Women Adrift: Familial and Cultural Alienation in the Personal Narratives of Francophone Women
WOMEN ADRIFT: FAMILIAL AND CULTURAL ALIENATION IN THE PERSONAL NARRATIVES OF FRANCOPHONE WOMEN by KAREN BETH MASTERS submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Literature and Philosophy in the subject French at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. EDGARD SIENAERT, Research fellow, Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa November 2015 © University of South Africa 2015 ABSTRACT This study analyzes the experience of alienation from family and culture as portrayed in the personal narratives of francophone women. The authors appearing in this study are Assia Djebar and Marie Cardinal, from Algeria, Mariama Bâ and Ken Bugul, from Senegal, Marguerite Duras and Kim Lefèvre, from Vietnam, Calixthe Beyala, from Cameroon, Gabrielle Roy, from Canada, and Maryse Condé, from Guadeloupe. Alienation is deconstructed into the domains of blood, money, land, religion, education and history. The authors’ experiences of alienation in each domain are classified according to severity and cultural normativity. The study seeks to determine the manner in which alienation manifests in each domain, and to identify factors which aid or hinder recovery. Alienation in the domain of blood occurs as a result of warfare, illness, racism, ancestral trauma, and the rites of passage of menarche, loss of virginity, and menopause. Money-related alienation is linked to endemic classism, often caused by colonial influence. The authors experienced varying degrees of economic vulnerability to men, depending upon cultural and familial norms. Colonialism, warfare and environmental degradation all contribute to alienation in the domain of land. Women were found to be more susceptible to alienation in the domain of religion due to patriarchal religious constructs.
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