEVADA CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT, our success of selling them is problematical. Nevada City, Calif., November 24, 1969. PAUL MIEROP, The Canyon Union School District has District Suverintendent. Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, grown from 98 students in the 1968-69 Legislative Consultant, National Educational school year to 135 students in the 1969-70 Association, Burlingame, Calif. school year. Therefore, we are in need of MURRAY SCHOOL DISTRICT, DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: The voters author­ more classroom space. Dublin, Calif., November 24, 1969. ized $900,000 in building bonds in an election Sincerely yours, Mr. MONROE SWEE:l'LAND, held February, 1969. State Aid was approved DON GOODYKOONTZ, Legislative Consultant, National Education for $600,000 at the same election. Principal. Association, Burlingame, Calif. We have sold $805,000 of the bonds and are DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: In April, the voters now eligible to sell the remaining $95,000 LoMA PRIETA JOINT UNION of the Murray School District authorized the because of increased assessed valuation. We ELEMENTARY ScHOOL DISTRICT, have not been able to find buyers at the sale of $750,000 in local construction bonds. Los Gatos, Cali/., November 24, 1969. These bonds were to bear a.n interest of present 5% interest rate. NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, Our assessed valuation has risen to an 5 % . West Coast Regional Office, In August, the legislature authorized dis­ amount that might cause us to lose our Burlingame, Calif. eligib111ty for state aid if we ca.n not sell the tricts, by a vote of the people, to sell bonds (Attention Monroe Sweetland). at 7 % . Shortly thereafter, we received a bonds soon. DEAR Sm: The following letter is in re­ We have sixteen classes in every type of letter from the Bank of America announcing gards to your letter of November 20, 1969 their decision to discontinue the practice structure we can cram them-three on audi­ requesting information on the bonding for torium stages, three in the auditorium, one of bidding on school issues. As they have school construction. been the only bidder on such issues, it was in a book room, one in a teachers room, three "Have you been able to sell the bonds in a cafeteria, two 1n a converted home, one decided not to put the bonds on the market. which the voters authorized?" Consequently, we have scheduled an election in a library, and our remaining classes are In July of 1969, Loma Prieta Joint Union overcrowded. We have problems! School District sold $175,000 worth of bonds to authorize $1,500,000 in bonds at a 7% rate. This election is scheduled for December 16. We have started construction plans but at 5%. The sole bidder was Bank of Amer­ without the remainder of the bond funds ica. On November 18, 1969, the Loma Prieta The Murray District is a rapidly growing and state aid we will not be able to complete Joint Union School District attempted to suburban district. Our growth has been about our school. sell $40,000 worth of bonds on a nine-year fifteen or twenty per cent each year. We have Anything that can be done will be appreci­ sale, first year being deferred, the next eight grown from 50 students to over 5000 in eight ated. years of $5,000 per year. There were no bid­ years. Currently, we have twenty rooms of Sincerely, ders on this issue. children in rented facilities, some of them DAN C. WooDARD, "Can you tell us briefiy what needs of the substandard. Our projections indicate that Superintendent. children or other situation necessitated new we will need at least one new school per year bonding? Is your need urgent?" for the next five or six years. PATTERSON UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT, The Loma Prieta Joint Union School Dis­ Our Board and Administration have Patterson, Calif., November 24, 1969. trict has one school. This school has a capac­ worked hard to remain off double sessions. NATIONAL EDUCATION AsSOCIATION, ity of approximately 380 children and at the Being a low-wealth district, we are depend­ Burlingame, Cali/. present time we have 480 students enrolled. ent upon State School Building aid. The (Attention Monroe Sweetland). The former cafeteria is being used for two State's inability to sell bonds has caused DEAR Sm: The Patterson Unified School classrooms, and the former kitchen has State funds to be unavailable. District voters approved a $1,880,000 bond been changed into a school Library. _The At the present time, we have two complete issue on May 20, 1969 at a legal maximum District has been having an increase in schools qualified that we cannot build, due interest rate of 5 percent. In spite of every school population from 10% to 14% per to a lack of State and local funds. I esti­ effort at our disposal, we have not been able year. With this continued growth, I see the mate that our program ha-s been set back to sell the bonds and there are no prospects possibllity of double sessions within the at least eighteen months and, perhaps longer. that we will. year. I feel I can say our need is definitely The situation is black, indeed. The situation in the District is serious. urgent. I do not feel that the children in Sincerely, Classes are meeting in multipurpose rooms the District wlll benefit either from double KENNETH D. BRADSHAW, and other areas not adequate for classrooms. sessions or loaded classes. Superintendent. Many of the buildings were constructed If I can be of any further assistance, prior to the Field Act. As an example, the please contact me. Respectfully, SAN PASQUAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, high school was erected in 1914 and a large Escondido, Calif., November 24, 1969. elementary school in 1921. JAMES HARRINGTON, Superintendent. Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, When the high school was built in 1914, National Eudcation Association, it contained eight classrooms. Today the same VISTA UNYFIED ScHOOL DISTRICT, Burlingame, Calif. building houses fifteen classrooms in the DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: The following in­ basement a.nd other areas not adequate for Vista, Cali/., November 24, 1969. Mr. MONROE SWEE:l'LAND, formation is submitted in reply to your letter clwsrooms. of November 20, 1969: Yours very truly, Legislative Consultant, National Education Association, Burlingame, Calif. 1. Have you been able to sell the bonds EUGENE MAxWELL, Ed.D., which the voters authorized? 1/ not, what are District Superintendent. DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: Presently we are held up on the construction of an elementary your prospects? building planned for 22 classrooms and a Answer: No, we are having another bond TEMECULA UNION SCHOOL, DISTRICT, high school of 68 classrooms, both of which election on Dec. 9. November 24, 1969. are qualified for State loans if we could now 2. Can you tell us briefly what needs of MONROE SWEETLAND, sell our local bonds up to the 10% of as­ the children or other situation necessitated National Education Association, sessed valuation. We are now short of these new bonding? Is your need urgent? (We West Coast Region Office, Burlingame, Calif. sales by almost $1,000,000 and the State want to inform the Congress of the nature DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: On December 1, would loan us $5,500,000 if they could sell of the local need for new construction.) 1969, the bid opening on $90,000.00 of ap­ bonds. Copies of the campaign folders or letters from proved bonds will be held. We are not op­ Your help would be appreciated. the Bond Campaign might be useful in thi$ timist about our chances since other recent Yours sincerely, connection. attempts to sell school bonds in Riverside G. C . EIKERMANN, Answer: Increased enrolll:nent. We have County have failed. District Superintendent. 3 teachers and only 2 classrooms. 692 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970

SANTA BARBARA JUNIOR CITY COLLEGE, up to $2,000,000 for the construction of HOW WILL THE DISTRicr SPEND AUTHORIZED Santa Barbara, Calif., November 24,1969, elementary school buildings and the pur­ BOND AND STATE AID? Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, chase of land for school sites. Immediate needs National Education Association, 2. To authorize the District to accept 1. Continue to sell required "Local Bonds" Burlingame, Calif. State Loans up to $8,000,000 (as needed) for to maintain the District's eligibility for State DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: The following in• school buildings and land. Loans. formation is submitted in reply to your WHY IS THIS BOND ELECTION NECESSARY? 2. Construct the District's eight K-6 school letter of November 20, 1969: Evergreen School District has had increased by May 1970. Also, provide 12 additional 1. Have you been able to sell the bonds classrooins, lockers and showers and a mul­ w hich the voters authorized? If not, what enrollments of 19.5% to 27% over the past three years, or a total of 1150 youngsters. ti-use faciUty at Quimby Oak Intermediate are your prospects? School. Answer: $1,500,000 Bank of America, Au­ New construction of subdivisions and the Eastridge Shopping Center is expected to 3. Purchase three additional K-6 school gust 1969, 5%. increase our Assessed Valuations by 20-25%. sites, and develop working drawings for two 2. Can you tell us briefly what needs of the Evergreen School District will continue to more K-6 schools to be constructed by Au­ children or other situation necessitated new qualify for State Loans up to $8,000,000 as gust 1971. bonding? Is your need urgent? (We want to needed; ONLY if the District remains Bond­ Future needs to 1975 inform the Congress of the nature of the local ed to Capacity as required by law. 1. Construct eight additional K-6 schools need for new construction.) Copies of the Increase in home construction is currently and one intermediate 7th-8th grade school. campaign folders or letters from the Bond requiring your DISTRICT to plan and build 2. Purchase additional school sites in ad­ Campaign might be useful in this connec­ 1 Y2 schools per year to accommodate Pupil vance of construction schedule. tion. Enrollment. HOW MUCH WILL IT COST? Answer: $4,000,000 outstanding. Urgent It is predicted that by 1970 your District need to meet union enrollment requirements. The present tax rate for the repayment of will have to build 2 to 3 new schools per Bonds is 46¢ and 15¢ for State Loans. These If interest rate does not recede below 5%, year. wlll have to submit 7% interest rate to the figures should remain fairly constant be­ people. Therefore, ten new K-6 schools and an­ cause the formula for State Aided School Sincerely yours, other 7th-8th intermediate school will be Districts set a "Maximum" tax for repay­ JULIO BARTOLAZZO, necessary to accommodate expected enroll­ ments of loans and bonds. However, we esti­ Superintendent . ments of 9100 youngsters by September 1975. mate a 4¢ increase per $100 of Assessed Val­ Purchase school sites in advance of con­ uation. struction will result in substantial Savings EVERGREEN SCHOOL DISTRICT, EXAMPLE San Jose, Calif., November 24, 1969. to Taxpayers. Four cents per $100 of Assessed Valua­ Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, BONDS ARE THE FAIR WAY tion=Increased in Taxes Per Year Legislative Consultant, National Education School bonds are the fair way to finance $18,000 Home assessed at $4,500X.04=$1.00 Association, Burlingame, Calif. and provide schools for your children, now tax increase DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: In answer to the and in the future. The only other way to $28,000 Home assessed at $7,000 X .04=$2.80 questions in your letter of November 20, finance the construction of schools is a "pay tax increase 1969, regarding the delay in needed school as you go" tax increase plan. This certainly YOU HAVE ASKED? construction due to the inability to sell would be an "unfair" financing plan for it I thought I just voted on a Bond Election school bonds at the current interest rate, I would place all the burden on current resi­ February 11, 1969? submit the following: dents, and would no-t allow for fair sharing Answer: Yes, you did vote for the East 1. We have not been able to sell the bonds of costs of schools by the thousands of peo­ Side High School District Bond Election, which the voters authorized by an 84% ap­ ple who will move into the Evergreen Area February 11, 1969. However, these bonds ap­ proval at the April 15, 1969 election due to in the next few years. proved by the voters were for the construc­ the fact of the limit of 5% interest. How­ LOCAL SCHOOL BOND REQUIREMENT tion of high school facilities only. What happens if the School Bond Election ever, we are holding an election on December For school construction and school site jails to pass? 9 asking the voters to increase the Interest acquisitions, State Law oniy allows taxpay­ Answer: The building program will be de­ rate of 7% on those bonds authorized at the ers of a school district to bond the district layed longer and schools will ~ot be built at April 15 election. up to a maximum of 5% of the district's our present schedule. This would result in 2. Our construction needs are very urgent. Assessed Valuation. half-day sessions in the future, which would We are a fast growing school district experi­ Therejore/1 if.we apply the 5% law to our harm your child's "Educational Opportu­ encing additional enrollment of 500-600 estimated assessed valuation, we could real­ nity." children each year. Therefore, we need to ize approximately $315,000 per year. Why does it take so long to build schools? build a minimum of one school building or However, to provide school sites and build­ Answer: The State building program is 30,000 square feet of classroom space per ings for two schools per year, it will cost conservative and schools cannot be built be­ year. Currently, we had planned to call for approximately $1,430,000. fore children are enrolled or houses in the bids on 30,000 square feet of space in October Therefore, you can see Local Bonds on a district are under construction. Also, your or November, but unfortunately, due to the pay as you go basis would not allow the approval of Local Bonds and State Loans is inab111ty to sell local school bonds and the District to construct the necessary school necessary to continue the District's Build­ State's inab111ty to do the same, our school facilities needed in our growing District, and ing Program. building program is at a standstill. would force us to go on "Double Sessions." What happens if Evergreen doesn' t grow Our District is located on the southside of But, by passing the State Aid Building as predicted? San Jose in an area which has been primarily Loan (proposition 2 on your ballot) along Answer: The Local Bonds will not be sold agricultural oriented, however, it is rapidly with the Local Bonds, the State of California and we will not borrow any money from the becoming a suburban area of San Jose. In will allow us to borrow the additional funds State School Building Fund until the need the past 7 years we have constructed 6 needed and provide the necessary schools. exists. schools and during the periods of 1970-1975, WHAT IS THE STATE SCHOOL BUILDING LOAN? we expect to build or have need to build an WHEATLAND HIGH SCHOOL, The State School Building Fund is the re­ Wheatland, Calif., November 26, 1969. additional 10 schools. Our enrollment is esti­ sult of a State Bond Election of $250,000,000 mated to be 9,416 in September 1976. Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, approved by the voters of California. This National Education Association, Enclosed is a copy of our letter to Parents money is available to districts who are un­ West Coast Regional Office, and Voters used in the April 15, 1969, Bond able to finance their own school construc­ Burlingame, Calif. Election Campaign. tion and purchase school sites from the reve­ DEAR MR. SWEETLAND : 1. Wheatland Union Sincerely, nue from local bonds. The Evergreen School High School District passed its third bond GEORGE V. LEY, VA, District is unable to finance the building of issue in the past ten years in May of 1969. District Superintendent. new schools and acquire sites from local 2. Bids were not received at the time of bond sales; therefore, we must depend on the called sale which was August 1969. SCHOOL BOND ELECTION, TUESDAY, APRIL the State School Building Loan Program. 3. Our prospects to sell these bonds at the 15, 1969 In order to provide the necessary school present time appear to be very dismal. facilities for the children of Evergreen 4. What are our needs? The need of this DEAR PARENT AND VOTER: The purpose Of School District, we ask you to authorize your district is most urgent. We have No. 1 pri­ the information included in this printed Board to borrow up to $8,000,000 of State ority under School House Building laws of material is to better acquaint you with the Funds. the State of California with 221 points. What School Board Bond Election to be held A yes vote is needed on both issues so that thiS means is that currently the district is Tuesday, April 15, 1969. your children may benefit from available the highest rated district in the State of 1. To permit the District and Board of State Funds already approved by You!/ A % Oa.lifornia by the State system of r ating. (In Trustees to issue and sell Local School Bonds vote is necessary II need for building.) January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 693 5. Our need is urgent! We are on a triple If there is additional information needed TRUCKDRIVING PROGRAM session schedule with students coming to to support your request for federal action school at 8:00, 9:00 and 10:00 in the morn­ to assist public agencies to finance needed im­ ing and going home beginning with 2:00 provements, we will be happy to provide it. BON. LOUIS STOKES p.m. and at 3:00 p.m., 4:00 p.m., and 5:00 You can see that our need is urgent. OF OHIO Sincerely, p.m. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 6. In our case 78 students out of each 100 CHARLES E. SKIDMORE, are connected with the military base. The District Superintendent. Tuesday, January 20, 1970 Congress has appropriated no money at all to pay their share of the bill under Public ESCONDIDO UNION SCHOOL DISTRICT, Mr. STOKES. Mr. Speaker, there are so Law 815. The State of California has ap­ Escondido, Calif., November 25, 1969. many discouraging notes sounded these proved us for $1,400,000 when and if we can MONROE SWEETLAND, days about the future of America's cities, sell our bonds. National Education Association, that it is always refreshing to see and be With our school 78 % impacted why should Burlingame, Calif. a part of a vigorous, young project that the remaining 22% who are the property GENTLEMEN: Following are our answers to seems destined to succeed in assisting in owners in the district vote bonds to build the two questions asked in your letter of November 20 : the solution of these multifarious ills. a school? Well, the people did vote them Such a project will be beginning soon and they passed by five votes; despite the % 1. We have $2,000,000 of unissued five per­ majority necessary and now-we cannot sell cent interest bonds, passed by the voters in Cleveland. It is a job-training pro­ the bonds. April 15, 1969. We are presently a~tempting gram in truckdriving for young inner­ Very sincerely, to sell through the San Diego County Board city men. The idea was conceived by Mr. VICTOR C. LEDBETTER, of Supervisors $385,000 of these bonds. George Purefoy, a Cleveland postal om­ Superintendent. The Bank of America, our only buyer, has cia!, and the program will be directed by written a letter saying they will not bid. The Mr. Craft Carter, Jr., a former city coun­ SANTEE ScHOOL DISTRICT, Board of Supervisors has tried to discourage us, but our Governing Board is going ahead, cilman. It will be located at Cleveland's Santee, Calif., November 25, 1969. mainly to prove to the voters that five per­ Cuyahoga Community College, and has MONROE SWEETLAND, cent bonds will not sell. the complete cooperation of the school, National Education Association, 2. The Escondido Union School District the trucking industry, and the Teamsters West Coast Regional Office, is growing at the rate of about one school Union. Joint funding from the Depart­ Burlingame, Calif. every eighteen months. We are already six or DEAR MR. SwEETLAND: In reply to your No­ ments of Labor and Health, Education, eight months behind in m.ll' schedule, due vember 20, 1969 letter requesting facts rela­ both to our and the State's bond selling and Welfare should be announced in the tive to the recently approved Bond Author­ ab111ty. near future. ization, the Santee School District held a Our need for new bonds (seven percent I relate the parties involved, Mr. bond election on April 15, 1969. This election interest bearing) is urgent. We intend to Speaker, because I want my colleagues to was successful in that 75% of the voters have another bond election on March 17, note the diversity of men and groups ded­ authorized a $3,000,000 bond issue to cover 1970, probably for $2,000,000 again. We must icated to making this project a success. construction in the school district for a pe­ have salable bonds in order to stay bonded riod of eight to ten years. This bond issue My congratulations and best wishes to to capacity (five percent of our assessed each of them. If more projects in our was at 5% and we were suddenly faced with valuation) in order to qualify for State Aid the situation that bonds could not be sold funds. urban areas could elicit this kind of total at thiS interest rate. By the time our bond issue is passed and cooperation, I am certain we would all The Santee School District is located ap­ the bonds have been sold we will be over a have a greater amount of good news to proximately twenty miles east of San Diego year behind our building needs, and we will report. City in San D~ego County. It is considered a have additional double sessions above the The following is a radio and television bedroom community with very low assessed 35 or 40 we now have. valuation ($4.00 per a.d.a.) and is unable to editorial concerning the school recently Very truly yours, broadcast by W JW in Cleveland. I provide the necessary construction for school T. F. MILLER, fac111tles without help from the State of Financial Director. include it in the RECORD for the attention California. Even by bonding to capacity the of my colleagues: district does not have sufficient funds to NEWPORT-MESA UNIFIED SCHOOL A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF construct needed school facilities. There is DISTRICT, VOCATIONAL TRAINING tremendous growth in the area in that 300 Newport Beach, Cali/., November 26, 1969. new students have enrolled since the last day Mr. MONROE SWEETLAND, In a recent editorial, we called for greatly of school in June. We expect another 500 National Education Association, increased vocational education in Ohio to students prior to the end of the 1969-70 Burlingame, Calif. prepare our young people who don't go to col­ school year. DEAR MR. SWEETLAND: The following in­ lege for the countless skilled jobs that are The District Board of Education, realizing formation is submitted in reply to your letter available. the problem that we are faced with, has order­ of November 20, 1969. A classic example of the importance of ed another bond electi.on to be held on De­ In February 1969, voters of the Newport­ training people for jobs that require special cember 9 to authorize a $3,000,000 bond issue Mesa Unified School District approved a fif­ skills can be found at Cuyahoga Co:rrurunity at 7%, hoping that we can be successful teen million nine hundred thousand dollar College. About 20 young men are currently and thereby put the district in the position bond issue. Since that time, the district has enrolled in a truck driver training program to start construction of schools as soon as been able to sell only six million nine hun­ that will last two months and will lead to a the state can solve its problems of providing dred thousand dollars and this on a single union job in the t.rucking industry at a start­ bond money. As you know, the state has an and, we believe, somewhat gratuitous bid ing salary of about $10,000. issue on the June 2 ballot to raise the inter­ from the Bank of America of exactly 5%, This new course, the only one of its kind est rate to sell state bonds. However, the dis­ the maximum authorized interest rate. We in Ohlo, ls the brainchlld of George Purefoy, trict feels helpless in trying to solve the now see no possibility whatever of selling an official of the U.S. Post Office in Cleveland. problem of providing facilities for school chil­ the remaining nine million dollars at 5% We commend him for his efforts, and former dren in the area in that if the State Proposi­ interest in the foreseeable future. Cleveland city councilman Oraft Carter, Jr., tion is successful it is our understanding that This is a growing school district and sale who directs the program. a school district such as ours could not re­ of the remaining bonds in the immediate The cooperation of the trucking industry, ceive the state aid that is necessary for the future is essential if the district is to pro­ the Teamsters Union and Cuyahoga Com­ construction of facilities prior to September vide adequate facilities for a steadily grow­ munity College also is noteworthy. Vocational 1971. ing enrollment. training programs of this nature are essen­ With the type of growth we are experienc­ On February 10, 1970, the district is going tial in the fight ·against unemployment. ing in this small school district, you can un­ to seek voter approval for the sale of the At a time when thousands Of skilled jobs go derstand that the problem has just begun remaining nine Inillion dollars in bonds pre­ begging, every effort should be made to pro­ if we are forced to walt until September 1971 viously approved at an interest rate not to vide the training that is necessary to fill to build any new facilities. We currently exceed 7%, the newly established maximum these jobs. ~ffective vocational education in have one school on double session and will allowable in the State of California. Should our high schools can open the door to a most probably establish double sessions at voter approval not be forthcoining, the dis­ meaningful, good-paying job for the student two other schools prior to February of 1970. trict's ab111ty to meet the educationaJ needs who cannot or does not want to go to college. I think you can quickly see the difficult posi­ of the community in the near future will be Because our society is essentially CQllege tion that our school district is in and can severely impaired. oriented, we ·are faced with a great shortage appreciate the hardships the students in our Sincerely, of skilled workers in dozens of different district will have to experience during the ROY 0. ANDERSON, trades, many of which now pay far better next two years, which should be avoided, if Administrative Assistant, than some o! those prestige white-collar jobs. at a.U possible. School Facilities. In short, vocational training should be 1m• 694 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 proved and expanded in Ohio. It must become George Romney, the Secretary o! Housing on your back and you just can't afford to a major part of. our educational system. anu Urban Development, who only recent­ keep it up. Every time you fix up a place the ly got around to serious negotiations with insurance and taxes go up. You've only got prospective mass producers of modular two choices: either raise the rent-and then housing. . people have to move out-or tea.r it down.'' HOUSING CRISIS-30 YEARS OF Typical is the view of Samuel Paul, a New To most people, such a view of housing the York architect. He presently has in the poor ts cynical in the extreme. But to knowl­ SOCIALIST FAILURE works public and private apartment building edgeable real-estate men, the Atlanta land­ projects which will house 25,000 persons in lord is simply retelling a truth that has been the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic apparent for years: it is no longer profitable HON. JOHN R. RARICK states. to house the urban poor-even by housing OF LOUISIANA Paul says Romney's long range policies them badly. In the face o! the worst housing IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES are commendable but that he is putting too crisis in history, the number of slum build­ much faith in prefrabricated and factory­ ings abandoned- by their owners as a bad Tuesday, January 20, 1970 built modular housing and in radical investment is reaching catastrophic propor­ Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, our people changes. - tions, and the trend has yet to reach its "What is needed from Washington is more height. are being deluged with propaganda to funding and less red tape for immediate In Chicago, 140 landlords walk away from the effect that there is a desperate hous­ projects under Sections 235 and 236 of the their buildings every month. In Baltimore, ing shortage, especially in the cities and housing code, which provide interest sub­ 4,000 structures now sit idle. In Boston, 1,000 in the so-called ghettos which we used sidles on mortgages of new homes and new dwelling units have been abandoned. In New to call slwns. The same propaganda bar­ rental properties," Paul said. York, where whole stretches o! the Bedford­ Stuyvesant ghetto look like Berlin the day rage calls for the expected solution­ HUD DENIES PREFAB BIAS huge expenditures of taxpayers' funds after World War II, 100,000 individual apa.rt­ At least 40 percent o! urgent housing ments were left to rot in the years between from the Federal level. The theory seems demand not being met is in lower middle 1965 and 1968. Since then, the rate has in­ to be that honest citizens who are work­ class brackets, houses and apartments in the creased to a point where each year landlords ing for a living have an obligation to $17,000 to $22,000 range, to be built by jettison enough buildings in New York to house the parasites in the style to which traditional methods, he said. house the entire population of Jersey City- they would like to become accustomed, HUD denies it is putting too many eggs in 275,000 people. ''We've thrown away more even if it means that the workers them­ the prefab or very low income housing bas­ housing in the past few years," says Prank S. selves cannot afford to care for their own kets. For the fiscal year that began last Kristof, director of housing research for the homes. July 1, the authorization for public housing New York State Urban Development Corp., is $473.5 mllllon. For rent subsidies, it is $50 "than we destroyed in twenty years of slum It is about time that someone is honest mllllon. For interest subsidies under Sec­ clearance." enough to tell the American people that tions 235 and 236, the authorizations are Reasons for the increase in abandonment economics is governed by definite laws $90 million and $85 mllllon, respectively. become quickly appa.rent from the economics and that the violation of those laws re­ On the other hand, only $15 million has of slum ownership. According to housing sults in disaster. When we violate any been authorized for operation breakthrough experts, the big operators left the slums ten natural law, we pay the price. There are Romney's long range plan to turn out mass or fifteen years ago, turning over to small­ no smart words which will make water produced low cost factory housing. "So," timers a dilapidated supply o! housing that run uphill and there are no clever said a HUD spokesman, "the bulk o! our had already been milked dry. At the same money is going into low-and-middle-income time, cities began enforcing housing codes schemes which will produce something housing." more stringently, and the new owners found for nothing. This doesn't satisfy critics like Paul. They themselves financially unable to keep up. The physical deterioration of the think the Nixon administration should break Costs of rehabllltation have skyrocketed (a housing in our cities is the direct, ex­ out a crash program to build interest sub­ Rand Corporation project director estimates pected, and oft-predicted result of such sidized rental housing because anything like that in New York it takes $24 a room a month dishonest economics as rent controls, a reasonable supply o! rental housing is fast to keep a slum tenement up to snu1f) , while rabble-rousing demagoges, subsidized becoming only a memory in much of the rent control or ghetto economics make rental dwellings, and planned obsolescence. country. income a static figure. BIUTLSH TOWNS CITED As a result, many slum landlords resort to Urban renewal and the ward politics of what is called "dead ending" their build­ the cities play their role. More infusion Another critic of HUD is Joseph Timan, hen.d o! Horizon Corp of Tucson, a major ings-,stopping all repairs, falling to pay of the hard-earned dollars of working developer. Timan blames Congress more than taxes and hoping the city wlll delay taking citizens will not extinguish the flames, Romney. "Our whole national housing and over the building until they recoup their in­ but will only make rich politicians taxing policy discourages the bulldlng of vestment from rents. In Boston, this means worsen the real problem. · rental housing for the poor and lower mid­ three years; in New York, four. "I haven't dle classes," he said. paid taxes on some of my buildings !or two While free enterprise is admittedly not years," says Bronx landlord Jacob Haim­ perfection, it has always ;.Jroven to be Timan would like to see the N~on adminis­ tration do more to push federally subsidized owitz. "Now I'm beginning to get my orig­ infinitely superior to socialized housing inal investment back, since I don't plan to under any name. I include newsclippings rental housing and follow the example of the British in developing towns complete make any repairs. As fa.r as I'm concerned which show the total failure of the very the city can take them after another two with industries. years." measures loudly proposed to correct the "We should move thf industries into the same conditions which they caused: Abandonment, thus, is the final step, a new towns and create one or more perma­ circumstance that leaves hapless tenants high [From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, nent jobs right in the community for each Jan.19, 1970] and dry without essential services. Until they new housing unit put up, as the English do," can find other quarters, some residents of HOUSING SHORTAGE BECOMES PROBLEM FOR he said. "Instead we are building luxury abandoned tenements in New York have been MANY IN THE UNITED STATES communities for the rich." known to descend to the street every day to (By Leroy Pope) The sickness of the housing industry draw water from fire hydrants. Those who hinges on high interest. The National As­ NEw YoRK.-A generation ago finding a have no place to go often hang on, enduring sociation of Home builders points out that the vandals who rip up vacant apartments place to live was the least o! the average a 5Y2 percent mortgage a few years ago with American's worries. Today it's likely to be for the valuable brass and lead plumbing, a monthly payment of $100 would buy a the junkies who haunt the deserted hallways his biggest headache. $16,280 house. At today's rate of 9 percent, The reason 1s that housing has become and the rats and vermin until they can stand the $100 a month will buy only $11,916 it no longer. the nation's sickest industry. It 1s falllng worth of house. This falls 25 to 50 percent short of meeting pent up demand by an short of meeting the needs of a lower middle HULKS estimated 1 million units a year and many class family. Solutions to the problem are woefully in­ in the business blame the federal govern­ adequate. In Chicago, a nonprofit organiza­ ment. {From. Newsweek magazine, Jan. 12, 1970} tion has begun taking over abandoned build­ No one appears to believe the private ings and fixing them up. But while the building industry can do anything to cure HOLLOW SHELLS Chicago Dwelling Association started reno­ the housing shortage in the face of 1n.fla­ "It used to be," said one Atlanta landlord, vation work in 247 structures last year, 1,000 tion and. tight money without federal sub­ "that you could make a fortune in slum. more were plowed under. Other cities are sidies and govermnent leadership. housing. But now the tenants tea.r up the trying to fix the buildings themselves. Balti­ The crltlclsm fall4 pn Congress and on place as fast as you fix it up. The city geta more is using Federal money to renovate 1,400 January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 695 deteriorated houses at a cost of $13,400 each. who have decried the effect of public hous­ poor people, subsidized by the government if But skeptics see little future in spending that ing on the spirits of the inhabitants, but the the rent exceeds 25 per cent Of their income. much money on isolated houses when sur­ issue has only recently surfaced in this "When that kind of commitment is taken rounding hulks sell for $3,000 and the eco­ country. on by the nation," Henry says, "then we can nomics of the surrounding slum continues The issue is likely to grow for several talk about diversifying the income of people to drag down the whole area. reasons. in public housing because there will be ade­ As some experts see it, one possibility for One of them is the emergence of the ten­ quate housing for the poor elsewhere." relief lies in a sort of urban homesteading ants' rights movement, many of whose mem­ THREAT TO STABILITY law, similar to one proposed last year by bers are living in public housing and are Sen. --. Under this proposal, poor people demanding that it should be much more Until then, Henry argues, the Inajor con­ themselves could take over abandoned build­ like home than it is. For one thing, public cern should be on housing poor people be­ ings, and with low-cost government con­ housing costs a minimum of a fourth of the cause the lack of housing is "merely aggra­ struction loans and looser housing-code income of its residents, about the proportion vating the social stability of the community enforcement, make them reasonably fit for of income that middle class people pay for as a whole." human habitation. As it stands now, money rent. Cox points out that the fiscal soundness of can often be found for buying buildings, but NIXON HOUSING AIDE public housing-the need to charge adequate rent and the ability of the tenant to pay it­ precious little is available for renovation. Another reason public housing is gaining Few housing experts, however, see even a would be enhanced by having some so1.vent attention is Lawrence Morgan Cox, President tenants among public housing residents. homesteading act as a permanent solution. Nixon's director of renewal and housing "The bulk of improved housing for the poor," The adequate rent problem may be on the assistance, which covers public housing. Cox, way to a solution. A House-Senate conference says George Sternlieb, director of the Urban a Norfolk native, is a public housing admin­ Studies Center at Rutgers University, "has has accepted an amendment by Sen. -­ istrator of years' standing, mainly in Nor­ that provides a federal payment to housing always come in a trickle-down way from in­ folk. creased housing for the middle-class, and authorities for those tenants whose rents He is a man with some very definite ideas exceed 25 per cent of their income. Until the I'm afraid it will always be that way. When about public housing and most of them bring you try to provide new housing for the poor, Brooke amendment, housing authorities the blood of tenant activists to a vigorous either took the loss or charged rents that you either end up with prohibitive costs or boil. high-rise jails." often far exceeded 25 per cent of the incomes Tony Henry, long a social action organizer Of many of their tenants. in Chicago and for the Southern Christian Cox maintains that public housing "is not [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Dec. 16 Leadership Conference, has some ideas of his 1969} welfare a.nd was never intended to be welfare. own on public housing. Henry is director of That was not the intent of the legislature PUBLIC HOUSING: IT MAKES ANIMALS OUT OF the National Tenants Organization, the um­ when they created public housing." PEOPLE brella for the growing tenant activist move­ There is some evidence that public housing (By Robert C. Maynard) ment. is beginning to be accepted as the servant of Garbage is scattered in the stairwells. Acres WHO SHOULD BE ACCEPTED? the permanently poor. Its quality and the of windows are broken. Even at noon there is The two disagree most vigorously over quality of its maintenance, first of all, give an empty silence. the question of who should be permitted to every evidence of being geared to those who The place is the Pruitt-Igoe Public-housing live in public housing. must take what they can get. Whether public development, home to more than 4,000 St. Cox first: or private, the low-income housing market Louis poor people who say they are ashamed "St. Louis had the policy of accommodating in the United States is one in which compe­ of where they live but they can find no better the lowest of the low in its public housing, tition by raising the quality and lowering the place. and you can't disassociate that fact from cost is unheard of. Often the water pipes burst because large what happened to Pruitt-Igoe. Further evidence of the accommodation of portions of Pruitt-Igoe are unoccupied and "I cannot find any hope for a public hous­ public housing to the permanently poor is therefore heatless. Sometimes, when the ing community to be comfortable ·as a place the extent to which the poor are clamorin.J pipes burst, two inches of water stand on t.o live 1f it is going to bear the stigma of for a voice in policy-making-.a.nd beginning the fioors of some apartments and the gar­ being a welfare concentration camp. Why to get it. Boston has a majority of tenants on bage-laden staircases become totally impass­ should people have to bear that stigma? Why its public-housing board and other cities are able. do we have to put them all together? considering similar moves. St. Louis, however, Pruitt-Igoe was built in 1954 as a series of "With the tremendous demand for hous­ is the most cited example because it is the modern high-rise towers to house low-income ing in St. Louis, 900 units of housing in scene of the most dramatic housing stories of families. Tode.y it has become synonomous Prultt-Igoe were vacant. I suggest to you the century. with the worst of public housing in the that these units were less desirable because INCREASE SPARKS STRIKE United States. of the conditions in the project. A rent increase last January that would EFFECT ON TENANTS "Now, what relationship did the high per­ have carried rents for some families to 72 It is not just the physical appearance of centage of abnormal familles have to those per cent of their income was the last straw the place (not more than a dozen window conditions in that project?" for tenants who said they had been putting panes are intact in some buildings). It is also Tenant organizer Henry: up with very haphazard management in any the effect the atmosphere has on the residents "He is correct, public housing was not case. The rent strike in St. Louis went of Pruitt-Igoe that has caused deep concern originally aimed at the permanently poor through most of October, but in the last in St. Louis and elsewhere among those who class, which is a class that is newly rec­ couple of days of that month, Mayor Cer­ know public housing. ognized in this country. Initially, the pro­ vantes announced the strike was over and St. Louis Mayor A. J. Cervantes has called gram was for upwardly mobile whites, tem­ the tenants and their supporters were in the housing complex "a terrible mistake." porary people. As the housing authorities be­ charge of the board of commissioners of St. But there are others who argue that what gan to admit low-income blacks-not "ab­ Louis Housing Authority. has happened to Pruitt-Igoe happens in one normal" families--they began to realize they Not surprisingly, the first move of the vic­ degree or another to just about all public were dealing with the permanently poor." tors was to lower their rents, where applica­ housing in this country, that public housing STIGMA FROM POOR ble, to 25 per cent of their incomes, and less bears in its design and population pattern Cox feels the "permanently poor•• should for unemployed people. the seeds of certain social disaster. be only a portion o! the public-housing mix­ But after the exhultation, the serious ques­ Jean King, the brilliant black woman who ture, that too many of them-he doesn't tion remained whether local control of pub­ led the successful rent strike against the St. specify-will bring a stigma to the housing lic housing will solve any of the problems. Louis Public Housing Authority, dismisses project and lower the incentive of those liv­ CONDITIONS ARE DISCOURAGING those who deplore Pruitt-Igoe with an im­ ing there to find decent housing elsewhere. Conditions at Pruitt-Igoe are discouraging patient wave of the hand. Henry feels: "The rest of them," Mrs. King says, "are to consider in that regard. just as bad as Pruitt-Igoe. It's a concentra­ "There should be some economic mix in all Ivory Perry is a tenant organizer with a tion camp. They all are. It's wrong for peo­ neighborhoods. For example, Watergate St. Louis community center. Ruth Thomas ple to be stocked up like that." should be 20 per cent poor. However, since is the mother of four sons and a part-time that concept has not developed yet, poor tenant organizer. She lives in Pruitt-Igoe. A SERIES OF ZOOS people have to be housed somewhere and the So does Mattie Mason, another tenant or­ And Chicago Judge Franklin I. Kral, a spe­ only program, inadequate as it is, that comes ganizer. cialist in urban housing problems, says: anywhere nea.r meeting the need is public They took a newsman on a tour recently. "Just about all public housing is a series of housing." It began at noon on a grey fall day. The wind zoos. It makes animals out of people." Henry's solution is a massive building pro­ had a mean kick to it. Trash and dust swept George Orwell in England and Hubert gram coupled with a requirement that aJl across the vacant front parking lots and Selby in the United States are two of the newly constructed housing complexes be re­ drives. writers-from vastly different perspectives- quired to provide a fifth or their units to But the big first impression is of the enor- 696 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 mous number of broken windows, hundreds while they themselves live elsewhere, often situation is what in effect amounts to reli­ and hundreds of them. in other countries. In fact, rental of rooms gious discrimination. Long committed to the As the visitor stood staring at the acres in apartments has become such a big busi­ total secularization of the state, the social­ of broken glass, Ivory Perry tugged at his ness that in central Stockholm there are ists are practicing a policy in which they arm. "Don't stand out there like that in the 22,000 persons whose rental payments for a regard churches and chapels as "nonessen­ open, brother. These dudes'll start snipin in room cover the rent for the entire apart­ tial" buildings. Recently, because of the a minute." Several persons, for reasons that I!lent. Thus, 23,000 landladies and their fami­ rights of municipal pre-emption, a Free are not altogether clear, have been shot on lies live free free of charge. Evangelical Church and a Roman Catholic Pruitt-Igoe's grounds. How could conditions such as these arise Church were forced to vacate buildings and in a modem society with no lack of building sites they had occupied for a hundred years. ASSAILED BY ODOR material, or skilled labor, and which suf­ They were each given choices of two sites out­ In a vestibule the first of the odors assailed fered no damage as a result of the last two side of the city on which to build. A 25 per­ the visitor, a nixture of garbage, urine and wars? cent tax of the value of the new edifices was other decaying things. The hallways, the The answer is to be found In the socialists' imposed, making it impossible for them to stairwells, the doorways, all of them dogmatic insistence that housing is within build. This high tax apparently does not crammed with refuse. the jurisdiction of the state, or possibly affect the State Lutheran Church. They have "My sister lives on the eighth floor," Ruth some cooperative organization under the recently built four new churches in the Thomas said in a soft voice. "Wanna go see control of the central government. It has Stockholm area alone, but there are also her?" recently been restated that it is still a complaints among the State Lutherans of The group started for the stairway that socialist policy that private ownership of inadequate and antiquated church fac111ties. leads to the sister's apartment and stopped land is inherently evil. The central govern­ It is a conscious policy of the government cold, literally. Water was pouring from every­ ment has encouraged municipalities to take to discourage private ownership of housing where. A water main had been broken for over land wherever possible. A recent law has and of land. The municipal pre-emption days, making the stairway impassable with­ been passed which demands that any sale rights have recently been extended, and in out full flood gear. of property be first submitted to the mu­ the case of one denomination in Sweden, no "On my sister's floor," Ruth Thomas an­ nicipality if it is valued at over $40,000 or less than seven chapels have thus been "ex­ nounced, "there is two inches of water on exceeds a size of 3,000 square meters. propriated." Older vlllas in central areas are the floor. I mean you have to walk around in The continued government interference in also a favorite target of this type of "urban rubbers all of the time." housing has brought about a reduction in renewal." Checking the largest dally news­ Mattie Mason had heard all of this before housing built by the private sector from 80 papers in Sweden, one will find perhaps nn and she was bitter. "People don't have no percent to less than 20 percent. The govern­ more than 10 apartments and houses for sa.lA place to go, no place. It's live here like an ment is also discouraging the practice of or rent, with purchase prices quoted much animal or don't live nowhere,'' she said. owning one's own home, and privately owned higher than for comparable property in the Mattie Mason is what the old folks used units have declined from 80 to 55 percent of United States. to call "stout," solidly built and obviously a the total. The government would rather have The right to one's own home is further veteran of many troubled scenes. "I was here the people rent units which are owned by delimited. If one buys a. villa, for example, when it was mostly white," she said in her municipal or central governments, or owned in which a previous owner has rented out a heavy voice. "They took pretty good care of by the cooperatives, or other so-called "non­ room, he is not able to take possession of that It then, but then It got to be mostly colored, profit" housing-owners. Many of these "non­ room until he has supplied the renter with seemed like they didn't give a damn no profit" organizations are owned by labor a room or apartment meeting the renter's more." unions, especially in the building unions. approval. Thus, in a variety of ways, the With the majority of the renters associated socialists are able to undermine what the late (From Life Lines, Jan. 21, 1970] (often compulsorily) with the Renters' As­ Professor Richard Wheeler has called "the HOUSING IN A WELFARE STATE: How SOCIALISM sociation, which has ideological ties with the last metaphysical right." DEPRIVES THE PEOPLE socialist government, it is understandable The right to own property and the right to (By Nils-Eric Brodin) why the socialists are dlsCO\lfaglng privately feel that one can be "king in his own castle" (NOTE.--Swed.lsh-born Nils-Eric Brodin has owned and privately built housing units. is an essential part of freedom. The political written widely on social, religious and po­ The state has extended its control over the dissatisfaction which the socialists are cur­ litical topics in both Swedish and American building industry through stl1f rental con­ rently facing, and which might yet bring journals. He is Founder and former Director trol laws in effect since 1942 and by a stitt down their government, has not induced the of the Center for Conservative Studies at licensing system. The system of double socialists to abandon their ruinous policy of Stanford University, and a former Western licensing required hard-to-get permission socialist control over housing. It is peculiar from the government for a. building permit how they will hold on to this socialist cliche Director of the Intercollegiate Studies In­ even in the face of its obvious impracticality. stitute.) and then for permission to employ labor. One of the first things young men and Finally, since the government has close con­ If we are wise enough to learn from the women will do in today's Sweden on going trol over all loans for building, including mistakes of other nations, we might well take to work after graduating from high school those issued by private banks, it can select warning from the signs we see of a similar Is to place their names on a waiting list those projects which may be financed development in the United States. Urban for an apartment. There are ln Sweden to­ through loans. At its annual meeting in Renewal and municipal pre-emption are to day more than 400,000 persons on such lists. June, 1968, the Socialist Party proposed to be found also in our cities. The rules and In Stockholm the waiting time may be 10 establish a state-owned, building-credit regulations by the government in their so­ or 11 years. Th1s long walt may be responsi­ bank, taking financing for housing com­ called "anti-discrimination clauses" for all ble for the relatively late age at which pletely away from commercial banks and housing built by federal subsidies are more Swedish couples get married. thus assuring even g!"eater control by the subtle, but no less real than the restrictions During their waiting period they live in state over housing. placed on the private sector and the individ­ crowded conditions with their families, or Recently, after two decades of pressure by ual citizens in Sweden. they rent rooms at high prices, or they oc­ the democratic opposition, the socialists The inviolate right to own, protect, and cupy wholly unsatisfactory housing units. agreed to submit a bill to the parliament re­ dispose of one's own property is a proper It is significant that the housing shortage voking the unrealistic and unpopular rent part of the American tradition and heritage. primarily hits the young families. controls. Then at the last moment, at the Let us protect this privilege which may in­ But the old are also affected. Of the 800,000 behest of the Communist Party, on whom deed be "our last metaphysical right." pensioners ln Sweden, no less than 130,000 the socialists are increasingly dependent, the are living in apartments or rooms without a bill was removed. bath. Forty percent of these apartments do The critical housing situation has greatly not even have a. flush toilet. Every third aggravated the already existing social ills in Swede wants to move away from his present Sweden. Overcrowded family dwelllngs have APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA: A apartment, often into something larger or pushed young people into the streets, and it CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY more modern. It has been estimated that the is no accident that Sweden has the highest size of apartments ln Sweden is smaller than increase in juvenile delinquency and crime anywhere else in Europe. No less than 450,000 in the world. Tight housing has also caused HON. CHARLES C. DIGGS, JR. families With more than one child are living severe domestic tensions. The divorce rate OF 1\UCHl:GAN in apartments with only two rooms and a rose from 26 per 100,000 in 1925 to 119 in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES kitchen. As a result of the housing shortage 1964. In the case of divorces or separations, the black market is flourishing with an "un­ the husband has often been forced to accept Tuesday, January 20, 1970 der the table" tab of more than $2,000 per housing in so-called "bachelor hotels," a Mr. DIGGS. Mr. Speaker, as the world room for a tenancy lease. euphemistic name for a. mission dormitory. embarks upon a new decade and as we There is a new aristocracy in Sweden, a The prevalence of narcotic addicts and alco­ convene a new session of Congress, we so-called housing aristocracy. These "aristo­ holics in these hotels has contributed sub­ crats" own homes or apartments, which they stantially to the soaring crime rate. are all nevertheless confronted with our can sublet or rent at a tremendous profit Another curious side effect of the housing old sins and inhumanities. The poison January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 697 that has plagued mankind the longest is as su<:cessful against apartheid as those nine­ Slavery involved the uprooting of people the virus of racial discrimination. South teenth century evangelists who led the cam­ against their will; thereafter, they were used paigns against slave trade and slavery. and exchanged at the will and convenience Africa is a nation where injustice tri­ Of course they were greatly helped by the of their masters. Since the Group Areas Act umphs over justice; where honesty, free- fact that the slave trade and the plantation of 1950 was passed in South Africa, hundreds 1om, and equality are the forgotten, un­ system had declined as sources of wealth of thousands of Africans have been forcibly wanted, and unnecessary virtues. South for infiuential people who had the power to moved from their homes to tribal areas with Africa is the only sovereign state in our end those institutions. Unfortunately 1n the which they had little or no contact In the world where doctrines of race superiority case of apartheid, the opposite is true. Three past, or to other areas where they have have been elevated to the status of con­ of South Africa's main trading partners­ been relocated against their desire or inter­ stitutional dogma. The United Nations who find it increasingly profitable to continue est. and augment their trading connexions with Pass laws and the system by which Afri­ General Assembly has declared apartheid South Africa--sit on the Security Council cans are allowed into "white areas" on suf­ and the philosophy underlying it to be a which alone has the authority for mandatory ferance only and are at any time liable to crime against humanity. If our society economic sanctions, or for any other force­ be forced out of the area, atllict their lives ever hopes to achieve peace we must rec­ ful measures which are available under the with a permanent element of insecurity. ognize apartheid as a perverse and Charter to combat apartheid. Under slavery, family life was destroyed. twisted system-a system that denies the There are also other Member States of the Similarly, under apartheid, the family life common dignity of the human race. United Nations that, together with the United of millions of Africans is being destroyed by Kingdom, France and the United States, not the regulations controlling African residence I am thus including in the RECORD two only continued their economic co-operation in white areas. An African has the right to articles from the January 1970 United with tbe Government of South Africa, but by live with his wife and family only in the Nations publication entitled "Objective 1966 had increased their total investments particular areas reserved for his tribe. If his Justice" which both succinctly and ac­ in the country from $4,434 mlllion to $5,313 work takes him elsewhere, his wife may not curately reveal the evils of apartheid. In million. Reports indicate that in the past join him. Even 1f he was born in a town, the words of the editors of this periodi­ three years that figure has been greatly ex­ has lived there continuously for 14 years, cal: Geeded. A recent study shows that the United and has worked continuously with one em­ Kingdom, the United States, the Federal Re­ ployer for nine years, neither his wife, his Objective Justice seeks to delineate the public of Germany and Japan, between them, unmarried daughters or his son aged 18 is various features which go to make up the provide markets for approximately 60 per entitled, as of right, to live with him for physiognomy of apartheid and which reveal cent of South Africa's exports and supply it more than 72 hours. These are only a few the spiritual deformity of any society which with 60 per cent of its Imports. At the same of the restrictions that have been imposed proclaims and practises it. time the United States, the United Kingdom on African family life. The articles follow: and the Federal Republic of Germany have Basically, the African has two choices provided 80 per cent of the in<:rease in for­ under apartheid: either to liv~ on the fringe APARTHEID: SLAVERY IN THE TWENTIErH eign investment in South Africa since 1964. of a white urban or industrial area where his CENTURY The General Assembly resolution calling existence has no validity except in so far as (By Ambassador Abdulrahim Abby Farah, on all States to end economic cooperation of it provides a service for white men and U.N. Permanent Representative of Somalia any kind with South Africa does not have where the most ordinary arrangements of his and Chairman of the Special Committee the mandatory force of a Security Council daily life and his most fundamental aspira­ on Apartheid) resolution, but the resolution adopted in tions as a human being are all restricted and hemmed in by the laws which subjugate It is now 17 years since the United Nations 1964 calling for an arms embargo is a Secu­ rity Council resolution and is mandatory. him and provide for the white man's com­ established its competence to take action fort. A complex of laws dictate to him where against apartheid policies of the Government Yet, despite the embargo, the South African newspaper the Cape Times of 25 April 1969 he can live, where he can work, what edu­ of South Africa and to bring to world atten­ cation and what skills he can acquire, what rtion one of the most challenging moral issues reported that "South Africa is beating the arms ban. This is one of the most hearten­ friendships he can make, how he can wor­ afilicting the 20th century. It is reminiscent ship God, and most inhuman of all, what of the persecution of Jews in Europe under ing things to emerge from Mr. P. W. Botha's White Paper on Defence. What we are not family life he can have. The consequence the Nazi regime, if one seeks a parallel sit­ is a restricted standard of living which gives uation. But perhaps a more apt comparison building ourselves, we are successfully buy­ ing from countries with a more realistic at­ rise to such statistics as a 25 per cent higher can be made between apartheid and slavery death-rate among black than among white in the 19th century. titude than Britain". The report went on to show how the close children. The other choice is to live in a After all, in the case of the abominations reserve or in a Bantustan which is poor in committed under Hitler, the full extent of economic co-operation of certain Powers has enabled South Africa to move towards inde­ natural resources and where, on only 13 per thalt crime against humanity was not gen­ cent of the total area of South Africa, it is erally known until the liberation of Nazi­ pendent production of conventional arma­ ments. In the meanwhile this co-operation planned to relocate those of the 14 million occupied territories. It is true also that when Africans who are not engaged in the white slavery was a flourishing Institution, there has ensured a steady supply of conventional and more sophisticated weapons; for exam­ man's service. It is estimated that these was no world Organization which could bring areas could only support 30 per cent of the an issue directly before Its Member States; ple, helicopters and supersonic jet fighters, submarines, and financial support for a African population. nor were there mass communications media The slave in the nineteenth century could which could bring into homes all over the ground-to-air missile Installation have been procured from France. not hope to change his situation by political, world details of su1fering endured on the legal or any other peaceful means. When­ "middle passage" of the slave trade triangle PROFIT OUTWEIGHS PRINCIPLE ever he could outwit the system and plan or in the plantation barracks. To these States, and particularly to those rebelllon he did so. This resulted In degrad­ But there are fundamental similarities be­ whose national economies would not be dis­ ing punishment, increasingly restrictive laws tween the campaign that eliminated slavery rupted by a cessation of trade with South and sporadic outbreaks of savage violence and the United Nations endeavours against Africa, profit is more important than princi­ which reflected the unendurable frustrations apartheid. There was then, and there 1s now, ple. By their trade, their investment and of the slave's existence. a group of people committed to opposing a their supply of arms, they are contributing In South Africa today there is no redress system that denies common humanity bind­ directly to the subjugation of the African possible for the black man's situation as he ing all men, regardless of race or colour, and majority in South Africa, to the extension of has been deprived of political rights and his which denies the most elementary human apartheid beyond the borders of South Africa legal rights have been reduced to a sham. needs of one group of people in order to cater to Namibia and Southern Rhodesia, and to Numerous provisions introduced by the to the convenience of another. the suppression of the movement for self­ South African Government authorize arbi­ Let there be no mistake about the nature determination in the territories controlled trary arrest and arbitrary detention ~th no of apartheid. If we think that slavery was an by Portugal. means of recourse to the courts. Freedom of evil of the past, overcome and shelved Into It was probably true in the nineteenth association is severely restricted by law. The history books, we are wrong. Apartheid 1s century-and it certainly seems to be true recent trial of South African journalists who slavery In twentieth century dress transported now-that moral considerations alone will criticized the prison system gave substance to new surroundings. And this fact presents not persuade Governments to take actions to the growing body of evidence that Afri­ us with a great irony. Here we are In the which would entail financial sacrifices. In cans in prison are subjected to cruel and second half of the twentieth century, when the case of apartheid, the moral considera­ inhuman punishment. the concept of human rights has been artic­ tions are clear. We cannot claim ignorance It is not only the lesson of history, but also ulated in more detail and 1s almost uni­ today of what apartheid really means. It has of our own times, that failure to bring about versally accepted. Yet, if the experience of been condemned by all United Nations Mem­ social change in a society which is su1fering the past 17 yea.rs 1s any indication, it seems ber States-with the obvious exceptions of from the cumulative effect of long standing that In spite of our United Nations Charter South Africa, and Portugal, the other bastion injustices, results in revolution and violence. and Universal Declaration of Human Rights­ of colonialism. Apartheid, like slavery, denies There are those who argue that social with all the sophisticated media of persua­ the humanity of those against whom it is change will be brought about in South sion a.t our command-we are not likely to be directed. Africa through the present expansion of the 698 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 country's economy. They point to the many Africa-white and non-white alike-they are quired to produce his Reference Book, he wlll instances when leaders of industry in South laws of the white man alone, enacted by the be presumed to be an African and therefore Africa have called for an upgrading of the white man alone, for the benefit of the white liable to arrest for failure to produce it, level of technical training for Africans which man alone. Neither in the formulation nor in unless he proves that "he is not in fact and is presently restricted by law. the execution of these "laws" do the Afri­ is not generally accepted as" a member of an This argument ignores the fact that the cans, who form 70 per cent of the popula­ aboriginal race or tribe of Africa. South African Government has clearly made tion, nor the Asians and the Coloured, have WORK the choice between logical procedures which any voice or influence. will support the country's fast moving econ­ It is this character, according to the A labour Officer may, at any time, cancel omy on the one hand, and its ideological United Naiiions, which makes many of the the employment of an African who works in "laws" of South Africa, in effect and in a town, no matter how long he has been em­ position on the subjugation of the black ployed, even though his employer opposes people on the other. The continued devel­ reality, instruments of inequity and oppres­ sion. the cancellation. An African whose employ­ opment of apartheid policies is evidence of ment has been cancelled, may be removed which alternative has been chosen. Unfor­ The following examples are drawn from a ~rom the town where he worked, and prohib­ tunately it is an alternative which will lead study prepared by Professor Leslie Rubin of Howard University, Washington, D.C., a Ited from returning to that town for such a inevitably t o bloodshed and racial conflagra­ period as the Labour Officer specifies. tion. former Senator in South Africa, representing Africans, for the United Nations Secretariat's It is unlawful for an African worker to Apartheid i.1as been applied in equally take part in a strike for any reason what­ virulent form to the illegally held territory Unit on Apartheid, showing how legislation descri:Jed by the South African Government soever. of Namibia. for which the United Nations An African factory worker who calls on has assumed legal responsibillty. Its appli­ as being designed to promote "separate de­ velopment", amounts in reality to a legalized other workers to strike for an increase in pay cation in Rhodesia by the illegal Smith commits a criminal offense. regime is being supported by South Africa contempt for all human beings of the non­ white races. An African who, as a personal favour and to the extent that South African police and without receiving payment, repairs a defec­ military units are helping the Smith regime The case-laws cited derive, for the most part, from the Bantu (Urban Areas Consoli­ tive electrical fitting in the living quarters of to maintain its position. South Africa's sup­ a friend who resides on his employer's prem­ port of the Portuguese authorities in their dation) Act No. 25 of 1945; the Bantu (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of ises in a town, is guilty of a criminal offense. attempt to suppress the desire of the Afri­ An African is prohibited from doing skllled can people of Angola and Mozambique for Documents) Act No. 67 of 1952; the Bantu Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act No. 48 work in the building industry in an} town in self-determination completes the picture white South Africa, but a white man may be of racism allied to colonialism in southern of 1953: the Bantu Building Workers Act No. 27 of 1951; the Workmen's Compensation Act employed in skilled work in a Bantu village Africa. No. 30 of 1941; the Bantu Education Act No. as a supervisor of Africans who are working Thus, all the ingredients for a violent on a building. explosion exist in that large area. The black 47 of 1953; the Extension of University Edu­ cation Act No. 45 of 1959 and Proclamation An African factory worker who is absent majorities in South Africa, Rhodesia and No. 333 of 1 November 1957 issued under the ~rom work for 24 hours without permission, Namibia, faced with the alternative of re­ Group Areas Act No. 77 of 1957. tn addition to being dismissed, is guilty of a maining permanently enslaved in their own criminal offence. HOME, FAMILY AND RESIDENCE countries or opposing the situation by re­ A white workman who is permanently 100 sorting to force have made their choice and An African who was born in a town and per cent disabled is entitled to a monthly have set in motion resistance campaigns. lived there continuously for 50 years, but pension based on his earnings; an African The people of these territories would pre­ then left to reside elsewhere for any period, similarly disabled is entitled to a lump sum fer to achieve their liberation by peaceful even two weeks, is not entitled as of right, base~ on his earnings, but not to a monthly rather th'l.n by violent means. This is very to return to the town where he was born and penswn. much the view of the African nations, but to remain there for more than 72 hours. If a white workman dies as a result of an as the Organization of African Unity re­ An African who has lived continuously in accident, his dependents are entitlect to a cently stated in its Manifesto on Southern a town for 20 years and is still living there, lump sum and a monthly pension based on Africa: "While peaceful progress is blocked has no right to remain there for more than his earnings; the dependents of an African by actions of those in power in the states 72 hours, once he has accepted a job outside workman who dies as a result of an accident of southern Africa, we have no choice but that town. are not entitled to a monthly pension, but to give to the peoples of these territories all An African who has, since birth, resided only to "such lump sum as the workmen's the support of which we are capable in their continuously in a town is not entitled as of Compensation Commissioner deems equi­ struggle against their oppressors. right, to have living with him in that town table." The international community has for­ for more than 72 hours, a married daughter, EDUCATION mulated a third alternative which is also a son who has reached the age of 18, a niece, described by the Manifesto when it says that a nephew or a grandchild. No school for the education of African children may be conducted anywhere in South Africa "should be ostracized by the If an African was born in a town, has lived South Africa unless it is registered by the world community until it accepts the impli­ there continuously for 14 years and has, cations of man's common humanity. It during that period, worked continuously for Government, and the Minister of Bantu Edu­ the same employer for nine years, his wife cation has an unfettered discretion to refuse should be isolated from world trade pat­ to register it. terns and left to be self-sufficient if it can. commits a criminal offense by living with The South African Government cannot be him for more than 72 hours, if she had not The Minister of Bantu Education may at allowed both to reject the very concept of received a permit to do so. any time, and without being required to give mankind's unity and to benefit by the Any policeman is entitled, without war­ any reason for doing so, withdraw any sub­ strength given through friendly interna­ rant, to enter and search "at any reasonable sidy previously granted by him to a school tional relations." time of the day or night" premises on which maintained by an African tribe or com­ Speaking of slavery, Thomas Jefferson he has reason to suspect that an African boy munity. said: "The hour of emancipation must come: 18 years of age is committing the criminal An African living in a town who, without but whether it will be brought on by the offence of residing with his father without being paid for his services, conducts in his generous energies of our own minds, or by having been issued with the necessary per• own home, a class in reading and writing the bloody scenes of St. Domingo is a leaf mit to do so. for a few of his African friends, is guilty of a criminal offence. of our history not yet turned over." MOVEMENT A white man who spends a few hours each It is this same ·challenge which apartheid A proclamation in the· Government Gazette poses for us today. week, in his own home, teaching his African may, at any time, prohibit any African from servants to read, Is guilty of a criminal being in any town during such hours of the offence. THE LAWLESS LAWS OF SOUTH AFRICA night as are specified, unless he is in posses- · An African student who attends even a Like other modern States, the Republic of sion of a written permit signed by his em­ single leoture in a course at the University South Africa is a country governed by laws. ployer or by an authorized official. The per­ of Cape Town, is gutlty of a criminal offence. And the laws by which a country chooses to mit must be produced on demand made by live are normally matters with which the any policeman. MARRIAGE, ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION United Nations not only does not concern Unless he has been issued with a Certifi­ An African born in a town, who has lived itself, but which, in fact, it is expressly for­ cate of Exemption, an African who is a Unl­ there continuously for 50 years, ls not en­ bidden from interfering with by its own versity graduate, must have his fingerprints titled as of right to have an African friend Charter. taken and may not, instead, furnish his sig­ visit and remain with him more than 72 However, a feature that gives to the laws nature 11.> the appropriate official, when he hours. of South Africa the character and dimension applies for a Reference Book. It is unlawful for a white person and a which have caused concern throughout the A visiting American Negro walking in a non-white person to drink a cup of tea to­ world and which have made them the sub­ street in a city in South Africa may be gether in a cafe anywhere in South Africa ject of formal denunciation by the world stopped by a policeman who believes that unless they have obtained a special permit Organization can be simply stated: while "he in appearance obviously is a member of to do so. these laws apply to all the people of South an aboriginal race or tribe of Africa". Re- If an Asian (or a Coloured person or an JanU4ry 21, 1.970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 699 African) sits on a bench in a public park thorlty of the Com.mlssioner of Prisons-­ for his own protection. That premise . (the bench being set apart for the exclusive photographs any prison or any group of may be true in a society without law. But use of white persons), by way of protest prisoners, is guilty of a criminal offence. jn a nation governed by laws, which are against the apartheid laws, he commits a An African who writes "Down with Apart­ criminal offence. heid" on the wall of the house of any other enforced by constitutional authorities, If there is only one waiting-room in a rail­ person, is guilty of a criminal offence. the citizen's responsibility should be way station, lit is lawful for the station­ In certain specified areas throughout shared with the authorities. And what master to reserve that waiting-room for the South Africa, any person who, without the is the proper divis,ion of responsibility? exclusive use of white persons, and any non­ written approval of a Government official, The citizen bears the responsibility of white person wilfully entering It commits a addresses any meeting at which more than living vigilantly and lawfully and of co­ criminal offence. 10 Africans are present, is guilty of a crimi­ operating fully with law enforcement of­ An unmarried man who "in appearance nal offence. obviously is or who by general accep1;ance and ficers. The latter, in turn, serve with the repute is a white person" and who attempts LEAVING AND RETURNING charge of protecting society-with guns, to have sexual intercourse with a woman who An African may not leave South Africa if necessary. Handguns owned by pr,ivate is not "obviously in appearance or by gen­ to take up a scholarship at an American citizens "are the inevitable companions eral acceptance or repute a white person", is university unless he is in possession of the of crime, violence, and death." In the guilty of a criminal offence punishable by permit required by law. The secretary for hands of law enforcement officers, how­ imprisonment with compulsory hard labour the Interior may refuse to issue the permit ever, weapons can be the instruments of for not longer than seven years. unless the applicant undertakes to leave South Africa permanently. protection, enforcement, and tran­ TAXATION q _illity. Every African, male and female, who has RULE OF LAW It is my earnest conviction that Con­ reached the age of 18 years is liable to pay An African who has been required by an gress must ban handguns from private an annual tax (known as the "general tax") order of Court to leave a certain area must of at least $4.90, in addition to the ordinary do so, and no Court of law may grant an citizens before handguns l>anish us from Income Tax payable by all South Africans, injunction vreventing such removal, nor our own society. In this line, I commend unless he satisfies th3 authorized official may appeal or review proceedings, stay or to my colleagues the eminently sensible that he has reached the age of 65 years. suspend such removal, even when it has editorial, "Ban Handguns," which ap­ Every African who is the occupier of a been established beyond all doubt that the peared in the December 18, 1969, issue of dwelling in an African township is Hable to order of Court was intended for some other the Christian Science Monitor. pay an annual tax (known as the "local person and was served upon him in error. The editorial follows: tax") of $1.40. If an African ordered to leave an area, re­ In certain defined areas, any white police­ fuses to do so, the State President has an BAN HANDGUNS man may, at any time, stop an African walk­ unfettered discretion to order that, without The time will come when a civilized nation ing in a city street, if he believes him to be trial in a Court of law or further investiga­ like America will find it incomprehensible liable to pay these taxes, and ask him to pro­ tion of any kind, he be summarily arrested, that it ever let private citizens own tackle duce a receipt for his general tax or local detained, and removed from that area. specifically designed to cause death. To Mil­ tax, and inspect such receipt. Any person who breaks the window of a ton Eisenhower, chairman of the National If the African fails to comply with such building in the course of a demonstration Commission on the Causes and Prevention demand, the policeman may arrest him and calling for the grant of increased rights to of Violence, that time has already come. It have him brought before a Bantu Affairs the African people, is guilty of the offence has also come with us. We thus fully and en­ Commissioner who may then order his deten­ of sabotage, unless he proves that his act thusiastically endorse Mr. Eisenhower's de­ tion until arrangements have been made for was not calculated or intended to encour­ mand that pistols be taken from everyone in payment of such tax as may be due. age feelings of hostility between white per­ the nation other than those "who need OWNERSHIP OF LAND sons and Africans. The offence is punishable them." No African is entitled as of right to acquire by a sentence of death. The former president's brother, and in his freehold title to land anywhere in South No African may serve as a member of any own right one of America's most thoughtful Africa, nor is it the intention of the present jury empanelled for any criminal trial, even and distinguished citizens, calls for a system Government ever to grant such right to the where the accused is an African. of restrictive licensing. The result would be African, even in his own Bantu areas. Any police officer of or above the rank that pistols, the main standby of today's criminal, would be fully and forever stripped RELIGION of Lt. Colonel who has reason to believe that a person is withholding from the police in­ out of the hands of private citizens. The Minister of Bantu Administration and formation relating to "terrorists" may ar­ We have not in the past, and we cannot Development may, provided that the urban rest and detain such person for an indefinite today see a single valid argument against local authority concurs, by notice in the Ga­ period. such a step. No one, but no one, other than zette, prohibit the attendance of Africans at the lawfully designated guardians of public a Church service in a town. No person other than the Minister of Justice or an official may have access to such order need handguns. In the hands of such No church may be established for Africans wardens pistols are, at the present state of in any town without the prior approval of detained person, nor is any person (not even members of his immediate family) entitled affairs in the United States, a necessary and the Minister of Bantu Adiministration and valuable instrument of public protection. In Development. to any information as to what has happened to him or where he is. the hands of private citizens they are the in­ OPINION AND EXPRESSION No court of law may order the release of evitable companions of crime, violence, and A white man who tells a group of Africans such detainee or pronounce upon the validi­ death. that the aparth,eid laws are unjust and ty of any action which has been taken Mr. Eisenhower exempted both rilles and should be disobeyed, is guilty of a criminal against him. shotguns from his plea. He did so almost offence. An African living in a Bantu area may certainly out of deference to farmers' needs The South African Publications Control not, without special permission to do so, and hunters' desires. This, at the present time, is a valid exemption. But if, once a ban Board consists of nine persons (all of them carry a knife whose blade is more than 3 ~ white) appointed and paid by the Govern­ inches long, while outside the allotment of on handguns took place, criminals turned ment. The function of the Board is inter alia which he resides. to the use of longguns, then public welfare to prevent the showing of any film which might necessitate a like action against them. depicts white and non-white children shar­ But we call for one step at a time. ing the same classroom; or white and non­ In the meanwhile, however, there should white adults dancing with one another; or BAN HANDGUNS be stricter action against the unlawful pos­ white and non-white men and women em­ session of sawed-off shotguns, hand grenades, bracing and kissing one another. and machine guns. The arsenals collected by Another function of the South African HON. ABNER J. MIKVA the Black Panthers-regardless of the right­ Publications Control Board is to prevent the OF n.LINOIS ness or wrongness of police methods taken showing of any educational documentary film IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES against this group--are totally impermissible · which expresses approval of racial integra­ and should be seized and their possessors tion or disapproval of discrimination based Tuesday. January 20. 1970 punished. on race or colour. Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Speaker, assassina­ America is a gun-ridden, gun-terrified, It Is a criminal offence for a newspaper tions of great Americans, robberies of gun-oriented, gun-wounded, and gun­ to publish an article which is held by the retail stores, and assaults in streets have slaughtered society. This is a disgrace which Court to have harmed relations between stinks to high heaven. It 1s something which whites and Africans because it used strong not eliminated the "frontier mentality" every homeland-loving American should be language to assert that apartheid is unjust from the U.S. citizenry. Apparently, too bitterly ashamed of. It is something which to the Atrican people. many Americans harbor the outmoded any public official worthy of holding office A photographer who-without the au- belief that everyone is solely responsible should seek to mend. It is a moral imperative. 700 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 Wn.BUR D. SPARKS, HEAD OF other married and living in Louisville, with the Chesapeake & Potomac Tele­ BARBERSHOP HARMONY Ky. Wilbur and his family are members phone Co. Glee Club. This foursome rep­ of the Columbia Baptist Church, Falls resents a total of 86 years of SPEBSQSA Church, where he is a deacon, has served quartet singing and as much or more HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL as chairman of the music committee sev­ choir singing. They are confident of OF VmGINU eral times, and has sung in the chancel getting all those present singing and, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES choir since 1957. perhaps, forming gospel and barbershop Tuesday, January 20, 1970 Two of Wilbur's big responsibilities in quartets the coming year all over the 1970 will be staging the annual interna­ Hill as in 1948. Mr. BROYHTI..L of Virginia. Mr. tional contest and convention in Atlantic Speaker, the lOth District of Virginia, City, June 22-27, and helping build the which I have the honor to represent, society's contributions for the Institute will be the world capital of barbershop of Logopedics in Wichita, Kans., beyond TRIDUTE TO WOMEN harmony singing during 1970, and the the half-million-dollar mark. SPEBSQSA sovereign ruler will be Wilbur D. Sparks, has always had the motto "Keep America HON. PAUL J. FANNIN 6724 26th Street North, Arlington. Singing," but in 1960 added ''We Sing After the past 2 years as international That They Shall Speak" when the society OF ARIZONA vice president, Sparks assumed the office chose a major charitable cause. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of international president on January 1 Barbershopping is flourishing in the Wednesday, January 21, 1970 of the 32,000-member Society for the Metropolitan Washington area, which Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, in my Preservation and Encouragement of now has eight chapters with the new State of Arizona we are favored with the Barbershop Quartet Singing in America, Bowie, Md., contingent, others being presence of a most remarkable and won­ Inc. Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax, Manas­ derful woman in the person of Miss Bess He is the first personality on Capitol sas, Montgomery County, Prince Georges Stinson, a member of the Arizona House Hill ever to receive this distinction. Mr. County, and the daddy of them all, the of Representatives. Sparks was named assistant counsel of District of Columbia. Miss Stinson, from District 8-M of the Senate Antitrust Subcommittee in Washington public relations man Ed Marizopa County, is serving her second 1956, and has continued until today as a Place, who transferred from Louisville, term, having been elected from a dis­ specialist in Federal antitrust legisla­ Ky., chapter to the District of Columbia trict in which the registration runs 3 to tion. He originally came to Capitol Hill early in 1946, worked on Capitol Hill for 1 in favor of the opposition party. I think in 1941 when he joined the staff of U.S. the Republican National Committee be­ this is a tribute to her well recognized Senator Harry S. Truman, whose Spe­ fore and during the 80th Congress, and sense of fairness and the outstanding cial Senate Committee Investigating the quartets were bombarding each other contributions she has made to her com­ National Defense Program was making with chords and swipes in all directions. munity, her State, and the Nation over World War n headlines, serving to 1946. Ed staged a contest at the Statler Hilton the years. During 10 years in private law prac­ Hotel for the Republic House quartet, led She has been active in public and tice in Washington, the year 1954 has a by Whip LES ARENDS Of lilinois as tenor, community relations for one of the ma­ special significance for my constituent as and the Democratic House quartet led jor banks in Arizona; she has been active well as the society he now leads, for he by its then Whip Percy Priest of Tennes­ in church and civic life; and has served joined the Alexandria chapter on that see, also a tenor. Representative Samuel her country well as a member of the date, and almost immediately joined his K. McConnell from Pennsylvania was Armed Forces. first quartet, the Professors of Harmony. the master of ceremonies, and the con­ She is an active member of the Cactus Sparks, Oz Newgard, and Don Braisted test was a draw, but the quartets were on Wren Club of Republican Women, and formed the Harmoni-Chords with Burt a nationwide radio hookup later. in addition has been nationally recog­ Young as lead in 1958, and were enjoyed Ed's own quartet, the Diplomats, scored nized as the featured speaker during the by scores of audiences with seven leads a big victory in Carnegie Hall, New York awards luncheon of the National Feder­ altogether until 1967. City, and qualified for the international ation of Republican Women. Wilbur helped make the Alexandria quartet championship at Oklahoma City Mr. President, Miss Stinson's speech Harmonizers tick as vice president, pres­ in 1948. While competing at Oklahoma has received wide acclaim as a tribute to ident, bulletin editor, newsletter publish­ City, the Diplomats were selected by the women. I ask unanimous consent that er, assistant chorus director, baritone entertainment committee of the Repub­ it be printed in the RECORD. section leader, coach of quartets, as well lican National Convention to be held in There being no objection, the speech as a myriad of other tasks. Philadelphia a few weeks later to be the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, In 1959 he was certified as a society first barbershop quartet ever to sing at a as follows: judge in voice expression. Mid-Atlantic national political convention. Tenor of [From the Republican Arizona, distrlct, the society's largest, with 5,000 the Diplomats was Howard Cranford, the December 1969 J barbershoppers and 95 chapters, put Wil­ assistant supervisor of English in the TRIBUTE TO WOMEN District of Columbia schools. Place and bur to work in 1958 as historian and "For everything there is a season, and a archivist, and later elected him succes­ Cranford were called one morning to time for every matter under heaven . . . a sively district secretary, vice president, Vice President Richard Nixon's office to time to plant and a time to harvest . . ." executive vice president, and president harmonize with the Vice President and Women have waited the long, bleak cen­ for 2 years. He started international serv­ Howard Mitchell, conductor of the Na­ turies through, but there has been little ice with the society's 750 chapters in the tional Symphony Orchestra, to publicize harvest for them. Theirs was the role of United States and Canada as vice presi­ an attraction at Constitution Hall. planting, cultivating, tending and enduring. During December when Ed Place was The wheels of time turn slowly, but they dent and later president of PROBE, com­ do tum, and today the star of women is posed of public relations omcers and again working on the Hill as a press fn the ascendency even though we still have bulletin editors. He was also editor of assistant, he was asked by E. Homer a long way to go. Probemotor, and took on various com­ McMurray, who presides at the House At times in history the strong winds of mittee tasks. staff members' prayer breakfasts in the change alter the world's course. Such a pe­ Born in Savannah, Mo., in 1918, Wil­ Capitol, to organize a musical program riod followed the landing of the Pilgrims bur was educated in Savannah public for Wednesday morning, February 4, and at Plymouth Rock. The winds then blew for schools, and became a champion trumpet get his District of Columbia Keys quartet freedom and in the next century the first if possible. government based upon the proposition that player. At the University of Missouri at governments derives their just powers by Columbia, he not only earned A.B. and The Keys will be there, with Inter­ consent of the governed was launched. LL.B. degrees but also sang in college national President Wilbur Sparks and Ed It began with a virgin country, the wealth and fraternity glee clubs and quartets, Place, both Baptists, as baritone and and extent of which the founders were un­ and played in marching, concert, and bass, respectively. Howard Cranford, a aware. They only knew that theirs was the dance bands. Married to Elizabeth Hart­ Methodist, will sing tenor with another opportunity to choose the essence of the ley, also of Savannah, in 1942, they have Methodist as the other tenor, Millard­ best that the science of government had pro­ two daughters, one in college and the Mickey-BeaU, soloist for the 34th year duced and give it to a new land. January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 701 And it began with a virgin society which years ago he said, "If I were asked . . . to of people--the members · of the Establish­ keenly felt its moment in destiny. what the singular prosperity and growing ment, many of whom are probably in this Before the next hundred years had passed, strength of the United States ought mainly room. They are subjected to more gratuitous miracles had been wrought, and man's hori­ to be attributed, I should have to reply insults than any other group I know, yet zon of freedom and the new world had dra­ 'To the superiority of its women'." they are often loath to answer their at­ matically Widened. Slaves were freed and in This was a great man's highest tribute, tackers. Nothing I can say is likely to dam 1869 were enfranchised. richly and nobly deserved by women who the flow of abuse that is directed at the Nothing was done about women. But the were more than great. Establishment because Establishment-snip­ spirit of freedom and the winds of change Today we celebrate the lOOth anniversary ing is a very popular pastime. However, I had touched them too-and the wind came of that victory in Wyoming and the 50th think it IS about time someone spoke for the from the West, although the movement had anniversary of the passage of the 19th defense and that is what I intend to do wit h started at Seneca Falls, New York in June Amendment by Congress. In the interim, life the time you have given me today. 1848 with the first national convention for has greatly changed in America, but the quest You need not look very far today fur women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony and goes on. Equality now is the goal-not just examples of the anti-Establishment attitude. Elizabeth Cady Stanton were its prime the vote, but equal rights. It is in front of you all the time, as the movers. They were determined to change the No one knowledgeable in the history of subject of television talks, in the press and statutes which bound women in legal, fi­ America's women, their trumph over adver­ periodicals, and on the signs that are carried nancial and voiceless servitude. sity, steadfastness in character and fidelity through the streets in such large numbers The road to emancipation was long and to purpose doubts the outcome. nowadays. heartbreaking. Its foremost heroines did not And so, we pay tribute to American Wo­ The Establishment I refer to is in the van­ live to see its full achievement, but rejoiced men, past and present. We honor all that guard of change ... change that is human in the small victories and exciting anticipa­ they have been, take pride in all that they and vital because it is based on law rather tion of things to come. Against the opposi­ have become. than nihilism. I am speaking of an Estab­ tion of the clergy, ridicule by the press, and The slogan of those early, intrepid leaders lishment attuned to all the ideas of a rapid­ unyielding political hostility the pioneers has the same meaning, the same validity ly changing age, ready to seize on the best endured, sacrificed and persevered. They today: the current ferment produces and to im­ were magnificent! "Principles, not policy; justice, not favor; plement it. No Establishment worthy of the And it finally came to pass that in the men, their rights and nothing more; wo­ name ever rejected an idea merely because Territory of Wyoming, in the year 1869, the men, their rights and nothing less." it was radical and what I am about to say first victory was won. Women were acknowl­ It is still a time for planting that the to you is based on a philosophy of affirma­ edged as separate independent beings. It was harvest may be more bountiful for all and tion, not of rejection. a victory guided by the determined efforts of Freedom more secure. It has become fashionable to attack the Mrs. Esther Morris of South Pass, Wyoming, Our Country still needs the devotion, the Establishment Without knoWing what the who was shortly afterward appointed justice effort, yes--even the sacrifice-of women to term means .. . and it is dangerous to use of the peace of South Pass-a truly Western insure that "this Nation under God shall terms having a social significance unless you salute to what the West always admires­ not perish." have an understanding of their true mean­ sheer grit. BURDEN NAMED ing. Confusion in thinking leads people to Hard on the heels of Wyoming, the Terri­ Arizona Third District Congressman Sam attack the wrong targets. The Prime Min­ 'bories of Utah and Washington granted wom­ Steiger has announced the appointment of ister of Australia, for instance, on becoming en suffrage. The ladies fought on--Colorado, Dana Burden to serve as a regional tech­ elected recently, said, "I am not of or in the Idaho and California joined the ranks, then nician for the 1970 census in Utah and Ari­ Establishment." If a Prime Minister is not a Arizona, Kansas and Oregon. It was almost a zona. Burden will take a six months leave of member of the Establishment, in its true phenomenon of the West-and with good absence from Steiger's staff where he has sense, I don't know who is, and the fact that reason. Nowhere had women worked, strug­ been serving as an Arizona aide. he made such a statement indicates the ex­ gled and borne misfortune With the tenacity, The 36 year old Wickenburg resident is tent to which the concept has been dis­ fortitude and endurance that this part of our one of the former owners of the Remuda credited and misunderstood. Nation demanded of its women. Guest Ranch. He attended Wickenburg If instant reforms are not provided for all They could look back on generations-on High School, Phoenix College and the Uni­ mankind's chronic ills, it is alleged to be the sod dug-outs, on mere shells of cabins, on versity of Arizona. fault of the Establishment which is se.en as Indian wars-years of living in apprehension, Burden will resume his duties on Steiger's standing four-square against progress, free­ most of them fighting-the droughts, the staff as soon as the census in the two states dom, peace and all things good. One of the locusts, the snows, the prairie fires, the bliz­ is complete. conveniences of using the Establishment as zards, and all of this under a crushing burden a whipping boy is its characterization as a of toil. Some broke under the strain. There great impersonal "they" to whom all sins can was not very much to eat and no money, but be ascribed without the necessity of a bill of there was always the indomitable spirit, al­ THE ESTABLISHMENT particulars. Arrayed against this Wicked ways the love that kept families together and "they" is a great collective "we" who are in­ made do, always the dreams of a better day. variably righteous and noble-minded. This The dreams lived on in the hearts of the chil­ HON. JACK EDWARDS is according to the popular liturgy. dren and even,tually they carried them out. OF ALABAMA In order to see beyond this rather naive The settlement· of the West, or any other IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES view of life, it might help to stop and con­ part of this country for that matter, owes sider just who the Establishment are. The more to the endless toil of pioneer women Wednesday, January 21, 1970 term itself is presumed to have come from than to all other factors in its history. A England where the established families tra­ chMaeter in Edna Ferber's Cimarron tells it Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr. ditionally placed their sons in the service of this way: Speaker, so often today we hear com­ the church or the State. Since those families "You can't read the history of the United ment abou.t the "establishment" which formed a relatively close-knit segment of the States, my friend ... Without learning of the is allegedly running or I'uining our so­ community, they came to be referred to as great story of those thousands of unnamed ciety depending upon who you are talk­ the Establishment. The levels of service to women ..• women in mud caked boots and ing to. Just what the establishment is, which young men were admitted depended calico dresses and sunbonnets, crossing the what are its aims, what ere its strengths on their performance at examinations at a prairie and the desert and mountains, endur­ university-usually Oxford or Cambridge-­ ing hardship and privation. Good women and weaknesses are discussed in the fol­ lowing speech delivered by the Honor­ or the civil service examinations. A "first" in with a terrible and rigid goodness that comes university examinations was a guarantee of of work and self-denial. Nothing picturesque able J. V. Clyne, chairman, MacMillan a high level appointment. Therefore, the or romantic about them, I suppose ... No, Bloedel Ltd. Establishment very early was marked by its their story's never really been told, but it's In his speech, Judge Clyne, who was devotion to intellectual excellence because there just the same. And if it's ever told a justice of the Supreme Court of British straight, you'll know its the sunbonnet and this identified a man as a leader-or at least not the sombrero that's settled this country." Colum~ia from 1950 to 1957, character­ one with leadership qualities. In addition to ized the "establishment" as a group in excellence, great stress was also placed on That is how it was, and how America was civil order, public service and personal built. No one stopped to count the cost­ the vanguard of change, attuned to all the ideas of a rapidly changing age yet honour. The British Establishment in its de­ they threw themselves blindly into the im­ velopment owed a great deal to the philos­ possible, accomplished the unbelievable. The subject to more gratuitous insults than ophy of the Greeks who, for the first time human race has not known such faith and any other group. I highl!" recommend self-confidence since history began. Amer­ the following text to my colleagues: in history, thought of their civilization as ica! No other land can match this conquest the conscious pursuit of an ideal. Any civili­ of the unknown, the untried-and the ma­ "THE ESTABLISHMENT" zation thus motivated would, of course, col­ jor role of its women. (By the Honorable J. V. Clyne) lapse without a body, or an Establishment, The greatest of all observers of the Ameri­ I have come here today to say a few kind devoted to excellence in the law, philosophy, can scene, de Toquevile, agreed. Over 100 words about a very much maligned group the arts and sciences; and the citizens of 702 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970

ancient Greece elevated their scholars and to protect the new nation from a tryranny worse, it is also a. repudiation of the value thinkers to positions of authority in the of the majority by providing for a system of of unequal effort." He speculates as to how social and political hierarchy. checks and balances, such as two senators many school children fail to demand the Time has diluted the purity of the Greek from ea-eh state, regardless of population. It best of themselves "for fear of the unpopu­ ideal but its essential elements survived is one of the paradoxes of our times that so larity that goes with wanting to excel.'' Italy's Renaissance man, in France's "hon­ much of the initiative seems now to have The second fallacy, which carries the cult nete homme" or cultivated man, and in the passed to a militant mi.ILority which threat­ of individuality of an extreme, Is reflected in British concept of a gentleman. Today it ens with a loud voice the tranquillity and the Thoreau's famous doctrine of civil disobedi­ has a very limited public appeal and is some­ liberty of the majority which is now referred ence which is being Widely followed in North times referred to in the vernacular as to by your President as a. "silent majority." America today by people who probably have "square." Speaking of the tongue in his general epistle never heard of its author. Here the individ­ This is unfortunate and self-defeating be­ St. James says, "It is a small member but ual decides that certain laws-and the choice cause we in the western world-<>ld and it can make huge claims." Utilizing the arts is his alone-are to be violated as part of the young alike-are still moved by ideals, of publicity, the minority seeks to subvert process of reform. Obviously, the whole body whether or not we agree on what they are. the very constitutional processes which are of the law is attacked when any part of it The young, in fact, believe themselves to . actually necessary to preserve minority Is systematically contravened, yet civil dis­ be more idealistic than the old, and it is a rights. Furthermore, the zea.l for individual obedience is widely condoned today by a pub­ fact that necessary reforms have frequently rights sometimes obscures the true interests lic which has allowed itself to become too been brought about by the ideal of youth. of the nation. The intent of the law-to passive and permissive. When force becomes But the one irreplaceable attitude necessary insure domestic tra.nquillity-is altered to a necessary alternative to violence there ts to hold those ideals aloft-the pursuit of provide aid and comfort to those who break always a large segment of the community excellence-is being ignored. The negative it-a trend which gives great satisfaction ready to proclaim police brutality. cults of confusion and whimsy are honoured to the crlmlnal element. "It is good," according to the Durants, in its place. La.wyers toda.y must be crimlnal lawyers "that new ideas should be heard, for the sake The American historian, Henry Steele 1! they a.re to Win much public attention. of the few that can be used; but It Is also Comma.ger, has declared that it is absurd But things were not a.lwa.ys this wa.y. In good that new ideas should be compelled to to credit mere chance for the "outbreaks 14th century Italy, for example, even law go through the mlll of objection, opposition, of genius" which occurred in the Athens of tea.chers were revered a.nd one, na.med Bar­ and contumely; this is the trial heat which Pericles, the Florence of Michaelangelo, the tolus, was so highly thought of by the Em­ innovations must survive before being al­ England of Shakespeare and Bacon, the peror that he was given royal a.uthority to lowed to enter the :guman race." Vienna of Mozart, or the Philadelphia of grant legitimacy to any ba.stard who might What we need today is not a continuing Franklin. Why should the little colony of attend his law classes. I do not mean to im­ war between the young and the old, the radi­ Virginia have produced, in one generation, ply that the legal profession attracts more cal and conservative but, as your President such statesmen as Washington, Jefferson, bastards than a.ny other calling I has said, "a lowering of our voices." We need Madison, Monroe, Marshall and Whyte? Challenges to the la.w today ta.ke the be­ a new synthesis of conservatism and radical· Surely it was because they were intellectual­ gulllngly innocent form of a defense of con­ ism, "holding fast to that which is good," ly and morally equipped to respond to the science. Now, conscience is an admirable rooting out that which Is not so good and challenges which confronted them at their thing and men who are ruled by their con­ replacing it with new ideas for creative excel­ moment in history, just as your astronauts sciences a.re universally respected. This in­ lence in society. Inevitably, the agent for and space scientists are equipped to respond nocent word, however, has been put to a more that change will be the Establishment. In a to the challenge our times have given them. sinister use by our new breed of revolution. world of rapid, complex and technological Those distinguished Virginians are an ex­ We are told tha.t the truly free man ca.n be evolution, North America will not be com­ ample of an Establishment which not only bound by no laws except those which his petitive Without a strong, intelligent and accepted reform, they initiated it. If we are conscience tells him to obey. He need a.ccept innovative Esta.bllshment. to offer the world new hope based on west­ no obligations except those which depend on ern ideals, from what soil is a. modern flow­ individual consent. This Is a doctrine tha.t ering of lea.dership to grow? It is for this has widespread appeal because It sounds so rea.son-a concern for a. lea.dership vacuum­ very moral yet it is used to give the appear­ THE 146TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE tha.t I have chosen to use the term Esta.b­ ance of high principle to la.wlessness. One BIRTH OF STONEWALL JACKSON lishment in a somewha.t different context may say he refuses to pay taxes because, deep tha.n the one in which it is popularly used in his conscience, he disa.pproves of the way today to refer to any group which has suc­ they a.re spent. One may even justify theft HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH ceeded in building a power structure around on the grounds tha.t he doesn't hold With no­ itself. We lose the meaning-and the les­ tions of private property. There Is no idea OF WEST VIRGINIA son-of the classic Establishment when we more dangerous to the existence of an orderly IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES define the term so casually. human community tha.n the doctrine that Wednesday, January 21, 1970 I am not quite certain where my remarks among the duties tha.t are placed upon him Will pla.ce me in relationship With your Vice­ the citizen is free to pick and choose those Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, today President, Mr. Agnew, who by virtue of his that he will perform. marks the 146th anniversary of the birth office certainly is- now a member of the Two distinguished residents of Los Ange­ of Gen. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Establishment. No matter. les, Will a.nd Ariel Durant, ha.ve expressed the Jackson, one of America's most distin­ The Establishment consists of those who danger very clearly in their book, "The Les­ set themselves to master their disciplines sons of History." guished military strategists. Stonewall a.ccording to rigid standards of excellence. "The first condition of freedom," the Du­ Jackson was born in the western region As an ideal they subscribe to a. moral code rants say, "is its limitations; make It absolute of Virginia in what is now the city of based on an obedience to the unenforceable, and it dies in chaos. So the prime ta.sk of Clarksburg, W. Va. He lived as a boy and and they have a highly developed sense of government is to establish order; organized young man in what is now Lewis County public service, though it may no longer be central force is the sole alternative to in­ 1n the Mountain State. History has re­ based on family traditions. Members of the calculable and disruptive force in private corded well the outstanding accomplish­ Establishment are not necessarily outstand­ hands.'' ments of this Civil War general on the ing public figures but they are the doers in It must also be understood that aspects of the community. The true Establishment is freedom change with changes in environ­ battlefield.- Much has been written on the instrument of all constructive change. ment. You cannot give the same noisy mid­ Stonewall Jackson's numerous military The key to the Establishment's function night party in a city apartment that you can feats, particularly on his unique conduct is the rule of law because excellence cannot in a house in the country. The freedom of of the famous valley campaign. To tWs thrive in a state of civil disorder. I do not one person is always conditioned by the day, the movements and the tactics of say this simply because the law was my pro­ freedom of another. This concept is recog­ Jackson in the valley campaign furnish fession but because our legal system is un­ nized at all times by la.w but is not recog­ teachers of military art and strategy dergoing a. series of challenges by those who nized by demonstrators in the universities, are unmindful of the dangers in the game in the streets and elsewhere who seek to im­ throughout the world with the elements they play. We are the beneficiaries of great pose their opinions by violence upon the rest of success on the battlefield. The success­ bodies of law, from Moses and Hammurabi, of the community. In this sense, the citizens ful military maneuvers, the leadership, the Greeks, the Romans, Napoleon and the of the United States are in danger of losing and the strong character of Stonewall English common law. Our objective, based on their freedom. Jackson were eloquently recoghized by that herita.ge, is to preserve the safety of We appear to have moved from one danger­ the great victorian military leader, Field the state while protecting the liberty of the ous fa.llacy to a.nother-from the fallacy that Marshal Viscount Wolseley, who stated: individual. In the case of the United States, all men are created equal to the one which your goal, a.ccording to your own constitu­ preaches the absolute importa.nce of the in­ The fame of Stonewall Jackson is no longer tion, has been to "insure domestic tran­ dividua.l. Thomas Griffith of Life Magazine the exclusive property of Virglnla and the quillity" while securing for yourselves the wrote that universal equality "is a denial of South; it has become the birthright of every blessings of liberty. Your founders sought the truth of an inequa.lity of merit; but man privileged to call himself an American. January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 703 Mr. President, in the civic-conscious at the unveiling of the bronze bust of "It demonstrates what you can accomplish city of Clarksburg, historic and service "Stonewall" by Sculptor Bryant Baker in if you really want to," she said of her brother, the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at one of five children of an Auburn, N.Y., gar­ organizations appropriately continue to New York University, May 19, 1957. dener and hanydman. commemorate the anniversary of the In his telegram General MacArthur stated: "We all helped him through Cornell," Mrs. birth of Stonewall Jackson. "Perhaps the most prized message I ever Sims recalled. The 6-foot 2-inch 200-pound, I ask unanimous consent to insert in received came from the famous historian, college student later was named to t he Na­ the RECORD an article from the Clarks­ Douglas Southall Freeman, who wrote me at tional Football Hall of Fame. burg Exponent of January 18 on this the close of my campaigns in the Southeast NAMED TO CORNELL BOARD Pacific area of World War II, 'The mantle year's ceremony. of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson has After working t wo years as a social re­ There being no objection, the article now fallen on your shoulders.' " search assist ant in Philadelphia, Dr. Holland was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Two of Jackson's favorite maxims were was named president of Delaware St ate Col­ as follows: "You May Be Whatever You Resolve To lege where he spent seven years before he JACKSON WAS BORN HERE 146 YEARS AGO Be" and "Never Take Counsel of Your was named president of Hampton in 1960. Fears." In 1965 he became the first Negro member Wednesday, Jan. 21, will mark the 146th of the Cornell University Board of Trustees. anniversary of the birth of General Thomas Stonewall Jackson's paternal grandpar­ ents, his f ather Jonathan and Stonewall's In his book, "Black Opportunit y,'' pub­ Jonathan (Stonewall) Jackson. He was born lished last year, Dr. Holland said, "Negroes in Clarksburg Jan. 21, 1824. sister, Elizabeth, are buried in the historic cemetery in Jackson Park, located on East are never going to solve their greatest prob­ S. J. Birshtein, chairman of the Stone­ lem by demanding equal job opportunities wall Jackson Historical Committee of the Pike Street, Clarksburg. The General's mother is buried in Ansted, if they are not, in fact, equal to whites in Chamber of Commerce, announced that two their ability t o perform the job." local organizations are honoring the his­ w. Va. His sister Laura lies at rest in toric occasion with appropriate wreaths. Buckhannon, and his brother Warren is bur­ STUDENTS HIT STAND The United Daughters of the Confederacy ied near that city. His views made him unpopular with some will place a wreath on the bronze plaque Stonewall's wife, Mary Anna Morrison, died militant students at Hampton who demanded erected on the birthplace site in the 300 at Charlotte, N.C., March 24, 1915. his resignation as president during student block of West Main Street in downtown Jackson died May 10, 1863 at the age of demonstrations last April. Clarksburg. Mrs. E. B. Dakan, Jr. is president 39 near Guinea Station, Va. and is buried There has been no American ambassador of the local U.D.C. in Lexington, Va. in Sweden since William H. Heath left Stock­ The Stonewall Jackson Civic Club will holm last January. White House Press Sec­ remember the renowned general by placing a retary Ronald Ziegler said that the President wreath on the equestrian ·statue on the EDUCATOR NOMINATED TO BE U.S. believes appointment of Holland "will end plaza of the Harrison County Court House. AMBASSADOR TO SWEDEN some of the tension existing between the two Mrs. Fray G. Queen, Jr. heads the civic countries." organization. Sweden has been openly critical of U.S. The Clarksburg Chapter of the U.D.C. HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI involvement in Vietnam. erected the bronze plaque in August, 1911, OF NEW YORK SUBJECT TO CONFffiMATION to commemorate the General's birthplace. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES On Sunday, May 10, 1953, the famous Dr. Holland becomes the fourth Negro bronze equestrian statue was dedicated. This Wednesday, January 21, 1970 ambassador named by Nixon. The nomination was made by the late Charles Keck, wide­ Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, after leav­ is subject to Senate confirmation. Another ly known sculptor of New York City. His Negro, Carl T. Rowan, served as ambassador widow attended the unveiling and impres­ ing the post vacant for a year, President to Finland under the late President John F . sive dedicatory ceremonies. The base of the Nixon has nominated a distinguished Kennedy. statue was designed by William Grant, a educator and former All-American foot­ Dr. Holland last visited Buffalo in October, Clarksburg architect. ball end at Cornell University as the 1968, to attend the wedding of his niece, The equestrian statue is a three-quarter U.S. Ambassador to Sweden. Mrs. Charles Jones of Buffalo. life-size bronze original model casting for He is Dr. Jerome H. Holland, now Dr. Holland's brother-in-law, the Rev. W. J. the Stonewall statue at Charlottesvllle, Va., president of Hampton Institute in Vir­ Sims, an African Methodist Episcopal Zion dedicated Oct. 19, 1921. ginia. church minister, has worked for 29 years at Stonewall Jackson is enshrined in the Buffalo State Hospital where he is a staff Hall of Fame for Great Americans at New A Buffalo family is particularly proud attendant. Mrs. Sims works part-time at the York University. A striking statue by Moses of the President's selection. Dr. Hol­ hospital. · Ezekiel of Richmond, Va., a graduate of land's sister, Mrs. Lydia Sims, and her TWO OTHER CHILDREN Virginia Military Institute of Lexington, Va. family are residents of my home city. Mr. and Mrs. Sims have two other chil­ and a personal friend of General and Mrs. Some interesting highlights in the dren, Walter of Henrietta, and James of Robert E. Lee, was dedicated at Charleston, background of Dr. Holland are related Buffalo. Va. on Sept. 27, 1910. A similar statue w. in the story which appeared January 13 Dr. Holland has two other sisters, both of was erected two years later on the grounds in the Buffalo, N.Y. Courier-Express, as of V.M.I. and dedicated June 19, 1912. New York City, and a brother in Syracuse. Following the election of General Jack­ follows: Dr. Holland is married and has a son and son in 1955 to the Hall of Fame, Bryant BROTHER OF BUFFALO WOMAN NAMED ENVOY a daughter. Baker, the sculptor, was commissioned to TO SWEDEN prepare the bronze bust, and this is in effe.ct The brother of a Buffalo woman was nom­ the model from which Mr. Baker made the inated by President Nixon Monday to be FEDERAL CIVILIAN EMPLOYMENT, bust later placed in the Capitol Building in ambassador to Sweden. He is Dr. Jerome H. NOVEMBER 1969 Charleston, W. Va. and dedicated Sept. 13, Holland, president of Hampton Institute in 1959. Virginia for the last 10 years. At V.M.I. Stonewall Jackson was professor Dr. Holland, 54, is the brother of Mrs. of Natural and Experimental Philosophy, and Lydia Sims of 29 Ada Pl. HON. GEORGE H. MAHON Instructor of Artillery Tactics for 10 years, FOOTBALL STAR OF TEXAS from 1851 to 1861. Then he was called upon IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to enter that career of distinction which in "Brud" Holland, as he is known to friends, two years made the name of Stonewall Jack­ worked his way through Cornell University Wednesday, January 21, 1970 son immortal. stoking furnaces, and was an All-American end on the Big Red football teams of 1938 Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, I include Between April 29, 1861 and May 1, 1863, a release highlighting the November 1969 Stonewall Jackson distinguished himself as and 1939, the year he received his bachelor's one of the greatest military strategists that degree. civilian personnel report of the Joint ever lived. After earning a master's degree in so­ Committee on Reduction of Federal Ex­ ciology at Cornell in 1941, he taught social penditures: General Jackson was a master of the art science and coached football at Lincoln Uni­ of war. He used his two great elements, ini­ versity, Tennessee Agricultural College, and MONTHLY REPORT ON FEDERAL PERSONNEL AND tiative and surprise, in unsurpassed appli­ PAY FOR NOVEMBER 1969 cations. Iowa State University. He earned a doctorate in sociology from the Executive agencies of the Federal Govern­ Swift and sure of attack, dogged and de­ University of Pennsylvania in 1950. ment reported civilian employment In the termined in defense, undismayed by ad­ month of November totaling 2,926,139. This verse odds, he was the ideal battlefield com­ "HARD-WORKING PERSON" was a net decrease of 14,274 as compared mander. "I was very delighted to hear of the nomi­ with employment reported in the preceding One of the finest tributes to Stonewall nation,'' Mrs. Sims told the Courier-Express month of October. Jackson was sent in a telegram by the great Monday night. "He is a very congenial, hard­ Civilian employment reported by the ex­ general of World War II, Douglas MacArthur, working person. ecutive agencies of the Federal Government, 704 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970

by months in fiscal year 1970, which began REMARKS BY G. Wn..LIAM WHITEHURST which the military profession is being used July 1, 1969 follows: I must confess that it is a high honor for as a convenient target ... and how me this morning to speak to so distinguished Ironic . . . one that can't shoot back. The factors behind this phenomenon are Month Employment Increase Decrease a group. As you know, I am a Member of the House Armed Services Committee and over obvious to all of us . . . a war which our commanders have been restricted in conduct­ July 1969 ______the past year I have had considerable contact 3, 062, 319 9, 276 ------with professional officers of our Armed ing ... domestic priorities, which are al­ Augu st______3, 028, 521 ------33, 798 September ______2, 958,386 ------70, 135 Forces. Without exception, they have im­ most endless and which require more and Octobe r______2, 940,413 ------17, 973 pressed me by their dedication to duty and more of our resources, infiation, which by Novem ber ______2, 926,139 ------14,274 devotion to their country. itself demands a cut in Federal spending. I have recently been reading William L. When I sat in the House last year, I heard Tot al federal employment in civilian agen­ Shirer's, " The Collapse of the Third Repub­ some of my colleagues talk about these other cies for the month of November was 1,654,- lic" .•. a remarkable work, which I recom­ needs and listened to them as they talked 212, a decrease of 955 as compared with the mend to you. In his book, Shirer gives an ex­ of slashing the defense budget to find the cellent and easily understood account of the money for what they felt were more press­ Oct ober total of 1,655,167. Total civilian ing projects. employment in the military agencies in No­ Dreyfus Case, in which the commanders of the French Army succeeded in convicting an This is tempting to any legislator, espe­ vember was 1,271,927, a decrease of 13,319 cially when that budget represents the as compared with 1,285,246 in October. officer with forged evidence and endeavored to make the conviction stick in order that largest piece of the pie. And these legisla­ Civilian agencies reporting the largest tors are not speaking for themselves alone. decreases were Interior Department with they would not be embarrassed. Shirer goes on to describe the role that They are voicing the sentiments of many 1,690, Veterans' Administration with 1,139, Americans who do not understand why weap­ Agriculture Department with 999 and Com­ the Army played in the affairs of the Re­ public, a role that would seem strange to us ons of the 1970's should be so costly, who merce Department with 937. The largest in­ cannot appreciate the sophistication of a crease was reported by Department of in America. All of you are familiar with the role of modern arsenal. Health, Education and Welfare with 3,955. This Administration has not been able to In the Department of Defense the largest the German Army in the old empire and in the days of the Weimar Republic, when Gen­ ignore this sentiment. A heavy cut was made decreases in civilian employment were re­ in the defense budget this past year and ported by the Navy with 6,272, Army with eral von Seeckt held the balance of power in the life of that short-lived regime. another one will apparently be forthcoming 5,320 and Air Force with 1,160. In more recent times, we know that the in fiscal 1971. Total employment inside the United Soviet Army has played a role in Kremlin The impact has been felt in every com­ States in November was 2,681,872, a de­ politics. In Communist China, it is the munity where there is a military base. Hope­ crease of 12,753 as compared with October. army that holds the key to balance. fully, we will not compromise our national Total employment outside the United States This Republic has never experienced a security in making these cuts. I am sure in November was 244,267, a decrease of 1,521 periOd in its history when military power that the President and Secretary of Defense as compared with October. Industrial em­ affected a decision in the national govern­ share this concern and are trying to make ployment by federal agencies in November ment, except when its advice was solicited to the right choice in military spending while was 571,068, a decrease of 2,395 as compared provide the Commander-in-Chief with in­ reducing the overall budget. with October. formation to reach a decision. It has always This cutting of funds of itself is not an These figures are from reports certified by been this way with us. indication of a loss of confidence in our the agencies as compiled by the Joint Com­ When the Revolution ended, many of our mil1tary establishment, but the cries that mittee on Reduction of Federal Expendi­ officers formed a brotherhood, in honor of there exists a military-industrial complex tures. their Commander-in-Chief, George Wash­ which would absorb a disproportionate por­ FULL-TIME PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT ington, who emulated the name of the man tion of our resources, represent a segment of thought that is in the vanguard to weaken The total of 2,926,139 civllian employees for whom the organization was named ... Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus. And why Cin­ the military establishment. reported for the month of November 1969 I am more alarmed by the direct attackt includes 2,609,014 full-time permanent em­ cinnatus? Because he was the legendary Roman hero, who was called twice to the that have been made to discredit the Re­ ployees. This represents a decrease of 12,994 serve Officer Training programs at some of in full-time permanent employment from dictatorship of Rome to lead the armies against their enemies, but who forsook per­ our universities. First, credit has been with­ the preceding month of October. These fig­ drawn from courses where it was formerly ures are shown in the appendix (p. 17) of sonal gain and returned to work his farm. From his example was born the Society of the granted and in some cases, particularly in the accompanying report. Cincinnati. the Northeast, R.O.T.C. has been discon­ FOREIGN NATIONALS The pattern, once established, has per­ tinued altogether. The total of 2,926,139 civilian employees severed in our history. It is the common Perhaps even more serious than this is certified to the Committee by federal agen­ citizen who has usually borne arms ••• what has happened at the Lincoln and In­ cies in their regular monthly personnel re­ minutemen . . . milita . . . Johnny Reb or strumentation Laboratories at the Massa­ ports includes some foreign nationals em­ Billy Yank, doughboys and G .I.'s . • • all chusetts Institute of Technology, where de­ ployed in U.S. Government activities abroad, were essentially citizen soldiers. fense research has been under serious attack. but in addition to these there were 110,933 In the long periods of peace that we knew Dr. Charles Draper, a noted physicist, who foreign nationals working for U.S. agencies before our own time, our attitude was not played the key role in development of the overseas during November who were not too different from that of the British who inertial guidance system which we use in were indicted by Kipling in his poem, our ICBM's, has been forced out as director counted in the usual personnel reports. The of the Instrumentation Laboratory. number in October was 111,344. "Tommy" ... Do you recall the words? The verbal assaults made upon him, not only by S.D.S. studentl3 but by some of his "It's Tommy this, an' Tommy that, an' own colleagues on the faculty, are sympto­ WAVE OF ANTIMILITARISM 'Chuck him out, the brute I' matic of something far deeper than simple IN AMERICA But it's 'Savior of 'is country,' when frustration that our national defense costs The guns begin to shoot." a lot of money that might be spent on more Public opinion has a loud voice but a short peaceful needs. HON. G. WILLIAM WHITEHURST memory. We have a new name for "Tommy" They represent the most serious threa.t OF VmGINXA now . . . the military industrial complex. It to the military esta.bUshment in this cen­ tury. They strike at our centers of learn­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES doesn't rhyme with anything, but it means the same thing. ing, which have always supplied a reservoir Wednesday, January 21, 1970 In the last few months, I have heard more of trained leadership to supplement the mlli­ than one officer say that he was chucking tary academies. And they would deprive our Mr. wmTEHURST. Mr. Speaker, re­ it and getting out. Some are leaving because military defense of the talents and research cently I spoke to the graduating class of they are fed up with the bureaucracy which skills which our great universities have al­ the Armed Forces Staff College in Nor­ exists within the defense structure ..• and ways supplied. folk, Va. In that address to 269 officers I would caution you about this. Lower grade Some months a.go, in a speech, I touched upon this point, emphasizing that if this of the 46th graduating class I spoke of officers tell me that they are not given the authority to make deciSions as used to be the movement succeeded, it would accelera.te the the current wave of antimilitarism in creation of a true military-industrial com­ America, and I referred to the actions of case. It may be that we have so many gen­ erals and admirals, that we must permit plex, by forcing all military research and de­ some of my colleagues. In the speech I them to make those decisions. I suspect that velopment into private industry, which also comment on the most serious threat this is not really the case but that there is a would be military-oriented. to the American Military Establishment growing unwillingness to stick one's neck The universities have provided almost a in this century. At this time I offer the out. system of checks and balances in doing mili­ entire speech for publication at this point I think, however, that we have entered tary research, because they have invariably in the RECORD: an era of discontent and frustration, in also produced peaceful benefits. January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 705 A purely military-oriented Researoh and masters of their collective destiny, even dent Nixon would yield about half of what Defense might not be as concerned with the though the country was to remain di­ the state needs. Even the higher national vital by-products which spin off. appropriation by Congress would send North vided in two parts until late 1961. Carolina only about three-quarters of the The tragedy of this development is that This rather large country in west-cen­ the threat to ow: Nation is undimlnlshed. minimum needed. Thus, at best, some stu­ Perhaps we have fOI' too long grown a.ccus­ tral Africa was a German colony from -dents are going to have a hard time getting tomed to our ability to meet the cri:ses that the late 19th century until1919. Then for financial aid for colleges. At worst, many occasionally confront us. Our people have nearly four decades it was under British more of them will not get this kind of as­ come to expect, that our defense is invinci­ and French administration. Meanwhile, sistance, and some may sea their only op­ ble and that like Kipling's Tommy, the mlll­ soon after the end of the last war the portunity for college vanish With a veto. tary forces will always appear like the "Savior peoples in the British Cameroon and in Granted, all government spending is in­ of his country, when the guns begin to flationary. It seems fair to say, however, that the French Cameroun clamored for in­ some expenditures are more inflationary shoot." dependence and worked hard for their I do not need to stress the change in mili­ than others. What the President proposes to tary balance between the United States and goal. scrimp on, for a cooler economy's sake, are the SOviet Union which has occurred since From 1946 through 1959 the British medical programs, employe safety efforts, the Cuban mlssile c:risis of 1962. Cameroon and the French Cameroun health services, mental health projects, In less than 10 years, the Soviets have were under the trusteeship of the two campus and community libraries, better built up a formidable naval force, to chal­ governments, and fortunately these gov­ schools, expanded educational opportunities. lenge us in the Mediterranean ... a subma­ ernments did not hinder the proposed This economizing could be exceptionally dan­ rine fleet which can operate from the seven gerous. Nixon ought not to insist upon it union of the two parts of the country. until he has carefully considered the con­ seas • • . and an arsenal of ICBM's, which This union was brought about in Octo­ is larger than our own. sequences and exhausted all other, more ap­ Imagine the dlfierence in our bargaining ber 1961, thus giving birth to the Federal propriate areas for government cost-cutting. positions if the Ouban missile crisis were to Republic of Cameroon. occur now. Today the Federal Republic of Cam­ All of you were chosen to attend this Staff eroon has become a full-fledged member Oollege because your previous record indi­ of the international family of sovereign TRIBUTE TO DR. LEO JENKINS cated that you had the qualities of profes­ states, and I gladly salute the Came­ sionalism that have enabled us to enjoy ef­ roonians on the lOth anniversary of their fective leadership in time of war. Any viSi­ Independence Day. HON. WALTER B. JONES tor who enters these grounds is reminded of OF NORTH CAROLINA the splendid tradition over our foes • • • Anzlo, Gua.dalcanal, Tarawa, Enlwetok, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Norma.ndy. A DANGEROUS PLACE TO SCRIMP Wednesday, January 21, 1970 There our treasure was spent and the blood of our youth spilled •.• but not in Mr. JONES of North Oarolina. Mr. vain. Freedom's battles were won • . • the HON. NICK GALIFIANAKIS Speaker, on Tuesday, January 27, many courage of our young men and the tremen­ OF NORTH CAROL~A citizens of North carolina w1ll gather to­ dous resources of this great Republic canied IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gether to hold an appreciation dinner for the day, but lt was the imagination and Dr. Leo Jenkins, president of East Caro­ sklll in strategy and tactics of our soldiers Wednesday, January 21, 1970 who bore arms as a profession, that brought lina University in Greenville, N.C. I sup­ victory. Mr. GALIFIANAKIS. Mr. Speaker, I pose it would be most difficult to define Your superiors saw something in each of should like to share with my colleagues the qualifications of an ideal university you along the way in your career, something the content of a thought-provoking edi­ president; but, in the o'pinion of all who that marked you as a leader, someone in torial which appeared recently in the know him, Dr. Leo Jenkins possesses whom the nation could repose its trust in Raleigh, N.C., News & Observer. qualities which certainly must be con­ time of national peril. The past few months Since the budget slowdown on educa­ sidered when we think of the ideal uni­ which you have spent here should have helped further refine your talents in the tional spending so specifically affects my versity president. military arts. own congressional district in North Caro­ lie came into this high office with a It would seem superfluous for me to re­ lina's research triangle area-and many background of experience possessed bY mind you on this occasion of all this, but I similar ones across the Nation-! think few men. He attended Rutgers, Colum­ appeal to your sense of responslb1Uty . . . the incisive logic of this editorial com­ bia, and New York Universities. During to duty, that word that Lee called the noblest ment assumes an added dimension, and the Second World War, he served in the 1n the English language. I respectfully suggest that the line of . Pacific with the U.S. Marine Corps, at­ Be not dismayed by the sophisticates in our society who scorn your calling, be not reasoning pursued here be thoughtfully taining the rank of major. He came to impatient With the mass of good citizens considered. The editorial follows: East Carolina College in 1947 as dean of who take you for granted. Recall the oath A DANGEROUS PLACE To SCRIMP the school; later he also served in the which you took when you put on your uni­ President Nixon is st111 engaged in a tough capacity of vice president, with a great form and stand fast in the tradition like and tricky duel with inflation, one in which emphasis on the business affairs of the Cincinnatus who sought no personal gain, he has not been granted an unlimited choice college. He is the father of six children, but found satisfaction in service to the of weapons. Still, it seems strange that out which obviously gives him a deep insight Republic. of those available to him, he would gra,sp into the problems of youth. He is a lay For if you do these things, you will have his veto power and threaten to use it on the fulfilled the trust that has been given to HEW appropriations blll. preacher in the Methodist denomination, you. The experience of learning at this in­ This measure, set at different spending active in scouting and politics, and is an stitution wlll have new meaning and you levels by House and Senate, has settled at avid sports enthusiast. Certainly, Mr. Will end your military career with those in­ approximately $20 b1llion after conference Speaker, I feel that one must agree that tangible qualities of honor and integrity committee action. Nixon considers this too Dr. Jenkins does indeed possess the qual­ which all men have cherished through the much for an inflationary time. He is said ifications and experience for making an ages. to be especially put out over the way the ideal university president. My congratulations and best wishes to administration's request for education funds Finally, and most important, is the fact each of you. May God be with you always. has been upped by $1 billion. this One way to particularize this general that in day of dissention and rioting spending tussle between President and Con­ on the campuses, under his leadership, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON gress 1s to study how some people here at East carolina University has not experi­ home will be affected by the final out­ enced the disruption as has others, but come--for example, Tar Heel youngsters who rather, has steadily grown in enrollment HON. ADAM C. POWELL need U.S. financial assistance in getting a col­ and educational stature. Indeed, from a OF NBW YORK lege education. Roy Parker Jr., Washington moderate-size college, Dr. Jenkins has correspondent for The News and Observer, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES successfully led the fight to create a great looked at this angle in a Sunday story. university. Wednesday, JanuaT'JI 21, 1970 Tar Heel institutions of higher learning, Parker reported, say they need about $20.2 So, it is fitting that those of us who Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, the million (at least) this school year to make appreciate the outstanding service of Dr. Cameroonians attained their independ­ loans, work-study programs or outright Jenkins, should honor him with an a'p­ ence on January 1, 1960. On that day grants available to needy students. The preciation night and I am privileged and some 5 m1lllon Cameroonians became money sought for these programs by Presl- happy to have a part 1n this event. OXVI-45-Part 1 706 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET grams. To continue to ignore the careful of budget proposals this year and in the fu­ PROCESS: INEXPLICIT, CLOSED, consideration of gains and losses is equiva­ ture. In short, Congress does not really give AND UNINFORMED lent to saying that we have no objective; the budget a meaningful review because it no goals which we are attempting to achieve. fails to ask the right questions. Indeed, in While it is true that the objectives of the program area after program area, the Con­ HON. JEFFERY COHELAN Federal Government are less tangible and gress does not even know what the right more complex than those of a business firm, OF CALIFORNIA questions are. they do exist, and analysis should be carried I would argue that a primary reason for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES out to determine which of our alternatives this is the traditional policy of the Execu­ Wednesday, January 21, 1970 will allow us to satisfy these objectives at tive Branch dealings with the Congress. In least cost to the taxpayers. I would add that my view, the Executive has been irrespon­ Mr. COHELAN. Mr. Speaker, I highly the very effort of attempting to evaluate sible in its budgetary dealings with the recommend a perceptive and thought­ alternatives is of substantial assistance in Congress. The ba.sic presumption of the Ex­ provoking speech, "The Congressional determining what our objectives really are. ecutive is that it can govern itself without Budget Process: Inexplicit, Closed, and To neglect a conscious and quantitative ap­ interference of the Legislature. Consequent­ Uninformed," given recently by my col­ praisal of policy alternatives is the recipe ly, it divulges to the Congress as little in­ league, Congressman WILLIAMS. MooR­ for continued unresponsiveness and inef­ formation as it can get away with. The Ex­ fectiveness of government. ecutive Branch comes to the Congress with HEAD, Democrat, of Pennsylvania, to any While your efforts have been most impor­ only one budget, with only one set of pro­ of my colleagues who are seriously inter­ tant, I would emphasize that efforts to insti­ gram proposals, and typically with no quan­ ested in realining our national priori­ tute effective economic anaylsis of policy is­ titative information on the benefits and the ties. sues is not completed. In fact, only the very costs of even their own proposals. There are Congressman MooRHEAD points out barest start has been made. The concrete of no budget projections; there is no descrip­ that the Congress will not be able to sub­ tradition, which protects many outworn in­ tion of the characteristics of the benefici­ stitutions and outlooks, must be broken aries of programs; there is typically no in­ stantially shift our priorities unless the down if policy analysis is ever going to be spotlight of economic analysis is placed dication of alternative ways to satisfy an made an effective decision tool within the objective. on full range of programs which we have public sector of our economy. I should emphasize, however, that much inherited from the past and unless deci­ I know and I am sure that you appreciate of the responsibility for this void rests on the sions are based on the results of this the resistance to your efforts that you have Congress. We should demand alternatives analysis. met and will continue to meet. No doubt one and more sophisticated program analysis. I would like to highlight just one of the most serious of these is opposition to We have not done this. For the first time shocking example of inequity which the those in the bureaucracy who fear that sound in my memory, both the House and the Sen­ and quantitative policy analysis will upset ate has been demanding this kind of anal­ Congressman illustrates. He points out their comfort and, more significantly, their that the budgetary costs plus the costs ysis in the military area, and for reasons I power and influence if it becomes effective in will discuss later, the analyses were not to the consumer of higher prices involved the decision-making process. Such forces ex­ made available. This effort, I believe, signals in the farm program, interestingly ist in both the Executive Branch and the a new era in the demands of the Congress enough, comes to about the same dollar Legislature. You must not be discouraged by for analysis and policy studies. them. As time erodes vested positions and amount as the annual cost of our stra­ One of the reasons why the Congress has tegic nuclear weapons programs. This is as the value of program analysis becomes more widely understood, their ability to deny performed so badly in the budgetary and something like $8 to $~ billion per year. analysis and information its due will be appropriation areas has to do with the in­ It turns out that 60 percent of the farm reduced. terest of Congressmen and Senators. Many in subsidies, roughly, go to the upper 16 per­ the Legislative Branch have little interest In urging you to remain optimistic, I am in or patience for careful deliberations on cent of the farmers in terms of income. I arguing that one of your next steps must budgetary matters. A careful consideration of find it most difficult to justify this pro­ be to increase your efforts in publicizing the alternatives requires much effort and con­ gram on equity grounds. importance of the PPB System. The worst centrated study of the relative merits and It is analysis like this which must be thing that could happen would be for you to demerits, the costs and benefits, of alterna­ encouraged. The facts of efficiency and withdraw into the comfortable warmth of tive policy proposals. This is hard and grubby equity in public programs must be laid the society of analysts-where you could dis­ work. Many legislators not used to thinking cuss with fellow believers the fine points of in such terms have found it easier simply to out with clarity for all to see. These facts analysis. You must make the education of must be brought home in open and ex­ rely on the Executive agency. Unfortunately nonanalysts both inside and outside of Gov· these agencies are often more interested in plicit fashion to the American people. ernment one of your primary missions. To fail selling their programs regardless of the merits The speech follows: to do so would play into the hand of those than in having Congress analyze them. Other THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET PROCESS: INEX­ in the bureaucracy who retain their power legislators, some in powerful positions, fear only by keeping the spotlight of analysis PLICIT, CLOSED, AND UNINFORMED that the spotlight of analytical information away from their d•ecisions. (Remarks of Congressman Wn.LIAM S. MooR­ will diminish their power to set policy in a BEAD to the Association of Public Program THE CONGRESSIONAL NEED FOR POLICY ANALYSIS particular area. Irrespective of the basis for Analysis, Oct. 14, 1969, Washington, D.C.) As you may surmise, in advocating an in. the lack of interest by particular members of I would like to begin my remarks by ex- creased role for "Missionary activity" on your Congress, those of us concerned with improv­ pressing appreciation to you for your efforts part, I have a particular group in mind. While ing the effectivenes of government must de­ in implementing policy and issue analysis many in the Executive tend to :forget the mand more and better analysis. ln the context of the Program Planning and fact, the Congress plays an important role I would mention a further reason for Con­ Budgeting System. in the budget and decision process. Decision­ gress' poor performance in this arear---the As you are well aware, the Government makers in the Legislative Branch require severe staffing constraints under which the sorely requires the yardstick of social costs sound policy analysis and a broad considera­ Legislative Branch operates. Currently we do and benefits to be applied to those programs tion of alternatives fully as much as do not have the staff either to interpret or to supported by taxpayers' money. Only by de­ Executive decision-makers. I would like to evaluate the analyses done by the Exectuive termlnlng those programs which have out­ give you my assessment of the present role Branch 1f it were presented to us. More sig­ lived or attained their original objectives; of policy analysis 1n the Congress and de­ nificantly, we have no staff to do program those programs whose objectives have become scribe what you can do to improve this analysis on its own. An official of the Bu­ outdated; and those programs whose costs situation. reau of the Budget, in viewing congressional are far in excess of social benefits can we In my judgment, the congressional budget­ capability, stated: lay a basis for reordering our national pri­ ary process is one of the world's great anach· "You (the Congress) have some outstand­ orities. I would argue that the application of ronisms. In a very real sense, the congres­ ing people who can provide program evalua­ sound economic anaylsis to all public pro­ sional appropriation process is a classic ex­ tion. but very few. I frankly think that Con­ grams is the first and basic step ln reorder­ ample of an inexplicit, closed, and uniformed gress is not very well equipped to provide that ing national priorities. Your leadership ln decision process. evaluation." both doing policy analysis and publicizing This does not mean that the executive In addition to this lack of interest and the role which it must play in an effective budgetary process is_perfect, or 'that it is, in statf, there is a further serious problem. The government has been most valuable. fact, very good on any absolute scale of bal­ very organization of the Congress is such as As you, I believe that responsible govern• ance. But it is both informed and open com­ to discourage the establishment of an effec­ ment must adopt a more rational approach pared with the budgetary process which ex­ tive public expenditure decision process. A to public policy decisions. We can no longer ists in the Legislative Branch. primary dlfficulty Js the organizational struc­ continue with a system which falls to un­ In the Congress, with its cominittee and ture of the legislative and appropriations dertake the quantitative evaluation of the subcominittee system, there is very little cominittees. A Congressman has strong incen· econoinic benefits and economic costs of pro­ explicit consideration of program objectives. tive to get on a cominittee which would serve gram alternatives, both now and 1n the fu· of tradeoffs, or alternative means of achiev­ his own best interests and those of his con­ ture, in relation to analyses of similar pr()oo ing objectives, or of the benefits and costs stituency. The net result of this, of course, January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 707 1s that the committee structure develops a Yet the vast majority of us know that the called "The year that the Congress discov­ built-in bias toward higher budgets. Because authorization and,. the appropriation process ered the usefulness of systezns analysis, but the people who serve on each committee have often does not produce rational or good de­ lacked the capability of doing anything an interest in seeing the budget for which cisions, and this is especially true in the area about it." Because of the groundswell of they are responsible increase, they often fail Of military spending. public outrage generated by the initial in­ to encourage a careful evaluation and analy­ My point that the Congressional appropri­ vestigations of the SUbcommittee on Econ­ sis of expenditures. When this is combined ation process is a classic example of an in­ omy in Government, there has arisen a gen­ With the well-known problems of the seniori­ explicit, closed, and uniformed decision proc­ uine feeling among many Congressmen and ty system in combination with virtual fief­ ess is doubled in spades as regards the mili­ Senaton. that the Congress sorely needs an doms in some areas, the stage is set for tary budget. analytic capability for program evaluation "power without information." In the case of the military budget, as with across the board. Largely as an outgrowth of this built-in others, the Executive comes before Congress Based on the findings of the Subcommit­ committee bias, the relationship between with a single budget and a single set of tee on Economy in Government, I began the staffs of the committees and their coun­ programs. The committees might change the questioning the requirement for the fourth terparts in the executive agencies is hardly budget somewhat, and sometimes programs squadron of 23 C-5A's. This was as early as one of arm's length dealing. The degree of are modified. But changes and modifications March. It seemed to be a perfect system to mutuality of interest between the executive are relatively slight. The Pentagon knows it question because: staff and those on the Legislative Branch will get from Congress more or less what it The C-5A was an integral part of a new committees is substantial. I would add that requests. Moreover, it knows that it will be system for airlift-sealift capability with the this problem is not peculiar to Legislative­ able to guide whatever marginal changes do FDL's. If the FDL's are cut out, do we still Executive relationships. The serious lack of get made. Especially in the area of military need the C-5A 's? an adversary climate between Budget Bureau spending, the Congressional committees have The fantastically increased cost of the C- examiners who work on the military budget played a passive, noncritical, and overly per­ 5A from $21 million to $45 million per plane. and their counterparts in the Pentagon has missive role. As John Kenneth Galbraith How does this escalation affect the cost ef­ recently been of much concern to me. pointed out in the Economy in Government fectiveness of the system vis-a-vis exiSting The response of the Executive to the con­ Subcommittee hearings on "The Millta.ry capabilities of C-14l's, C-130's, and the new gressional situation has not been encourag­ Budget and National Economic Priorities," Boeing 747? ing. Indeed, realizing the organizational, Congress has sorely neglected the economics In the Senate debate over the fourth staff, and incentive problems in Congre~. of defense. squadron of C-5A's, a great deal of debate the Executive has used its monopoly on in­ In sum, the Pentagon and defense con­ focused on the conclusions, methods, and formation and analysis to retain real de­ tractors have used fear, secrecy, propaganda, implications of two policy studies done in cision-making power inside of tb& Bureauc­ and monopolization to obtain fat budgets the Office of Systems Analysis in OSD. One racy. The failure of the Bureau of the Budg­ and fat contracts. Congress, up to this year, study was made in November 1968; the other et to attempt to educate the Congress to the has acquiesced. in June 1969. In general, both of these stud­ purposes, methods, and benefits of the PPB Many who defend the status quo argue ies found little if any military or economic System is only one manifestation of the that military affairs are so technical and justification for purchase of these aircraft Executive tendency. In preparing for my complicated that decisions about weapons beyond the third squadron. As is now well­ discussions with you tonight, I had my sta1f syscems and military policy are best left to known, Mr. Laird decided to override the query a random sample of House legislative the experts. They point out that the experts findings of these studies. In other words, he and administrative assistants as to their reside only in the Executive Branch and in overruled the only studies that were made level of understanding of the PPB System. the Pentagon, and that Congress is misin­ in determining the justification for an ad­ It is noteworthy that only about 10 percent terpreting its role if it tries to second-guess ditional 23 aircraft which in total will prob­ could identify what the letters "PPB" stand these experts. For many years, Congress has ably cost American taxpayers over $1 bil­ for. This is appalllng. If either the Executive succumbed to the temptation to delegate its lion. While some might label such a decision or the Congressional leadership had been con­ authority to the Executive Branch using this "tough-minded," it seems to be more ap­ cerned With a better decision process, this "technical expertise" argument to rationalize propriately called "knot-headed." result would not have occurred. i.ts 1na.ction. In fact, this argument has been Having made his decision, Secretary Laird THE CONGRESS, THE MILITARY, AND carried so successfully that many in Con­ came to the Congress fully expecting carte ROLE OF ANALYSIS gress now feel their responsibillty fulfilled Blanche ratification. And his expectation was The question of domestic priorities ver­ when Congress, relying upon the knowledge justified. We, in the Congress, confronted his sus military priorities has not been a sub­ of the experts in the Executive Branch, exer­ decision with no independent analysis of our Ject for discussion in the highest councils cises only common-sense judgments about the own and with no capability to generate it. of the National Government. This is one of broader policy questions with the aid of its In truth, all we possessed was some driblets the primary reasons the American people own Wisdom and the political pressures it of information from the leaked reports. today face what some call "the military Jug­ perceives. Moreover, because the Pentagon had classi­ gernaut." It is one of the primary reasons I emphatically reject this argument. In my fied these reports, their usefulness in con­ for the extended talk on the ..failure of view, it represents the abdication by Con­ gressional debate was minimized. government" which has manifested itself in gress of its constitutional responsibillty to As ultimately became known, Secretcl.ry the taxpayers' revolt. provide for the common defense. Laird had rejected the assumption of the first The Legislative Branch has not developed In my view, the function of the Legislative study concerning the utilization rates of the even the beginnings of a rational decision­ Branch is to make decisions on matters of aircraft under emergency conditions. He alSo making process as regards the military public policy within its Jurisdiction. Under rejected the assumptions of the second study budget. The Executive Branch, and par­ the Constitution, national defense policy 1s regarding the availability of other trans­ ticularly the Department of Defense, has at clearly under the jurisdiction of Congress. ports and the avallablllty of preposltioned least formally adopted a system of analysis However, and this is my main point, in order material. I was and still am baffled concern­ and evaluation for their spending programs. to make intelllgent decisions about these ing why the Pentagon undertakes such stud­ The Secretary of Defense never comes to the matters, Congress must be informed. Cur­ ies using analytical assumptions which are Hill without a satchel full of analytic studies rently the main obstacle to intelligent Con­ later going to be rejected as unrealistic. evaluating the cost-effectiveness of proposed gressional decisionm-aking on the military The lesson of this s6rdid experience is clear. decisions. These studies which estimate costs budget is the lack of information, analysis, Congress finally saw itself as awkward and and effectiveness enable the Secretary to and qualified staff necessary to evaluate helpless and wholely unprepared to manage understand the effects of a variety of alter­ Pentagon assertions. and control that for which it has constitu­ native ways of reaching similar goals and In point of fact, the Congress has often tional responsibility. Because of the frustrat­ enable him to well defend his proposals. been misinformed by the Pentagon. Indeed, ing debate over the military procurement au­ Congress has lagged far behind the Execu­ Pentagon misinformation is only exceeded by thorization bill, there is a growing consensus tive in developing this capability. Indeed, Pentagon nonlnformation. The numerous and among those who are concerned about effi­ Congress does not even go through the mo­ shocking cases of large cost overruns, poor cient and responsive government that the tions of systematic analysis and evaluation. performance, and late delivery of weapons Congress should insist that the Administra­ This is especially serious in race of a military systezns reflects very poorly the Pentagon's tion undertake careful and quantitative policy which is distorted by bloated views of ability to manage the affairs entrusted to it. studies of the programs which they are pro­ contingencies, a tendency to over plan for They also reflect on the ablllty of Congress to posing and submit these to the Congress for even the most improbable contingency, and keep itself informed and t<> oversee Executive its scrutiny. As an aside, it is interesting to unhealthy relationships between military performance. It is such inept management note that I talked with a member of the De­ planners, procurement personnel, and con­ and misuse of the public interest which has fense Appropriations Subcommittee staff tractors. fostered the current lack of confidence in the about whether or not they had seen the Sys­ The problems of Congressional decision­ ability of the public sector to serve the tems Analysis studies of the C-5A. He said making, it should be noted, are not often people. neither the Subcommittee nor its staff had discussed in Congress. It is a taboo here, and This serious shortfall in both Executive seen them but that, if they requested, they the committee structure with ail O!f its in­ and Legislative performance is best illus­ could be briefed on them. I asked if they had adequacies and shortcomings is regarded by trated by the C-5A affair. Among other demanded any study Justifying this addition­ tnany as some sort of a holy cow. things, this affair triggered what could be al buy so that they could see the assumptions 708 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS - January 21, 1970 on which it was based, as well as the effec­ costs of the program and the future budget­ are neither compensated nor considered in tiveness of the alternatives. They had not. ary implications of decision already made, program decisions." This example, it seems to me, gives stark the economic oosts of the program, and the "Many Federal programs generate serious evidence of the ability of the Pentagon to do economic and social characteristics of the overproduction and resource misallocation what it wants Without interference from the recipients of the program benefits. This because they distribute public outputs free Congress. The up-shot of this affair is that means that the budget document must in­ of charge or at a price substantially below there is now a strong feeling in the Congress clude: cost." that we need a substantial increase in staff (a} A Brea-kdown of the Federal budget "Public policy subsidizes those who gen­ capability in the systems analysis or program by detailed, government-wide program cate­ erate pollution and congestion rather than analysis area so that we may develop the ca­ gories; making them bear the costs which they pability to ask the right questions concern­ (b) Five-year budget projections for each impose on society. Through this strategy, the ing both military and civilian programs. major Federal expenditure program, describ­ Government fails to induce altered private THE FORM OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ing the future implications of commitments behavior which would eliminate en~rmc.us or decisions made and proposed, of the sort pollution and congestion costs." If it is ultimately decided that the Con­ required by Public Law 85-801 for new The conclusion of this miserable record gress should develop an increased analytical programs; is that open and explicit economic analysis capability, the basic questions will have to be (c) An experimental regional budget cov­ has not been rigorously a~plied to public confronted. Where should it be housed? How ering those Federal programs of a grant, decisions. Consequently, although the Na­ large should it be? What should its responsi­ construction, investment, or project-type tion's needs and priorities have changed, bilities be? To whom should it report? These nature; the Federal budget has not re.spond~d. While are tough questions. (d) A detailed analysis of "tax expendi­ the social demands which justify the crea­ Some argue for a straight increase in com­ tures" including a functional and agency tion of many public program;; have been mittee staffs. Although I agree that the com­ breakdown of these "expenditures;" met or have evaporated, the tax dollars mittee staffs, and especially the appropri­ (e) A detailed analysis of the full eco­ poured into these outm.oded, outdated, in­ ation committees, should have increased nomic and distributive impact of subsidy efficient, and inequitable programs expand capability available in this area, this will and subsidy-like programs, including those as though driven by an "invisible hand." not answer the basic need. There needs to be involving loans and guarantees. New concerns, new responsibilities, and new some capability available to all members of commitments requiring new programs or Congress desiring independent analysis and ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND NATIONAL PRIORITIES lower taxes are no match for old subsidies study of programs which are not prepared by As I mentioned earlier, it is my belief that for supporting entrenched interests. It is existing substantive committees. the public sector will not be able to accom­ clear that this new "invisible hand" does My initial feeling was that the GAO could modate flexibility to new national priorities not have the properties which were attribut­ perform this role. I have had a number of unless the spotlight of economic analysis is able to its predecessor. It neither serves the both private and public discussions with Mr. placed on the full range of programs which public interest nor guides the economic sys­ Staats about this matter. However, I grow we have inherited from the past and unless tem to respond to new demands and new increasingly less optimistic about this al­ decisions are based on the results of this needs. ternative. There is a basic problem of the ca­ analysis. We need to engage in true zero­ Although discouraged, I am not pessimistic pability becoming institutionalized and con­ based budgeting so as to eliminate or se­ With regard to the future of the public trolled by certain segments of the Congres­ verely reduce programs with outdated and sector to improve its performance. I am con­ sional establishment. The danger that the obsolete missions and those with negative vinced that we can increase the efficiency, staff of an independent analytic office in GAO net benefits. equity, and responsiveness of Government would be severely restricted is a very real Although the tools of economic analysis if we begin using analysis as a guide to deci­ one. have been with us for some time, we, for sions. Currently the Congress itself actually A second alternative is the establishment one reason or another, have failed to apply prohibits much economic analysis, and the of a semi-autonomous staff unit of say, 10 them rigorously to public expenditure policy Executive Branch expects the Congress to professional analysts to the Joint Economic decisions. This fact was made crystal clear ratify the pre-cooked decisions with little Committee. This is a realistic solution and, in the recent Economy in Government Sub­ economic justifications or open considera­ in fact, Senator Proxmire has stated his in­ committee hearings on "Economic Analysis tion of alternatives. In many cases, the in­ tention to introduce a resolution to this ef­ and the Efficiency of Government." strument of Executive privilege is wheeled fect Within the next few weeks. In Senator In these hearings, the Subcommittee out to justify Executive unresponsiveness. Proxmire's view, the services of this staff turned the spotlight of economic analysis on This syndrome of bureaucratic unresponsive­ unit would be available to all members of several government programs, and what we ness cloaked in secrecy must give way to the Congress. It would have responsibility for: found wa-s highly disturbing. Among the open and explicit consideration of alterna­ (a) Stimulating and drawing from policy programs discussed in these hearings were tives based on analysis and study. analysis work done in the entire analytical Federal maritime policy, aviation policy, nav­ In my view, one of the first things we must community; igation policy, highway construction policy, do is to communicate efficiency and equity (b) Staying abreast of analysis informa­ urban renewal policy, water policy, water distortions to the people in clear, unmis­ tion and results as these develop in the Ex­ pollution control policy, and programs for takable terms. SO far we have not done so. exutive Branch; institutional aid to higher education. In case I have a feeling that the time is right. There (c) Establishing Congressional liaison with after case, distinguished analysts confronted is now widespread acceptance of the prop­ university analysts and those in research the Subcommittee with disturbing evidence osition that our national priorities are seri­ institutions; of the waste, inefficiency, resource misalloca­ ously out of line. To capitalize on these sen­ (d) Monitoring in the sense of testing tion, and inequity of public expenditures timents, we have to put the economic case assumptions and checking data of studies and rulemaking decisions. SOme examples against inefficient and inequitable govern­ forthcoming from any source; will make this clear. ment programs in terms people can under­ (e) Translating into a form appropriate "Many of the nation's largest and re­ stand and then encourage Widespread debate knowned corporations and their stockhold­ on the issue, as was done in the case of the for open Congressional debate the results of ABM. complex and technical analytical studies; and ers received, free of charge, publicly-sup­ Some of these cases are astonishing and (f) Providing evaluation information and ported and publicly-produced goods and services--subsidies which are neither eco­ could be made very popular. I would like to analysis to Members of Congress, Congres­ very quickly run through the farm subsidy sional committees, and their staffs. nomically efficient nor available to middle­ income citizens and the poor." case as presented to the Subcommittee by However, even if this staff capab111ty were Charles L. Schultze, former Director of the achieved, the Congress would find itself at "Federal rulemaking and regulatory pol­ icy, we were told, undertakes no analysis of Bureau of the Budget. He prefaced his com­ a serious disadvantage. We would be assisted ments by pointing out two interesting in asking the right questions, but we still the economic impact of the decisions which they make. Moreover, they are supposed to things. First, that very often, we undertake would not have access on an on-going basis programs which admittedly reduce the effi­ to the wealth of studies and staff capabiUty be the object of regulation in the public interest. ciency of the economy presumably for pur­ available to the Executive. In my view, the poses of welfare or income distribution. And Congress needs to be provided by the Ex­ "Enormous spending programs With little that is a perfectly legitimate objective at ecutive with certain basic kinds of PPB-type economic justification are established and times. But some programs, as a matter of information on an on-going basis. The Ex­ supported for decades With no challenge to fact many of them, tend to reduce efficiency, ecutive Branch must be asked to develop their existence or increased funding. This is but don't even redistribute income in a way this information and submit it regularly to true of Federal highway and water policy." in which most of us would think proper­ the Congress in a form appropriate for use "Some public programs incorporates re­ mainly, toward the poor. They tend to re­ in Congressional debate. As a Report forth­ verse incentives for program. efficiency and distribute income upward. coming from the Subcommittee on Economy thereby foster inefficiency and inflation. The If we measure the budgetary costs plus the in Government will document, we need a stucture of incentives in Medicare reim­ costs to the consumer of higher prices in­ substantially improved budget document bursements and the Maritime programs are volved in the farm program. interestingly which will enable any member of Congress, examples." enough it comes to about the same number indeed any citizen, to determine in short "Some public programs designed to as the annual cost of our strategic nuclear order the nature of any Federal program and achieve social objectives in fact impose higher weapons programs. This Is something like 8 the administering agency, the past budgetary costs on low-income citizens, costs of which to 9 billion dollars per year. This volume of January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 709 subsidy tends to be distributed among farm­ anniversary in 1970. There are 6,000 CALLS IT A GOOD PACT ers on the basis of production; the more chapters in America with 300,000 mem­ "I don't see any difficulty in getting rat!· that is produced, in general, the higher the bers. In my own State of Virginia there fication," said Murray, who stres~d that subsidy. It turns out that the largest 16 Friday's agreement was "practically identi­ percent of American farmers produce about are 139 chapters with 9,000 members. I cal" to the one s-ubmitted by the unions two-thirds of all farm output and get about am proud to have been selected an hon­ Nov. 6. 60 percent of the subsidies. So 60 percent of orary member of the Norton-Wise, Va., "I think the organizations [member the subsidies, roughly, go to the upper 16 Jaycees at its charter night banquet, unions] understand the situa.tion and recog­ percent. In turn, the upper 16 percent is a January 9, 1970. nize this as a good agreement," Murray said. group of farmers whose average net income I would like to commend the Jaycee Once ratified, implementa.tion of the agree­ is about $19 to $20 thousand per year. Two­ organization for its outstanding service. ment would begin immediately, he !>aid. thirds, therefore, of this $8 to $9 billion Jaycees are men of action. They not only Under the pact, the Building Construc­ subsidy, direct or indirect, goes to 16 percent tion Employers association and the council of the largest farmers making something in voice their concern about solving the will find 1,000 jobs immediately for quali­ the neighborhood of $19 to $20 per year. Cal­ problems we face, but they also take con­ fied Negro journeymen. Another 3,000 will culated out, this comes to about $7 to $8 structive action toward this end. Their be placed in on-the-job or apprentice thousand per far~er. I find it most difficult leadership is felt in individual communi­ training. to justify this program on equity grounds. ties, in entire States, in our whole Nation, A formal announcement of t he accord will It is analysis like this which must be en­ and throughout the world. be made tomorrow in the office of Mayor couraged. The facts of efficiency and equity As Virginia Jaycee President Lewis Daley. in public programs must be laid out with Walker recently said: REMOVE FEDERAL CURBS clarity for all to see. These facts must be Meanwhile, the pact removed the federal brought home in open and explicit fashion Jaycees offer a handup, not a handout. ban on five Chicago contracting firms or­ to the American people. They build better men and a better dered by the federal government in October THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY OF world. Surely these dedicated people de­ to hire more minority workmen. The com­ POLICY ANALYSTS serve all the praise we can give them. panies agreed to hire Negroes for 20 per cent As I have tried to make clear, the decision­ of their work forces in 1970. making process in the Congress operates The five firms were among 17 Chicago with little information and under severe in­ contractors whom the labor department said were suspected of being in violation of gov­ stitutional constraints. For all intents and ADMINISTRATION FLAGRANTLY purposes, policy and program analysis plays ernment requirements for equal employment VIOLATES CIVil, RIGHTS ACT opportunity. little if any role in Legislative deliberations. In essence, the problems is one of conta­ AGAIN PLAN CLOSE SCRUTINY gious and spreading ignorance as a basis John L. Wilkes, director of the office of for decisions. I believe that this condition HON. JOHN R. RARICK Federal contract compliance, said the gov­ can over time be changed. The basic ingre­ ernment would review the hiring practices of dient for change must be a strong and effec­ OF LOUISIANA the five firms within 60 days to "assure good tive educational program directed at Con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES faith" on their part. gress and Congressional staff. Wednesday, January 21, 1970 The companies are the Advance Heating This is where I see the community of pub­ and Air Conditioning corporation, 117 N. lic policy analysts playing a vital role. As a Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, it is in­ Desplaines st.; Thomas H. Litvin Plumbing first step, I would suggest that the Associa­ deed unfortunate that it is necessary company, 1355 Washington blvd.; Shannon tion of Public Program Analysts set up a sem­ to arise again and again and call to the Plumbing Company, Inc., 8550 Genoa av.; inar series of Congressional staff along the S. N. Nielson Construction company, 3059 lines of the seminar program on mill tary pro­ attention of the House the continuing Augusta blvd.; and Waner Heating and Air curement undertaken last spring. This series and flagrant violation of the law of the Conditioning corporation, 5414 Archer av. should focus on the role of analysis in spot­ land by agents of the Federal Govern­ lighting waste, inefficient policy strategies ment. and inequity in government programs. I It is more than unfortunate; it could would propose that the recent hearings of prove to be disastrous to the Nation. The the Subcommittee on Economy in Govern­ philosophy that we need obey only the JAYCEE WEEK ment on "Economic Analysis and the Effi­ laws with which we agree, sold to an ciency of Government" be used as a text innocent public by rabble-rousers and book. subversives in the decade of the sixties, HON. WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY This seminar series can be run with little OF MAINE or no money, and the response on the Hill seems to have reached the point of no is usually pretty good. Some political appeal, return, when Government officers feel IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of course, has to be. provided in terms of free to defy the law and utilize the ter­ Wednesday, January 21, 1970 egregious examples of unproductive pro­ rifying power of Government to accom­ grams and interesting and well-known speak­ plish their own devious PUrPoses. Tyr­ Mr. HATHAWAY. Mr. Speaker, the ers, such as Charles Schultze, and others, who anny and anarchy are indefensible. week of January 18 has been designated have highly significant insights on the fa11- The Civil Rights Act of 1964 clearly as "Jaycee Week" across the Nation in ure of Government to perform in the public prohibited racial quotas in either labor commemoration of the 50th anniversary lnterest. of the founding of the U.S. Junior I would hope that the explanation of the union membership or in hiring. The same systems or programs would be in laymen's law clearly prohibited racial quotas in Chamber of Commerce. terms-stressing simplicity and common school desegregation. In each case the The junior chamber has been an out­ sense rather than complexity and sophistica­ law is being openly violated by the very standing service organization since its tion. Moreover, the sessions would have to be people sworn to uphold it. I include as inception, providing excellent leader­ geared toward recommendations for changes part of my remarks a pertinent news­ ship opportunities for its members, and in public policy so that the staff can elicit clipping: offering to the many American localities action from their Congressmen or Senators served by its chapters groups of sincere on specific issues that have some imme­ [From the Chicago Tribune, Jan. 11, 1970] young men actively dedicated to the con­ diacy. ExPECT UNIONS TO QUICKLY O.K. NEW JOBS cept of community betterment. I hope that you will seriously consider PACT-PROVIDES FOR HmlNG MORE NEGROES Earlier this month, I was honored to these suggestions. I will do what I can to (By Joseph Boyce) assist you in making policy analysis relevant be the guest of the Maine Jaycees at a to the Congressional decision process. Ratifica.tion by building trade unions of statewide membership meeting held in an agreement to put 4,000 Negroes to work in Chioago con!;truction jobs ls expected to Westbrook, Maine. And as on other such come within the next two weeks, Thomas J . occasions, I was impressed by the mem­ PRAISE FOR JAYCEES Murray, president of the Chicago Building bers' interest in public affn.irs and their Trades council, said yesterday. obvious resolve to effect progressive HON. WILLIAM C. WAMPLER The agreement was signed Friday by 11 change in their social and ~conomic en­ representatives of various black organiza­ OF vmGINIA vironment. tions. It originally was offered Nov. 6 but Surely, we have benefited g1·eatly from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES was rejected then by the black groups after the selfless and dedicated wo-rk of the Wednesday, January 21, 1970 weeks of negotiations with the Building Trades council and the Building Construc­ thousands of loyal Jaycee organizations Mr. WAMPLER. "Mr. Speaker, the tion Employers association, representing 19 across the country. United States Jaycees celebrates its 50th construction unions ~ On behalf of the people of the Sec- 710 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 ond Congressional District of Maine, enabled him to continue the offensive ployers who make it possible for each vol­ therefore, I want to commend the efforts and carry the war into the North. unteer to answer a call for help. of the United States Jaycees and to ex­ Stem in discipline and fierce in com­ In our small communities, a number of business people and their employees are press both congratulations and gratitude bat, Jackson drew from his associates members of the volunteer fire department. for their tremendous achievements 1n that special burning respect reserved for When these people are called away from their the first 50 years of service to their fel­ military genius. One of Jackson's junior work, their income stops for that period, for low man. officers once· observed that he never saw they cannot be selling merchandise or giving one of the general's couriers approach­ their customers service when they are fight­ ing without expecting an order to assault ing a fire. A TRIDUTE TO THOMAS J. the North Pole. When the alarm sounds, there is no telling Jackson was once again effective in the how long these people might be gone. Some­ "STONEWALL" JACKSON times it is just a matter of minutes until a Antietam campaign and the battle of fire is out and the firemen can return to their Fredericksburg, before engaging the homes or jobs. Sometimes it is a matter of HON. ROBERT H. MOLLOHAN Union forces in the final battle of his life, hours, and we can recall some which lasted OF WEST VmGINIA at Chancellorsville. Before daylight on the better part of a full day. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES May 2,1863, he began the last of his great Firemen receive a tiny compensation for their great work, about enough to take care Wednesday, January 21, 1970 marches, one of the most effective of its kind in the history of warfare. Flanking of cleaning the smoke from their clothes. Mr. MOLLOHAN. Mr. Speaker, there the Union army, Jackson struck, routing There is no reimbursement for the time they lose from their occupations, sales they missed is enough glory in the dramatic history one corps and driving it back upon an­ by not being in their stores, or help in catch­ of the War Between the States to last other, compelling the precipitous retreat ing up on the backlog of work which accumu­ our country for the next thousand years. of the entire Union army, across the lates during the time they devote to fighting It was the last of the old wars and the Rappahannock River. fire. first of the new; the last involving mus­ Once again victorious, General Jack­ We commend the volunteer firemen and kets and large-scale cavalry operations; son had hopes again of ultimate Con­ their employers for their unselfish efforts in the first involving airborne reconnais­ federate success, but fate would not allow serving on the fire department. sance and the full employment of rifles it. In the twilight, returning from the and trenches. It was not the last, per­ front, he was mistaken for the enemy NORTH APOLOGIZES TO SOUTH: haps, in which brave men could write and fired upon by his own men. Over­ CORRECTING THE RECORD their names in history, but it did pro­ come by shock and cold, he died of pneu­ duce a remarkable number of heroes, monia, May 10, 1863. And from the mo­ and the State of West Virginia has the ment of his departure, the Confederate HON. DONALD M. FRASER honor of association with one of the Army of General Lee was never capable OF MINNESOTA greatest and bravest of them all: Gen. of the same miraculous performance. As IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Lee himself observed, Jackson's death Wednesday, January 21, 1970 In the eastern theater of operations, had virtually deprived him of his strong the war involved a long series of as­ right arm. Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, I noted saults against the Confederate Army of In all American history, no hero out­ with interest a statement appearing in Northern Virginia, protecting the Con­ shines Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, the the December 12, 1969, CoNGRESSIONAL federate capital at Richmond. Time pride of West Virginia. He was a man REcoRD, volume 115, part 29, page 38880. after time, Confederate forces under among men, overshadowing the ablest of Inserted in the RECORD at that point Gen. Robert E. Lee repulsed the north­ his contemporaries, and ranking with was an editorial comment apologizing for ern armies, in front of Richmond, to the the greatest of American military leaders. supposedly having "distorted and astonishment of the world. Outnum­ slanted" news about the South. The bered on every occasion, Lee fought back apology was attributed to the Chicago brilliantly, to hold his own against ex­ Tribune. traordinary odds. But he was not con­ THEY DESERVE PRAISE The apology was inserted in the RECORD ducting a one-man show. He had help, for the benefit of, among others, histor­ in great quantity, from West Virginia's ians. If historians are not to be misled, a outstanding contribution to the Confed­ HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI correction is in order. The Tribune has erate cause, the redoubtable "Stone­ OF ILLINOIS asserted, according to a news article ap­ wall" Jackson, a native of Clarksburg. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES pearing January 14, 1970, in the Wash­ ington Post, that they never printed the In the battle of First Bull Run, Jack­ Wednesday, January 21, 1970 son earned his nickname by standing, it editorial in question. was said, "like a stone wall," against Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, one of The Post news article reports that the Federal attack. In the peninsula the outstanding local publications serv­ since 1966 the Chicago newspaper has campaign of 1862, he entered the Shen­ ing my congressional district is the River­ been denying authorship. The spurious andoah Valley, in a move threatening dale-Dolton Pointer which is known for Tribune editorial has been widely circu­ Washington, D.C., compelling the with­ its support of outstanding community ef­ lated through the South and Southwest. drawal of many Union troops from the forts. Therefore, I am pleased to submit I include in the RECORD the news arti­ assault on Richmond. Pursued by several for the RECORD a Pointer editorial of cle denying Tribune authorship as it ap­ Union armies in the Shenandoah, Jack­ January 8 in which the local volunteer peared in the Washington Post: son met them separately, defeating them fire department is eulogized. PAPER ASKS BAN ON UsE OF EDITORIAL one at a time in what has been called May I take this opportunity to point CHICAGO.-The Chicago Tribune said today the most remarkable display of strategic out that the volunteer firemen across the it had asked a federal District Court in science, based on accurate reasoning, country display the type of spirit and re­ Memphis, Tenn., to bar use of its name with correct anticipation of the enemy's plans, sponsibility that has helped build the an editorial which it said has been falsely wonderful communities that in turn com­ attributed to the newspaper. rapid marches, and judicious disposition The suit asked an injunction against of an inferior force, in all American prise our great Nation. Betty Furness and the Memphis Citizens' military history. It also was largely re­ The editorial follows: Council. The suit said the council paid for sponsible for the Union defeat on the THEY DESERVE PRAISE publication of the editorial in the Dec. 16 peninsula. The local volunteer fire department is a issue of the Memphis Press-Scimitar. At Second Bull Run, in 1862, Jackson's corps of local men banded into an etfectlve The Tribune said the editorial apologizes organization to control and extinguish any for coverage of racial incidents 1n the South forces overwhelmed one wing of the fire in the district it serves. We have com­ by Northern newspapers. Union army, disrupting its advance and mented many times on the vital work done by It quoted the editorial as concluding, forcing the retreat of the entire force. local volunteers, the aspect of training, and "Dear Dixie, perhaps we have not learned To Jackson, more than to any of his equipment n~eded for fire fighting. to appreciate what you have been tcyi_ng to other lieutenants, General Lee owed the But we have never thought before to men­ do to defeat revolution-but for whatever success of the turning movement which tion the persona~ sacrifice made by the em- belated comfort it may be, :from our glass January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 71l house we will not be throwing any more The following is a breakdown of the cation programs by Congress and the stones." moneys contemplated for Arizona edu- Nixon administration: The Tribune said that since 1966, the edi­ torial has been attributed to the Tribune and circulated widely through the South and 1969 actual Southwest. The Tribune never printed the (millions) Congress Nixon Difference editorial and has sent letters to editors of newspapers and other publications calling it Elementary and secondary education______$12.78 $12.35 $11. 19 $1.16 a hoax, the newspaper said. Impacted area------, 10. 28 11 6. 7 4.3 The suit quoted a 1966 Tribune editorial Higher educational programs and construction______2. 435 • 993 .669 • 32 which said; "It is our understanding that lt College student loans and direct aid ______5. 517 4. 556 3. 965 .60 (the 'apology' editorial) was a radio editorial Total higher education______------7. 95 5. 55 4.63 . 92 read over the air by Paul Harvey, a news Vocational education·------2.133 4. 804 2.827 1. 977 commentator. We trust that from now on it libraries and community services.------1. 517 1. 048 .807 .240 Education for handicapped______.819 .224 .224 0 will be credited to the proper source.". TotaL ______------37.6 36.07 26.63 9.438

LEAD US NOT INTO INFLATION Mr. Speaker, I am appending to this toward the problems of the unemployed statement a study of how the Federal can obtain two results. The unemployed are given a chance to catch up. At the same time education progl'ams affect our economy. the rest of the economy enjoys the indirect HON. MORRIS K. UDALL The study, prepared by Gerald 0. Bryan effects of government spending. OF ARIZONA of Arizona State University, disputes VACCINE VERSUS ASPIRIN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES President Nixon's thesis that the educa­ tion budget is inflationary. It is an espe­ Government spending directed toward un­ Wednesday, January 21, 1970 employment seems to have taken two forms; cially thoughtful piece, and I recommend expenditures for "aspirins" and expenditures Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, I am amazed it to the Members: for "vaccine." The first is for the temporary as I read the papers each day how wide­ relief of the symptoms of unemployment. spread is the helief that the Congress has FEDERAL AID--EXPENDITURE OR INVESTMENT? (By Gerald 0 . Bryan) The second is an attempt to cure the disease substantially increased the fiscal year of unemployability. 1970 Health, Education, and Welfare De­ (NoTE.-The author is associate in execu­ This article will discuss the effects pro­ partment budget requested by the Pres­ tive programs, Center for Executive Devel­ duced by one of the government's vaccine ident. This belief emanated from the opment, Arizona State University. Before as­ expenditures-specifically, a study of the suming his present position he spent six results produced by the government-sup­ White House where it has become popu­ years as teacher-coordinator of distributive ported distributive education program in the lar to cite this appropriation bill as the education in Des Moines and in Tucson. He State of Arizona. Armageddon for the administration's be­ is immediate past president of the Arizona The use of federal money for such pro­ lated counteroffensive on inflation. It we Vocational Association.) grams has been the subject of much contro­ lose this one, the President tells the Government, through its taxing, spending, versy in recent years. Some consider such press, we will forever be the prisoners and policy making activities, plays a vital aid to be just another expenditure of lim­ of a free-spending Congress, welfare role in the economy of this country. Increased ited tax revenues. others feel it is a sound mothers, and little children with books. taxes reduce the income available for private investment in the future. consumption. Increased spendi~g tends to There is only one sure way to distinguish The fact is the total sum appropriated stimulate business activity. Combined, these by Congress for HEW is slightly less than an investment from an expenditure--meas­ two expedients can provide for a complete uring the returns that are produced. If the that requested by the President. Accord­ redistribution of income. dollar returns are greater than the original ing to the Legislative Reference Service, Government policies, such as those ini­ dollar input, then that input must be con­ Mr. Nixon asked Congress for $19.834 bil­ tiated by the Federal Reserve System, can sidered an investment. If not, it must be lion for the Department's fiscal 1970 pro­ stimulate or retard saving and investment. classified as an expenditure. Because of its strategic role, it is no surprise grams, and has received by virtue of the that government is asked to correct, and THREE ASSUMPTIONS bill now on his desk $19.747 billion-a blamed for causing, the many economic prob­ The following paragraphs are devoted to cut of $87 million. He now threatens to lems that exist in our system. One of these is identifying, in the form of increased tax rev­ veto a sum which is less than he orig­ unemployment. enues, the dollar returns produced by the dis­ inally requested. The Keynesian economists would say that tributive education program in Arizona. In The administration complains bitterly unemployment conditions can be corrected plotting such returns, it was necessary to about a $1 billion increase approved by by creating more jobs through increased in­ make several assumptions. The three used in Congress for education and charges it is vestment or government spending. They this analysis are as follows: inflationary. On that basis, the Presi­ would advocate government policies encour­ 1. According to the Chambers of Com­ aging private investment as well as deficit merce, every dollar that is injected into the dent vows to veto the entire HEW ap­ spending by government agencies. Whether business system creates approximately two propriation. this spending was used for highways, schools, and one-half times its value in additional This is simply a numbers game. While war, or water-wings would be irrelevant as income before it runs its course. This is the President may choose to disagree long a,s it stimulated productive activity. The how the Chambers· determine the effects of with the high priority the Congress has increased activity alone would produce the a new industry in a community. assigned our education programs, he will jobs necessary to eliminate unemployment. 2. Even though the lowest rate levied by have a hard time arguing that the to­ CURE LOSES EFFECT the Internal Revenue Service is 20 percent, a ten-percent average rate was used in this tal HEW budget Congress sent him is As income rises, however, this system be­ more inflationary than the even higher comes more difficult to maintain. Larger and analysis. This reduction was made to allow figure he asked for. The fact is that Con­ larger amounts of investment are needed to for any deductions and exemptions that offset the increased savings in the system. In might be claimed by the taxpayers involved. gress made substantial cuts in other The only exception was in the case of stu­ areas of the HEW budget which offset addition, this larger investment tends to raise the level of technology. The effect of this dent earnings where the tax was plotted more the billion dollar increase for education. may be that many people are left behind be­ directly. The Arizona state income tax aver­ Moreover, even with the increase in cause they lack the skills and education ages approximately five percent of the fed­ education funds proposed by Congress, to compete at such a high level of technol­ eral figure. Therefore a five-percent rate was rily State and others will receive less ogy. This can result in the par-adox of a applied in this analysis. money than last year. When I voted for labor shortage and unemployment occurring 3. Finally, in order to apply the state's the now famous billion-dollar increase, at the same time. four-percent sales tax, an estimate had to be Many feel that this is the situation cur­ made concerning the amount of income ex­ what I was saying in effect is that my pended for goods and services. National in­ State was prepared to accept a 4-percent rently faced by our economy. They feel that for all practical purposes, we are at full em­ come statistics show that consumption is cutback in education money, but not the ployment. The unemployed are simply those equal to approximately two-thirds of the 30-percent slash envisioned by the Nix­ who have been left behind. Any Keynesian national income totals.1 Therefore the sales on administration-a slash that would attempt to provide further employment pro­ tax was applied to only two-thirds of the necessitate higher property taxes, double duces more inflation than jobs. income totals listed. An exception was again sessions in some districts, and tremen­ The solution to this dilemma. seems to lie made in the case of student earnings. The dous reductions in badly needed voca­ in "directed" rather than general govern­ tional training programs. ment spending. The direction of expenditures· Footnotes at end of article. 712 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21., 1970 writer's experience with the students In­ minimum wage of •1.40 as a starting base the fact that during 1966, some 13,659 hours volved prompted the adoption of 80 percent and an average raise of ten cents per hour. of instruction were offered to the people 1n as a consumption rate for them while they we can plot the increased earnings of these the program. If 25 students per class Is were in school. workers. assumed, this represents about 64 hours of Of course this analysis is only an informal At 40 hours per week for a 50-week year, instruction for each student. If this in­ look at the situation. More accurate figures the 57 additional employees produced by this struction were left for employers to perform could have been achieved if the amounts had program earned a total of $171,000. With the after these people had been placed on their been plotted rather than estimated. For this turnover, this sum creates some $427,500 in payrolls, and 1! these employers were able to reason, conservative estimates were used. additional incomes. From this, the federal provide this instruction at a cost of one "DE" EXPENDITURES government received $42,750, and Arizona dollar per person per hour, which is doubt­ In the 1966-67 school year, the federal ex­ received $2,137 in income taxes and $11,400 ful, it would have cost them a total of penditure for distributive education in the in sales tax. $341,475. State of Arizona was $247,940.• To this INCREASED EARNING POWER In addition to the above, distributive edu­ cation graduates tend to be promoted faster amount was added some $731,525 of state and Each of the remaining 706 employees local !unds.3 Thus a total of $979,465 was than their peers. Numerous success stories earned an average of $400 over the amount can be cited to verify this fact. It is not un­ used to support distributive education in the earned by their peers who waited until after state that year. common to find these graduates in positions graduation to begin their employment. This of responsib1lity and authority early in their All of this money was used for the pur­ figure 1s arrived at by assuming a $1.40 careers. chase of goods and services. Hence 1! we hourly rate for the beginning workers as A MA'l'TER OF DmECTION assume a turnover of two and one-ha.lf times compared with a $1.60 hourly rate for the as indicated by the Chambers of Commerce, 706 experienced workers who ha.d already re­ With our economy near full-employment a total income of $2,348,664 was generated. ceived two raises of ten cents per hour. and with a rising level of technology, govern­ The taxes on this income represent the first Working 40 hours per week in a 50-week ment spending must be carefully direoted. to return on the original Investment. year, these experienced workers achieved a be effective. Spending, such as that !or prop­ If we assume that two-thirds of this total of $282,400 in increased wages. The erly directed distributive education programs, amount was used !or consumption, we can turnover raises this amount to $706,000 of becomes an investment ra.ther than an estimate that $62,631 was collected by the generated income. From this, the federal expenditure. state in sales tax. I! we further assume that government collects $70,000, while the state The problems of the unemployed is an area an average of 10 percent of the total income receives $3,530 and $18,826 in income taxes where directed government spending can be was collected for income tax, the federal and sales tax respectively. used to an advantage. The unemployed are government received a return of some $234,- Moving on to the second year of full-time those who have been 111-prepared or those 866. With state income tax equal to ap­ employment for DE graduates, we find that who have been left behind by the techno­ proximately five percent of the federal tax logical advances of our times. Thus, programs more returns are produced. National statis­ to help them keep in step can prevent the figure, Arizona collected an additional $11,­ tics show the unemployment rate for 18- and '143 in state income taxes. These returns are problem from becoming more acute in the 19-year-olds to be 22 percent lower than the future. the result of simply spending the money. 1 rate for 16- and 17-year-olds. The adJusted The aspirin tablet programs are temporary STUDENT EARNINGS national rate is 10.9 percent, while the ad­ relief, although they may be necessary as an However, this money was invested for a justed rate for DE graduates in Arizona is immediate measure, should not become per­ purpose. What were the returns produced. 5.5 percent. (Both of these rates are for the manent. Vaccine programs, such as distribu­ by the program it.self? A total of 763 high 1966-67 school year.) tive education, should be encouraged as a school seniors were given part-time employ­ Application of these rates to the 763 grad­ more permanent cure for the disease o! un­ ment through the distributive education uates shows that the program produced 41 employa.billty. program during the 196(:Hi7 school year. additional workers in the second year. Con­ These educational programs clearly pay During the course of that year, those stu­ tinuing on the assumptions used above, we returns that are greater than the investment dents earned a total of •630,000.' can estimate tha.t these 41 individuals made in them. In fact, such investments can Assuming that the students consumed 80 earned $131,200 during the year. creating a be compared with those made by business percent of their income, we can figure that total of $328,000 in additional income. The firms on capital goods. Both pay for them­ a total of •20,160 was collected from them federal government's share was $32,800 while selves in increased productivity. In addition, in the form of sales tax. The average earn­ the state collected a total of $10,387. a broader economic base is created by con­ ings per student were $826; of that, $226 The increased earnings of the remaining verting potential economic liabllities into represented taxable income. A 20-percent 722 individuals come to a total of $228,800. economic assets. tax rate applied to this figure shows that This figure is arrived at by assuming the same $400 differential used to plot the in­ FOOTNOTES the students paid a total sum of $34,487 1 in federal income taxes. When the two-and­ creased earnings during the first year of full­ U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical time employment. With turnover. these Abstract oj the United States, July 1966, pp. one-hal! turnover rate is applied to the stu­ 321-22. dents' earnings after taxes, and the 10-per­ earnings produced incomes of $722,000. Fed­ cent average tax is applied to the resulting eral income tax amounted to $72,200, and • Controller, State Department of Voca­ the state collected $3,610 in income taxes tional Education, Phoenix, Arizona. Personal sum. tt can be shown that the federal gov­ interview. ernment received an additional income tax and $19,253 in sales tax. 3 "Annual Descriptive Report,'" Arizona return of $94,500. The five-percent state INVESTMENT RETURNS average applied to this figure amounts to State Department of Vocational Education, It 1s evident that these tax returns will 1966-67. approximately $4,725 paid to the state in continue into the third, fourth, and fifth income taxes. Finally, an additional $25,200 • Statement by Charles E. Hulse, Assistant years of full-time employment. However, it State Supervisor. Office of Distributive Edu­ ln state sales tax was collected as a result is iDJteresting to note that in just three years of the turnover of the students• original cation, Arizona State Department of Voca­ earnings. from the date of investment, a total of $6,- tional Education, ln a personal interview. 107,164income was generated. From this, the ~~u.s. Department of Labor, Bureau of AFFECTS UNEMPLOYMENT federal government received a. return of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, Another return produced by the DE pro­ some $582,203 and the State of Arizona re­ August 1967, p. 83. gram was its impact on unemployment. The ceived $193,602. In other words, the federal • "Annual Descriptive Report,'' Arizona national unemployment rate for 16- and government received over two dollars for State Department o! Vocational Education, 17-year-olds was 14 percent in 1966 and every dollar invested, while the state re­ 1965--66. 1967.5 The unemployment rate !or the 763 duced its expenditure by 26.5 percent. ' U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of students graduated from the Arizona DE It should be noted that the 763 individuals Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, program during that same period was 6.9 studied here represent only 11.3 percent of August 1967, p. 83. 6 percent. When these two rates are applied the total number of people served by this s Annual Descrip~ive Report, Arizona State to the 763 individauls in question, the pro­ government expenditure. Also served were Department of Vocationa1Education,1966-67. gram is shown to have reduced the number 1,184 high school juniors, 391 junior college of potentially unemployed from 107 to 50. students, and 4,364 adults.s Many of these BIBUOGRAPHY Therefore, the earnings of 57 people saved people also received employment as a result United States Department of Commerce, from unemployment represent another in­ of the distributive educartiion program. How­ Statistical Abstract of the United States, vestment return. (This conclusion is based ever, the unavailability of data prevents an Washington: Government Printing Office, on the supported assumption that employ­ analysis of the returns produced by these 1966. ment of the DE graduates resulted from individuals. United States Department of Labor, Bu­ their distributive education experience.) There are many returns from this program reau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Re­ Observations have shown that most em­ that cannot be equated with a dollar sign. view, Vol. 90, No. 8, Washington: Govern­ ployed DE students receive a raise during But the fact that no dollar value is placed ment Printing Office, August 1967. their senior year. Another raise is usually upon them does not make them less im­ state Department of Vocational ::OOucation, forthcoming when they become full-time portant. "Annual Descriptive Report," 1966-1967 (un­ employees after graduation. If we assume the The first of these benefits is derived from published). Phoenix, Arizona. January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 713 State Department of Vocational Education, State Department of Vocational Education, Some of the true idealists were shocked "Annual Descriptive Report" 1965-1966 (un­ "Follow-Up Survey of 1966-67 Graduates" and saddened. They were sincere in their published). Phoenix, Arizona. (unpublished). Phoenix, Arizona. peace protests. Tens of thousands were dis­ illusioned. They realized they had been ma­ TABLE I.-RETURNS ON DISTRUBUTIVE EDUCATION INVESTMENT nipulated and used. Today, the average age in our Nation is 27. Nearly 60 percent of our people were not Federal State income tax income tax State sales alive during the hectic years that preceded Actual Created (10 percent (5 percent tax(% total World War II. Today's young people can Explanation income income average) of Federal) income) have no direct knowledge of the peculiar divisiveness that was promoted among our Federal investmenL ______- ___ ------__ -- people. State and LocaL.------It was a divisiveness that endured only so ------long as it served the best interests of the Total investment______979,465 ------____ ------Communists. Turnover TotaL------$2,348, 664 ~234, 866 ~11. 743 ~62, 631 Student earnings (senior year>------630, 000 ------______------_ Who is served by today•s divisiveness? Turnover TotaL.------1, 575,000 1128,987 4, 725 2 45,360 Added employees (First year) ___ ------171, 000 ------__ ------___ -- ___ ----- Turnover totaL------427,500 42,750 2,137 11,400 Increased wages (First year>------282,400 ------_____ -- ____ -- -- __ ------Turnover totaL------706,000 70,600 3, 530 18,826 IN RECOGNITION OF MILLS COL­ Added Employees (2nd year) ______: ___ 131, 200 ------______------____ - Turnover TotaL------___ 328, 000 32,800 1, 640 8, 747 LEGE OF EDUCATION Increased wages (2nd year>------283,880 ------Turnover totaL------722,000 72,200 3, 610 19,253 HON. MARIO BIAGGI 3-year grand totaL------6, 107,164 582,203 27,385 166,217 OF NEW YORK IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1 Students' original earnings plotted on a 20-percent tax rate. 'Students' original earnings plotted on the basis of an SO-percent consumption rate. Wednesday, January 21, 1970 Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, we are all aware of the feelings of anxiety that THE MORE THINGS CHANGE, THE Actually they were taken from newspapers of nearly 30 years ago. They are typical of exist on the part of the youth of America. MORE THEY ARE THE SAME thousands of reports that were published in Therefore, I wish to remind you that papers from coast to coast ln the late 30's the elementary school students of today and early 40's. are the Nation's future leaders and the HON. JOHN J. RHODES Long before the current crop of young pro­ nursery school toddlers are the voting OF ARIZONA testers came on the scene, an earlier genera­ citizenry in the year 2000. With this in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tion of activists was chanting anti-govern­ ment slogans in peace demonstrations on mind, it is of particular importance that Wednesday, January 21, 1970 campuses across the Nation. we examine those people who hold most Then, as now, authorities who attempted of the responsibility for molding the Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, the to disperse the "peace" demonstrators were minds of these youngsters and thereby sounds of the demonstrators we hear so charged with "police brutality." shaping their future and the destiny of much about today are very similar to The protesters of a generation ago were our Nation. Those people to whom I those which we heard a generation ago. anti-government, anti-establishment and refer are our educators and those who I include for the benefit of my colleagues anti-law-and-order. will become teachers. an article which appeared in the San They fought the dra.ft. Although England and France were locked in a life and death Recently, I learned of a very unique Francisco Examiner entitled, "The More college in New York City that specializes Things Change, the More They're the struggle with Hitler, the peace agitators in the U.S. screeched and screamed and dem­ in educating these future teachers by Same." onstrated against our aid to our historic combining their major subjects with an THE MORE THINGS CHANGE, THE MORE THEY'RE allies. overall program designed to prepare the THE SAME The loudest protests came when the U.S. students for a meaningful life as a per­ (By Charles L. Gould) gave 40 over-age destroyers to England. son, citizen, and edl.lcator. Therefore, I Do these news items sound familiar? Do Then came June 22, 1941. For two years prior to this landmark date, would like to bring to your attention they sound current? Mills College of Education, an independ­ "Ripe tomatoes, rotten eggs, gas bombs Hitler and Stalin had been joined together and fist fights distinguished peace demon­ as allies. ent, nonsectarian, accredited 4-year strations held by students throughout the While the pact was on, the Communists women's college whose graduates go on nation." in this country-and throughout the to teach in nursery school, kindergarten, "Anti-war strikes with more than 300,000 world-recognized Hitler as a blood brother. and the elementary classes through students participating on more than 100 It was the Communists in this country grade six. campuses are set for next Wednesday." who masterminded most of the peace dem­ Founded in 1909, MUls has pioneered "Eggs, vegetables and water filled paper­ onstrations of a generation ago. in the field of early childhood education bags were hurled at San Jose State College The same red leaders travelled from for almost six decades and through its during a student anti-war demonstration." campus to campus, from coast to coast. halls have passed young ladies who have "Sponsored by the American Students They were past masters at wooing and win­ Union, thousands of college undergraduates ning the support of starry-eyed idealists. . gone on to teach in schools throughout and high school students left their class­ Then came June 22, 1941. the world. Graduates have come from rooms to participate in the third annual It was on this date that Hitler marched Central and South America, Jamaica, demonstration against the war." into Russia. The German dictator, fiushed Puerto Rico, England, and as far away "Aiming for an initial operating budget of with a series of victories against Poland, as the Philippines, Australia, India, and more than a million dollars, Ray Newton, Austria, France and England, turned on the Orient. In most cases, foreign stu­ executive director of a new combination of Stalin. dents have returned to teach in their anti-war groups, asserts it is 'the most am­ Even as Hitler launched his war against native lands, taking with them a greater bitious program ever attempted by the peace the Communists, the peace demonstrators movement in the United States.' •• in this country were marching in front of understanding and appreciation of our "A shouting, chanting mob of UC students the White House and conducting protest American way of life. estimated at more than 3000 blocked traffic meetings on a hundred campuses throughout In addition to its regular curriculum, and broke windows as they conducted a mas­ the 48 States. the college also operates two day-care sive anti-war demonstration outside sather They were caught fiat-footed. They were centers in Harlem for more than 200 Gate at the Berkeley campus." caught with their signs up and their signals youngsters ages 3 through 8. Both cen­ "Anti-war demonstrators in New York down. Quickly they retreated and regrouped. ters are located in large city housing claim moral support from dozens of con­ Then they got the message on the party projects and cater to children of working gressmen, thousands of teachers and tens of line. parents and to those unable to provide thousands ot clergymen." The next day the home-grown demonstra­ "For the hundredth straight day, pickets tors were back on the job. They renewed weekday care. The students of Mills Col­ marched in front of the White House chant­ their picketing and demonstrating. lege operate the centers on a year-round ing 'Peace' and protesting the draft and Now, though, their signs urged "More Aid basis and are, therefore, able to sharpen war." t o Great Britain." their teaching skills while providing a 714 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 much needed community service. The Freedom 'tis sweeter to those who sacr11lce JAYCEE'S GOLDEN YEAR Mills Theater Workshop also makes an a slight bit for it." admirable contribution to the community He attended Calvert Hall college, where he played lacrosse and junior varsity football. HON. W. C. (DAN) DANIEL by performing productions, semian­ On his 18th birthday, he enlisted in the Ma­ nually, before audiences comprised of rine Corps. While waiting to be called to OF VmGINIA disadvantaged children; thereby giving duty, he worked for three months as a cashier IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES them their first, and possibly only, op­ in a. grocery store. Wednesday, January 21, 1970 portunity to be exposed to the realm of An avid Colts fan, he had hoped to try live theater. out for the team after he left service. Mr. DANIEL of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, The philosophy of Mills, reflected by Born in Salisbury, he was brought to Balti­ in this Jaycee golden anniversary year, more as a small child by his parents, Mr. and this outstanding service organization its graduates, will most certainly be a Mrs. Thaddeus Soltys, of Baltimore, who sur­ beneficial influence on tomorrow's stu­ vive him. should be placed in national focus. As dents. This college strives to endow each a former member of the Jaycees, I have student with essential nonacademic a personal knowledge of the work per­ tools; to cultivate a deep understanding PRESIDENT NOMINATES NEW formed by this dedicated group of young and respect for the children they will ASSOCIATE JUSTICE Americans. teach, to become widely aware of the It is entirely appropriate that their world's social structure, to become in­ achievements be given due recognition stilled with a working knowledge of hu­ HON. ROBERT PRICE in the highest legislative body of our man behavior. Each student is encour­ OF TEXAS land. The creed of the Jaycees embodies aged to be an informed citizen with a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the ideals of true Americanism. Yet, the genuine desire to participate in civic and members of this organization are bound community life. As a result of this demo­ Wednesday, January 21 , 1970 to American goals by more than the cratic approach to life, serious unrest Mr. PRICE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I lofty language of a fraternal pledge. has not hit the Mills campus; the stu­ would like to take this opportunity to Each individual member possesses in­ dents already possess many of the free­ heartily commend President Nixon on herently the personal characteristics doms for which militant students are his nomination of Judge G. Harrold Cars­ which motivate him in the service of fighting; it has a participating student well, of Tallahassee, Fla., to be an As­ others. body and cooperating student-faculty sociate Justice of the Supreme Court of Throughout the United States, Jay­ government. the United States. cees possess a common bond. Northern­ I feel that the continuous contribution By judicial standards, G. Harrold Cars­ ers, westerners, southerners-all are being made by Mills College is without well is a conservative. He sees his judicial "young men of action." Since the found­ bounds and is to be commended and ap­ responsibilities in clear and simple terms. ing of the organization, these men have preciated by all of us. The policy set by He considers himself to be charged with worked either individually or collective­ its president, Dr. Margaret Devine, the upholding the terms of the Constitution ly for the betterment of their commu­ example set by the faculty, the dedica­ of the United States and strictly en­ nity and its citizens. In a time when the tion of Mills' students, and the responsi­ forcing the laws of the land. I agree with need for responsible leadership is fright­ bilities assumed by its graduates all have this philsophy, as does President Nixon. eningly evident, these young citizens rep­ a vast effect on what our world of to­ Judge Carswell, presently a distin­ resent the hope of tomorrow. These are morrow will be; and set an example that guished member of the Fifth Circuit men who face the crises of our modern could well be followed by other institu­ Court of Appeals, stands squarely in the times, unpleasant as they may be, with tions of learning and their educators and hallowed legal tradition of adherence to an aim to solving or alleviating the prob­ students. prior legal precedents. As an Associate lems. These are the kind of men our Na­ Justice of the Supreme Court, he would tion's youth deserve to witness in every­ not be tempted to engage in judicial day life and whom, hopefully, they will MARYLAND MARINE KILLED legislation. Neither would he be tempted seek to emulate. These are men who IN VIETNAM to pervert the Constitution of the United have banded together in the hope that States to satisfy his own political a unified effort will preserve the free HON. CLARENCE D. LONG leanings. American system that was the dream OF MARYLAND In my judgment, Harrold Carswell rep­ of their forebears. resents the type of judicial philosophy IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Countless public service programs have that is desperately needed on the High been undertaken by Jaycees in every Wednesday, January 21 , 1970 Court; moreover, I believe Harrold Cars­ State. Whether local, statewide, or na­ Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, well to be the right man to help imple­ tionwide, the projects of this vigorous Lance Cpl. Michael Soltys, a :fine young ment that philosophy. organization are predestined for success. man from Maryland, was killed recently By nominating Judge Carswell, Presi­ Recently, a highly commendable na­ in Vietnam. I wish to commend his cour­ dent Nixon also served clear notice that tional Jaycee movement was designated age and to honor his memory by includ­ he does not intend to be intimidated or as "Project Prayer." Representative ing the following article 1n the RECORD: controlled in his choice of key Federal members from Virginia, Minnesota, Ohio, ENEMY HAND GRENADE KILLS LANCE CPL. appointees by labor bosses, civil rights and Tennessee visited my office seeking MICHAEL SOLTYS agitators, or the eastern liberal estab­ support of a constitutional amendment The Defense Department announced yes­ lishment. The President's duty, 1n this designed to return voluntary prayer to terday that Marine Lance Cpl. Michael Sol­ regard, lies to the American people and public schools and public life. The re­ tys, 19, was killed December 17 by an enemy not to special interest groups that would sponsible manner of conveying their hand grenade while on a. search and clear further imbalance the Supreme Court by opinions on vital issues, as well as the mission with his platoon in Quang Nam placing on the High Bench political dis­ timeliness of this project, is indicative of province, 375 miles north of Saigon. Corporal ciples of liberalism who could impose Soltys had lived at 1200 Glenea.gle road. the caliber and perceptiveness of their Corporal Soltys joined the Marine Corps their warped philosophy on the citizens leadership. Their efforts illustrate an November 7, 1968. He was sent to Vietnam of the United States. awareness of the tremendous impact that on July 13, and was promoted to lance cor­ Mr. Speaker, in my view, President prayer had in the birth of freedom on poral October 25. Nixon has clearly fulfilled one of his re­ The recipient of an award as the best sponsibilities to the American people by this continent and of the necessity for markSman in his platoon, he told hls mother, his nomination of Judge carswell. I call withstanding bitter attacks on religion Mrs. Thaddeus Soltys: "This is nothing m.om, upon the Senate to fulfill theirs bY by improperly motivated groups. wait until you see all the medals I bring promptly passing on this nomination so The United States Jaycees, a service home." organization in the truest sense of the In his last letter home from Vietnam he that the membership of the Supreme wrote, "For a.n the lousy weather, and the Court can once again be raised to its word, has upheld successfully through 50 lousy food and everything, I don't mind it. full strength and effectiveness. years the noble principles upon which it January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 715 was founded. Made,up of tireless work­ program for disruptive behavior and became tutors. David adopted Will, who had l1tted ers dedicated to common goals, this na­ teacher aides at Pinewood. Five other teen­ him onto the bus the first day. At first many agers volunteered as aides too. All of them of the tutors had several charges, but as tional association of devoted young men worked out well. more tutors came into the program, the chll­ has become a moving force in community From this experience, Donald E. Snodderly, dren were reassigned. Some of the original life today. On its 50th aniversary, this then director of Baltimore County's title I tutors fought hard to keep all their children: worthy civic association should be hailed ESEA program, decided to expand the tutorial "She needs me," said a tutor, objecting to as a true friend of freedom, for it is concept, but not without some apprehension. the transfer of one of her charges. actively seeking to "keep America He admitted the idea that the tutors, many A surprising and unexplainable feature of America." of them with records of delinquency, might the program was that many youngsters chose be a bad infiuence on the younger children tutors of another race. The mixing was "entered our minds a little bit." A few of the neither deliberate nor anticipated. volunteers used foul language and tended The rapport between the tutor and his THEY GOT THE FEELING THAT toward disrespect for adults, but Snodderly -student grew quickly. Wlll missed a day dur­ EVERYBODY'S SOMEBODY decided to "give them all a chance and if ing the second week of the project. The next they didn't work out, we'd have to tell them day no faculty member reprimanded him or they couldn't come back." questioned his absence, but David did. "He HON. CLARENCE D. LONG Twenty youths signed up to tutor in the really gave me the going over," said Will. "At OF MARYLAND 1969 project at Pinewood, and during the first first I thought I could put him off by saying IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES few days of school, there were some raised I missed the bus. But then the kid wanted eyebrows over the tutors' bare feet, long hair, to know why I missed the bus. So I explained Wednesday, January 21, 1970 and cigarette smoking. The teenagers them· that I had been horsing around at the home. Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, selves took care of some of the apprehension. I guess that took care of him. But, gee, telling education 1s one of the soundest invest­ T'.aey decided not to smoke in front of the that to a little kid." ments we can make. A presidential veto younger children and, though smoke often Later that same day David's teacher told clouded their faculty room, few lit cigarettes Will how lost David had seemed without him. of the Labor-HEW approprtation bill around their charges. Soon teachers and of­ "Things like that kind of get to you,'' Will may rob many children of high-quality ficials visiting the school dismissed the tu­ said. "He thinks I'm his big brother." education and create a severe burden for tors' mod appearance and began to see them Other tutors got the same reaction from our schools. I should like to share with in terms of how they had drawn some of the their children. "My little girl won't listen to my colleagues a description of one of the youngsters out, how they were giving each the teacher until I get there," said one. federally financed programs which has child some individual attention, how, in Another teenager, while talking to visitors proven a great success in Baltimore brief, they were making the program work. at the project, was delayed in meeting her County. The program was highlighted in Only one tutor was asked not to return-and charge. Soon there was a knock at the door that happened in the final week of school. and in walked the youngster, promptly the December issue of the HEW maga­ The fears were not all on the side of the plunking herself in her tutor's lap where she zine, Amertcan Education. It is vital to project administrators and teachers, however. was welcomed with a big hug. encourage such educational opportunities The teenagers too had some suspicions about The teenagers were paid $1.50 a day for by providing the funds to sustain them the project for which they had volunteered. one hour of work, although many, like Will, The article follows: "When we first came, we sort of figured it worked the full three hours they were at would be like a regular school-rules, checks, Pinewood. In addition to the hour they spent THEY GoT THE FEELING THAT EvERYBODY's with everything set out for us," said one of SOMEBODY with their private charges, the tutors usually the girl tutors. "But then we found out we spent an hour in one of the classrooms help­ (By Mary Pat Pfeil) could be free. We had our own faculty room ing one group of youngsters to work the slide Seven-year-old David has been separated to work and talk in and freedom to think, projector, reading a story to a few children, from his parents for almost six months. They to find out what we were, and to express or rhyming words with a child who was poor could no longer provide for him or his ourselves." in phonics. Usually the tutors themselves brother and younger sister, and so the chil­ The tutors' feeling of freedom was largely spent an hour getting instruction in reading dren now live in an institution-Villa Maria a result of the treatment they received from skills and teaehlng methods from project in Baltimore County, Md. the regular teaching staff. Eugene Thomas, staff members. a title I staff member in Baltimore County But David is luckier than many of the But it was the hour the tutor spent alone more than 75,500 neglected and dependent and a teacher at the Pinewood summer proj­ ect, told the teenagers on their first day that with his charge that was most rewarding­ children in State and local institutions and most flexible. "The teachers usually tell throughout the country. He not only gets the they were starting with a clean slate. "I didn't want to know their backgrounds," he you to work on something-like reading love and attention of the institutional stafl', said. "What mattered was what they were maybe. But when you"ve done what they but he also has one very special person to going to do here. At first they didn't believe wanted, then you're pretty much on your love him. me. It took a while to prove my point." own," said Will. "You can take your kid out­ David's special friend is Will, who is 14, has The Pinewood teachers were hand-selected side to catch crayfish in the stream or work long blond hair, wears Levi's, and goes bare­ by Snodderly. Since only a few of them had in the garden or just walk. You can sit inside footed. Wlll was David's private tutor last worked with institutionalized children be­ and play a game or just talk." summer and in many ways had as many fore, they received extensive preservice and For some of the tutors, trying to teach problems as his young charge. He too lives in inservice training on the background and their charges meant learning themselves. "I an institution, committed there because he problems of these children. Although the told Mr. Thomas I couldn't read," said one could not get along in his upper-middle-class teachers varied widely in age and experi­ 15-year-old tutor who returned home this home. Last year he was suspended from enc~ome were just two years out of college, fall. "He said there wasn't anything I couldn't school eight times. As he helped David, Wlll some had 20 years of teaching experience-­ do. And when I saw my little kid reading, I was trying to find himself. they had one quality in common for which knew he was right. My little kid couldn't Will was one of 36 tutors, most of them Snodderly had chosen them: All could react show me up. Now I'm reading a book on from the Methodist Home in Baltimore toward children and make them feel loved. Germany." County, who worked with younger institu­ "These children are starved for afl'ection," But there was much more to the program tionalized children in a summer project at said Rhys Carter, a summer teacher at Pine­ than improving academic skllls. Snodderly Pinewood Elementary School in Timonium, wood and a remedial teacher in the Balti­ said the purpose of the project was to im­ a suburb of Baltimore. The project, financed more County school system during the year. prove reading and the children's attitudes under title I of the Elementary and Second­ He praised the tutorial program for providing toward school and themselves. Will put it ary Education Act, involved some 220 chil­ more attention for the youngsters. The another way. "I'm trying to teach David that dren from four institutions in the county­ tutors were often seen hugging their chil­ he's somebody. Everybody's somebody. You Villa Maria, a Catholic home for children dren, holding hands while they walked, or just got to let him know it," he said. aged six to 13; the Methodist Home, adminis­ giving them piggyback rides to the bus. The In some cases it was the child who taught tered by the Methodist Board of Child Care; teachers too established physical contact the tutor that he was somebody. Dorothy the General German Orphan Home; and the with the children, from a reassuring tap on Reiser, a project teacher, said the biggest Augsburg Lutheran Home. the head to a squeeze just before they left improvement she saw during the summer The six-week tutorial program that got un­ for the day. was social improvement because of the close der way last spring was an outgrowth of dis­ When the children arrived on buses each relationship between the tutors and their ciplinary problems that had occurred during morning, their tutors were often there wait­ charges. She pointed to one teenager whom the previous summer. At that time the Balti­ ing to escort them to their classrooms. Hold­ she said had been very withdrawn at the be­ more County Board of Education operated ing hands, they skipped down the hnll and ginning of the summer. "But the child he two separate summer programs for institu­ entered a room decorated with numbered tutored was so outgoing that some of it tionalized children: o.ne !or teenagers at fish used in arithmetic games, pictures from rubbed off on him too." Johnnycake Junior High School, the other the last field trip, and puzzles to be filled The tutors themselves realized they got for younger children at Pinewood. Three in for a vocabulary drill. a lot out of the program. According to Wlll, youths were dismissed from the Johnnycake In most cases the children chose their own "Each person gets something out of this. I 716 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 probably won't mess up like I did last year William S. Sartorius, superintendent of 1970, which eloquently states his views in school. I've learned these teachers have a schools in Baltimore County, was so im­ on the HEW-Labor OEO appropriations lot to put up With. Little kids hit you. They pressed with the project that he encouraged yell too. I wouldn't ever been a ·teacher." principals and teachers at the beginning of bill. Speaker McCoRMACK's statement He was more specific on an evaluation the school year to implement some of the follows: form filled out at the end of the project. Pinewood project's concepts. He urged them STATEMENT OF SPEAKER MCCORMACK When asked whether he felt the summer to find ways for teenagers to be useful, even It has been called to my attention that project had been worth his effort, Will an­ those who had been troublemakers in the Bryce Harlow, Counsellor to the President, swered: "Yes, I have experienced a little of past. has written to a Republican member of the what a teacher goes through in school. I'll John Gist, who succeeded Snodderly as House, and probably all Republican members t ry not to sass the teacher and fight in front project director, has introduced the tutorial of Congress, that "it happens that a very of the younger kids in school. It also made practice in regular title I project s in the early event of the new Congressional year is me feel that I was needed by the faculty county. Teenagers at Sparrows Point High likely to be Senate action on the still pend­ and worthwhile to the program." School in the southeast portion of the county ing 1970 HEW -Labor-OEO appropriations Some of the tutors finished the project go to school on a :flexible schedule that allows bill-followed by a Presidential veto of that determined to be teachers t hemselves some them to tutor at Edgemere Elementary bill, should it pass in its present form-this day. "It really helped me," said one girl. "I School part of the day. They are paid for followed by Senate and House consideration was so nervous at first. But those little kids their services by the Neighborhood Youth of the veto." don't let you be nervous for long. They're all Corps. This is a most unusual letter, that of a over you. It made me feel good-and Will returned to the public school near President announcing before a bill ls pre­ needed." the Methodist Home this fall determined to sented to him that he intends to veto it, The teachers also saw t he program ~s a make it. He hopes to see David on a con­ and, secondly, that the announcement is success. Carter, who had David in his class­ tinuing basis during the school year and not made by t he President but by the Coun­ room, described the relationship between the to keep in contact with Mr. 'l;homas. He sellor to the President. youngster and Will as "great." "David waited knows now how the person on the other side The HEW-Labor-OEO appropriation bill patiently for him every morning. He was of the desk feels. contains many important appropriations of Withdrawn at first, but he has really blos­ deep interest to the people of the United somed out. Will can be given the credit," he States. This is a most unusual procedure in said. announcing in advance that any bill would "I don't know who's done more," said Mrs. STATEMENT BY SPEAKER McCOR­ be vetoed by the President. It ls one thing Reiser, "the tutors for the little children or during debate that a President is likely to vice versa." As a teacher, she appreciates ·MACK IN CONNECTION WITH veto a bill, but it is another thing to de­ having the tutors. "Otherwise we could never THE 1970 HEW-LABOR OEO finitely state that a bill Will be vetoed, and give that much attention to the children," APPROPRIATIONS BILL the announcement made by someone other she said. than the President. It must be borne in mind Snodderly viewed the success of the pro­ that Congress got the same threat of a veto gram from the tutor's st andpoint. "It would be hard for counselors in counseling sessions HON. CHARLES A. VANIK on the Tax Bill but the President signed it. to give these kids the insights they've OF OHIO And Congress also received a threat of a veto on the Mine Safety Bill, as well as one reached by just being here," he said. In ad­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dition to their function as tutors, the teen­ or two other bills, and the President signed agers spent some time each day just talk­ Wednesday, January 21, 1970 them. However, in none of these bills was there a definite threat as written by Mr. ing among themselves, and the conversa­ Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, recently, tions-some of them taped for study­ Harlow. I am sure that members of Congress, ranged from problems of married life to the while this Congress was out of session both Democrats and Republicans, Will be in­ failures of today's schools. "They're getting the counselors to the President indicated terested in having knowledge of this partic­ a lot out of their systems," Snodderly said. to certain Members of Congress that the ular letter. Efforts were made to validate the success President intended to veto the cl1tical If this bill is vetoed, every etl'ort Will be of the Pinewood project statistically. Gary L. and important 1970 HEW -Labor OEO made to over-ride the President's veto. Brager, research assistant for Baltimore The appropriations contained in this par­ appropl1ations bill. ticular bill affect the lives of millions of County's title I projects, said pretesting and This bill is extremely important be­ post-testing within a six-week period would Americans. It Will be necessary for Repub­ not produce reliable results. Therefore, the cause it contains within it sums of Fed­ lican votes to over-ride the veto. children's latest test results prior to the eral funding which are essential to vital I hope that national interest of partisan summer were taken, and the students were programs like NDEA, the Elementary­ considerations (Will be) displayed by Repub­ again tested after returning to the institu­ Secondary Education Act, cancer re­ lican members if this appropriation bill is tions at the end of summer. The tutors were search, and other measures of s1mllar vetoed. In any event, the letter of Bryce pretested the first week of the summer pro­ critical nature to the country. Harlow is a. most unusual one. gram and were tested again in early October. The Presidential counselors have indi­ The results are being analyzed. "We expect the tutors will gain in reading cated that the President plans to veto by the very act of tutoring," Brager said. this measure because he claims it is in­ THE UNION OF BURMA . But even if the statistical results aren't fiationary. overly impressive, few staff members in­ This level of funding, which is $1 bil­ volved with the project would be wllling to lion more than the President requested, HON. ADAM C. POWELL question its success. "I'm extremely proud of happens to be at the very level that the what the tutors accomplished," said Thomas. Congress funded these programs at in OF NEW YORK "The change can't be measured by a few 1968. This is not an increase above and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES grade points. They realized now t hat each Wednesday, January 21, 1970 one is a person who can do what he wants beyond the 1968 level. 1n life, even though it wlll be hard." If this funding cutback, which the Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, among the The tutors' attitude changes were re­ President seeks, is to go forward it will scores of new independent states born flected in their answers to the written ques­ mean that the greater Cleveland area since the end of the last war, the Union tionnaire at the end of t he project. Will will suffer cuts of millions of dollars for of Burma was one of the first in South­ stated, "I found out that I can get along these programs. In some instances these east Asia. Its independence was pro­ with people and make friends both with programs wlll have to be closed down children and adults." He voiced a stronger claimed on January 4, 1948; thus came opinion in a conversation with project visi­ completely and thousands of children into existence the sovereign Union of tors in which he mentioned that his father will suffer. Bwma. used to call him a hood. "I hope,'' he said, It is inconceivable that one can de­ A parliamentary form of government "that we've proved we're not a bunch of bad fine this kind of spending as infiation­ was set up soon after its birth, with a kids, that we can be nice." ary while at the same time the President president and two houses of parliament. Snodderly and Thomas were convinced. goes forward with these requests for mas­ For about 14 years this large and impor­ Both said they would try to see that the sive subsidies for the supersonic trans­ tant country, with an area of about 260,- program was continued in some way during port and merchant marine which are in­ the school year. "It would be hard just to 000 square miles and a population ex­ cut it otl' now that we know what t eenagers deed infiationary and have little bearing ceeding 26,000,000, was governed under can do," said Thomas, who will continue on the general welfare of the country. a parliamentary democracy. In March his work with the institutions during the I wish to include at this point in the 1962, a revolutionary council of military regular school year under the county's title I RECORD a full statement by Speaker Mc­ leaders was instituted as the country's program. CoRMACK which he made on January 6, supreme authority. Today the Union of January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 717 1962 by relaxing the criteria for deter­ Borough of Naugatuck, the City of Water· Burma is austerely but high-mindedly bury, and the region's civic and business governed by the revolutionary govern­ mination of the question of serious leaders to look into Uniroyal's problems and ment headed by Gen. Ne Win, Chair­ injury to domestic industry and would in­ find ways of solving them. man of the Council of Ministers. sure the actual ·availability of a remedy Retention of this plant in Naugatuck is The Burmese Government has re­ to industries that have suffered or stand necessary for the regional economy. Displace­ cently relaxed restrictions against for­ to suffer from rising imports. ment of some 3,000 production workers and eign visitors and travelers will now find The trade policies now in effect may another 1,000 office and supervisory personnel it easier to see the wonders of this have at one time carried out a national would create an employment crisis which objective of encouraging world trade could be detrimental to thousands of families beautiful country. Mandalay, Pagan, directly and to businesses and the tax bases and other centers of traditional Burmese while fostering, or at the very least, of many towns. culture are filled with Buddhist temples, maintaining domestic production, but we This is an area which demands involvement pagodas, and shrines. The country is now have reached the point of diminish­ by U.S. Rep. John S. Monagan of the 5th world famous for teakwood, rubies, ing returns. Both of my bills would make Congressional District, as well as Gov. John sapphire, and jade. effective again the original congressional Dempsey, municipal officials, the Chamber of On the 22d anniversary of the inde­ intent of promoting foreign trade while Commerce and other groups dedicated to pendence of the Union of Burma we sa­ maintaining a true reciprocity of eco­ promoting regional growth a.nd prosperity. Uniroyal has disclosed that the footwear lute the Burmese people. nomic benefit to all parties involved. plant is in an unfavorable economic position. Last week, upon receiving the latest in­ Increased foreign competition, changes in formation on the new inroads being made consumer preferences, and competition from in the domestic market of rubber and domestic plants paying lower wages were CANVAS AND RUBBER canvas footwear, I wrote to the Secretary cited as the principal reasons which are mak­ FOOTWEAR CRISIS of State recommending that the Secre­ ing the Naugatuck plant's future here un­ tary take immediate action toward ob­ certain. taining voluntary agreements limiting Monagan and other legislators should look immediately into the effect foreign competi­ HON. JOHN S. MONACAN imports of rubber and canvas footwear. tion has on this domestic industry. Federal OF CONNECTICUT Failing action on my legislative proposals aid, if it is warranted, could be arr·a.nged IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to deal with this critical problem, I think through tariff revision. Labor officials can give agreements for voluntary limitations of assistan~e to Uniroyal in assessing the effect Wednesday, January 21, 1970 imports are absolutely necessary and of the wage scales on the future existence of Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Speaker, in­ should be concluded at the earliest pos­ the plant and recommend a form of hold­ creases in the importation of rubber and sible date. the-line plan if careful study determines it canvas footwear continue to threaten a to be essential. The text of my letter to Secretary of The changes in consumer preference con­ principal employer in my district. The State Rogers follows: stitute a problem which only management volume and low sale price of the imports DEAR MR. SECRETARY: I am writing this and its product development officials can have already forced several domestic letter because a principal industry in my solve. Diversification has long been advocated manufacturers to close down their oper­ district is threatened by the rapidly increas­ as a means of keeping an industry financially ·ations, and I do n·ot wish to see that mis­ ing volume of imports of rubber and canvas secure. Development of new products should fortune befall the industry in my district. footwear. The increases in volume of these be a perpetual requirement. When consumer Several thousand working men and imports have been tremendous and their im­ interest and taste change, a company should women in the district are looking port threatens the stabillty of our industry get ready to meet the new demands. and employment in this area. This century-old Naugatuck plant has been to the Federal Government for some pos­ While . everyone approves of a reasonable a national leader in the footwear field be­ itive action in the direction of allowing amount of reciprocal trade the volume in the cause of the ingenuity of its founders and them to continue to earn a living. I have rubber footwear industry has been permitted skills and capabilities of its employes. It does asked the State Department to assist by to increase to an unreasonable and damaging not seem possible, that with outside help and working out agreements to limit imports degree. cooperation by everyone affected, it would of these products. Statistics provided me by the President's have to close its doors as a victim of chang­ The low cost of foreign produced can­ Special Representative for Trade Negotia­ ing times. tions show that during the first ten months vas and rubber- footwear is making a of 1969, 25.5 percent of the canvas footwear mockery of domestic competition in this sold in the United States was imported. For area. Domestic manufacturers of these the same period 40 percent of the rubber INDIANA-n.LINOIS POLLUTION articles just cannot compete on an even footwear sold in this country was imported. basis with foreign producers of these These figures compare with 30 percent for items. It is time we implemented the eco­ rubber footwear and 22.5 percent for canvas HON. RAY J. MADDEN nomic realities of our high standard of footwear imports in 1967. OF INDIANA living into the trade policies which give It is my suggestion, therefore, that a vol­ untary agreement limiting imports in a fash­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES rise to this grave situation. ion similar to voluntary agreements now in Wednesday, January 21 , 1970 In the first session of the 91st Congress effect be negotiated with the countries who I introduced two bills which could rem­ are principally responsible for the abnormal Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, the Cal­ edy the present situation. H.R. 11148, my flow of these articles. umet industrial region of Indiana ad· first bill in this area, is to amend the Your cooperation in this matter and the joining the industrial area of South Chi­ Trade Expansion Act of 1962 to assist referral of this suggestion to the proper area cago is one of the most outstanding domestic industries in unfair competi­ of the State Department will be appreciated localities for industrial and defense pro­ by me. I shall also be happy to have your re­ duction and manufacturing in the Na­ ti{)n from foreign imports. My bill would sponse to this suggestion at your convenience. accomplish that result by substituting Sincerely yours, tion. These huge industries extend for more :flexible relief criteria for the rigid JOHNS. MONACAN, miles in both directions-north and criteria now embodied in the act. Upon Member of Congress. south-on the shores of Lake Michigan. introducing the bill, I pointed out that The Illinois-Indiana State line separates the act, in practice, contains no workable I also include a copy of an editorial these huge industrial complexes. Per­ standards for determining at what point on this subject from the Waterbury meated air and water from the lllinois the advantages gained from increased Conn., American of January 16, 1970: ' side blows and seeps across the line into imports diminish to the point of dam­ UNmOYAL'S CRISIS the Indiana area and vice versa. It all aging domestic industries. The rumors of a pending shutdown of depends on the direction the wind hap­ H.R. 15213, my second bill in this area, Uniroyal's Footwear plant were squelched by pens to be blowing on a certain day. It is designed to encourage the growth of a management statement which in itself is would be futile for either Indiana or trade on a fair and equitable basis by ominous. "No decision has been made at this lllinois to clean up its industrial air and time" is the way a company official put it. water pollution if the other State did providing. domestic industries with a This means, of course, that the general topic remedy against the adverse effects of an. has been and is still under discussion. not. tmdue rise in imports on industrial This semi-denial of the rumor, which is Therefore, the cleaning up of air and growth, employment, and profits. This not an outright denial at all, should give in­ water pollution in this Indiana-Chicag9 bill amends the Trade Expansion Act of centive for immediate a~tion by the state, the area is almost essentially the responsi- 718 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 bility of the Federal Government. The LEADERSHIP FOR THE 1970'S: UNIFYING THE The hallmark of this Administration is the Federal Government should take com­ COALITION OF SILENCE AND THE COALITION politics of manipulation, when what is most ~lete charge of the air and water pollu­ OF CONSCIENCE needed is the reconciliation of the nation tiOn menace in this industrial area ad­ The beginning of a new decade, with the behind more constructive goals. joining and including Dlinois and Indi­ Congress reconvening and the Administra­ There is both an official, front-door policy ana. As a further explanation of the tion starting its second year, is a good time and an unofficial back-door policy. for a man in public life to speak to the The official policy has been to elevate a crisis, I include with my remarks an edi­ National Press Club. cheerful blandnees to the status of a national torial in the Gary, Ind., Post-Tribune of As we enter the 1970's, our nation is in virtue. Voices are lowered, silence is encour­ January 19, 1970: trouble, primarily, I believe, because we still aged, earnestness is emphasized, controversy CRYING UNCLE FOR CLEAN Am follow a leadership focusing its major ener­ discouraged. Habitues of the Loop and other residents gies on external fears instead of internal Studies become a substitue for action. Con­ of Chicago choked out cuss words and cried neglect. ferences are more important than programs. soot-streaked tears late last week as a south For thirty years-since the traumatic Decisions take a back seat to coordination. wind bore in unusual quantities of pollution shock of Pearl Harbor, we have been pre­ Policy councils become ends in themselves from the industrial areas of that city's south occupied with war and preparation for war. rather than preludes to action. Public rela­ side and our own Lake County. Sometimes Most of our national energy, most of our tions replaces performance. it works the other way. Often northwest federal taxes, most o! our national debt, The official theme is, thus, ordered sweet­ winds mix Chicago contamination with our most of the infl.ation, most of the dissen­ ness and light. It seeks to allay the fearful own to complicate Northwest Indiana's sion-all of these have been the handmaid­ and disarm the concerned. breathing processes. ens of war and the arms race. But the bland face of the Administration What these contrasting realities prove is Meanwhile, the nation's most serious in­ also serves to distract attention from its un­ that air pollution is no one city's or com­ ternal weaknesses have been allowed to fester official policy. And that policy is anything munity's problem. Air borne noxious chemi­ until they threaten our survival as a society but bland. cals and particulate matter have even less re­ of dignity and freedom. In the name of na­ It works the backstreets. It seeks to dis­ tional defense, we have been exhausting the spect for state boundaries than do big time cre~it those who disagree. It sets group gamblers. The answers lie not in trading sources of national defense. aga1nst group. It tries to frighten the news castigations, but in working together. Some­ The key question of 1970 is the same one media, turn old against young, and isolate times that working together will require a I raised as a freshman Senator seven years th -se who oppose its war policy. super authority. ago: Can we turn away from endless war While the President walks the high ground, Chicago, the three major cities of Lake and contain the military monster that is the Vice President and the Attorney General County and, now, Lake County itself all have devouring our resources so greedily as to dis­ execute the strategy of fear and division. A air pollution ordinances. They are much arm the nation against its most serious dan­ few weeks ago, the Attorney General's wife alike. They also all continue to have air gers at home. suggested that her husband regarded the pollution. The first duty of a public man in 1970 is to recognize that if we do not seriously liberals of America as Communists whom Lake and Porter counties of Indiana and we would be better o1f trading for the Rus­ the nlinois block of counties surrounding address ourselves to this question with a sian variety. We were told that the Attorney Chicago have been designated as one air radical new urgency and restructuring of General would have phrased it in more re­ pollution area by the federal government. our policies and institutions, we may well lose our sense of community and nationhood. strained language. The evidence of that came The two states have reciprocal enforcement this past weekend when Mr. Mitchell re­ provisions. Despite those precautions the af­ Yet, the present Administration, like its ferred to the younger, liberal members of fected counties all have days of troubled predecessor, continues to govern the nation as though our chief dangers were from his own party as "little juvenile delinquents." breathing. I leave it to you to judge the relative restraint Part of the difficulty lies in the obvious abroad rather than at home. of the Mitchells. fact that it takes years to correct a situation Thus, in 1969, the President fought for new billions to build the ABM and a whole range The Attorney General is the admitted which was so long an accepted part o! the political strategist of the Administration, industrial scene. Industries insist they try­ ot doubtful new weapons systems. Now he has vowed to veto the Health, Education and just as he was the top strategist of the. Presi­ and they do-but they do not try a.t a pace dential campaign. He has filled the key posts which satisfies residents of this area con­ Welfare bill because the Congress has added a billion dollars more than he requested. This of the Department of Justice-not with cerned with their own longevity. Part of the eminent lawyers, but with shrewd political trouble lles in inadequate teeth in the air is done in the name of fighting inflation, although the Congress cut the President's manipulators whose chief public experience, pollution laws. like his own, is in the management of politi­ President Nixon is generally expected to military requests by nearly $6 billion. In­ stead of vetoing urgently needed education cal campaigns. Little wonder that the best devote considerable portions of his State of law graduates of the nation who were at­ the Union message Thursday to various na­ funds, the President should abandon his ex­ pected request for another $1.5 billion for tracted by the leadership of former Attorney tional pollution and other environmental General Ramsey Clark are now avoiding the problems. We don't know what he will say. additional ABM sites. It is true that our President has expressed Department of Justice. We hope he says that it's time to get tough. The Attorney General, unlike his predeces­ We hope that if he does, Congress hears him concern about the nation's problems. In his 1968 campaign, he dwelt on four of them­ sor, has told us that his Department's mission and acts. has nothing to do with policy; rather the We apologize for besmogging Chicago's crime, infiation, division and Vietnam. But 1969 again offers clear proof that more than Department of Justice is simply a lawier for skies. We hope they feel the same concern its client-the United States Government. when they help befoul ours. But it may take rhetoric is needed to heal the nation's troubles. Any proper view of the Department of Jus­ our mutual Uncle to give meaning to the tice would hold that its clients are the Ameri­ apologies. The President kept his pledge to fire At­ torney General Ramsey Clark as a prescrip­ can people, and especially those who have tion for law and order. But the crime rate not achieved a full measure of justice. But increased another 10% in 1969 and rose even Mr. Mitchell gives clear indication that he LEADERSHIP FOR THE 1970'S more alarmingly in the Nation's Capital. is far more interested in the instruments of Ihflation now races ahead at the highest political manipulation than the instruments annual rate in 20 years, and interest rates of justice~ HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR .. are at an all-time high. The 1969 cost of · The alternating techniques-blandness and OF MICHIGAN living advanced nearly 6%, as compared to divisiveness-go hand in hand. They are the 4% in 1968. prime ingredients of a pOlitics of manipu­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The southern strategy has further divided lation. Wednesday, January 21, 1970 blacks and whites, while the harsh indict­ Each is indispensable to the other. By it­ ments of the Vice President and the Attor­ self, an official policy of blandness could not Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, on Jan­ ney General have widened the gap between hope to long hold popular support in a period uary 19, I was fortunate enough to have the nation's idealists and their government. of problems and tensions. Similarly, an open ·been a guest at the National Press Club Meanwhile, the war in Vietnam continues strategy of divide and conquer, by itself, luncheon where my good friend, the dis­ with another 11,000 Americans dead in 1969- would soon repel an American people who tinguished Senator from South Dakota, and with no end in sight. are basically idealistic and principled. To­ .GEORGE McGoVERN, was the speaker. The Administration in its first year has gether, however, these political strategies-­ dealt not so much with our problems as with and that is what they are-complement each His remarks, which follow, show a. the politics of those problems. It has sought other in securing a temporary popularity. perceptive concern for the problems fac­ not to end mistaken policies and priorities But this kind of leadership refiects a re­ ing this Nation and a great understand­ but to end criticism. Its goal has been to treat from responsibility. Appearances are ·ing for the solutions we so badly need. isolate the dissatisfied citizens of the nation, placed above reality. Form is exalted above I commend to my colleagues Senator while claiming to represent the nation's ma­ substance. Values play second fiddle to tech­ ~CGOVERN'S address: iority interests. niques. Principles yield to strategem.S. January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 719 What I object to most strongly is the age of foolish or barbaric policies that were need also to greatly expand the public serv­ method the Administration has chosen to temporarily accepted by silent majorities. I ice activities for the young. The nation's repress the interaction of dissent and re­ find silence a questionable virtue in the social goals should envision doubling our sponse that 1S so vital to the survival of a presence of injustice, hypocrisy and neglect. efforts to end crime and disorder, not only democratic system. Frankly, I reject the notion that there by improved law enforcement, but also by The President summons forth in his sup­ is a silent majority of Americans satisfied cleaning up the ghetto squalor which breeds port what he calls the silent majority-an with the present state of our society. As a delinquency and disorder. Every American exercise that presumes silence to be a vir­ middle-class, middle-aged man from middle who is able to work should have the oppor­ tue and outcry a sin. It presumes further America, I find my neighbors and constitu­ tunity, with the government serving as "the that silence is respectable and protest the ents dissatisfied with the quality of life in employer of last resort." Those unable to threatening howl of the mob. 1970. Their taxes are also being squandered work who are in need should be assured a The Vice President, as always, is willing to on wasteful military spending. Their sons dignified method of adequate assistance. put it more bluntly. He calls what is hap­ are also going off to Vietnam. They are also (5) The Council of Advisers on the Envi­ pening in America today "positive polariza­ paying the heavy price of inflation, high in­ ronment, created by the Congress in 1969, tion." In effect, Americans are asked to terest, shoddy merchandise, and a disorderly should be fully .staffed and strongly backed choose sides-against each other. We are ·society. by the President. It is imperative that we asked to eliminate those who dissent too All Americans are victimized by the pres­ halt the contamination which now threatens vigorously as we would rotten apples in the ent policies and priorities of the nation. Mil­ to destroy the thin layer of soil, water and lions of Americans who may be silent are air that sustains life around our planet. This barrel. nevertheless ready for a leadership that is a. central concern for the 1970's which can The President's pledge "bring us together" would unite them with their dissenting fel­ be the most unifying goal of all. now appears a determination to bring the low Americans in a common effort to face (6) We need to establish a powerful, well­ right people together. And the right people, up to the nation's needs. backed consumer protection agency. That presumably, are those who are content with What would be the agenda of such a agency should have the power to set high things as they are and hostile to those who leadership? I suggest the following: standards for consumer goods. It should be would change them. It follows that the (1) An end to our involvement in the empowered to press consumer cases before wrong people must be those who are dis­ Vietnam war, beginning with an immediate the regulatory agencies. Consumers should satisfied, who seek change. ceaseflre, including the cessation of bom­ be able to bring actions in the federal courts Some might find comfort in this polariza­ bardment that is now destroying the Viet­ for consumer abuses, just as do the victims tion, but it frightens me. It frightens me that namese countryside. Our forces should be of anti-trust violations. It is preposterous we are witnessing the beginning of political deployed entirely in maximum defensive ar­ that one brilliant, dedicated young man, apartheid in this country, which casts the rangements with their withdrawal taking Ralph Nader, is now trying to carry the bur­ silent as Brahmans and those who dissent place as soon as we arrange for the release den for American consumers that the U.S. GS untouchables. of prisoners and asylum in friendly coun­ Govermnent should carry. That the Administration consciously en­ tries for those Vietnamese who might feel (7) Finally, I urge needed reforms of our courages one citizen to dispute another's threatened by our withdrawal. increasingly archaic political institutions, right to direct involvement in the affairs of ''Vietnamization''-the Administration's notably our political parties and the Con­ this nation is both dangerous and thought­ current policy-is simply a new slogan for gress. As these institutions must help to less. an old discredited policy. It involves keep­ translate popular wlll into public action, the In recent months, the news media-and ing American forces in Vietnam until the elimination of their defects and shortcom­ most particularly television-was guilty, by Thieu-Ky regime is ready to assume the ings is essential to a vital and healthy de­ Administration standards, of excessi-ve criti­ military burden. That regime has never had mocracy. cism. The media has the power to resist Ad­ the respect of its own people. It will not For too long, the national political parties ministration intimidation aimed at the con­ come to terms either with the rebels who and the Congress have been insulated from cept of a free press. resist it or unify its own silent but hostile the grassroots, too unresponsive to the ordi­ Unfortunately, the young who oppose the majority until we cease our support and nary citizen, and too indulgent to special war-and ·the poor, the black and the brown begin a definite, systematic removal of all interests. The procedures and practices of who oppose their continuing exclusion from our forces. Even if Vietnam.lzation brought the national p·arties and the Congress are this most a.ffiuen t of all societies-do not military successes by means of massive u.s.­ not democratic. Only drastic reformation always have the power or the skill to defend sponsored bombardment in support of the from top to bottom will make them again their right to question policies or priorities. South Vietnamese mercenaries we have re­ effective instruments of grassroots America. And day by day, their activities are distin­ cruited, trained and paid, we should still As far as our political parties are concerned, guished as a little less respectable, a little oppose this policy. This concept of war by the recommendations of the Commission on less patriotic. proxy is itself barbarism that uses our tech­ Party Structure and Delegate Selection, If the demands of dissenting Americans nology to increase the slaughter in a civil which I have been honored to head, are im­ were unjust or ignoble, then we could turn struggle that can only be resolved by the portant steps in the right direction. The away. But what they seek is an end to a Vietnamese people. Commission has urged an open nomination· foolish war, an end to racial injustice, an The President could have ended the war process that will insure rank-and-file party end to hunger and misery and ugliness and in 1969. There is nothing to be gained by members the opportunity to freely and fairly pollution. They seek, in short, to probe the indefinitely prolonging it. influence the choice of the 1972 Democratic nation's conscience by underscoring the gap (2) A reduction in the military budget of Convention. Devices which concentrate the between rhetoric and reality. $50 billion in the next three years with a cut effective decision in the hands of a few self­ of $20 billion in the coming year. The time perpetuated party leaders have no place in Is not this coalition of conscience on has come to discard the notion that Russia either party. higher ground than the coalition of silence? is about to roll across Western Europe, or Delegates to the 1972 conventions should Let us understand that the consequences that a primitive China barely able to defend be openly and fairly selected by rank-and­ of spurning the legitimate claims of the itself is about to conquer the world. We file party members, and they should be young and other disaffected citizens of our could begin by withdrawing five of our six chosen in 1972-not two or three years ahead land would be enormous. America was con­ divisions from Europe. The Europeans a.re of the convention. I hope that party mem­ ceived and developed by the idealism and now perfectly capable of providing their bers who seek office in 1970 and 1971 wlll driving energy of the young, combined with military manpower. We should also abandon pledge themselves to support the guidelines the efforts of the dissatisfied who settled the ABM, MIRV, AMSA and other needless my Commission has recommended, with spe­ the country. We need to ponder what it new weapons systems. cial awareness that we must never again have means to live in a society that has lost the (3) We should establish a National Eco­ a Chicago-type convention. confidence, the enthusiasm, and the con­ nomic Conversion Commission to assist the Similarly. Congress needs a thorough-going tributions of yearning minds. Let us remem­ transition of our economy from war activi­ overhaul if it is to become a truly effective ber that this nation was conceived, its in­ ties to peaceful pursuits. I introduced such and respected political body. dependence won, and its Constitution con­ legislation seven years ago and have reintro­ Laws on lobbying need to be tightened up. structed by a. vigorous minority who carried duced it in this Congress. Seniority should be abolished in committee the day against the host1llty or apathy of (4) We should create a Council of Social assignments and positions. Congressmen the majority. Advisers comparable to the Council of Eco­ should make full disclosure of their assets, What would it cost our nation now for nomic Advisers who would draw up social income, and professional associations. The dissatisfied Americans to turn away from goals for the nation to be measured in an inefficiency and log-rolling which dominates participation in our public life because of annual report. Those goals would include the Appropriations Committee process should dis111uslonment over our political process? an adequate diet, housing, education, and be ended by upgrading the staffs of the au­ Conversely, silent majorities have not al­ health care for our citizens. They would in­ thorizing committees and then abolishing ways been right, as witness Hitler's debauch­ clude a "Second Chance Peacetime G.I. Bill the Appropriations Committees. ery of the German nation while the people of Rights" for every American to permit any I believe the American people are prepared applauded or stood silent. This was the same adult a new opportunity to change or im­ to follow a leadership that challenges them nation that produced Beethoven, Goethe, prove his career by going back to school, with such an agenda for the 1970's. In short, and Einstein. History is filled with the wreck- college, or other training opportunity. We they would respond to a leadership that 720 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 called upon them to turn away from military into one of those venerable jurists who re­ Most members of the family live in the adventurism to the reconstruction of Amer­ gale you as a story-teller or bore you to death same neighborhood, on Lake Ridge drive, in ican society. That is a leadership of recon­ with their memoirs. houses fronting on Lake Jackson. The Cars­ clllation which could unite the coalition of He's already past that, new sitting on the wells live in a fine house, but not a man­ silence and the coalition of conscience for appellate court where authority ts divided sion, compatible with the salary of a federal the common good. and personality subdued. We might expect judge and big enough for the family of four him, then, to develop a literary touch-a children they had when it was bullt. guest for the proper phrase to lighten and The two girls are married. Ramsay (Mrs. enlighten his judicial opinions in the old Fenton Langston), whose husband has re­ manner that has been lost in the recent rush cently graduated from FSU Law school and JUDGE CARSWELL WILL BE to shuck out rulings as fast as possible for now is on Governor Kirk's legal staff, lives CREDIT TO COURT everyone who fancies he has an Issue. Some next door and the Judge plays dally with his o! the Carswell opinions already s.how the little granddaughter. Nan (Mrs. Radford fialr over it, without sacrificing lucidity. Cherry) lives in Tampa, where her husband HON. DON FUQUA 1 know him better as a man off the bench is with a national accounting firm. The two 01' FLORIDA than on. The judicial bench, that is. We've boys, George Harrold, Jr., and Scott. are in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES occupied adjoining seats on the bench of college in Tallahassee. Row 82, campbell Stadium, for maybe 10 Solid, proper, estimable people-good Wednesday, January 21, 1970 years as coincidental holders of season tickets enough and smart enough to sit with anyone Mr. FUQUA. Mr. Speaker, the nomina­ acquired under long term commitments to on the Supreme Court; and a whole lot more tion of U.S. Circuit Judge G. Harrold help finance the stands. respectable than some who have been sitting There's. nothing impartial about U.S. Cir­ there. Carswell, of Tallahassee, to the U.S. Su­ cuit Judge George Harrold Carswell on that preme Court has given me more personal bench. He's for FSU all the time, for alma pleasure than any that I can remember. mater Georgia against Florida, and for alma POLITJ:CAL SENSITIVITY OF U.S. I am doubly pleased because of the mater Duke with a detached sort of loyalty. TROOPS IN VIETNAM high regard I have for Judge Carswell as He and his wife, Virginia. (a petite South­ a jurist, and second, because of my per­ ern belle cheerleader type with a husky "Way sonal friendship. to go" yell) play the game hard from those HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM He will become the first Floridian ever seats, but they don't seem to let it ulcerate to serve on the Nation's highest court them the way it does some friendly Gators OF NEW YORK the judge especially enjoys gigging. They IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and his nomination is viewed with pride love the game, and if they move to Wash­ by all of the people of our great State. ington, the Re.dskins can make room for a Wednesday, January 21, 1970 It is my considered judgment that no couple more regular fans. Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, I recently finer man could have been named and But even in such a prejudica.l setting, the received a letter from a young New I commend President Nixon for the wis­ Judge is the temperate, deliberate type who never joins in fussing at the referee, coach Yorker who served for 2 years in Vietnam dom of his selection. or quarterback-not even when they seem to as a volunteer development worker in Judge Carswell comes from my con­ ignore our deliberate advice from the top Khanh Hoa Province. He makes some gressional district and perhaps. the best bench. rather critical observations about the tribute I could pay to him would be to About. that. "G. Harrold," with the dou­ conduct of American troops in Viet­ include 1n my remarks the very excellent ble-r. A Cracker politician will tell you voters nam-particularly with regard to their portrait written by the editor of the Tal­ won't_take to anybPdy who's ashamed of his first name and doesn't know how to spell his political sensitivities. He also o:ffers some lahassee Democrat, Malcolm B. John­ proposals for change which I think are son. It follows: second. But the judge has a sufilcient explana­ well thought out and bear careful consid­ [From the Miami (Fla.} Herald, Jan. 20, 1970] tion: eration by responsible officials. The letter JuDGE CARSWELL HAS COMMON, HUMAN TOUCH He's the son o:r George Henry carswell of from Mr. Dyle G. Henning, now a gradu­ (By Malcolm B. Johnson, editor, Irwinton, Ga., not far from Macon. (His ate student at Columbia University, the Tallahassee Democrat) daddy was for 30 years a member of the Geor­ follows; gia Legislature, Ge·orgia Secretary of state, It 1s hard to Imagine how becoming a DEAR SIR: r have been challenged to write Supreme Court justice would pump up the and lost the governorship in a run-off to now Sen. Richard B. Russell. There's a monument this letter by a. friend, a United States AID pomp of Harrold Carswell, this friendly fel­ representative, who thinks people have too low who already has risen high in the judi­ to him in the courthouse square at Irwinton, raised by public subscription when he died many complaints about the war in Viet Nam, ciary without losing his common, human during the depression.) without supplying realistic conclusions and touch. constructive recommendations. Herein I hope You should know more about this neigh­ Anyway, Sen. George Henry Carswell and Mrs. Carswell had only daughters who had to cogently describe what I have seen of bor, his family and associates-whether or grown to teenage before our Judge was born. American conduct in Viet Nam, suggest the not he ever rises to sit with the almighty. His brother, in the meantime, had given the consequences of that conduct, give some pos­ If he is confirmed, it will be the most im­ name "George Henry" to his son so the dis­ sible reasons for lt, and provide a series- of portant government position ever held by a tinguished name would not expire. recommendations that- perhaps c-ould help to Floridian. When our Judge was born. his parents correct negative aspects of our eonduct He has just turned 50, after a momentous wanted another "G.H." but not another abroad. These recommendations are relevant, year in which his first grandchild was born George Henry to get mixed up with his I bellev-e, to Viet Nam. and to other nations the day (last June 27) he stepped up from cousin. They named him George Harrold where the United States Is involved, both for the U.S. District Court bench and took the (two rs because that's the way Harrold fam­ the present and for the future. oath as a member of the U.S. Fifth Circuit ily, kin of Mrs. Carswell spelled it). They The writer recently ended a two-year tour Court of Appeals. called him Harrold to distinguish him from as a. volunteer development worker in Khanh Twelve years as a federal trial judge, after cousin George. Simple, isn't? l'Ioa Province, living closely with the Viet­ five years as &. U.S. prosecutor (experience Sorting out the Judge's immediate family namese, while maintaining contact with the unmatched by any present member of the relationships (as we Crackers love to do) is Americans. I speak Vietnamese adequately. U.S. Supreme Court, by the way) has wea­ a tiny bit more complicated. He married his My work in a rural-suburban area. has been thered him into a character who looks, acts brother-in-law's niece. Let's not go into the in education and youth activities. I have and talks as you expect from a judge of the kinship possibilities of that. considered myself generally in favor of the old school. The Judge's older sister Ellen, married theory of American aid to VietNam, exclud­ He presides over court with gentle firmness Ramsay Simmons of Bainbridge, one of the ing combat troops. and good humor. There's nothing aloof or four brothers who inherited a crate and box Intelligent people concerned with the Viet arrogant about him, no taciturnity. In mill business from their father. Ramsay runs Nam War consistently have talked about the chambers, lunching at Angelo's with whom­ the mill in Bainbridge. Jack the one in Tal­ interplay of political-socio-economic factors ever sits down with him, or socializing at a lahassee, William the one in Macon and in this conflict; they have- also often stressed party, he's quick to conversation. Thomas the mill in Tennille, Ga. Together, this type ot. warfare 1-s really to be fought He likes the legal anecdote, and he likes they probably produce more wooden fruit and and won in political, not battlefteld contests. it to the point. He gets around with people, vegetable container& than anyone in the Certainly this is the underlying premise of talking and listening. Last year, during some world. the American support !or the Land-to-Tiller of those student fracases at Florida State When the future judge's mother died, he Program, and of the Chieu Hoi Program. But University, he went out and stood in the went to live with his sister and Ramsay in p.ra.etlce it seems the Am-erican e1fort here background-just to keep attuned to the · Simmons and to attend high school in Bain­ rests on its- military conduet, and falla on its situation. bridge. From that visit sprung his romance lack. of consiStent positive individual a.nd Given a few more years on the trial court and marrlage with Virginia, daughter of group conduct as it affects the political­ bench, Judge Carswell could have turned Jack Simmons, in 1944. socio-economic arena. of the war. It is January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 721 through our individual conduct, as well as namese think about what we do not say. most frequently worn by prostitutes in Nha through our group conduct, that we Ameri­ They perceive things differently in ways we Trang~ Young ladies and young people in cans manifest Ullderstanding and apprecia­ don't. often seem able to understand. For general are everywhere, because this. night tion for the Vietnamese people and culture, example, many soldiers like to give eandy they know there are no soldiers to create or lack of it. I stress individual conduct, tha1i and cigarettes to children, because they like incidents. But this night, and every night, of one person or a small group, because it is children and ant to make friends. But they can find shops full of American PX this conduct that combines to create an many Vietnamese parents resent this, be­ goodies, and they know and have seen both image of general group conduct, and is the cause it suggests to their chlldren that the Americans and our lOCal allies. the Koreans way individual Vietnamese are in turn af­ parents don't give them enough, because and the Filipinos, selling these goods or pay­ fected. Our actual conduct is approximately it makes some children into beggars of a ing off their prostitutes, who sell to black­ opposite the values maintained by our ad­ sort, and finally because it weakens the au­ market operators:. They find others exchang­ versary, who in practice fights a more intelli­ thority of the family and has an adverse ing piasters and MPC a.nd dollars. And they gent political-psychological war than he does effect on the conduct of the children. The no doubt recall that we often say that they a military one. His practice follows both hiS second characteristic of conduct is that are corrupt. They, of course, think most of values and what we express our values to be normal conduct is in unequal competition us are already fairly well off financially. in theory. with bad conduct. Examples of bad conduct, Several students have asked me about the The American effort is obviously at an ini­ though small ln proportion, stand out to illogic Of this corruption among an affluent tial tactical disadvantage; we are strangers, form the image for Vietnamese not closely people. They then asked how With such cor­ foreigners, to the Vietnamese. Our adversary associated with Americans of good conduct. ruption (and with racial intolerance) we can knows not only the geographical terrain, but Of course, our adversary helps his cause hope to "help" their country to be better also the customs, history. and sensitivities along by picking out the conduct Viet­ than that. The Viet Cong manage a distinctly of the Vietnamese people. Whether he is namese see as bad and blowing it up. That, more disciplined image. Viet Cong or North Vietnamese, he is Viet­ of course, is intelligent political warfare-­ But let me mention a few specific incide.nts namese. Others have faced situations sim­ magnifying your enemy's weaknesses in the that I saw in the countryside, where contact llar to ours. What did the British do in eyes of the contested, and that, of course, is more infrequent and stereotypes more prev­ Malaya? T. E. Lawrence iS famous for hiS we do also by making the North Vietnamese alent. A number o! times soldiers riding in exploits in Northern Africa. Writing in the appear more villainous to the Southerners. trucks or jeeps have reached out to touch or August 1917 issue of the Arab Bulletin, he Let us brte1ly review the various types of grab girls, country girls who don't even pub­ emphasized: "Learn all you can about . . • American conduct that might be considered licly hold hands with their husbands. A few the tribes . . . get to know their families, negative by the Vietnamese; most of these may not mind, but most do. In any case, clans, friends and enemies, wells. hills, and are things I have observed and have been the reaction o! their boy friends, husbands, roads . • . get to speak their dialect . . • told about by my move forthright Vietnam­ brothers, and fathers is stronger and more not yours." ese friends. Most Vietnamese tell us what important. I find anti-Americanism much The American presence is a very obvious we want to hear; our real friends tell us the stronger among the men, especially the one. Not only do we now represent between truth from their viewpoint. Such crlticism younger ones. No Vietnamese man has ac­ three and four percent of the population in eomes hard for Vietnamese friends, because tually spoken to me of it, but indirectly a Viet Nam, but many areas, especially urban they feel criticism is very dangerous to per­ number have said things that clearly show ones, have much more significant eoncen­ sonal relationships. that they !eel inferior to and in competition tratJ:lons. Certainly this is true of Nha Trang. On some main Nha Trang streets it is a With American men. This probably seems The areas of infrequent direct contact are in common sight to see drunken soldiers, often amusing and ego-building to most American the countryside, and are those areas where With sloppy dress, swearing and yelling; this, men, but it shouldn't be. Men often act on Viet Cong propaganda is most effective. (As of course, is most common in late afternoon a basis related to their feelings of mascu­ proximity increases, the Vietnamese tend and evenings, especially on weekends. Fights, linity. How exactly Vietnamese men are re­ slightly to see us more a.s people--good. and including use of firearms, and angry di-scus­ acting deserves serious study. bad-but they still exhibit great. d11Hculty sions among Americans or Americans and On other occasions, soldiers have struck in understanding us.) Moreover, our pres­ Vietnamese,. often occur. Rumors of such people on bicycles or motorcycles with hands ence is magnified by our direct and indirect happenings soon pass from town to country­ or objects (e.g., sticks and cans). At other control of communication resources, by our side, although quite changed in form or in times, a person has thrown a beer can at a massive introduction of military and civilian degree. In Nha. Trang the most obvious roadside altar or houses near the road. The aid~ by our seale of employmeru. of. Viet­ American presence in the central city is m Wife of a Vietnamese friend went to interview namese nationals. and: by our constant mo­ and: around the bars that consistently have for a job at an American installation in Cam bility throughout VietNam. grown 1D. number and location. The next Ranh, and not one, but two, different civilian Therefore, it iS unargued that our conduct most obvious, and probably greatest point interViewers insisted on trying to hold her In Viet Nam strongly affects the Vietnamese. of individual contact, is tn the surrounding hand. If that conduct were uniformly positive, otf-base or compound residential areas where Various friends have given,. directly and there would be tremendous positive pres­ hostesses, "housekeepers," and plain prosti­ indirectly, some subtler, but perhaps more J!ures. But I must agree With many Ameri­ tutes make their rather highly-paid living. damaging observations. They see the amount can and Vietnamese observers that our be­ Adult. friends have been upset, not only over of goods, the size of house~ and the amount. 1s b~ havior at mixed (and, therefore, the actual behavior, but. also the realization of playtime, and they wonder if we ~eally rather confusing to the Vietnamese) and. that they are getting so little comparatively come to fight a war or to enjoy the good life more realistically on balance negative, With for socially desirable work. Since no area of at their expense. They see the great quantity resulting political repercussions. Nha Trang is off-limits to soldiers or civil­ of goods and money we use for their benefit, Every day many examples of American Ians (in my observations), and since seem­ but wonder why we don't give more of our­ civilian and miUtary conduct are to be ob­ tug thousands are allowed to live otf base, selves. "Could it be because the Americans served~ 1 believe that most Americans ·are legally: or not, there is no area where Amer­ consider us inferior, or because they don't. generally good people. I have observed such icans aren't seen visiting or living Witb their­ care?" The Vietnamese see us allow ourselves widely varying types of conduct as giving "wives." to be taken advantage of (from bad bargains Vietnamese hitch-hikers rides, helping ac.. Many Vietnamese remark about how few to governmental corruption). and they won­ cldent victims, helping With school oonstruc­ Americans seem to try to speak Vietnamese der lf we are stupid, if we are so rich we ~lon, giVing scholarships and materials ot or to learn about Vietnamese customs or ta don't miss it, or if, again, we simply don't all sorts, learning about customs and lan­ eat their food. Although this may mne been really care whether these materials actually guage~ training people for jobs, and gen­ said to back-handedly congratulate me for help anyone~ They see so much go for war erally creating real friendships. But most. trying to learn, it also represents the quite materials and much less for building; they Americans have no significant involvement natural Vietnamese belief that they have a question our priorities, our understanding In With the Vietnamese. some eases that is long and often valuable culture, worthy for of guerrilla warfare, and our motivation for perhaps preferable,. given problems: of dif­ foreigners to learn something about, as we being there. They see us giving so much away ference in customs, ag-e, and education. expect of foreign visitors to our own coun­ for which we ask or require no cooperative On the other hand, I have Witnessed eon­ try. Many Will use ••papa-san," "number efl'ort on their part. They notice everything duct of other sorts--conduct which doesn't one,." ..beaucoup," ..chop-chop" to deal With !rom the numbers of Vietnamese employed occur so overtly in our own nation. Civilians the Americans they contact, but what im­ pressions are left? Americans seem to forget­ by Americans to all the things we build and sometimes have been the actor, but military do for them. "Do. the Americans not under­ men are the majority of the American popu­ that the Vietnamese are not a backwarc:t lation in Viet Nam, as well as the youngest uneducated, and simple people. stand this makes beggars of our people'F and least educated segment. While good peo­ Indeed, even the very ubiquitousness of Moreover, the Vietnamese see us and GVN ple and good actions may be a plurality or a Americans is a point of irritation; the Viet­ begin to talk of doing so many things that majority, the Vietnamese impression C!lf our namese feel that they can.'t escape. They are they never see begun, or if begun, never conduct can still be negative. First. som-e of always reminded of our large foreign pxes­ finishe~ that they don't feel that they can the conduct we t:hink Is good or natural, ence. Nights of curfew in Nha Trang are trust what we say. Finally. the sins and vir­ may be seen as negative by the Vietnamese. nig):lts of relief. nights for taking walks and tues oC our allies are often pinned on us. After all. it 1s not really: what we do or say !or relaxation. On these nights ao dais once No doubt you know the general reputation that ts important; rather it is what the Vlet- again outnumber the mini-skirts, which are of the Koreans and Filipinos in our area. CXVI-46-Part 1 722 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 So what are the consequences of our con­ 1. The most logical recommendation would 3. Living arrangements need re-structur­ duct, remembering the important thing is be to remove from Viet Nam most of the ing. Seeing the general negative effects of so how the Vietnamese perceive it, rather than combat and support troops, who by youth many soldiers, and sometimes civilians, liv­ what we may intend? As suggested above, and background may be more unaware and ing throughout Nha Trang, it could be rec­ some types of American conduct strongly sug­ undisciplined. F'or counter-insurgency com­ ommended under the current situation that gest condescension, weakness, insensitivity, mitments anywhere that would require a. au soldiers be required to live on base or and/ or corruption. ':':'he sense of superiority continued and lengthy American involve­ in restricted military housing. Civilians often comes across strongly even from advisor ment, this means few regular combat troops could also possibly be checked from time to to advisee, and they question whether we are and at the most, highly trained and highly time to see if they are causing negative im­ any different from the French. Putting aside psycho-politically sensitive advisors. (Many pacts in their neighborhood, and if so, as­ the ways that the Viet Cong use our conduct of the Special Forces soldiers that I met in signed to restricted housing. This may be a against us, all conduct must strongly affect the Khanh Hoa area would not qualify. Only curtailment of personal freedom, but a the pro-NLF, the uncommitted, and the pro­ a handful could speak Vietnamese, or tried highly political war requires consistent, in­ government Vietnamese's respect, trust, lik­ to. The interpersonal relations between the telligent political action. However, some ing, and corresponding negative attitudes to· majority of these soldiers and their Viet­ highly politically sensitive and disciplined ward us. Most Americans to whom I sug­ namese CIDG troops were poor; a number of soldiers and civilians could be selected to live gested this replied, "So what!" or words to Vietnamese actually told me how much they among the population. that effect. Some said they were owed the disliked individual American soldiers. At the 4. Corruption involving Americans and right to anything they wanted to do for risk­ same time, the local people generally viewed their allies or American goods should be ing their lives, and these men indicated the the CIDG, and by association their American tackled diligently, forcefully, and consist­ Vietnamese also thought they deserved it. sponsors, as the local "cowboys"-that is, ently. A few visible improvements have been Many more in fact said that most Vietnamese wild, aggressive, bad-mouth youth. Before I made in the past year, but the situation in didn't care, or that individual conduct was of left, one Special Forces officer moved his Khanh Hoa and other parts of Viet Nam still almost no importance in the war situation. Vietnamese "girl friend" into my small town, appears to be out of control. This has im­ But they misjudge the Vietnamese and the despite a clear understanding that it was portant consequences, not only on the war, nature of modern psychologically-oriented "off limits" for such activity. Many soldiers but on the Americans, Filipinos, Thais, or warfare. Most people will put up with it, be­ seemed to think they had to constantly prove Koreans returning to their own country. So cause they don't feel that they have any to the Vietnamese the image of Green Beret many soldiers (and civ1lians) were talking immediate alternative. 3ut one major group vlrility. I must note, however, I did know about making fast money out of the war, of people within this group are the national­ several highly competent Special Forces offi­ and too· often in illegal form. This kind of ists, who are needed to support a viable GVN, cers and soldiers.) atmosphere and learning experience is hardly but who stay neutral and uninvolved, not 2. Thorough political education of soldiers a healthy one for American or Vietnamese only because they don't see GVN performing and civmans seems desirable. The Viet Cong society. effectively, but because they don't have any, and NVA use highly developed techniques, 5. Off-base bars should be put off limits to or enough, respect for, or trust in, the Ameri­ but we seem to think that either our soldiers Americans. Enough American installations cans who are keeping this government afloat. already understand, or if taught, it wouldn't exist to quench a thirst. Some prostitution Some of the most potentially effective people matter or would not do much good. On the seems to be inevitable, especially where large in my area. remain uncommitted or onl.y mar­ contrary, perhaps it the individual could see numbers of soldiers exist, but it should be ginally involved, not only from fear Of the his role more clearly, understand the people restricted and supervised for health and po­ Viet Cong, but for inability to support the with whom he will relate, and appreciate the litical reasons. Most especially, it should be present non-Communist alternative. These effect of his behavior on people of another kept away from center city, residential areas are the real nationalists, whom we must culture, he would be more concerned with and rural communities. More American reach in Viet Nam or any other nation, to his actions. women in-country might also take some of build a strong non-Communist movement or This education should cover history, lan­ the pressures off and create a more normal government. Some other nationalists perhaps guage, customs, religion, and any matter "community" environment. Men and boys can't justify waiting in an uninvolv_ed way likely to influence relations. This is the sub­ away from family and women in general de­ and join the Viet Cong, like the Viet Minh ject matter of a political education program; velop a quite distinctive set of social values. before, as the only active alternative. our programs should not and need not be the 6. General restrictions on access to towns What, I have often thought, are the pos­ type of highly propagandistic and distorted and cities are needed. Seeing what the bars sible reasons we too often present the appear­ exhortation so evidently used by our ad­ and blackmarkets are doing to the Vietnam­ ance of poor conduct to the Vietnamese? Are versary. Our strength is in dealing in a more ese, and to us as well, our leaders should they right that we really don't care, either open way with all areas of problem and make the hard decision to heavily restrict because we think that only military action opinion. This general program could be con­ or put them off-limits to soldiers. Depend­ -affects the outcome of this war, or because we structed to include a general orientation !or ing upon the situation, this perhaps could really don't care about the Vietnamese? Are people just coming to the foreign nation and be done in a number of ways and degrees: we only fighting against Communists and not continued required study while in that na­ (a.) Total restriction, some officers have said, for the Vietnamese? Are we too weak, unable tion. For example, courses with and without is too hard on their men, but it would be to discipline ourselves to the extent necessary university credit could be taught on any one the most honest and perhaps the most effec­ in political warfare? (If so, consider what or several aspects of Viet Nam, Vietnamese tive way of minimizing negative contact, es­ this means for any further effort in VietNam life, and the United States role in Viet Nam. pecially if combined with programs to foster and for future involvement in national de­ Special lectures, by Vietnamese teachers, as positive contacts, as suggested below. (b) velopment and/or counterinsurgency warfare well as American, could be arranged on per­ Restrict all the city, except an area around in other nations.) Could it be that we lack tinent topics. Radio and TV broadcasts could the base (if not in center city), which re­ sufficient leadership of a high caliber to con­ include frequent shows for Americans on moves some of the continuous abrasion on trol our actions? Does it mean that our effort Vietnamese life and culture. (I saw almost no the Vietnamese. (c) Restrict most of the city somehow has resulted in a quantity of people such things on TV and heard very little on and especially residential and central-city and goods to the detriment of quality re­ radio. The few presentations I did see here, business area. (d) Restrict the city on all sults? Or could it be that we are prejudiced, mostly originating in Saigon, were quite nights, the weekend, and perhaps most days paternalistic, and superior in such a. way good.) Naturally, the various educational of the week. There are no doubt more ap­ that we can't interact equally with a Viet­ programs would vary according to educa­ proaches to this, but in all cases (e) Restrict namese? Is it our bigness and richness that tional level and roles of the various partici­ all small towns, villages, and hamlets for all seems to magnify our mistakes in Vietnam­ pants. They would not be mass lectures, pro Americans, except those with legitimate and ese eyes? Is it that the Vietnamese do not forma and inane in quality; study would be carefully approved work there, e.g., doctors, understand what we are really like? done in small groups. priests, ministers, community developers. Whatever reasons you might find to be I don't suggest the reverse situation, where 7. On the positive side, there should be pro­ more important or more right than others­ we directly undertake to educate the people grams for encouraging American-host-coun­ probably they all have some validity-it can't o! a host nation, because there is already try national relationships. As some of the be disputed that most Vietnamese find some a great amount of learning going on, al· previous ideas, this may sound somewhat of our conduct offensive, and that some, per­ though subtle, and sometimes too much of idealistic or unnecessary, but in situations haps the most influential people, find it the wrong type. A few open and intelligent of cross-culturaltnter-relationshps, it is very intolerable. What then am I venturing to radio discussions of American and Viet­ much a. vital concept. Small group tours and recommend could be done to change this namese life styles and problems in working individual home visits could be arranged for reaction, to build and strengthen human together might be useful for everyone. Of those soldiers and civilians judged to be dis­ bonds between Americans and Vietnamese, course, the fact that it is done is of much ciplined, politically sensitive, and interested. and thereby change the psychological climate greater significance. But we should always A goodly number of Vietnamese now speak of conflict in Viet Nam (and other coun­ some English; interpreters and students are tries) ? Below let me suggest some general remember to prove to them that we do con­ and specific ideas for the present in Vietnam sider ourselves friends and guests, and polite available. Similar programs are organized in and perhaps for future United States devel­ guests, as good friends do, always seek to other nations, including Southeast Asia.. A opment and/or counter-insurgency involve­ find out more about their hosts t-han they center could be set up on bases where Viet­ ments elsewhere. tell about themselves. namese would be invited to come and share January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 723 their thoughts on Vietnamese life and other action. But all the good ideas and good in­ There were marshals a-plenty so lively and topics. Such a program could be coordinated tentions are of no value unless the people quick through specially chosen staffs, set up inde­ having them attempt to make them ·effec­ But a few. without doubt, were sure full of. pendently of the psychological warfare, civic tive. SO in the end, both our problems and old Nick. action, or special services divisions. our possible means of diminishing them are From the north, south, east, west--from all A number of special programs could be tied to our will to discipline and to commit over they came- initiated to further the interest, capab111ty, ourselves to doing the very hard things that And they chanted and shouted and cheered and atmosphere for mutual inter-action and must be done. In the present changing Viet some by name: Nam situation or in other present and fu­ understanding. Special days would be orga­ "Now Ben Spack, Caretta, McGovern, nized with activities to emphasize aspects of ture involvements, the question remains: Are we willing to structure our behavior to Goodell Vietnamese life. Musical concerts and other "And Peter, and Paul, and Mary as wen. cultural presentations would be given; more achieve our stated goals? Thank you for your consideration. These "At the top of our lungs, at top pitch we do Vietnamese conversational classes would be bawl organized (even on TV and radio) ; picnics views are solely my own responsibility, and I hope they have been clear and perhaps "For cease firing, withdrawal, no troops and athletic contests would be planned to there at all ... bring families together with small, selected constructive. I am certainly ready !or fur­ groups of Americans. Again, radio and TV ther discussion of the problem if you so As dry leaves that before the wild hurri­ provide an excellent medium for reaching desire. cane fly the American community. They are not really Sincerely yours, When they meet with an obstacle, mount used for much of value now. For those Amer­ DYLE G. HENNING. to the sky icans who learned Vietnamese and/or studied So quite close to the White House protestors various Vietnamese subjects, special tours updrew- and programs could be organized as incentive Many girls, many boys and some elderly. and reward. I am certain you are a ware of too. AND TO ALL A GOOD NIGHT ways that better personal relationships be­ But at Justice, the view as was seen from tween American soldiers and Vietnamese the roof soldiers could be developed. All of this pro­ HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI Was alarming John Mit.chell, who felt 1ihere gramming should (a) educate and sensitize was proof us (b) educate and sensitize the Vietnamese, OF NEW YORK That those violence-prone pin.koes were too and (c) provide a more healthy environment IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES much around. of inter-action in personal, and therefore, Wednesday, January . 21, 1970 As they stormed at the flagpole they had working relationships. to rebound · 8. Propaganda and information sho:uJ.d be made more credible for American and us­ Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, the 1969 When the riot squads gassed 'em from head GVN programs. In general, we could talk Christmas season has passed, but I would to the foot. less about what is going to be done and dis­ like to share with my colleagues and oth­ But now hark, someone else is all tarnished cuss more honestly what has been and what ers the text of the very interesting and with soot. ts being done, what hasn't . been accom­ original greeting which I received from As one Spiro T. Agnew goes forth to attack, plished, and what the problems are. Many the Washington correspondent for the I~s the media press that is t.aken aback. Vietnamese do not believe the Viet Cong, Buffalo, N.Y., Evening News. TV Comment, unsound, surely bi.a.sed, un­ but they also have trouble believing us and merry, GVN. How can the balance of credibility be Lucian C. Warren, a native of western New York, has been on the Washington And the Washington Post, New York Times swung strongly to the American side? he would bury. · 9. "Giving" things away should be stopped. scene for the past quarter century. Since becoming head of the News bureau a Very droll Spiro's talk 'gainst unchosen ente, ••Are these things really needed or desired," 'Gainst the instant reactions from snobs we should ask ourselves. In all things that year ago, he has focused his attention so effete. we decide to give the Vietnamese, from ce­ upon coverage of the White House and ment to candy, we should expect and ask the new administration. Let us face it, old friends, he hit hard in our them to do something to earn their receipt. In poetic form, he has referred lightly belly- If the goods are useful, they will act. For It's shaking from slhock like a bowlful of example, if a school is to be be built, the to some of the developments of the year jelly. Vietnamese should always put up some of and I include his full text as follows~ 'Twas not clubby to fire upon such as our the money for materials and/or for the THE NIGHT BEFORE CHRISTMAS self, workmen, or do some of the work them­ (With apologies to Clement C. Moore and And he's hardly the type to be jollJ old selves. Each situation will determine how Santa Claus) elf. much would be done. A settled community has different needs and resources than a 'Twas the time before Christmas, when all One cold look from his eye, baileful shake of newly-arrived refugee group. Not only does 'round White House, his head Many creatures were stirring, but mostly Surely gave us to know we had something the Vietnamese contribution allow them to to dread. . earn that aid which is needed, but it re­ to grouse. quires them to organize and to work together. Nixon's stockings were hung by the chimney But enough about Agnew, our duty not Both organization l_l.nd cooperation are v3.1- with care shirk: ues that need to be built and reinforced in In the hope they would bulge with just Let us fill Nixon's stockings,. drive Congress Vietnamese society. If our aid is too freely more than hot air. to work given, it strongly decreases the incentives Men In Congress were meeting, n<>t yet gone By our giving unslanted all sides of the news, for the Vietnamese to organize and to coop­ Let us live and le.t live and give everyone's erate among themselves. This I saw happen to bed, · A.ts some viSions of tax cutting danced in views, all too often in my area, an area of gen­ USA is the land where must none blow the erally moderate income. their head. But in White House the boys were avoiding whistle If we gave less, but made sure of its use, the rap On our freedom of speech, even sharp like our effort would have greater results. Strong the thistle. action is needed when goods are diverted by And had settled their brains for a long the Vietnamese; for example, either the sit­ winter nap. And we're here to proclaim, 'ere we drop out uation is immediately corrected or we with­ of sight.: When below on the street there arose such ~'Happy Christmas to all, and to a.ll a draw some aid they want, but which doesn't a clatter harm the people who lost out in the first goOd night!" They all sprang to TV to see what was the The LUCIAN WARRENS. place. Even on the simplest level, we can matter. learn to give things in the proper manner, "Stay away from the window, and away from so we do not. appear to concerned Vietnam­ the bash, ese to be creating a beggar nation. And close tight all those shutters, and DAVID 0. McKAY Finally, we should find ways of imple­ nail down the sash. menting the following guidelines, given by T. E. Lawrence, but equally relevant today: "For it's certain John Mitchell and Martha "Do not try to do too much with your own will know· HON. JOHN J. RHODES hands. Better your allies do it tolerably How to handle the liberals' protesting OF ARIZONA than you do it perfeetly. It is their war, and below... IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ~~ ..are to help them, not to win for them. Just then what to their wondering eyes · should appear Wednesday, January 21, 1970 Admittedly, there Is so much more that But a mammoth parade, with some march­ Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, the Na­ ~uld be suggested as recommendations for ers sincere. tion has lost a truly great American and 724 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 a distinguished spiritual leader with the The Tampa Tribune of January 14 EUROPEANS STILL HAVE CHEERS passing of Mr. David 0. McKay, presi­ had an editorial which I think makes a FOR HEROIC AMERICANS dent of the Church of Jesus Christ of very valid point in this regard, and I Latter-day Saints. would like for the other Members of Mr. McKay has been described as "the Congress to ponder on the situation ex­ HON. SAM STEIGER missionary president" and the growth of pressed therein. The editorial follows: OF ARIZONA the Mormon Church during his tenure COURT WITHOUT A COMPASS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES has been impressive indeed. Prior to Mr. There is a greater degree of segregation of Wednesday, January 21, 1970 McKay's administration, for example, Negroes in the public schools of Chicago there were only eight Mormon temples than in Miami. Mr. STEIGER of Arizona. Mr. Speaker, throughout the world-one of which. I Cleveland, Ohio and Washington, D.C., have we hear so much about anti-American am proud to say, is located in my home­ proportionately as many all-black schools as feelings abroad, I felt it would be heart­ town of Mesa, Ariz.-Whereas today Tampa. ening to learn of just the opposite among there are 13 temples situated from Segregation in Gary, Ind. schools exceeds a great number of Europeans. Switzerland to New Zealand, not to men­ that in Polk County (Bartow). Under the leave to extend my remarks These statistics from a survey by the Fed­ in the RECORD, I include the following: tion the thousands of places of worship eral Health, Education and Welfare Depart­ throughout the globe. ment illustrate the inconsistency of Federal [From the San Diego Union, Jan. 17, 1970] David 0. McKay made the Mormon court orders which are creating turmoil in EUROPEANS STILL HAVE CHEERS FOR HEROIC Church a worldwide organization, but he Southern education. AMERICANS will also be remembered by people of all The orders are designed to force artificial (By Alice Widener) faiths as a warm, decent man having a integration of the races in schools which, by BRUSSELS, BELGIDM.-The weather outside lifelong devotion to those values which normal attendance patterns, would be almost the movie theater here in Brussels was the are the very foundation of this country. wholly white or black. same as inside on the screen-bitter cold and And the orders are directed only at South­ snowing. ern schools, despite the fact that the same Fllled With viewers of every European na­ type of segregation exists in Northern cities tionality, Brussels is now as international as with substantial Negro populations. Rome a.nd all roads lead here. COURT WITHOUT A COMPASS Schools in Florida and other Southern The theater was filled to capacity and the states are under court command to achieve scenes on screen went straight to the heart complt!te integration by February 1. and soul of each adult. HON. DON FUQUA It is patently foolish to order a change in­ Only the little children and teenagers OJ' FLORIDA volvinH radical transfers of students and looked at the events on screen as incompre­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES teache1·s in the middle of a school year. hensible or merely historical. As State Education Commissioner Floyd The documentary film was !llbout an Ameri­ Wednesday, January 21, 1970 Christian pointed out yesterday, such a move can general--George Patton, by name--and Mr. FUQUA. Mr. Speaker, Florida is may require some schools to close tempo­ our Gis in the Battle of the Bulge after the a great State made up of good people. rarily; it will also impose unanticipated new Nazi breakthrough against Allied forces 1n costs, especially in busing, upon already hard­ the dead of winter at Chrlstmastime in the We have problems like any other sec­ pressed school systems. It wlll, too, intensify Ardennes during World War II. tion of our Nati.on and we are making the resentment among parents whose chil­ There he WillS, Gen. George Patton, bundled good-faith efforts to correct those prob­ dren are uprooted in such a fashion. up to the ears in a greatcoat, standing knee­ lems. The timing is bad enough. deep in snow, his jaw jutting out over a I refer in th1s instance to the chaos The principle is worse. turned-up collar in invincible determi.nation, wh1ch has erupted in our school sys­ While the Constitution clearly forbids dis­ unconquerable spirit and immortal courage tems. School boards have been ordered crimination against any race or class of citi­ at a time of near despair for our side. zens by forced segregation, by no reasonable Tanks rolled by With near-frozen Gis to bring about artificial integration by interpretation does it compel integration. huddled on top. February 1. If a school is all white or all black because Black-faced, white-hooded gunners fired It is the timing which is so severe and of the racial character of the neighborhood, heavy weapons into thick naked forests. which has created such havoc and ill no discrimination exists and there is no General Patton lifted both arms high, will among the people of a State which ground for court intervention. clasped hands, and gestured in praise and I believe is one of the leaders in the Moreover, in adopting the Civil Rights Act encouragement at a group of wounded men Nation in honestly and sincerely meet­ of 1964, Congress wrote a specific prohibition crouched in an icy ditch. ing the very serious social problem of against integration for integration's sake. "Bravo!" suddenly called out a man sit­ Nothing in that law, it said, "shall empower ting directly in front of me at the cinema. school integration in our time. any official or court of the United States to "lls ne passeront pas!" (They shall not Boards wh1ch went to the courts with issue any order seeking to achieve a racial pass!) plans that were praised were not given balance in any school by requiring the trans­ "Bravo! Bravo!'• The whole audience was time to implement them. Children are portation of pupils from one school to an­ cheering. being uprooted, teachers are being sum­ other or one school district to another." "Bravo, Patton" called out a little boy, marily transferred, and the parents are Yet lower Federal courts have ignored the imitating his father and not knowing why. so frustrated and angry that they find law and so has the Supreme Court. This week Now, on screen, there were scenes of the it difficult to be reasonable. it refused to disturb an order of the Fifth American cemetery at Ardennes-rows and Circuit Court of Appeals rejecting neighbor­ rows of white crosses as far as the eye can The courts of this land can only oper­ hood attendance zones for the schools of see. Then came a close-up of the "Nuts" Mu­ ate as long as they have the respect and Indianola, Miss. seum in honor of General McAuliffe, who support of the people. This one action The court conceded the attendance zones sent the famous message "Nuts!" to a Nazi has done more to cause ill will than any were drawn without regard to race-but since commander demanding that the surrounded of which I know. It is the indifference they resulted in little integration the judges Americans surrender. with wh1ch children of an. races are be­ said some other plan must be used to elimin­ "Nuts!" called out a middle-aged Belgian ing treated that makes the situation ate segregation. woman sitting back of me. Governor Kirk asked the Cabinet yester­ "Nuts! Nuts!" went up a chorus of young so heartrending. day for advice on legal moves to seek a delay and old voices in the movie theater. We need the understanding and com­ of the Supreme Court order for Florida Again there were scenes on the screen passion of the people of this Nation. schools until next September. A delay would of exhausted, grim-faced Gls trudging along We have men of good will on our county be helpful; but it would not reach the basic in the snow, each step an heroic effort. school boards and officials who have problem. Again there was General Patton, urging made and will continue to make honest That problem is the indifference of the them on, calling out to them, putting an efforts to comply with the law of the Supreme Court to the realities of human re­ arm around a limping GI born With a black lations and the principles of law. It is a prob­ face. land. lem. which m.ust concern both Congress and Suddenly I felt m.y face. It was wet with In this instance, they have been dealt President NiXon. The President, by Judicial tears. a staggering blow of intolerance and in­ selection, and Congress, by legislation, should How good it was to be in a jam-packed difference. It is a sad situation and our seek to return a Constitutional compass to a movie theater at one in spirit with hundreds educational system is suffering because court which now seems to be guided by the of foreigners, no one of whom booed or of it. misty stars of social theory. jeered or made an obscene gesture at sight January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 725 of the American military and American flag voted with the party on nearly every Eisenhower signed S. 890 into Public Law and American generals-Patton, Eisenhower, issue. But these are surprising times: a 660. He said the bill, by providing federal Bradley, McAuliffe. Republican Governor in California tries grants to localities to pay part of the cost of "Si nous avons eu un si bon Reveillin, constructing sewage treatment works, went c'est du a lui," said a mother to her son to claim that he is a conservationist and beyond legislation he recommended. sitting next to me, as a close-up of the a Republican President tries to provide The 1956 amendments to the Water Pol­ Patton Memorial appeared on screen. ("If congressional leadership on conservation lution Control Act of 1948 (P.L. 845, 80th we had such a Happy New Year, it's due to but his own party does not follow. Congress) increased federal funds available him.") Conservation has become a life-and­ to states for development of water pollution Out in the narrow Brussels streets, as death issue, a bipartisan issue. Yet the control programs and authorized a maxi­ some Belgian friends and I walked home President who claims to be for conserva­ mum of $500 million to assist communities from the movies, I didn't mind the pene­ tion has just "realined" the Federal to build sewage treatment works. trating cold and snow blowing in my face. 1959 We had such a warm feeling of kinship and Water Pollution Control Administration exhilarating optimism, we who have lived and created a new post of Associate WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT through so much of the worst in life. Commissioner-and tilled that post with AMENDMENTS Going along single file on a cobbled, 16th the former deputy staff director of the H.R. 3610 was to subsidize the building of Century sidewalk not more than two feet U.S. Senate Republican policy com­ municipal sewage treatment plants, up to wide, we came face to face with a longhaired, mittee. In addition, in a news release of 30 % or $500,000 whichever is smaller. The bearded young hippie in a thick, swinging January 9, four regional directors of the total authorization was $100,000,000, twice cape and a bareheaded girl with long straight the previous authorization. The House re­ FWPCA were rotated-with only a few jected an amendment by Cramer (R-Fla.) to hair parted in the middle and an Indian days notice to them-anti the Great band around her forehead. require matching state funds. "Conformistes ignorants et irresponsab­ Lakes region post, which has had an On Amendment-A nay vote is a vote for les," commented a French newspaper re­ excellent and devoted expert director conservation: porter. "Next to a Patton-zero!" since 1956-is left vacant. A leadership Cramer Amendment, June 9: It seems there is in this international city post in the most polluted area of the Yeas: of Brussels a not-so-silent majority. country is left vacant. Democrats ------29 It is my hope that in the future, Mr. Republicans ------127 Speaker, more Republican support will THE FAILURE OF THE REPUBLICAN be given for pollution control and con­ Total yeas------156 PARTY ON CONSERVATION IS­ servation. In the meantime, the Demo­ Nays: SUES cratic Party will, I am confident, be the Democrats ------227 party concerned for the American en­ Republicans ------13 HON. CHARLES A. YANIK vironment. The vote record on major conserva­ Total nays ------240 01' OHIO tion issues for the period 1956 through Final Vote on H.R. 3610: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1969 is as follows: Yeas: Wednesday, January 21, 1970 1956 Democrats ------187 Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, tomorrow, WATER POLLUTION Republicans ------27 the President will address the Nation. He May 21: The House Public Works Sub­ will imply that he and his party are the committee (Rivers & Harbors) reported a Total yeas ------228 bill to strengthen the Water Pollution Con­ Nays: party of conservation. trol Act. H.R. 9540 authorized $5 million in But obviously, if the President calls each fiscal (1957-1961) to states and inter­ Democrats ------28 f

Final vote on H.R. 5786, June 10: INTERIOR FUNDS 1967 Yeas: H.R. 14215-Some provisions were: Na­ H.R. 9029 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATION Democrats ------198 tional Park Service, $118,068,800; Ofiice of The appropriation was 1,256,365,350, which Republicans ------80 Water Resources Research, $6,894,000; Indian was 95% of the executive request. There was Health Activities, •73,671,000; Land and a proposal to recommit by Bow (B.-Ohio) Total yeas ------278 Water COnservation Fund, $110,000,000; For­ with instructions to make a 5% across-the­ Nays: est Service, $780,000. board cut. The blll was passed later that day, Democrats ------14 By a 157-233 roll call-vote, the House de­ 6/ 12. A nay vote on recommittal is a vote for Repua>licans ------68 feated a motion by Representative Frank conservation funds. Bow to recommit the blll to the Appropria­ Total nays------82 tions Committee with instructions to re­ Recommittal: 1962 quire an overall five per cent cut In spending Yeas: LABOR-HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE FUNDS by agencies covered by tl1e b111. A nay vO'te is Democrats ------24 a vote for conservation. Republicans ------134 In bill H.R. 10904, the House Appropria­ Total yeas------158 tions COmmittee endorsed the President's Yeas: Nays: February 27 Health Message proposal for a Democrats ------30 Democrats ------192 Joint government-Industry effort to solve air Republicans ------127 Republicans ------39 pollution and added one million dollars for Nays: Total nays------231 an .11,069,000 total for research in air pol­ Democrats ------227 Blll: lution. It also added one million dollars to Republicans ------6 Yeas: funds for studying water supply and water EsruARY PRESERVATION Democrats ------214 pollution control, declaring that "more needs The House on October 3 rejected by a 209- Republicans ------163 to be done than can be accomplished with Total yeas------377 the budget request ($28.6 million) ... 108 roll call the Adminlstration-backed blll Nays: The House on March 27 passed H.R. 10904, (H.R. 13477) to authorize the Secretary of amended, by voice vote. Prior to passage, the the Interior to select and preserve certain Democrats ------0 areas surrounding estuaries. It established a Republicans ------11 House rejected by a 24 to 373 vote, a motion Total nays------11 by Representative August Johansen (R­ National System of Estuarine Areas, which Mlchigan) to recommit the bill. A nay vote was to include Federal, state, and local areas 1968 Js a vote for conservation. which the Secretary determined needed pro­ H.R. 17354 INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPBOPJLIATION tection. Most of the opposition came from The appropriation was 1,415,789,300 which Yeas: Republicans. A %rd's vote was needed under was 90% of the executive request. A motion Democrats ------1 suspension of the Rules. to recommit by Rumsfeld (R-ID.) with in­ Republicans ------23 Yeas: structions to limit expenditures to 1,383,- Nays: 432,068 was offered. The bill was passed the Democrats ------231 Democrats ------175 Republicans ------34 same day, 6/ 11. Republicans ------142 Nays: 1963 Recommittal: Democrats ------31 Yeas: Am POLLUTION CONTROL Republlcans ------77 Democrats ------30 H.R. 6518, ·Air Pollution Control, to replace WOLF TRAP PARJ.I,l PARK Republicans ------144 the 1955 Act. H.R. 6518 increased funds from s. 3423-P.L. 89-671 establlshed under the Total 174 $5 milUon per year to $25 million for 1965 Nays: yeas------to $30 milllon for 1966 and to $35 million National Park Service, a cultural center and for 1967. A motion to recommit the bill by recreation area at Wolf Trap Farm in Fair­ Democrats ------178 fax County, Virglnla. It was the first Na­ Republicans ------29 Representative Harvey (R-Indiana) was de­ Total nays------207 feated by 29-41 in a standing vote. The bill tional park to be devoted primarily to the performing arts. The House, prior to passing Bill: was passed on November 7; a Conference ver­ Yeas: sion was passed on December 10, 1963. the blll October 10, had rejected it Septem­ ber 19 by a 195-105 roll call-vote-again un­ Democrats ------207 Blll passage, November 7, 1963: der suspension of the Rules, requiring a Republicans ------157 Yeas: Total yeas------364 %rd'svote. Nays: Democrats ------206 Yeas: ltepublicans ------67 Democrats ------0 Total yeas------273 Democrats ------153 Republicans ------14 Nays: Republicans ------42 Total nays------14 Democrats ------10 Nays: 1969 ~pubUcans ------92 Democrats ------46 H.B. 14159 (DATE! 1o-8-69) WATER POLLUTION TotaJ DUly&------102 Republicans ------59 CONTROL APPBOP&L\TlON Conference passage, December 10, 1963: PICTURED ROCKS NATIONAL LAKESHORE The vote in this case was on the previous Yeas: (H.R. 8678-P.L. 89-668) This bill provided question, which if approved, would prevent Democrats ------204 for a 67,000 acre park along the south share an amendment to raise the appropriation of Lake Superior. Republicans ------69 !rom $600 m1lllon to its full authorization of Total yeas------273 The House passed the blll September 19 by $1 billion. a 248-70 roll call vote: Nays: Yeas: Democrats ------15 Yeas: Democrats ------92 Republicans ------94 Democrats ------206 Republicans ------123 Total nays------109 Republicans ------42 Total yeas------215 1966 Nays: Nays: LABOR-HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE FUNDS Democrats ------10 Democrats ------135 H.R. 14745--Some provisions were: Envi­ Republlcans ------60 Republicans ------52 ronmental health services, $24,298,000; Air INDIANA DUNES LAKESHORE Total nays------187 pollution control, $35,561,000; Federal Water "Congress in 1966 climaxed one of the A Nay vote WM a vote tor conservation. Pollution Control Administration, $233,063,- most emotional battles in the 50-year his­ 000. tory of the National Parks System" by passing There was a motion by Representative Bow a bill (S. 360 P.L. 89-761) creating the In­ to recommit the blll to the Appropriations diana Dunes National Lakeshore along 13 Committee with instructions to amend it to miles of Lake Michigan shorefront. ARROGANCE OF THE PEACENIKS limit the expenditures for agencies and pro­ The House passed H.R. 51 by a 204-141 roll grams funded by H.R. 14745 to 95 per cent call vote: of the total expenditures estimated in the HON. H. R. GROSS Yeas: 1967 Budget for these programs. The motion OF IOWA was rejected by a 143-236 vote. A nay vote Democrats ------187 is a vote for conservation. Republicans ------17 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Nays: Yeas: Wednesday, January 21, 1970 Democrats ------45 Democrats ------35 Republicans ------96 Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker I am pleased Republicans ------108 Nays: By voice vote the House then substituted to report that in retirement, our former Democrats ------216 the provisions of H.R. 51 for those of S. 360, colleague, the Honorable August E. Jo­ Republicans ---.:--;------20 passed S. 360, and returned it to the Senate. hansen, continues to take an active in- Janua'ry 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 727 terest in the problems with which our claim demand, or take that which belongs to In the 1969 FBI Annual Report, Mr. Hoover Nation is confronted. another.•.. The arrogant person takes up­ says: on himself more power or authority than is "Several SDS leaders publicly identified With justifiable pride, his daughter, rightly his." themselves as revolutionary communists. The Mrs. Judy Rush, recently provided me What began as passing curiosity became SDS openly espouses the overthrow of our with the text of an address my good the central theme of this presentation. institutions of free society (called the 'Estab­ friend delivered on Veterans Day, No­ (As an interesting footnote, I should com­ lishment') through violent revolutionary vember 11, 1969, before the Winter Park, ment that the editor of the book I consulted action." Fla., University Club. was a former Professor of English and Speech Thus David DelUnger, one of the eight It is a fine speech, and I am glad to at San Francisco State College. If he ever (now seven) defendants in Federal Judge finds time or opportunity to prepare a revised Hoffman's Court, SDS leader, MOBE chair­ have an opportunity to share it with my edition of his book on synonyms, he will man, and a key figure in the NEW MOBE, colleagues-particularly those who had bring unusual and totally new credentials has declared: "I am a communist, but I am the honor, as I did, of serving with this to the subject of arrogance and arrogating. not the Soviet-type communist." distinguished American. The speech This gentleman is probably the outstanding There has been, also, an increasing open­ follows: single leader on the front line of the mortal ness of revolutionary advocacy with respect ARROGANCE OF THE PEACENIKS struggle against the forces of revolutionary to specific activities or objectives. Another arrogance and usurpation. His name? Dr. S. SDS leader and co-defendant with Dellinger Doubtless it can be attributed to a harden­ I. Hayakawa, battle-scarred, brilliant and is Rennie Davis. Speaking at a rally in Grant ing of the arteries-and of my own preju­ courageous President of San Francisco State Park, Chicago, August 28 of this year, he dices-but I still prefer to think of this his­ College.) said: toric date of November 11 as Armistice Day. To put it in simplest terms, then, arrogance "The reason we are here tonight is to try I have an incorrigible addiction to the is primarily an attitude; arrogation is an ac­ to figure out how we can get the kind of goal of victory in war, and for me Armistice tion word. Arrogation is activated, imple­ mutiny that Company A started in South Day, 1918, remains a shining symbol of such mented arrogance-it is arrogance at work. VietNam and spread it to every army base, victory. And it is about both the attitude of ar­ every high school and every community in Certainly that armistice was a true "cease­ rogance, the overbearing egotism of the con­ the country." fire." It was •not unilateral. And it worked. temporary American revolutionist, and the Bernardine Dohrn, inter-organizational Sometimes it seems that our Oommunist effort a.t usurpation, the attempt to trans­ secretary of the SDS, is quoted, in a report enemies are the sole remaining, practicing late that attitude into "more power or au­ in "New Left Notes" on an SDS delegation adherents to the Douglas MacArthur doc­ thority than is rightly his," which is produc­ conference with North Vietnam representa­ trine that in war there is no substitute for ing audacious and all-too-successful ventures tives in Cuba, as pledging "to open another victory. Every pronouncement the enemy in arrogation, (it is about these) that I speak front in the United States ..• to speed up makes reatnrms the goal of total victory-a today. complete defeat of U.S. forces" in VietNam. total propaganda, diplomatic, political and/ This analysis and appraisal of the contem­ And Martin Jay, teaching fellow in social or military victory. porary revolutionaries is presented under two science at Harvard's School of General Edu­ I have no quarrel with so-called Vietnami­ main headings, as already intimated: cation, Harvard University, told the Fifth zation of the war, providing this is not a se­ I. Arrogance in attitude and approach-'­ Annual Conference of Socialist Scholars, in mantic disguise for peace at any price or Which, inevitably and increasingly, moves September of this year: haste at any cost. But I see little point or beyond that to "Our movement is a movement which, in purpose in Vietnamization if its objective II. Arrogance in action which, of course, effect, is a total break with America." is anything less than victory-victory in the is arrogation or usurpation. Even in 1964, during my last year on the sense of successful resistance to Communist By way of a necessarily condensed docu­ House Committee on Un-American Activi­ takeover. mentation, I propose to offer three categories ties, the new and arrogant openness of the Do not misunderstand my reference to of illustrations and examples under each of new breed of revolutionaries was becoming Armistice Day. I do not begrudge designation these two headings. evident. It is an ominous sign of the times. of November 11 also as Veterans' Day. But 1. The first evidence of the revolutionaries' 2. A second current phenomenon is the the richly merited tribute to those gallant arrogance in attitude and approach is found arrogance of obscenity and vituperation, the men and women who have served their Na­ in the steadily increasing openness of their hate technique. tion in time of war is most appropriate, it activity and advocacy. Talk about arrogance being a synonym of seems to me, when it is linked with an event This openness is really the newest thing "overbearing"! symbolic of their dedication to victory. about the New Left. Sometimes it seems as Public documentation of this form of ar­ My topic for today, "Arrogance of the though it is carried to the point of cockiness. rogance, by all the rules of decency, has to Peaceniks," is prompted by both long-term For example: be very much condensed, censored is the and immediate developments: (1) Revolu­ In the October, 1966 issue of the FBI Law proper word. tionary activities of recent years in this Enforcement Bulletin, Director J. Edgar Unfortunately the public-men and country--on the campuses, in the streets, and Hoover described SDS as "a militant youth women alike--are increasingly being ex­ at focal points of governmental operations; group which receives support from the Com­ posed to this tactic. and (2) the newest round of so-called anti­ munist Party and which in turn supports I'm talking, of course, about the v11lifica­ war protests scheduled for later this week. Communist objectives and tactics." tion of police as pigs ... the bombardment These include mass demonstrations in Wash­ Just a week later, the omcial SDS news­ of a U.S. District Judge in open court with ington, D.C. sponsored by NEW MOBE (the paper, "New Left Notes," ran an article con­ such epithets as "liar," "fascist dog," "rot­ New Mobilization Committee to End the War taining this statement: ten low life." in Vietnam), a unique, radical united front "Well, for once J. Edgar Hoover is right. But I have in mind other, unprintable, un­ of more than a dozen Old and New Left or­ There are some communists in SDS. Every quotable epithets directed at the Judge. ganizations, including both the Communist regular reader of 'New Left Notes' must be I have in mind the lead sentences of a Party USA and the Students for a Democratic fully aware of that fact, and he must also news story by a woman staff writer for the Society. know that some of these communists have Washington Post in the newspaper's Sun­ Perhaps a more appropriate title for these openly admitted their membership in both day, June 1, 1969, issue, and I quote: remarks would be "Arrogance of the Revolu­ organizations . . . SDS is an open organiza­ " ' ... or get off the pot.' tionaries," or "Arrogance of the New Left," tion which welcomes all who seek for solu­ "The full, obscene demand was shouted as you may well conclude after you hear me tion to the problems of our day." out. I say this because I intend to talk about over a seized microphone last Sunday night the broad spectrum of revolutionary leader­ No doubt clandestine conspiratorial activ­ as more than 5,000 of the Nation's social ship and activities, rather than about the ity persists, but there has been a dramatic welfare leaders convened to hear an opening anti-war aspect exclusively. switch from the covert to the overt. Presum­ address by their president." ably this new arrogance of openness is a This "invasion" occurred in the grand Let me also say something about the first necessary price of staging open violence on ballroom of the New York Hilton at the Na­ word of my announced topic-"Arrogance." the campus and in the streets. tional Conference on Social Welfare annual From the outset of my preparation of these Perhaps it is also the measure of the New forum. There was a three-hour confrontation remarks I had wondered about the connec­ Left's confidence in its strength and success. that night and when delegates undertook tion in meaning, if any, between the noun And not only the New Left. Gus Hall, sec­ to walk out en masse they found exits "Arrogance" and the verb "to arrogate." For­ retary of the Communist Party, U.S.A.­ blocked by pickets. Harrassment continued tunately, !rom my standpoint at least, I pur­ openly branded a square by some of the for three remaining, turbulent days . . • sued this point early in my efforts. exuberant crop of new revolutionaries-has Upshot of this pressure tactic by the mili­ I consulted "A Modern Guide to Syno­ recently said: "Fronts are things of the tants was approval of a $35,000 contribution nyms," published in 1968. My curiosity was past-we don't need them." And he added: to pay the way for 250 "poor" to attend next promptly and most effectively satisfied. "Ar­ "We've got the DuBois Clubs, the Student year's conference in Chicago where a similar rogance" is synonymous with "overbearing,'' Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, the confrontation has already been "promised", an attitude prompted by "an exaggerated Students for a Democratic Society. We have according to the news report. sense of self." To "arrogate" is to "usurp." them going for us and they are not fronts in I have in mind the confrontation at And then the clincher: "Arrogate means to the usual sense of the word." George Washington University in April dur- 728 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 ing SDS seizure and occupancy of the In­ fldence in the constructive power of tearing it is done by a mob, seeking for exa-mple, to stitute for Sino-Soviet Studies, accompa­ things down." extort reparations for past wrongs, real or nied by demands for termination of thiS James Forman and the Black Manifesto alleged, rather than by government? (Inci­ and other government supported activities adopted by the National Black Economic dentally these guarantees are part of the on the university campus. Development Conference in Detroit last April revolutionaries' favorite Amendment-the This particular episode involves a per­ reveal not only a g<>al of "reparations" finan­ Fifth). sonal friend of mine, the University vice cially but Black seizure of state power . • • I think the point is adequately made. It president for student affairs. ms late father "total control of the U.S." The U.S., it ls de­ underscores the ominous answer given a was a Washington attorney and one of my cla.red, "is the most barbaric country in the panel member on "Face the Nation" (CBS most loyal supporters and advisers during world and we have a chance to help bring television program May 11) by SDS Secretary my ten years in Congress. IDs grandfather this government down." Klonsky. Klonsky was asked, apropos of radi­ was a predecessor of mine in the U.S. House Total control, it is added, means placing cals arming themselves, ''whether my home of Representatives from the Third District "the total means of production . . . into the is going to be safe." of Michigan. hands of the state for the welfare of all the His answer: When this University official gave notice people." As for any other details of "the type "It depends on what side you take. If you to the group of sit-in trespassers that an of world we want to Uve ln", reliance is to be think you have got something to protect In injunction would be served upon them 1! placed exclusively on the plea that once in the society-if you think you have got a stake they failed to vacate within 15 minutes, the control "we (the Blacks) must exercise the in being white, for example--then it might mob's response was an incredibly vicious humanity which is inherent in us." not be so safe." and obscene blast. Here, as with the SDS, the silence and the (Mr. Klonsky, I hasten to add, is not­ An excerpt from an SDS underground pub­ vague generalities add up to a demand for a repeat not-a black man.) lication, boasting of this vile outburst blank check of acquiescence-voluntary or 2. Revoluntary arrogation involves a literal appears in printed hearings of the House In­ enforced. usurpation of legislative power and authority ternal Security Committee, titled "Investi­ I am reminded of the familiar advertising and exercise of an extra-legal and illegal veto gation of Students for a Democratic slogan of a prominent American transporta­ power. Society:• tion system-and I apologize for paraphasing Civil disobedience is, itself, just such an This House document is replete with other it: "Go Communist and leave the driving to arrogation. And so is mob-imposed abolition SDS articles from which similar obscenities us.'' of voluntary ROTC; physical disruption of have been deleted and the footnote added: There is no greater arrogance of attitude selective service operations; violent preven­ "The deleted word appears in original ex­ and approach than this demand for blind tion of military or industrial recrulting; and, hibit retained in committee tiles.'' In the and stupid faith: Smash whatever is, and with respect to local government and legisla­ instance of the exhibit I have just cited, pre­ trust the future to us. tive powers, this quaint phrase, "OFF the sumably through oversight, the deletion was Make no mistake about it . . . these rev­ Pig", which, being translated means. pre­ not made. olutionaries are not only against the govern­ vention by force or coerci<>n of police train­ Ing courses on campus, one of the current AI Capp, in recent testimony before the ment-they intend to become the govern­ ment. SDS demands. Incitement to mutiny, to de­ McClellan Committee of the Senate, refer­ sertion, even to physical attacks on superior ring to similar overbearing obscenity ob­ Forget the horse!eathers about a genera­ served that it involves- tion gap. Target of this arrogance is not we military officers, overt interference with de­ old fuddy-duds but today's youth and the fense research contracts-is clear usurpation "(A) new and most cowardly form of bru­ or frustration of the Constitutional mandate tality-because you can't show the scars they next and succeeding generations of citizen. To oonvey this understanding to this cate­ to Congress to "raise and support" the na­ lnfiict on your manhood or your reverence tion's armed forces. for your mother in court, and collect dam­ gory of Americans ls the best hope and promise possible that these tyrannical am­ Even the Constitutional responsibility of ages ..." the House and Senate, respectively, to im­ And in referring to the obscene, vitupera­ bitions will be defeated. Enough about arrogance in attitude and peach and try a President has been arrogated tive, hate vocabulary of the revolutionaries, to themselves by the revolutionaries. Don't I have in mind the Rennie Davis speech al­ approach. More ominous than what the revolution­ take my word for it. Take the testimony and ready quoted. This speech is published by the solmen warnings of a Dean Acheson or the indomitable Alice Wagner in "U.S.A." and aries say Is what they have done and are doing . • . their arrogrance in action-ac­ columnl.st David Broder. And take the boast­ contains a reference by Davis to the SDS in­ ings of revolutionaries themselves. sistence on a program which "kicks the--­ tion which, in 1968, included major disrup­ Acheson has denounced the ••habit of de­ of every Hayakawa, every Reagan, every Nixon tions on some 225 campuses. Here we get stroying Presidents" and warned that "we're every Daley in this country.'' down to cases in the arrogance of arroga­ tion, of usurpation, of taking power and going to have a. major constitutional crisis" I recall the eloquent plea before a Wash­ lf we persist in this habit. ington church group of the liberal Washing­ authority not rightfully or lawfully theirs. Broder's judgment is that "it is becoming ton Post editor, J. R. Wiggins in February. Here I can offer only two or three broad more obvious with every passing day that the 1968 for both majorities and minorities to propositions--generalizations, however, for men and the m<>vement that broke Lyndon extend "to each other that decent deference which you and I can fill in the specifics of B. Johnson's authority in 1968 are out to and toleration without which no society of actual happenings which continue to this break Richard M. Nixon in 1969"-with this origins as diverse as ours can long survive." hour. most important dUierence; that Johnson was The revolutionaries' overbearing arrogance 1. Freedom out of hand, the license of the broken at the end of his term whereas now of obscenity and vituperation has no place, revolutionaries and their mobs, can match, the attempt 1s to break the President within obviously, for such bourgeois concepts as and has matched, any of the potential ex­ the first year of his administra.tion. "decent deference and toleration." cesses and abuses of government out of Broder further makes very clear he ls not hand-the very excesses and abuses the Con­ 3. My final "exhibit" under the heading of talkiDg about legitimate dissent but about stitution and B1ll of Rights forbid to gov­ "mass movements aimed at breaking the "arrogance in attitude and approach," I de­ ernment. scribe 48 uthe arrogance of the blank-check President by destroying his capacity to lead Are the guarantees of freedom of speech the nation or to represent it at the bargain­ demand." and peaceable assembly any less abrogated In an interview published in the Feb. 24, ing table." when it ls done by mobs than when it ls done The conclusion drawn by Mr. Broder 1s that 1969 U.S. News & World Report, Dr. Hayakawa by government? Ask, I suggest, Robert Mc­ said:, the president-breakers, the "Nixon-next" Namara, driven from the speaker's dais at lynchers I would call them. should either put "Insofar as the white revolutionaries are Harvard; or pundit Jimmy Reston at New up or shut up by resort-if their convictions concerned-the SDS-it is becoming increas­ York University; or Mayor Alioto of San or objectives so dictate-to an effort to Im­ ingly clear by their record over the past few Francisco at George Washington University peach him. years they simply want to destroy for the early this spring. I'm sure this suggestion evokes no en­ sake of destruction. In their view this so­ Are the safeguards against "unreasonable thusiasm from the president-breakers. Look ciety is thoroughly corrupt and hypocritical. searches and seizures" or the "right of the who they'd be getting 1! this procedure and deserves to be 'blown apart'. When you people to be secure in their persons, houses, worked! (I say that, I hasten to add, with ask: 'What kind of society would you like papers and effects" any less abrogated when no purpose of derogatl.ng the able and cou­ to see in its place?' they answer vaguely or It is done by revolutionary mobs than when rageous Spiro Agnew.) are silent." It ls done by officials or agents of govern­ With the mounting evidence of arrogation J. Edgar Hoover has said of the New Left: ment? Ask college deans and presidents of of legislative powers by the revolutionaries, "Their chief aim ••• is to destroy, anni­ scores of universities whose offices have been perhaps Congresswoman Edith Green of Ore­ hilate." seized, papers stolen or destroyed, waste­ gon now better understands the full import Willlam A. Stanmeyer, associate professor baskets filled with human excrement, and of the arrogant answer she received from of law at Georgetown University, describing they themselves held hostage. militant student leaders when she invited the "ideological criminals" of the violent New Is the citizen, as an individual or as a them to testify at a congressional hearing on Left. whose heroes are Che, Mao and Lenin, m~ber of a church, a welfare workers' con­ campus unrest. That answer, which Mrs. says he is "driven by a vision ..• (a vision) ference. medical convention or a bankers as­ Green found incredibly shocking, was, 1n her that his destructive action will bring about sociation, any lesB deprived of life, liberty or words: a better world" ••• (He has) blind. con- property without due process of law becaU$e "They informed me that 1t they accepted January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 729 the invitation it would indicate they recog­ :O.exlbility rather than to specialization, since many countries and that the results of man­ nized the legitimacy of Congress.'' rapid changes in technology affect skills and power planning have an observable impact 3. The third form of arrogance by arroga­ occupations at all levels. Adjustments to do on the development of vocational education. tion and usurpation is, of course, in the job changes will be easier if young people More specifically, it is hypothesized that an crucial area of foreign policy. It is not just have an education which enables them to economic reform, characterized by an in­ being talked about by the revolutionaries-it learn new skills rapidly, and to develop an creasing demand in the labor market for is being actively exercised. Its manifestations understanding of modern science and tech­ workers with greater cognitive abilities and are many-the mass demonstrations; the nology as a part of their training. a lessening demand for manipulative skills, campus moratoria; the overt assurances, di­ A central and vital challenge to vocational has a particular impact on vocational edu­ rect and indirect, to enemy representatives education is that it "stay in tune" with the cation. This impact is manifested in voca­ of plans for "staging a series of turbulent labor market needs and requirements of to­ tional education becoming a more integrated massive disturbances" specifically designed to day and tomorrow. Basic to this challenge put of the total system of public education, aid the enemy; the enthusiastic reception by being met is the availability of a system of with an accompanying increase in emphasis domestic militants of exhortations of North occupational analysis and manpower plan­ on other than formal skill training as well Vietnamese leaders "to pool your efforts in ning that provides the kinds of information as a tendency to offer more vocational edu­ achieving great success in the fall struggle needed. cation programs at a post-seoondary level. phase" and the enemy plea for "active and This impact is assumed to be particularly massive participation of the American youths Because Congress will be considering observable when a society moves into ad­ and students in this fall struggle legislation to improve our manpower vanced stages of economic and technological movement.'' planning and policy during the coming development. This brazen arrogation of diplomatic au­ year, I commend this article to my col­ MANPOWER PLANNING thority is typified by the role assumed by, leagues. Vocational education and man­ General considerations and permitted to, revolutionaries or their to counsel to negotiate with the enemy in Paris power policy have a reciprocal role As a practice in various nations, the man­ or in Hanoi over possible release of American play in the development of our economy power planning concept is a relatively new war prisoners. This procedure reached an and an understanding of the function of one. Economists for some time have ad­ ultimate of outrage and indecency the other each will, I think, prove valuable in the vocated it on behalf of furthering the devel­ day when Communist spokesmen in Paris work ahead. At this point I would like to opment of the economy, and many suggest bluntly told wives of American prisoners that include the complete text of Mr. Ristau's the need for relating it to education for the if they hoped to see their husbands again article, "Manpower Planning and Voca­ total well-being of the nation. they should "go back home and join the in In the United States, a report on a recent demonstrations." tional Education" which appeared the Princeton Manpower Symposium concluded Through all this the revolutionaries have August 1969 edition of the Delta Pi Ep­ that manpower planning was necessary for reserved their venom for those who, like Vice silon Journal: the effective development and full utilization President Agnew, have ventured to suggest MANPOWER PLANNING AND VOCATIONAL EDu­ of the nation's human resources.2 Following that American peaceniks repudiate the CATION-A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RE­ extensive testimony in 1965 before a subcom­ blandishments and the blackmail and SPONSE TO AN ECONOMIC REFORM BY Vo­ mittee of the U.S. Senate, the Symposium unprecedented intervention in American CATIONAL EDUCATION IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES chairman reported: "We are coming to the debate and decision-making. (By Robert A. Ristau) 1 time when we shall have to engage in some Let all true Americans, including the silent of the same long-range national planning majority which is becoming increasingly (ABSTRACT.-A vital challenge to vocational and coordination which nearly all of the na­ vocal and articulate, face the facts about education is that it reflect labor market tions of Western Europe have adopted since the revolutionaries and their arrogance of at­ needs of today and tomorrow. Manpower the end of World War II.'' In analyzing the titude and approach and their catatrophic planning systems, operational in many coun­ situation in partially developed countries, arrogance of arrogation. tries today, provide needed information and Harbison and Myers noted a "widespread con­ And let these Americans-aU Americans­ have an impact on the development of vo­ sciousness of the need" for rapid economic heed the warning and sustain the valiant cational education.) development, yet they say "no clear-cut stand of the President of the United States: Vocational education 1s characterized by strategy for achieving it." "As President of the United States, I would programs of education and training which Even when manpower planning systems are be untrue to my oath of omce if I allowed have as their primary ebjective the prepar­ operative, problems are inherent in provid­ the policy of this nation to be dictated by the ing of young people for entrance into the ing the kind of information which permits minority who . . . attempt to impose it on labor market. Although in some circles vo­ manpower needs to relate to education. the nation by mounting demonstrations in cational education may be relegated in con­ Parnes, in discussing the relation of occupa­ the street. cept to basic programs in farming and to tional and educational qualifications, cites "For almost 200 years, the policy of this shop-type courses which teach only manual the problem of the heterogeneity of occupa­ nation has been made under our Constitu­ skills, in other circles it may be associated tional classification. He explains that "once tion by those leaders in the Congress and in with high-prestige and technical occupa­ one moves outside of the relatively few oc­ the White House who were elected by all the tions. cupations for which there are legal educa­ people. If a vocal minority, however fervent Vocational education historically has been tional requirements, it becomes very difficult its cause, prevails over reason and the will of associated with public systems of schooling, indeed to establish rigid links between edu­ the majority, this nation has no future as a yet there has been some controversy con­ cation and occupations." Often manpower in­ free society." cerning the extent to which the private busi­ formation is quantitative rather than quali­ ness and industrial sector should provide its tative and falls short of the education plan­ own training. Another common concern is ner's expectations. Harbison and Myers point_ MANPOWER PLANNING AND with the extent to which all students in out that the conversion of occupational re­ VOCATIONAL EDUCATION public schools should be served by vocational quirements into educational requirements is education, although it is also generally recog­ one of the most perplexing problems in man­ nized that most forms of basic and general power analysis. They further point out that HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER education contribute to the development of the relationship of occupations to educa­ OF WISCONSIN competences needed by beginning workers. tional levels varies from one country to an­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In this discussion, vocational and techni­ other and that frequently the manpower cal education will be considered as a single Wednesday, January 21, 1970 analyst must rely on judgment rather than program and will be treated as a program precise data. A report on the economics of Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. of education and training which specifically manpower planning in India states that man­ Robert Ristau, program administrator provides a preparation for a wide range of power planning and educational planning occupations and operates within the public should be closely related but they seldom are. for vocational education of the Wiscon­ school system. sin Department of Public Instruction, has A central and vital challenge to vocational Efforts in various countries written an excellent article on the im­ education is that it "stay in tune" with the In spite of the dimculties involved, man­ portance of manpower policy in the de­ labor market needs and requirements of to­ power planning efforts, both formal and in­ velopment of vocational education. day and tomorrow. Basic to this challenge formal, have provided educational planners Mr. Ristau has reviewed the imple­ being met is the availability of a system of with certain kinds of data that have been of mentation of vocational education sys­ occupational analysis and manpower plan­ use to them. Through a variety ·of working tems in several foreign countries and in ning that provides the kinds of information relationships with employment security bu­ the United States. He notes that: needed. reaus, ministries of labor, and various na- It is the premise of this paper that man­ As society tends to advance technologically, power planning systems a.re operational in demand for manipUlative, sklll-based opera­ 2 Frederick H. Harbison and Joseph D. tions decreases, and demand increases for Mooney (eds.). Critical Issues in Employ­ workers With broader backgrounds of knowl­ 1 Mr. Ristau is Program Administrator for ment Policy, A .Report of the Princeton Man­ edge and skill. In advanced countries, Edu­ Vocational Education of the Wisconsin De­ power Symposium, May 1966 (New Jersey; cation and training tend to be geared to partment of Publlc Instruction. Princeton University Press, 1966), p. vii. 730 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Janua'ry 21, 1970 tional and international economic groups, United States Secretary of Labor, Willard vocational education programs within the as well as through advisory committees with Wirtz, reporting before the Clark Subcom­ total general public education program. Voca­ which vocational educators have traditional· mittee, referred to the shift away from un­ tional education programs become more ly worked, critical areas of employment skilled jobs, with virtually all occupations broadly oriented to clusters or families of needs, demands, and expectations have been which provide expanding employment oppor­ occupations and generally become more flexi­ made known. Dr. Walter Arnold, formerly tunities requiring "long periods of education ble in nature. The relationship between man­ the United States Office of Education's As· and formal training." Much of this reform is power demands and requirements and the ex­ sistant Commissioner for Vocational-Tech· related to developments in automation, and tension of compulsory education can be ob­ nical Education, wrote that a good m-aster Childs Killingsworth testified that "the effect served in various educational and manpower plan permits vocational education to be re­ of automation on jobs is to reduce greatly planning reports. vised when significant changes occur in the the number of simple repetitive jobs where Harbison and Myers observe a heavy com­ labor market, in industrial development, and all you need is your five senses and an un­ mitment by advanced countries to educa­ in other aspects of the economy. Dr. Grant trained mind." tion. They note that education and training Venn, currently an Associate Commissioner Dr. Grant Venn issued a plea for greater tend to be geared to flexibility rather than to of Education in the United States Office of flexibility in the total program of vocational specialization, since rapid changes in tech­ Education, states that "no longer can man­ education in the United States. He notes that nology affect skills and occupations at all power needs or manpower preparation be the former emphasis on blue-collar operative levels. They further note that in western considered apart from the n ational problem. and skilled tradesmen has given way to a countries and in post-war Japan is a convic­ Education and work have become directly "new technology which has led us into a fur­ tion that broadly trained people may be more related and inter-dependent on a national ther state of work activity in which the effective participants in an advanced indus­ soale. Kazamais, reviewing educational devel­ emphasis on manipulative powers has shifted trial society. opment in Greece, noted that economic de­ to an emphasis on cognitive powers." A basic objective in the general change velopment plans and manpower studies and Analyses of work requirements in other pattern in vocational education is that of reports by foreign experts stressed educa­ advanced te<:hnological societies produce sim­ providing flexibility in the training of grad­ tion's role in economic growth and devel­ iliar kinds of observations. Economists and uates who be<:ome entrants into the labor opment, and education as a form of invest­ labor representatives viewing the situation in market. Harbison and Myers observe that ment. A coordinated manpower planning the U.S.S.R. make many references to the adjustments to job changes will be easier if program has been developed in Egypt, and general trend toward less manual labor as young people have an education which en­ manpower planning which involves both automation in industry increases. The Inter­ ables them to learn new skills rapidly and to economic planning and educational plan­ national Labour Organisation in its study of develop an understanding of modern science ning has recently evolved in Latin America. the Soviet metal-working industry observed and technology as a part of their training. In Nigeria, an economic development report, great need for developing theoretical knowl­ Testimony before the Clark Sub-committee known as "The Ashby Study," served as "a edge, for enlarging the scope of knowledge in the United States reflected on the demand guide for the educational development pro­ application, and for stressing the mental for a higher level of educational attainment gramme" which was drawn up coordinately component of work. and an accompanying need to have voca­ with the report. In India, manpower plan­ In England, it is observed that intellectual tional education in the mainstream of edu­ ning is cited as a relatively recent concept, powers wlll be in increasing demand in the cation. Support was also given to the develop­ but it is pointed out that it complements the skilled manpower labor market. It is further ment of vocational education at the post­ generally accepted concept of economic plan­ cited that in the United Kingdom the tech­ high school level and for expanded programs ning, with quality of the work force now nological advance is bringing about a decline of continued education for persons in all being given as much attention as the quan­ in the emphasis on "physical strength and occupations. tity of labor required. A system of commit­ purely manual skill" and that it is necessary The Fifteenth International Conference tees on technical education in France "per• for workers to develop skills in the use of on Education held in Geneva in 1962 showed mits the adaptation of vocational training words and figures. In Sweden, it is cited that a tendency to give gradually more importance to real needs on the local as well as the na­ technical progress and a changing economic to scientific and technical education at an tional scale. It is reported that in Brazil structure have brought with them an in­ advanced level, with a view to satisfying the there is a "national plan for vocational edu­ creasing demand for qualified workers with growth demands for qualified personnel in cation intimately linked to the country's a good educational background. A manpower industry. economic development"; and in Yugoslavia, report for Japan states "technological change The United States u is true in many nations with a highly cen­ has created a demand for a new type of tech­ The United States, one of the most ad­ tralized form of governmental control, there nicians and skilled workers" with an em­ vanced nations in terms of technological and is an orientation of the educational system to phasis on higher levels of education and economic development, has historically given the requirements of national planning for training. In Poland, changing emphasis in federal legislative support to vocational edu­ the Communist society. economic planning of consumer goods, serv­ ices, and research is affecting various levels cation. Beginning with the Morrlll Act of The economic reform 1862 and the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917, and of education and occupations. with further acts up to the Vocational Edu­ Efforts to report manpower needs and re­ General conclusion cation Act of 1963, there was a pattern of quirements reflect an economic reform which categorical aid provided to support identi­ is particularly observable in the developed Manpower planning, though not as refined countries where the economy is at or ad· as it might be, has an important relationship fied areas of needed vocational education and vancing toward a significantly high level of with the educational system and has an in­ training. Early acts provided funds ear­ automation and technical development. In put of consequence for vocational education. marked for programs which provided training general, as an economy advances and As a society tends to advance technologically, in such areas as agriculture, mechanics, and achieves a higher level of technological de· demand for manipulative, sklll-based opera­ home economics; beginning with the period velopment, there is a generally decreasing tions decreases and demand increases for represented by the George-Barden Act in demand for wol'kers who are prepared with workers with broader backgrounds of knowl­ 1946, other occupations including retaillng physical manipulative skills and an accom­ edge and skills. and selling, were included. panying shift to a demand for a greater de• Dr. Grant Venn, following his extensive re­ VOCATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS search on education in the United States, velopment of cognitive powers. General responsiveness The United States, with its advanced tech­ observed that the hope of providing the nology, is analyzed by the economist Ginz­ The response by vocational education pro­ quantity of workers demanded by advancing berg as having signiflcant signs that point to grams to manpower needs and requirements technology is in the educational system. the increasing dependence of the economy on can occur in various ways. Individual in­ In 1963, the 88th Federal Congress wrote people with a high order of skills and com­ structional programs typically are modified a vocational education act that provided petence. He points out that the advancement through joint efforts of teachers and advisory funds for vocational education in light of of workers based on education in industry committees as curricula are reviewed and current and projected labor market require­ demands a broadening of the accessib1Uty of evaluated; however, such modifications are ments. Previous categorical-aid legislation education and training opportunities pro­ not normally visible in the absence of an remained on the books, however. The impact vided within the educational system. Ginz· exhaustive and intensive analysis of the in­ on the general and the vocational education berg cites that our rate of economic progress dividual content of specific courses. A more systems in the United States can be observed depends more than ever on the availability deliberate and visible response is the ten­ in part by a wider variety in the types of oc­ dency to broaden the base of vocational prep­ cupational courses offered. Business and office of educated and broadly-trained people than aration programs, to integrate vocational education, emphasizing courses which pointed on any other factor in the eeonomy. A report education into a comprehensive educational toward clerical, secretarial, and data proc­ of the International Labour Organisation re­ program at both the secondary and post­ essing positions, flourished under the new veals that in 1956 for the first time in the secondary levels, and to encourage the devel­ act. Enrollments in all areas of non-manual United States non-manual workers exceeded opment of more programs at the post-sec­ work increased substantially. Enrollments in manual workers. The Clark Subcommittee ondary levels. post-secondary programs also increased sig­ concluded that "a complex revolution is un­ The response within the society as a whole nificantly. derway in the kind of labor force needed to also can be observed in the tendency to ex- · The 90th Federal Congress, following a re­ man the American economy" with men tend compulsory education to higher age · port by the National Advisory Council which moved from production to services. levels while at the same time strengthening evaluated vocational education after five January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 731 years of implementation under the 1963 act, favor of prolonging general education and some tendency to combine academic, tech­ enacted sweeping vocational education legis­ postponing occupational choice. They fur­ nical and teacher-training institutions into lation at the close of its Congressional ses­ ther noted that the majority of young people one. sion. The new legislation passed unanimously chose more theoretical courses reflective of SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS in both Houses, and it repealed all previously the desire for broad educational backgrounds Many indicators point to an advancing enacted vocational education laws. The new to better meet changing requirements of technology which requires workers with act, known as the Vocational Education modern technology. greater emphasis of cognitive rather than Amendments of 1968, provides for signifi­ The major objective of the French Nation­ manipulative abilities. Manpower planning cantly increased authorization for funds in al Plan is full employment and a corrected reports, as well as reports from various econ­ terms of a block grant, with monies to be distribution of employment by occupations omists and labor organizations, document used for the general support of vocational ed­ and skills to achieve the greatest possible so­ the above trend and establish current and ucation as dictated by current needs andre­ cial welfare and economic growth for that projected needs for consideration by the vo­ quirements of the labor market without any country. The decree of January 6, 1959, in­ cational educational system. categorical aid for specific occupational areas. troduced reforms to relieve the congested Vocational education systems in the vari­ At least 15 percent of the available funds to lycees and to guide pupils who were not ous countries examined in this study vary each state must be used for post-high school adapted to" traditional classical education to considerably in structure and in approach; programs, and annual evaluation of the total more practical and technical studies. The nevertheless, there can be noted a trend in vocational education program in each state reforms reportedly will produce a greater di­ most countries toward a more general ap­ has been made mandatory. A provision in the versity of education courses and at the same proach to vocational education in which the new bill calls for funding some manpower time introduce a greater specialization. The more highly specialized training programs planning activity in cooperation with the U.S. new program aims at providing a broad basis are postponed until late in the compulsory Department of Labor, and manpower plan­ for specialized training in a number of re­ educational pattern or until on-the-job ning agencies are to be included in the com­ lated trades; to give a background for ca­ training is available. General education and pulsory state advisory councils. reers in management, public service, secre­ vocational education tend to be offered in The movement of vocational education into tarial, and so forth; and to provide general the same institutions or they are both given the mainstream of the United States edu­ background for semi-skilled jobs. an important emphasis within specialized cational system can be observed by efforts In the United Kingdom, "the early alloca­ institutions. in states, such as New York, to put an end tion of children to different types of schools Warren's comparative study of vocational to their separate vocational schools and to at a relatively early age was disputed and and technical education brought out some incorporate vocational education in the com­ noted to be particularly undesirable under common trends based on numerous educa­ prehensive high schools. In the State of Wis­ modern technological and social conditions." tional reforms which occurred in the last consin, a massive effort was begun to develop Vocational training, as such, does not form seven years; among the trends are increas­ part of the general school course during the ing emphasis since 1945 to integrate voca­ programs of flexible vocational education years of compulsory education up to age 15, within the comprehensive high schools of the and an increasing number of children are tional education into the general secondary state. An evaluation of the Wisconsin pro­ staying beyond the compulsory attendance education system, an increasing emphasis gram conducted in 1968 revealed that those period to take advantage of vocational train­ in all countries on liberal studies as a nec­ programs adapted themselves well to the ing. In the United Kingdom, the problem of essary complement to vocational studies, and philosophy of the comprehensive high school; training for flexibility is being faced and vo­ a rapid expansion of post-school full-time both a general and vocational education were cational education will extend the scope of education of a vocational character. provided for the school's graduates, and those training into the broader realms of educa­ This study also has provided evidence that programs were developed in harmony with tion. The division between vocational and the public system of education is looked to current and projected employment require­ nonvocational activities is ending. more and more by an advanced technological ment~. society to provide for its labor market work­ In general, vocational education in the Other countries ers who are well-educated and well-trained. United States has responded to the manpower Kazamais, in writing on Turkish educa­ It is generally concluded, then, that the needs and requirements for workers with tion, reported that the Gymnasia had per­ vocational education system does show vis­ higher cognitive powers by generally moving petuated a narrow conception of humanistic ible signs o! responding to the economic re­ vocational education into the latter years education and contained a curriculum em­ form in manpower needs although the re­ of the secondary school program, while at phasis which contributed to unemployment sponse has been observed to exist in a variety the same time developing vastly improved and underemployment among its graduates. of ways. programs of vocational education at the post­ Reform plans initiated in 19~4 stressed the Vocational education is a viable program high school level. Comprehensive high schools need for more coordinated and expanded within public education; it must be so to have moved toward a system of broader-based systems of technical and vocational educa­ achieve its objective and to make its con­ courses with elements of the general or aca­ tion within the public schools. tribution to furthering of the economic de­ demic portion of the school program linked Pakistan's First :Five-Year Plan noted that velopment of the nation and the people With the training of young people for oc­ narrow training required for specific occu­ which it serves. The General Conference of cupations. pations tended to sacrifice essential objec­ UNESCO in 1962 adopted a recommendation tives of the educational system, and sugges­ Other advanced countries that seems to sum up well much or the tions were made that pressure be put on thought that has pervaded this discussion: The Soviet system of vocational education, the employers to provide training which is Technical and vocational education should under the direction of a highly centralized needed. be an integral part of an overall system government, is responsive to labor market In Egypt, vocational education was ex­ of education and, as such, due considera­ needs, with 25 percent of all workers trained panded greatly by law in 1956. The secondary tion should be given to its cultural content. in the vocational schools. Considerable study schools aim to provide the market with It should do more than train an individual of automation has resulted in a reorganiza­ highly skilled technicians with backgrounds for a given occupation by providing the per­ tion of technical institutes which have then of technical and general knowledge to help sons concerned with the necessary skills and developed a "broader output." A response facilitate an expansion of industrial, com­ theoretical knowledge; it should also, in to the development in technology which leads mercial, and agricultural projects. conjunction with general education, pro­ to a cultural and technical advance of all In India, the general training of the mind vide for the development of personality and working people is "polytechnization of the is too closely connected with preparation for character and foster the capacity for under­ school in which the process of education is occupational life to permit attention only to standing, judgment, self-expression and closely linked with productive labor." specialized training and not to general edu­ adaptation to varying environments. To this A reorganization of public education in the cation. There is a tendency today to post­ end, the cultural content of' technical and U.S.S.R. in 1958, which was adopted by the pone specialization and to provide a broad­ vocational education should be set at such Supreme Soviet, increased compulsory edu­ based program. a level that the inevitable specialization in cation to eight years, with the objective of In Hungary, a long-range plan for educa­ technical and vocational education does not providing fundamentals of general and poly­ tion aims at an extraordinary extension of stifle broader interests. technical knowledge to all people. The new ·education and vocational training so that · ~·P.T.U." school, a new and unified type of young people who enter the labor market for technical school, provides general education the first time will have a smooth initiation. · THE WOMEN'S REVOLUTION as determined by the demands of the occupa­ In the Federal Republic of Germany, there tions concerned, in addition to high levels of · is growing recognition of rapidly changing theoretical and practical training. The Inter­ occupational requirements and a shift in HON. SHIRLEY CHISHOLM national Labour Organisation, in studying vocational education from instruction and -the impact of the Soviet metalworking indus­ skill perfection in one specific trade to OF NEW YORK try on education, noted the trend toward broader training in more general skills. In­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES training for broad skill profiles, with voca­ creasing demands on workers has lead to an Wednesday, January 21, 1970 . tional education including subjects normally extension of compulsory education." coming Within the competency of engineers. Harbison and Myers, in discussing coun­ Mrs. CHISHOLM. Mr. Speaker, not In Sweden, the International Labour Or- ­ tries which are in the early stages of eco­ only am I a black, but a woman. There­ ganisatlon observed growing pressure in · nomic and technological development, note fore, I feel I have a responsibility to speak 732 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Januar·y 21, 19t0 out in behalf of the unrepresented One of the most noted and most quoted candidate for the United States Congress female majority, as I did in the following black revolutionaries in this day was Mal­ last year, both males and females advised article, which appeared in the Baltimore colm X . While Malcolm was on a trip to me, as they had when I ran for the New Africa he sent back a letter that read in Yor~: Assembly, to go back to teaching, a Afro-American. part: woman's vocation, and leav.e politics to the I have had numerous requests for "You may be shocked by these words com­ men. copies of this article; therefore, I am in­ ing from me, but I have always been a man I did not go back then and I will not go serting it in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, who tries to face facts and accept the reality back as long as there exists a need to change so that it will be readily available to the of life as new experiences and knowledge un­ the politics of this country. general public and to bring it to the at­ fold it. The experiences of this pilgrimage On May 20th of this year I introduced tention of the male "majority": have taught me much and each hour in the legislation concerning the equal employ­ Holy Land opens my eyes even more • • . I THE BLACK WOMAN IN CONGRESS ment opportunities of women. At that time have eaten from the same plate with people I pointed out that there were three and (Article for Afro-American Newspapers, by whose eyes are the bluest of blue, whose Shirley Chisholm, U.S. Democratic Con­ one-half million more women than men in hair was the blondest of blonde, and America but that women held only two gresswoman from the 12th District of whose skin was the whitest of white ... and Brooklyn, N.Y.) percent of the managerial positions; that I felt the same sincerity in the words of t hese no women sit on the AFL-CIO Council or (NoTE.-In 1968, New York City sent its "white" Muslims that I felt among the Afri­ the Supreme Court; that only two women second Negro to Congress and it marked a can Musli ms of Nigeria, Sudan and Ghana." had ever held Cabinet rank and that there first in American life. The second Negro was As Eldridge Cleaver so aptly pointed out were at that time only two women of am­ a woman, Mrs. Shirley Chisholm. A small there were many blacks in America. who were bassadorial rank in the Diplomatic Corps. number of white women with outstanding outraged and felt that Malcolm had betrayed In the Congress there were only ten Rep­ political records had successfully run the them with t hat statement. It may very well have been Malcolm's signature on his own resentatives and one Senator. I stated then gauntlet of discrimination against sex, and as I do now that this situation is out­ served in the House of Representatives. Only death warrant but the point that I want you rageous. one had been successful enough to reach the to bear in mind is that it is exactly that type United States Senate, Mrs. Margaret Chase of personal courage and integrity that marks In my speech from the Floor that day I Smith of Maine. Mrs. Shirley A. Chisholm the true revolutionary. said: goes down in the annals of history as the Malcolm X was certainly aware that as an "It is true that part of the problem has first Black woman to achieve such a national established Black leader who consistently and been that women have not been aggressive post by election. She was a Democrat, born continua.lly assailed the "white devil" here at in demanding their rights. This was also in Brooklyn, New York, graduated from home he was jeopardizing his position. But true of the black population tor many years. Brooklyn College with the bachelor of arts I think that he also knew what a Roman They submitted to oppression and even co­ degree, cum laude, and the Master of arts de­ slave, Epictetus, had in mind when he said: operated with it. Women have done the same gree from Columbia University. Her educa­ "No man is free unless he is master of his thing. But now there is an awareness of tional training in early childhood education own mind." this situation, particularly among the made children the center of her interest. She Almost no one in America is yet free of the younger segment of the population. became a nursery school teacher and later a psychological wounds imposed by racism and "As in the field of equal rights tor blacks, director, 1946-1953, moving on to the direc­ anti-feminism. A few weeks ago while testify­ Spanish-Americans, the Indians and other torship of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care ing before the Office of Federal Contract groups, laws will not change such deep­ Center of New York City, 1953-1959; and sub­ Compliance, I noted that anti-feminism, like seated problems overnight. But they can. be sequently educational consultant in the New every form of discrimination, is destructive used to provide protection for those who are York Division of Day Care, 1959-1964. both to those who perpetrate it and to their most abused, and begin the process of evo­ (Her first legislative experience was in the victims; that males with their anti-feminism lutionary change by compelling the insen­ New York State Legislature, a victory she maim both themselves and their women. Bear sitive majority to reexamine its unconscious achieved in 1964. Because of reapportion­ in mind that this is also true in terms of attitudes." ment, she ran again in 1965 and 1966.) black and white race relations. In a. speech made a few weeks ago to an For those of you who may have forgotten, In Soul on Ice Eldridge Cleaver pointed out audience that was predominantly white and there are revolutions going on throughout how America's racial and sexual stereotypes all female I suggested the following if they the world. It is true that some of them are were supposed to work. Whether his insight is wanted to create a change: false--designed to build the ego-cleverly correct or not. it bears close examination. "You must stm·t in your own homes, your camouflaged in order to sell a product that Cleaver, in the passa.ge "The Primeval own schools and your own churches . . . I in the final analysis may be harmful to the Mitosis", describes in detail the four major don't want you to go home and talk about purchaser's health. roles; there is the white female who he con­ integrated schools, churches or marriage But some of them are revolts by people siders to be "Ultrafeminine" because"... she when the kind of integration you are talking who are refusing to accept age-worn patterns is required to possess and project an image about is black and white. of doing things and who are carving new that is in sharp contrast to . .." the white " I want you to go home and work for­ ways that are more suitable and satisfactory male's image as the "Omnipotent Adminis­ fight for-the integration of male and fe­ to their needs. trat or . . . a.U brain and no body." male-human and human. Franz Fanon And finally some of them are revolutions in He goes on to identify the Black female pointed out in 'Black Skins-White Masks' deadly earnest-designed to strike oil' the as "Subfeminine" or "Amazon" by virtue of that the Anti-Semitic was eventually the shackles of oppressed people throughout the her assignment to the lowly household Anti-Negro. I want to point out that both world. chores and those corresponding jobs of te­ are eventually the Anti-Feminist. And even Both the so-called Black Revolution and dious nature. He states that the Black male further, I want to indicate that all dis­ the Women's Liberation Movements fall into is expected to provide society with its source crimination is eventually the-Anti-Hu­ these last two categories. Black people are of brute power through his role as the "Su­ manism." in deadly earnest about freedom from op­ permasculine Menial"-all body and no Women in this country must become rev­ pressio~ and women are beginning to refuse brain. olutionaries. We must refuse to accept the to accept traditional and stereotyped roles. What the roles and the strange interplay old-the traditional-roles and stereotypes. Because I am both Black and a woman I between them have meant to America., Cleav­ Because of the present situation the tac­ would like to make some comments and ob­ er goes on to point out quite well. There tics of revolution used by black women will servations about both. is only one thing that I want to point out; be, as they must be, slightly different than First the Black Revolution is not solely because of the bizarre aspects of the roles those used by white women but the long­ Black. I think that what Black people in and the strange influence that non-tradi­ range goals can be the same. America are doing, 1s participating, in a tional contact between them has on the The goal must be more than equality of world-wide rebellion that encompasses all general society-blacks and white-males aspects of human life. the sexes, political freedom or economic free­ and females-must operate almost inde­ dom. It must be total freedom to build a Therefore when we talk about the "Black" pendently of each other in order to escape Revolution we immediately attempt to limit society that is predicated on the positive from the quicksands of psychological slav­ values of all human life. It must be freedom the goals of the Black man, attempt to strip ery. Each-black male and black female­ from the waste and ravages of all natural black revolutionaries of the right to be ideal­ white female and white male must escape istic, attempt to strip the Black man of the resources including human resources. first from their own historical traps before Our task will not be easy-it will be hard right to feel that what he wants is not just they can be truly effective in helping others freedom for himself but wants a totally but it must be done. Perhaps the greatest new-totally free world. to free themselves. power for social change-for a successful So­ When we separate the so-called Black Revo­ I have pointed out time and time again cial Revolution is in our hands. lution in America from the other revolutions; that the harshest discrimination that I have But it is not an unlimited power nor is it in literature, in the Church, in the arts, in encountered in the political arena is anti­ an invincible power. We must further un­ education and throughout the world we at­ feminism-from both males and brain­ derstand that the exercise of power will al­ tempt to maintain our own peculiar form of washed "Uncle Tom" females. ways cause a reaction, therefore we must slavery. When I first announced that I was a use our power well and we must use it wisely. Janua1~ 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 733 A.T. & T. MANAGEMENT MUST TAKE nals, unintelligible beeps, or just plain part of the trouble is that the telephone it­ THE BLAME silence as they called New York. Ironically, self changed from a luxury convenience to lt has sometimes been hard to raise the Bell a necessity of mid-century society. System's headquarters in Manhattan. With its size, the Bell System (made up of CHALLENGES AT&T, a holding company that also oper­ HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM ates the Long Lines Div., Bell Telephone OF NEW YORK Unfortunately for AT&T, if there was ever Laboratories, Inc., Western Electric Co., Inc., a time the Bell System needed to be reliable IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES which manufactures equipment, and 24 re­ and efficient, this is it. The communications gional operating companies) now seems Wednesday, January 21, 1970 giant faces change and challenge on many likely to find it progressively more difficult fronts. Demand for all kinds of telephone to respond to change, stay loose, and be Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, I have service-local, long distance, data and record spoken out on a number of occasions in alert to the early warnings that signal services, and private lines--is rising rapidly. trouble. the recent session decrying the decline With Picturephone service due to begin in AT&T executives, from Chairman H. I. in telephone service in New York City 1970, the company will have the task of Romnes down, scoff at suggestions that the and other urban areas throughout the virtually rewiring the whole country in the giant corporation is suffering either dino­ country. Accompanying this decline in next 10 years. saurian decline or hardening of the arteries. service has been a history of rising local In the 1970s, AT&T not only must go to Yet the critical case of New York telephone rates while interstate long distance rates, the financial community and the public for service is certainly a disturbing symptom, the tens of billions of dollars it needs to even though the management of New York which benefit primarily the more affluent grow, but must push through dozens of un­ users of telephone service, have been re­ Telephone Co. is autonomous and runs its popular rate increases just to stay even with own show. duced. The most recent reduction in in­ the rising costs of wages and materials. terstate rates went into effect on Janu­ In its 91 years of existence, AT&T has sur­ THE NEW YORK CRISIS vived political hostilities and financial de­ The surprising thing is that management ary 1, 1970, and was the largest such re­ didn't see the New York crisis coming until duction in history. A further reduction is pressions. But it bas never been confronted with problems of today's staggering size. A it blew up in their faces. scheduled for February 1. lineup of the crises and hurdles ahead: That happened when the Plaza-8 exchange These trends must stop. Having a tele­ Pressures are intensifying in Washington, in midtown New York simply choked on its phone in the home has become a neces­ where voices are demanding a whole new overload last June. It was particularly dis­ sity in modern urban life. The cost of look at telecommunications policy in the maying to New York Telephone and AT&T, this service should be kept as low as light of new elements on the scene. These since Plaza.-8 has a spanking new electronic possible. include communications satellites, cable tele­ switching system, of a type the whole Bell The following article from the Decem­ vision, and computer networks, all of which System is counting on to perfonn a number ber 27, 1969, issue of Business Week doc­ are clawing for growing and changing mar­ of new, revenue-producing services. But it kets. Ultimately, new laws will be needed to was too much regular traffic that virtually uments very well the decline in the qual­ clarify policy and establish regulatory shut down Plaza-8. Enraged at the lack of ity of service in New York. It also out­ boundaries. service, one large Plaza-8 customer, Benton lines the history of recent telephone rate Public scrutiny, exemplified by hearings at & Bowles, Inc., advertising agency, ran a full increases granted by or pending before state and federal regulatory agencies, once page advertisement in The New York Times State regulatory bodies. The growing the lonely preserve of AT&T lawyers and containing the names of all its 800-odd em­ size of A.T & T. has made it almost im­ technical advisors, is heating up. Such hear­ ployees, explaining that they were still there, possible to regulate. I urge my colleagues ings are now thronged with consumer pro­ even if unreachable by telephone. to take a moment to read the following tection groups, labor unions, industry asso­ Since then, a number of others have ciations, computer companies, the Defense copied Benton and Bowles' idea. article: Dept., new communications service competi­ In July, New York Telephone brought in COMMUNICATIONS: WHY YOU HEAR A BUSY tors, and the Antitrust Div. of the Justice 1,500 reinforcements from other telephone SIGNAL AT A.T. & T. Dept. Everybody, in fact, seems to be minding companies to help its New York metropolitan At 195 Broadway in New York, executives Ma Bell's store these days, with the result maintenance crew. It also put an emergency of American Telephone & Telegraph Co. are that bearings often drag interminably as infusion of money in the construction budget sitting in the middle of a disaster. It is not each participant has his day in court. State and promised that things would get better the normal kind, caused by a labor dispute or regulatory commissions are now even object­ next year. But New Yorkers find service is still an act of God. Instead, it is a catastrophe ing to closed-door negotiations between Bell getting worse. After working a 13-hour day brought about by the drastic decline of tele­ and the Federal Communications Commis­ last week, one tired telephone installer phone service in New York City. sion. sighed: "We're never going to catch up." The current chaos is so vast that it cannot The spark of competition for domestic com­ New York Telephone is under heavy pres­ be patched over or swept under the rug. And munications services and products bas al­ sure, and undoubtedly will restore good serv­ the painful fact is that the blame seems to ready been struck. Some AT&T adversaries ice, given time. Company spokesmen hope lie squarely in the lap of the management of have won decisions before the FCC that have things will return to normal by the end of New York Telephone Co. and its parent had a direct impact on Bell's protected 1970. AT&T. ' domain. Among them are the right to con­ Spreading blight? In other cities, AT&T Until early this year, New York telephone nect non-Bell devices to the telephone net­ service is almost universally better than in users, accustomed to good service, shrugged work, and the still hotly contested right of New York, at least according to most busi­ off the increasing incidence of delayed dial carriers to offer private line services in com­ nesses and state regulatory commissions tones and circuit-busy signals as a temporary petition with existing interstate facilities. queried recently. There have been, and still annoyance, Labor shortages, especially in the centers are, some problems in the Boston area, most of which can be attributed to the aftermath Deterioration. But as spring wore into of big cities, core of the company's business, are growing worse. There is a particular of a lengthy installers' strike and to a sud­ summer, service got worse. In the first eight den concentration of computer-communica­ months of 1969, the New York Public Service lack of a steady and dependable supply of tions systems in the Cambridge-Route 128 Commission received more than 4,000 "seri­ people to fill the lower-echelon jobs. Com­ area. Portions of Florida, where residential ous" complaints about service-three times puters and automated equipment are of lit­ housing has been booming, have suffered as many as in the whole of 1968. tle use in stringing wires, splicing cable, or installation delays, and Bell called for emer­ On streets and in stores, more and more calming a frantic housewife whose house gency troops. Otherwise, most complaints pay phones fell into disuse as they broke or is on fire. AT&T and its subsidiaries which seem about isolated incidents. were vandalized and nobody fixed them. employ 900,000, need tens of thousands of New York's problem has increased nation­ Today, even in posh midtown areas, brightly recruits and replacements each year. Train­ wide sensitivity to telephone performance, colored "Out of Service" stickers are a com­ ing new people, many of whom are barely however. The California Public Service Com­ mon sight, a dubious distinction formerly literate, is hardly a job that the telephone Inission, for example, reports a moderate rise reserved for New York's ghettoes. system can handle alone. in service complaints, and some businessmen Businessmen have been as hard hit as the The threat that Bell Inight sink under in Philadelphia say their system is beginning general public. Told by telephone company this complex burden carries its own irony: to show signs of mimicking New York's representatives to expect installation delays, The U.S. communications system, which crankiness. they have warned their office managers to has led the world in innovation and service It is almost impossible for an individual count on two to three months' lead time for for decades, is largely the product of the or even a company to get much of .a handle changes in phone service. management skills of the Bell System. It on how the telephone system is actually New York's telephone troubles have had was developed, engineered, manufactured, perforining. It is hard enough for the Bell more than local impact because of the city's installed, and operated by AT&T and its op­ System's own management to plow through strategic position as a business and com­ erating company and subsidiaries. A single the blizzard of performance figures that the munications center. In San Francisco, management produced fantastic machines system generates day by day. One critical Phoenix, Houston, and other cities, phone and fabulous success. Now that very success document, a monthly report on performance users have suffered through scrambled sig- threatens to pull its creators under. At least and status of all 24 operating companies in 734 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 the Bell System, runs to more than 50 pages ture of the city undoubtedly contributed to time for any other company. In 1970, there of detailed charts and graphs alone. Although the over-all increase in telephone tra.mc,•• will be some changes a.t the top, when Ben it is confidential and contains instructions says Henry Boet.tinger, director of AT&T's s. Gilmer, president, reaches mandatory re­ that it should be destroyed after use, some new management-science department. Boet­ tirement age. But at AT&T such shifts are 7,000 copies are reportedly distributed. tinger theorizes that as New York's traffic smooth. WESTERN UNION snarls intensified, as its subways grew uglier, Chairman Romnes, who rose to his $295,- and as its streets grew more dangerous, peo­ 800 job from Bell Laboratories through the One customer with a national system big ple stayed home and telephoned more. His presidency of Western Electric, is aware that enough to yield signiflcant data on the Bell management-science group is working on the personnel policy bas faults. "But in the System's service level is Western Union, ways to include such effects in simulations. balance," be says, I believe its advantages which leases about 80% of its communica­ The change in city environment leads to outweigh its deficiencies. Above all, we need tions lines from AT&T and has fac1lities in other new problems as well. For example, the kind of people who can honestly devote virtually all telephone ten-itories. Accord­ Boettinger says, as robberies of homes and themselves to providing a service to the ing to Russell McFall, president of WU, apartments increase, more people tend to public. If a man wants to buy companies New York is the outstanding mess. "We leave their telephones off the book when and is primarily interested in speculative might have a couple of leased lines inopera­ they go out. That's to fool thieves who may gain, he should be in the conglomerate tive for 24 hours or more in Chicago on a call to check if anyone is at home. In older business." typical day," he says, "but in New York last exchanges With stepping switches, such off­ Conservatism. Unquestionably, AT&T bas week it was over 400. And some of those lines book conditions can seriously tie up central attracted a. remarkably loyal and capable have been inoperative for a long time.'' office equipment. sta1f that believes it is serving the country Hubert L. Kertz, vice-president of the Op­ and its customers in the best way over the erations Dept. of AT&T, insists that the New WHY DID IT HAPPEN? long haul. But it has also created a closed so­ York situation is unique, correctible, and With the benefit of hindsight, many out­ ciety that sometimes shows symptoms of has been effectively quarantined so that side critics claim New York Telephone was parochialism. other operating companies won't catch the caught because it depended too heavily on Understandably, perhaps in view of its bug. "I simply cannot emphasize enough historical trend-line planning. "Our com­ responsibility for providing service that can that fears of 1the New York situation spread­ panies do use trend lines," says deButts, be critical to national and individual secu­ ing are groundless," he says. Nevertheless, "but we also try to talk to everyone we can rity, the emphasis at AT&T is on operating, New York City's reputation as a leading in­ to improve our forecast. We're well aware protecting, and improving the basic tele­ dicator of the problems associated with large that it is possible to drown in a stream phone service. As a result, the company has concentrations of people makes New York that is an average of siX inches deep." little resemblance to giants such as mM and Telephone's problems a justifiable concern Boettinger claims that the spurt in New General Motors, where management ranks of those in other cities. "I won't be satisfied York's telephone usage was completely are loaded with marketing men. "Telephone that it won't spread," says Western Union's atypical of the behavior of "large statistical service representatives don't always know McFall, "until I hear a. rational explanation populations.'' He says, "The curve took a sud­ what is available," says a telephone consult­ of what happened in New York City. So far, den jump that looked like a. temporary aber­ ant. "If you want something special, you I haven't heard one." ration, but it never came down as expected. have to pry it out." Such a. "rational explanation" does not It went up and stayed up.'' As an extra pre­ Gauntlet. New products and services must exist yet but AT&T executives are hunting ventive measure against more forecasting travel a long, rough road before they get for it, and hunting hard. "We aren't pre­ bloopers, AT&T's Operations Vice-Presi­ Bell System's grudging nod of approval. For senting excuses," says John D. deButts, vice­ dent Kertz is making sure that operating example, although Bell Laboratories invented chairman of AT&T, "we are exposing the company managers are trained in "four dif­ the transistor in 1948, it took 10 ~a.rs for reasons." So, far there seem to be almost ferent planning techniques." the device to win general approval for use in too many for tight analysis. The New York embarrassment bas con­ equipment. And only in the last few years In 1967, for instance, New York Tele­ sumed an inordinate amount of executive has solid-state circuitry begun to replace the phone, expecting a flat spot in the gross na­ time at AT&T headquarters, but by bringing system's electromechanical eqUipment. Bell tional product growth curve for 1968, and top management face-to-face with an opera­ expects it will take 40 years to complete the at most a. continuation of a 4% growth trend tions crisis, it coUld expose some open circuits changeover to electronic exchanges. in its own services, cut its construction bud­ in the communications system of the giant New products or services for customers get. The company admits to its forecasting organization. Though management's pep are viewed with the same caution. Where error. talks constantly repeat the theme of Bell most companies would be overjoyed at finding The trading boom on the stock market System's grave responsibility to the individ­ a winner, AT&T managers speak of the diffi­ also contributed. It boosted telephone traf­ ual subscriber, top management bas been culties of satisfying the "avalanche effect": fic unexpectedly in New York's financial isolated from all but the gravest crises. If an innovation is made anywhere in the district. "The Wall Street central office is Some remoteness at the executive level is system, it must be made everywhere. almost totally different from any other," necessary, of course, but AT&T is so big, so Red tape. Marketing at AT&T is undeni­ says AT&T Chairman Romnes. "Demand specialized, and so set in its traditions that ably hobbled by the regulatory environment. changes very quickly, and in the Wall Street the managerial hierarchy tends to treat its In charge is William M. Ellingbaus, whose area we may have to develop more fiexible customers as 1f they were merely parts of title, vice-president of marketing and rate systems." the smooth contour of a distribution curve. plans department, is a. firm reminder that Owing to its melange of privat e wires and Corridors of power. The 26th fioor of 195 whatever AT&T sells must be priced out and data lines and its wild swings of telephone Broadway is where the long climb through meticulously described in the small print of usage, New York's financial district may not the hierarchies of Bell System management tariffs filed with federal and state regula­ have totally satisfactory service until 1971. bureaucracy ends. There, bare corridors tory agencies. "Pricing was simpler where we The problem is aggravated because lower wind past dark metal door frames inset with had only two or three service offerings," says Manhattan is one of the toughest places in frosted glass lettered in the old style: Mr. Ellinghaus. "Now we are offering a. much the world to lay cable or install new switch­ H. I . [for Haakon Ingolf] Romnes, chair­ wider variety of rate structures and services ing facilities; there is simply no room left man; Mr. de Butts, vice-chairman; Mr. Gil­ so the customer can tailor-make the services under the streets. mer, president; Mr. Moulton, vice-president be needs. That complicates planning enor­ Unexpected changes in calling patterns ap­ and general counsel; e.nd a dozen more. mously." parently caused as much trouble as the sur­ Beyond the doors lie spacious suites of Because it is a regulated utility and its prise increase in the volume of calls. Nor­ offices, which, though tastefully carpeted profits are limited to a percentage of invest­ mally, telephone cables are installed to meet and paneled for ther tenants, have a per­ ment on plant and equipment, AT&T's mar­ slowly growing demand. Much of that de­ vasive institutional flavor. Indeed, the ulti­ keting motivations have more of an internal mand is predictable. Business centers tend mate prerequisites of top AT&T executives­ focus than those in a company whose profits to talk to business centers, for example, and the largest offices, roomy secretarial areas are limited only by its performance. high-income suburbs tend to call other with widely separated heavy wooden desks, Legally, AT&T's monopoly and utility high-income suburbs. private baths and sitting rooms, fine china status is based on the changing interpreta­ But New York's resident ial and business and silver luncheon services--have scarcely tions of the loose definition of "communi­ area have been changing more quickly late­ changed since 1916, when builders completed cations" for "convenience and necessity" of ly, e.nd on top of that, welfare clients in the first half of W. Welles Bosworth's design the public. It is not easy for the company to New York were recently allowed to have for a pillared palace of industry in downtown judge which of many clamoring voices it telephones paid for by the city. Typical of New York. should serve. Critics suggest that too many the changes was the huge increase of calling Like its unchanging executive suites, much regulatory decisions have been made for the between Brooklyn's Bedford-Stuyvesant dis­ of AT&T is cast in a rigid mold of its own "convenience of Bell and the necessity of trict and Manhattan's East Harlem. The traditions that outsiders find unfamiliar and profits." At the same time, most admit that change a.1fected the whole system because stultifying. A key element of that mold is a the company does have a deep sense or calls that could not go directly because of strict policy of promoting from within mid­ service and that only because it has domi­ blocked lines were automatically switched dle and top managerial ranks. Those jobs are nated regulatory policy has it been able to through other offices and circuitous routes. occupied by career men, almost none of produce the finest telecommunications sys­ Urban blight. "Changes in the infrastruc- whom have ever worked for any significant tem in the world. January 21, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS . 735 Bullying. But Bell System acquired a fear­ AT&T and FCC -and effective from Ja.n. 1. and services. It also has direct control over some reputa.tion for using its power during Instead of reducing tolls, the states say, the definition and pricing of its product its great acquisition and consolidation pe­ AT&:r's Long Lines Dept. should pay local offerings. (It carefully calls them services riods from the 1880s to the 1930s. Then, it telephone companies more for the use of fa­ and meticulously describes them in reams gave no quarter, and to gain leverage against cilities involved in interstate traffic. of highly technical, small-print documents potential competition expanded into such They have taken their case directly to known as tariffs, which it must file with areas as electric appliances and motion pic­ Congress, where they are likely to get a favor­ more than half a hundred federal and state ture sound services. Now, under the Com­ able hearing, particularly in an election year. regulatory agencies.) munications Act of 1934 and an antitrust This battle over the dispositi·on of long­ So big. Entrusted with a U.S. vital neces­ consent decree signed in 1956, it is limited to distance revenues is another con:tlict that sity, the national communications system, providing communications services, manu­ AT&T wlll have to wrestle with indefinitely. AT&T maintains extraordinary corporate facturing products used in those services, Technology. "Technology has S!Iniled on stability. Its creators-pioneering executives, and performing government work. transinission," says Richard Hough, vice­ such as its early President Theodore N. Vail, The limitations have hardly hurt cor­ president of AT&T's Long Lines Dept. "The as well as the powerful New York bankers porate growth, and the outlook for more use trend is toward more circuits and less switch­ who backed the Bell interests before and of more kinds of communications services ing." On high-density routes high-capacity after the turn of the century-purposely has never been more bullish. If anything, the microwave and coaxial cables have dropped designed the corporation to be almost im­ huge corporation will be pressed to meet circuit costs by as much as 80 % . With even pregnable to the thrusts of competition or demand. more capa-cious waveguides undergoing in­ the hazards of financial raids. Bell executives become defensive and re­ stallation tests-each pipelike guide will AT&T's stock is now too widely held for sentful when critics suggest that their com­ carry 250,000 voice circuits or hundreds of any group of individuals or institutions to pany may not be able to meet that demand. Picturephone signals-there is no doubt that attain control. Its debt ratio, though con­ But they do not look kindly on competitors Long Lines will be able to meet capacity re­ troversially low for a utility (less than 40 % operating in their regulated domain. quirements. bonded indebtedness), keeps its bonds top­ Unintentionally, perhaps, Bell's self-pro­ The interstate network has always been rated in the securities markets. And direct tective reflexes have created an atmosphere the backbone and mainstay of the Bell Sys­ competition is discouraged or prohibited by of fear that may well muzzle deserved criti­ tem. It is the least likely to be disturbed in the government's regulatory poli-cy and by cism. Few companies dare take on the behe­ the turbulent times AT&T will face in the AT&T'S dominance of its industry. moth in direct litigation. next few years. They will be years, Chairman Giant brain. Of all companies in the world, Romnes admits, in which the Bell System AT&T has perhaps the best access to the THE GROWING COLOSSUS will change. It will carry the signals from basic technologies it needs-and the great­ The cost of building and rebuilding AT&T's other companies' devi-ces on the ends of its est mastery of them. No other organization interstate and local networks during the next lines; it will compete, if necessary, for pri­ has even come close to making as many and decade produces figures that compare to vate line business; 1t may have to endure varied contributions ttl technology as have other nation's gross national products. a.nother reexamination of its right to control been produced by its Bell Telephone Lab­ AT&T's deButts estimates the tab at $70- the manufacture of its equipment; and it oratories. billion, but admits upward revisions are will struggle to clear the lines of communica­ Achievements range from the invention of likely. tion in its own management hierarchies, sound movies, to the transistor and laser, The interstate network must provide much whether it takes computers or educational and onward into vital abstractions of in­ more capacity, and according to deButts, facilities of unprecedented scope. formation theory and network analysis. "75% of the total interstate facilities re­ The question only the 1970s will answer is Outspoken critics, such as FCC Commis­ quired in 1980 have yet to be built." The whether, in the midst of conflicts a.nd turbu­ sioner Nicholas Johnson, claim that AT&T company expects voice traffic alone to double lence, this conserv·ative leviathan of a com­ has grown so large and so complex that its in the next decade, and Romnes believes bus­ pany can react fast enough and be sensitive activities simply cannot be regulated in de­ iness data communications traffic will con­ enough to change to prove that New York's tail-at any rate, not by under-staffed, low­ tinue to increase at 25 % per year for the troubles are truly an isolated circumstance. budget agencies. Now, an even more dis­ foreseeable future. At that rate, by 1980 7% "We can't invent everything,'' says Romnes, quieting fear is rising among some of Bell's to 10% of the company's enlarged network "but I think we will be able to continue to big-city customers. As AT&T grows ever capacity will be occupied shuttling data. move toward our main business purpose: larger, they spot symptoms that the system Nice to see you. In the wings, of course, providing a channel that will carry any kind is getting too unwieldy and unmanageable­ is Picturephone, which will begin commer­ of information from any place to anywhere." even for AT&T. cial service in 1970 in New York and Pitts­ burgh. Romnes calls it development a "spec­ THE EMPIRE RULED FROM "195" State phone rates go up and up--Increases granted (date, State commission, and com­ ulative investment"; most businessmen "What's the word from 195?" is what most would consider it a sure bet. pany) communications and financial men ask when fin millions] "It will be expensive," warns Romnes. It they're looking for news about AT&:r. What­ could add billions of dollars to the company's ever they hear, it most probably emanated Rate financial burden DeButts hopes a large part from the landmark Broadway skyscraper increase of the money will come from bond issues, from which AT&:r controls its vast empire. 1/ 68, California, Pacific TeL ______$50. 2 providing the company is permitted to earn Behind that numeral lies the bellwether of 2/ 68, Florida, Southern BelL______5. 8 a "reasonable" rate of return that is high the securities business, the largest corpora­ 2/ 68, North Dakota, Northwestern enough to attract investors. tion 1n the world, a monolith whose 900,000 Bell ------1. 2 The "reasonable rate" AT&T would like is employees make up more than 1% of the en­ 3/ 68, Montana, Mountain States TeL_ 2. 9 between 8% and 9% on its invested capital. tire U.S. labor force. 3/ 68, New Mexico, Mountain States But the FCC and state regulatory agencies The company of more than 3-m.illion Tel ------2.9 believe rates between 6%% and 8% will suf­ stockholders has issued $14-bimon worth of 9/ 68, Nevada, Bell of Nevada______1. 9 fice. In the communications utility field, rate triple-A bonds, more than any other corpora­ 2/ 69, Colorado, Mountain States TeL_ 5. 8 of return is a never-ending argument. tion. The book value of its nationwide plant, 5/ 69, Utah, Mountain States TeL___ 2. 1 One extra source of money that AT&T soon to include its 100-mlllioruth telephone. 9/ 69, North Dakota, Northwestern hopes to draw on for rewiring the country in is $45-billion. It transmits about 350-million Bell ------. 5 the 1970s is accelerated depreciation. The telephone calls a day, with New York gen­ 10/ 69, Missouri, Southwestern BelL__ 30. 6 company has never used it in the past since, erating more than one call in ten. In 1970 11/ 69, Washington, Pacific Northwest from a utility standpoint, it simply reduces it will spend $6.5-billion just to expand its Bell------14.0 the rate base more quickly, and the regula­ 11/69, Maryland, Chesapeake & Poto- physical !aclllties. mac Tel______22. 7 tors usually insist that the savings it yields And AT&T is still growing vigorously: In :flow back to the telephone customer. 10 years, its annual operating revenues have 4/ 69, Rhode Island, New England____ 9. 2 What telephone utilities prefer, and are nearly doubled, from $7.9-billion to $15.5- Total rate increases on file ____ 653.0 generally willing to use, is "accelerated de­ billion. Indeed, its power and wealth make preciation with normalization." This permits it one of the strongest politioal forces in state 1968-69 total rate increases ____ 137. 7 companies to reinvest savings in new plant and federal government. INCREASES PENDING so that the money goes back into the rate Even apart from size, AT&:r is unique. It 8/ 68, Michigan. Michigan BelL ______$59.0 base. FCC approves of this concept, but most •'I a double monopoly. 11/ 68, Louisiana, South CentraL ____ _ 17. 0 state regulators, faced wtth the largest rate It has exclusive rights to serve customers 12/68, Washington, Pacific Northwest_ 26.7 increases in a decade (chart), are adamant .nits opera.ting areas. 12/ 68, Wisconsin, Wisconsin TeL ____ _ 21.6 that accelerated depreciation savings should Its subsidiaries make most of the equip­ 2/69, Oregon, Pacific Northwest Ben __ 11.8 go to customers. ment it buys; its Bell System consumes 3/69, New York, New York TeL ______175.0 Rate rows. This is not the only battle be­ a.bout 90% of the telephone equipment sold 4/ 69, Connecticut, Southern New Eng- tween states and the FCC in which AT&T in the United States. land Tel------23.9 finds itself 1I1 the middle. State agencies are The system has firm control over its mar­ 7 / 69, Massachusetts, New England TeL 52.2 opposing the recent $150 million rate reduc­ ketplace. It c-an determine the rate of in­ 8/69, Ohio, Ohio BelL------80.0 tion on interstate toll calls worked out by troduction and obsolescence of its products 8/ 69, Georgia, Southern BelL------29.5 736 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 21, 1970 8/69, Florida, Southern BelL ______$32. 0 Article 100, oath of equality: but that peace of mind, and security of 11/ 69, D.C., Chesapeake & Potomac.. 13. ~ Members of the General Assembly and all person and property was a far more de­ 12/69, Illinois, Dllnois BelL------86. 5 sired role of government--even if it 12/ 69, Ohio/Kentucky, Cincinnati other officers . . • shall take the folloWing oath. "I (John Doe) do solemnly swear that called for a society separated by color. Bell------15.4 I accept the civil and political equality of all The new constitution of 1879, pre­ Total rate increases on file _____ 653. 0 men, and agree not to deprive any person or pared by men who socially experimented persons, on account of race, color or previous for 11 years to make biracial government condition, of any political or civil right, or immunity enjoyed by any other class of a reality, contained at article I a re­ men•.•. " statement of the role of government: A LESSON OF THE PAST-RACE MIX­ All government of right originates with ING GUARANTEES VIOLENCE Article 113, biracial adoption: the people, is founded on their will alone, The General Assembly may enact general and is instituted solely for the good of the laws regulating the adoption of children, and whole, deriving its just powers from the con­ HON. JOHN R. RARICK emancipation of minors . . . but no special sent of the governed. Its only legitimate end o:r LOUISIANA law shall be passed relating to particular or is to protect the citizen in the enjoyment individual cases. of life, liberty, and property. When it as­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sumes other functions it is usurpation and Wednesday, January 21, 1970 Article 135, integrated schools: oppression. The General Assembly shall establish at Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, few Amer­ least one free public school in every parish What a dynamic lesson from history icans take time to study the lessons throughout the state. • . • All children of by the trials and errors of those who pre­ taught by history which produced our this state between the ages of 6 and 21 to ceded us. Yet, the intellectual heretic and laws and the unwritten customs of so­ the public schools, or other institutions of the social experimenter refuse to profit ciety. learning ••. without distinction of race, from history. In fact, they would con­ Barely 100 years ago the Southland lay color, or previous condition. There shall be ceal these lessons and sufferings from in stark devastation, her leaders and pa­ no separate schools or institutions of learn­ our children. trons were either dead or political pris­ ing established exclusively for any race by History, when honestly studied, and oners of the Union Army. Confederate the State of Louisiana. clearly appreciated, reveals for all times servicemen and participants in the Louisiana Statutes of the 1868, section that the race-mixers but create the "cause" were denied voting rights by 2177, biracial marriage: problem and offer no solution. Federal occupational decree. The said right of making private or re­ Just average people who must live day Louisianians, like citizens of other ligious marriages legal, valid and binding by day and look to peace of mind and the Southern States, found themselves at the • • . shall apply to all marriages of all per­ protection of their homes and loved ones guided mercy of a new society com­ sons of whatever race or color, as well as to have many times in history solved the posed of collaborators, moderators, and marriages formerly prohibited by Article 99 racial problem. Their answer to us, the newly freed black vengeance. Such of the CivU Code ••• ''equal but separate facilities." a coalition of forces sat down to organize Think-a mere 100 years ago by Lou­ a biracial State government, with the isiana law, our ancestors were subjected express intent of creating a "State or­ to a public accommodation law, univer­ dered under the law" to remove forever sal voting rights for all without educa­ SIGNOFF FOR "THE VACHER" the racial barriers between white and tional qualifications, all elected State of­ black. ficials were forced to take an oath of be­ The efforts of the new biracial experi­ lief in equality, all public schools were HON. JOHN J. RHODES ment of government in Louisiana is to be integrated, and racially mixed marriages OP ARIZONA found in the Louisiana Constitution of were legalized. All in hope of a lasting 1868. Its forceful laws and regulations peace by abolition of the colored prob­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES far exceeded the race-mixing provisions lem. A removal of discrimination and Wednesday, January 21. 1970 of the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. white supremacy forever. Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, "Sports Yet ther~just over one lifetime ago­ Was it successful? Read the pages of today with Bob Vache." So opened the native southerners were by their own act history, not burned, for yourself. Ask best of Arizona sports broadcasts for establishing laws for permanent extinc­ your preacher, your lawYer, or elected more than 25 years. tion of racial distinction. And for 11 official why such a wondrous government Before an automobile accident brought years Louisianians, under their constitu­ of equality ordered by law was not pre­ his career to a tragic end last Sunday, tion 'calling for forced equality, tried served and passed down to this genera­ Bob Vache was sports director for KTAR to solve the color problem. tion. Radio-TV in Phoenix and was known Consider that the Louisiana Constitu­ Why, if the racial problem had been throughout the State as the "voice" of tion of 1868 provided, article I: solved a mere 100 years ago, are we and the Phoenix Suns basketball team since All men are created equal, and have cer­ our institutions again under cultural at­ that club was organized, as well as an tain inalienable rights; among these are life, tack under the purported guise of re­ impartial broadcaster of major college liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. • •• solving the racial problem? football and basketball games. Article 13, public accommodation: The Louisiana Constitution of 1868 "The Vacher," as he is known by his All persons shall enjoy equal rights and suffered trial until 1879. Its 11 years were colleagues, was born in Phoenix 45 years privileges upon any conveyance of a public beset with a record of blood, violence, ago and started his broadcasting career character; and all places of business or of and suffering by all Louisiana citizens. there after serving as a combat bomber public resort or for which a. license is re­ quired ... and shall be open to the ac­ Race riots, strife, and lawlessness be­ pilot in World War n. commodation and patronage of a.ll persons, came the rule of the day, not the excep­ Bob Vache took his work seriously and without distinction or discrimination on ac­ tion. was selected five times as the State's count of race or color. The ordinary citizen came to realize most outstanding sports announcer by that soeial laws, when enforced, compel the Nati.onal Sportscasters and Sports­ Article 98, voting rights: honest men to rebel and become social writers Association. He also served as Every male person of the a.ge of twenty­ law violators if for no other reason than one years ... resident of this state one year the energetic president of the Phoenix • . . ten days in the parish . • . shall be personal conviction and pride. Oppres­ Press Box Association. deemed an elector . • . except those disfran­ sion can but breed contempt and dis­ But objective marks of achievement chised ... (Constitution provided that respect for law and order. The racial are never the full measure of a man, as those disfranchised were all who held office, problem worsened rather than becoming the Arizona sports world knows. Dave civil, or military for one year or more in the solved. Hicks, of the Arizona Republic has given Confederacy, those who registered them­ Eventually, good men, of all colors, us an insight into the professional char­ selves as enemies of the U.S., those who were were by reason compelled to agree that acter of this individual and the loss leaders of guerrilla. bands, and those who in the advocacy of treason, wrote or published the theory of an ordered equality of men that the people of Arizona feel in his newspaper articles or preached sermons, etc.) was for the classroom and theoretician, passing. His article follows: January 22, 1.970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 737 {From the Arizona Republic, Jan. 18, 1970] Strong, calm in adversity, collected in the An article points up that, in today's sports face of shock. world, slanted accounts of games are not only SIGNOFP FOR "THE VACHER" allowed, but encouraged. This is irrefutably (By Dave Hicks) The "Vacher" would have appreciated that, so there is little need to add that the strong, true. "Sports today with .• .'' calm, collected came apart afterward, be­ What this is, is extremely and unforgive­ My God-with who? cause a man prefers to do his crying in ablybush. A telephone call at 3 a.m. jackhammers an private. Let this be said: Vache did not concur with icy wedge of disbelief into the overnight. Let me tell you how Bob Vache regarded this juvenile approach, simply because he was As effectively a.s a 45-year-old Tolleson himself professionally. a conscientious newsman who told it like native met a career rife with radio and tele­ it was. vision deadlines, unreality seizes the night "I'm not the most knowledgeable," he would say, "so L have to do it with prepara­ To him, or their, inescapably discredit, as if its absolute "air time" is 3 a.m. tion." someone or some few asked Vache to become The "Vacher" is gone. tnis sort of shill during his broadcasts for No, damnit, he's not, but yes, dammit, Whatever his adopted attack, the "Vacher" came to be, rightfully so, the acknowledged the Phoenix Sun. he is, and the tragedy is related until a re­ Do you know what he said: NO. luctant final accord with fact. best sportscaster in Arizona. And in the muddled hours that follow, an This did not materialize from his routine That simple, endearing gesture cannot be ethereal tape recorder, always slightly out daily broadcasts via radio and TV. Because adequately appreciated in this era when, as of reach, unwinds a decade of sharing hotel Vache always was engaged in a struggle to get TV Guide indicates, the club broadcaster is rooms, cab rides, sports tales, airplane small­ more air time, and if you knew him, this was a shill. talk, a deepness shared with few (if, indeed, never a selfish play to get more Vache before The "Vacher" never would have succutnbed any others), a mutual professional admira­ the public-just more sports. to that. tion a stronger personal esteetn. One timely and towering tribute to Vache He wa.s a self-admitted "14th man on a Bob Vache, of course, would condemn the (there was forever the problem of ma-king 14-man Tolleson basketball squad" way back maudlin. that come out, in print and TV-radio on when few people were granted the privilege Knowing that, one would congratulate the road a.s Vash-a, rather than Va.sh), crops of getting close to this someone special. himself, in retrospect, that during a 3 a.m. up, ironically, in TV Guide for the week Jan. "Sports today with ..." telephone call he sounded merely aghast. 17-23. My God-with who?

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Thursday, January 22, 1970 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. ending June 30, 1970, and for other Miller, announced the Vice President and The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, purposes." Members of the U.S. Senate who entered D.D., offered the following prayer: The message further announced that the Hall of the House of Representatives the Senate agrees to the amendments of the Vice President taking the chair at Thou shalt remember all the way the the House of Representatives to Senate the right of the Speaker, and the Mem­ Lord thy God led thee.-Deuteronomy amendments numbered 4, 50, 51, and 56 bers of the Senate the seats reserved for 8: 2. to the above-entitled bill. them. Eternal God, who didst lead our fathers The message also announced that the The SPEAKER. The Chair appoints as to these shores that they may bring forth Senate agrees to the amendment of the members of the committee on the part of a just and a free nation, give Thy grace House of Representatives to Senate the House to escort the President of the to us their children that we may be ever amendment numbered 83 to the bill