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DIAMOND GRIT-IMPREGNATED TWEEZERS: A POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE GEMOLOGICAL TOOL By John I. Koivulu, Edward Boehm, and Robert C, Kmnmerling

The authors exanlined grit-impregnated tweezers that reportedly were being marketed out of Japan. The tweezers were shown to damage virtually any type of with the possible exception of diamond; owners of these tweezers are advised to use caution.

Just as a tennis racket is an extension of the arm for the professional tennis player, so a pair of tweezers is an extension of the hand for the jeweler-gemologist. The gemologist thinks no more about how to use tweezers when examining a stone than a tennis player does about racket technique during match play. Years of practice make these actions automatic, almost instinctive. And yet it is this very instinctiveness that can cause problems when a new type of tool is used in Figure 1. The tweezers at top show the scored the same.nianner as the more familiar one. It was metal "waffle" pattern of standard tweezer tips, with this in mind that the authors investigated a while those below are impregnated with dia- new type of tweezers that appeared to be poten- mond grit. Photomicrograph by John I. Koivulc]; tially damaging to . magnified 3 x . Instead of the standard metal "waffle pattern" seen on most gem tweezers (figure 1, top), this new type is impregnated with particles of randomly tweezers during testing did not reveal any signifi- oriented, sharp-edged diamond grit (figure 1, bot- cant difference in grip from the standard type. tom). According to the literature that accompanied Although the tweezers were designed for use the tweezers (which were sold in pairs-one fine with small , it would not be unusual for point and one medium point-and are reportedly someone to forget, once the tweezers were in the manufactured in Japan), the purpose of the dia- workplace, and use them to manipulate other mond grit is to give them a superior grip in gems as well. Given that diamond is the hardest handling diamond melee. It is interesting to note naturally occurring substance known, what is the in this regard that our extensive use of these risk of using these tweezers to handle colored stones such as , , or ? Also, diamond has directional hardness. And it is reason- able to assume that if the diamond grit was ABOUT THE AUTHORS randomly implanted into the tips of the tweezers, Mr. Koivula is chief gemologist, and Mr. Kammerling is director some of the grains would be oriented so that their of technical development, at the Gemological Institute of Amer- ica, Santa Monica, California; Mr Boehm, formerly with Over- hardest directional surfaces were at the gripping land Gems, Los Angeles, is now working for the Gubelin Gem- surface of the tweezers. Wouldn't this present a mological Laboratory in Lucerne, Switzerland. hazard even to diamond? Acknowledgments: The authors thank Peter and Bobbi Flusser To answer these questions, we decided to test the of Overland Gems for providing the diamond-impregnated tweezers investigated for this report and lor bringing lo our at- tweezers with regard to their potential for damage tention the potential for gemstone damage. to synthetic (Mohs hardness 9) and diamond Gems & , Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 149-151 (Mohs hardness 10) round brilliants. If either of 0 1990 Gemological Institute of America these materials was damaged by the tweezers, all

Notes and New Techniques GEMS & GEMOLOGY Summer 1990 149 other gem materials (which have comparable or 4). We then picked up the synthetic ruby with lower hardness) would be at risk as well. standard medium-point, metal-tipped tweezers table-to-culet, using normal finger pressure. The TESTING stone was rotated 360Âa total of 10 times and then For this test, we selected a 2.39-ct round bril- carefully examined with magnification. We ob- liant-cut flame-fusion synthetic ruby (8.32-8.39 served 110 damage on the table of the stone. mm in diameter) and a 0.21-ct round -cut Next, using normal finger pressure, we picked diamond (3.704.72 mm in diameter). the synthetic ruby up table-to-culet with the It is standard procedure in both gem identifica- diamond-impregnated tweezers and rotated it once tion and grading to examine a through 360'. This caused considerable damage to stone first through its largest , the table. For the stone: The table was covered with numerous this procedure, the stone is usually picked up by concentric scratches (figure 5). the girdle edge. However, the next step commonly We then proceeded to pick up the diamond table- is examination through and pavilion to-culet with the fine-tipped diamond-impreg- , for which the stone is held table-to-culet (as nated tweezers and, again using normal finger shown in figure 2) so that it can be easily rotated pressure, rotated it through 360'. When we subse- and then examined through facets around its quently examined the stone with magnification, circumference. there was no indication of damage. Next, we With standard metal-tipped tweezers, such a rotated the diamond a total of nine more times procedure presents little potential for damage to through 360' and reexamined it; again, visual all but the softest of gem materials, because inspection with magnification revealed no dam- has a Mohs hardness of only about age. We continued the procedure, reexamining the 5 '12 to 6. The contact surface of the diamond- table facet after every 10 rotations. We noted the impregnated tweezers, however, exceeds the hard- first evidence of damage after a total of 50 rota- ness of all gems but diamond. tions. After a total of 100 rotations, damage was Before handling either the synthetic ruby or the severe (figure 6). Notice the broken circular (as diamond with the tweezers, we photomicro- opposed to complete circular) pattern of the graphically documented the condition of their scratches. This results from "skipping" as the table facets in surface-reflected (figures3 and randomly oriented diamond grains in the tweezers encountered harder directions in the subject dia- mond. Figure 2. As part of the identification and eval nation of a gemstone, it is commonly held in CONCLUSION the tweezers table-to-culet for examination through the crown and pavilion facets. Photo- Rubies and sapphires are correctly considered micrograph by John I. Koivula. hard, durable gems. Yet the diamond-impregnated tweezers easily produced significant surface dam- age to the table facet of the synthetic ruby tested. If the tweezers can do this amount of damage to such a relatively hard gemstone, it is reasonable to expect that they would be even more destructive to softer gem materials such as alexandrite, , , , and the varieties. A cursory examination of a hardness comparison table in any standard gemological reference (e.g., Liddicoat, 1989; Webster, 1983) reveals that the majority of gemstones are notably lower in Mohs hardness than diamond and . While rather extreme handling was necessary to produce the damage shown in figure 6, the fact remains that the diamond-impregnated tweezers do have the potential to scratch even diamond. And a single scratch is all that is needed to remove a diamond from the flawless category. Because the

150 Notes and New Techniques GEMS &. GEMOLOGY Summer 1990 Figure 3. This photomicrograph shows the con- Flgiire 5 After only one 360Â rotation in the dition of the table facet on the 2.39-ct synthetic laws of the diamond-impregnated tweezers, ruby before it was handled with the diamoii~i- considerable damage was done to the table impregnated tweezers. Photomicrograph by facet of the synthetic ruby seen in figure 3 Pho- John I. Koiviila; magnified 5 x . toinicrograph by fohn I Kaiviifa, magn~fied5 x

Figure 4. This photomicrograph shows the con- Figure 6. This damage was evident on the table dition of the table facet on the 0.21-ct diamond of the diamond illustrated in figure 4 only after before it was handled with the diamond-im- one hundred 360' rotations in the jaws of the pregnatcd tweezers. Photomicrograph by John I. diamond-impregnated tweezers. Photomicro- Koivula; magnified 12 x . grciph by John I. Koiviila; magnified 12 x .

table is generally the largest facet on a gemstone, comm., 1989).The jeweler-gemologist is advised to recutting a stone to remove damage from the table exercise great caution when using diamond-im- area will usually result in a significant loss of pregnated tweezers and to avoid using them on any weight. gem material other than diamond. Damage such as that described here is appar- ently occurring to gems in the marketplace. Gem- ologists in the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory have REFERENCES reported seeing rubies and sapphires with concen- Liddicoat R.T. (1989) Handbook of Gem Identification, 12th tric circular scratches on their tables (R. ed., 2nd rev. printing. Gemological Institute of America, Crowningshield, pers. comm., 1989).Gem dealers Santa Monica, CA. Webster l<. (1983) Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and have encountered diamonds, as well as colored Identification, 4th eel. Revised by B. W Anderson, Butter- stones, with similar damage (H. Acller, pers. worth and Co., London.

Notes and New Techniq~~es GEMS & GEMOLOGY Summer 1990 151 Back Issues of

Limited quantities of these issues are still available. Fall 1986 Winter 1983 Winter 1986 Engraved Gems: A Historical Perspective The Gemological Properties of the Sumitorno Gem- Gem Quality Synthetic Diamonds The Rubies of Burma: The Stone Tract Art Nouveau: Jewels and Jewelers Induced Fingerprints Contemporary Intarsia: The Medvedev Approach Glass as a Lapis-Lazuli Imitation Spring 1987 Summer 1984 'Modern" Jewelry: Retro to Abstract Gem-Bearing : A Review Infrared in Gem Identification Gem Pegmatites of . : Exploration, A Study of the General Electric Synthetic Occurrence, and Aquamarine Deposits A New Gem Material from Greenland: Iridescent The First-Order Compensator Orthoamphibole Fall 1984 Summer 1987 Freshwater of North America Gemstone Durability, Design to Display The Chemical Distinction of Natural from Synthetic Wessels Mine Sugilile Emeralds Three Notable Fancy-Color Diamonds: Purplish Identifying Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds: Red, Purple-Pink, and Reddish Purple An Update The Separation of Natural from Synthetic Emeralds Inclusions in Taaffeites from Sri Lanka by Infrared Spectroscopy Magnetic Properties of Gem-Quality Synthetic The Rutilated Misnomer Diamonds Fall 1987 Winter 1984 An Update on Color in Gems. Part I Natural Rubies with Glass-Filled Cavities The Lennix Synthetic - Garnets with Unusual Color An Investigation of the Products of Kyocera Corp. Behavior that Show Play-of-Color Gem-Qualily Red from Utah Man-Made Jewelry An Extraordinary Gemslone namori Synthetic Cat's-Eye Alexandrite from East Winter 1987 Spring 1985 The Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds Gem Pegmatites of Minas Gerais, Brazil: The The History and Gemology of Queen Conch ourm ma lines of the Aracuai Districts "Pearls" from Cauca, Colombia The Seven Types of Yellow Sapphire and Their Altering the Color of Topaz Stability to Light A Preliminary Report on the New Lechleitner Synthetic Ruby and Synthetic Sapphire Spring 1988 Interesting Red Tourmaline Irom Zambia An Update on Color in Gems. Part 2 and Alexandrite from the Summer 1985 Districts of Minas Gerais, Brazil Through the Ages Faceting Large Gemstones Russian Flux-Grown Synthetic Emeralds The Distinction of Natural from Synthetic Gem Pegmatites of Minas Gerais, Brazil The Alexandrite by Infrared Spectroscopy of the Governador Vaiadares District The Eyepiece Pointer Summer 1988 The Diamond Deposits of Kalimantan, Winter 1985 An Update on Color in Gems. Part 3 A Status Report on Gemstones from Pastel A Proposed New Classification for Gem-Quality Examination of Three- Inclusions in Garnets Colorless, Yellow, and Blue Sapphires from Sri Amethystine Lanka The Pearl in the Chicken Fall 1988 Spring 1986 An Economic Review of the Past Decade in A Survey of the Gemstone Resources of Diamonds The Changma Diamond District, China The Sapphires of Penglai, Hainan Island, China Gemstone Carving in China: of Change Iridescent Qrthoamphibole from Wyoming A Gemological Study of in China Detection of Treatment in Two Green Diamonds The Gemological Characteristics of Chinese The Sapphires of Mingxi, Fujian Province, China Winter 1988 Gemstone and Radioactivity Summer 1986 from Brazil Complete your back The Coscuez Mine: A Major Source of Emeralds Opal from Opal Butte, Oregon The Elahera Gem Field in Central Sri Lanka A Gemological Look at Kyocera's Synthetic Star issues of Some Unusual Sillimanite Cat's-Eyes Ruby An Examination of Four Important Gems Gems & Gemology Green Glass Made of Mount Saint Helens Ash? Spring 1989 The Sinkankas Library Fall 1986 NOW! A Simple Procedure to Separate Natural from The Gujar Killi Emerald Deposit Beryl Gem Nodules from the Bananal Mine Single $ 8.00 ea. U.S Synthetic Amethyst on the Basis of Twinning "Opalite " Plastic Imitation Opal Issues-' $11.50 ea. Elsewhere Pink Topaz from Pakistan Dioxide Fluid Inclusions as Proof of Natural- Summer 1989 Complete Colored Corundum Filled Diamonds Volumes:' Specific Gravity-Origins and Development of the Thin Films Hydrostatic Method Grading the ORDER Colombage-Ara Diamonds with Color-Zoned Pavilions 1987. 1988. and $65.00 U.S. NOW! 1989 full set $95.00 Elsewhere TO ORDER: Call: toll free (800) 421-7250, ext. 201 '10% discount for GIA Alumni Association members OR WRITE: GIA, 1660 Stewart Street, Santa Monica, CA 90404, Attn: G&G Subscriptions