Pratica E Illuminazione in Dôgen

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Pratica E Illuminazione in Dôgen ALDO TOLLINI Pratica e illuminazione in Dôgen Traduzione di alcuni capitoli dello Shôbôgenzô PARTE PRIMA INTRODUZIONE A DÔGEN La vita e le opere di Dôgen Dôgen fu uno dei più originali pensatori e dei più importanti riformatori religiosi giapponesi. Conosciuto col nome religioso di Dôgen Kigen o Eihei Dôgen, nel 1227 fondò la scuola Sôtô Zen, una delle più importanti e diffuse scuole buddhiste giapponesi che ancora oggi conta moltissimi seguaci. Fondò il monastero di Eiheiji nella prefettura di Fukui e scrisse lo Shôbôgenzô (1231/1253, il "Tesoro dell’occhio della vera legge"), diventato un classico della tradizione buddhista giapponese. Pur vivendo nel mezzo della confusione della prima parte dell’era Kamakura (1185-1333) egli perseguì con grande determinazione e profondità l’esperienza religiosa buddhista. Nacque a Kyoto da nobile famiglia, forse figlio di Koga Michichika (1149-1202) una figura di primo piano nell'ambito della corte. Rimase orfano da bambino facendo diretta esperienza della realtà dell’impermanenza, che diventerà un concetto chiave del suo pensiero. Entrò nella vita monastica come monaco Tendai nell’Enryakuji sul monte Hiei nei pressi della capitale nel 1213. Dôgen era molto perplesso di fronte al fatto che sebbene l’uomo sia dotato della natura-di-Buddha, debba ugualmente impegnarsi nella disciplina e nella pratica e ricercare l’illuminazione. Con i suoi dubbi irrisolti e colpito dal lassismo dei costumi dei monaci del monte Hiei, Dôgen nel 1214 andò in cerca del maestro Kôin a Onjôji (Miidera) il centro Tendai rivale nella provincia di Ômi. Kôin mandò Dôgen da Eisai, il fondatore della scuola Rinzai e sebbene non sia certo se Dôgen riuscisse a incontrarlo fu molto influenzato da lui. Nel 1217 Dôgen entrò a far parte del tempio di Eisai, il Kenninji e studiò Rinzai Zen sotto Myôzen, discepolo di Eisai. Tuttavia, dopo sei anni di permanenza, era ancora insoddisfatto e decise di recarsi in Cina assieme a Myôzen per studiare il buddhismo nella terra da cui proveniva. Nel 1223, giunsero a Mingzhou nella provincia del Zhejiang e mentre Myôzen si diresse subito al monastero Keitoku sul monte Tendô, dove circa trent'anni prima aveva studiato Eisai, Dôgen rimase, per ragioni sconosciute, a bordo della nave con la quale era giunto in Cina per tre mesi. In questo periodo ebbe l'incontro con il monaco cinese venditore di funghi riportato nel Tenzo kyôkun, che lasciò una profonda traccia.1 Quindi raggiunse Myôzen al monastero Keitoku che al quel tempo era uno dei più grandi e importanti centri di studio e di pratica dello Zen seconda la tradizione Rinzai. 1 Vedi al proposito, Dogen-Uchiyama Kosho Roshi (a cura di), Istruzioni a un Cuoco Zen. Ovvero come ottenere l'illuminazione in cucina, trad. di Thomas Wright, Ubaldini, Roma, 1986, pp. 23-24. Qui rimase fino al 1224 quando il maestro di quel tempio morì. Allora si mise alla ricerca di un nuovo maestro e per sei mesi si recò in vari monasteri nel Zhejiang dove incontrò maestri Zen Rinzai famosi. Visitò templi famosi tra cui il Manju sul monte Kei e il Mannen sul monte Tendai. Infine, avendo sentito che il maestro Sôtô Zhangweng Rujing (o Juching) era diventato abate del monastero sul monte Tendô, vi tornò, incontrò Rujing nel giugno del 1225 e divenne suo discepolo. Dôgen fu molto impressionato dalla serietà, dalla severità e indipendenza di Rujing. Dopo soli due mesi Dôgen giunse all'illuminazione che fu riconosciuta dal maestro e nel 1227 ricevette la trasmissione del Dharma, ossia il riconoscimento che lo dichiarava successore di Rujing nella tradizione Sôtô Zen. Nell’autunno dello stesso anno Dôgen tornò in Giappone. Subito dopo il rientro, Dôgen risiedette al Kenninji dove sviluppò una visione personale della pratica detta shikantaza,2 che spiegò nel Fukan zazengi ("Principi universali per lo zazen") del 1227. Le opinioni di Dôgen crearono malcontento sia al Kenninji che sul monte Hiei e così nel 1230 Dôgen se ne andò nel monastero di An’yôin presso Kyoto, dove scrisse il Bendôwa ("Discorso sulla pratica della via", 1231), che divenne uno dei più importanti capitoli dello Shôbôgenzô, in cui si sostiene che pratica e realizzazione sono una unica cosa, accessibile a qualunque persona. Per far fronte al crescente numero di discepoli, nel 1233 Dôgen si trasferì non lontano nel tempio di Kannon Doriin dove passò il decennio più produttivo della sua vita. Nel 1234 divenne suo discepolo Koun Ejô(1198-1280), che diventerà l’erede spirituale di Dôgen. In questo periodo Dôgen scrisse 44 capitoli dello Shôbôgenzô, inclusi Genjô kôan ("Realizzazione del kôan"), Busshô ("La Natura-di-Buddha"), Uji ("Esistenza e tempo"), Gakudô yojinshû ("Introduzione all’apprendimento della via"), e il Tenzo Kyôkun ("Istruzioni a un cuoco"). In queste opere Dôgen sviluppa il suo pensiero centrato su fatto che l’essenza del Buddha-dharma è un insight nell’unità del sé e del mondo come un incessante autocreazione e autorinnovamento della natura-di-Buddha. Tutti gli esseri partecipano in questo processo dinamico della natura-di-Buddha attraverso un’assoluta libertà e sforzo totale. Nella realizzazione della verità ogni atto dell’esistenza umana avviene simultaneamente e in modo interrelato tra corpo e mente, sé e altro, esistenza e tempo, causa ed effetto, vita e morte. Nel 1242 o 1243 sottomise alla corte il memoriale Gokoku shôbôgi ("Significato del Vero Dharma per la protezione della nazione") per il riconoscimento del suo approccio al 2 Shikantaza nella terminologia della Scuola Zen significa il sedersi in meditazione con il senza-pensiero. È sinonimo di zazen. buddhismo, tuttavia, la scuola Tendai del monte Hiei si oppose e lo fece cacciare dal tempio dove risiedeva. Anche i rapporti con la scuola Rinzai peggiorarono e la sua dipartita fu forse anche dovuta ai cattivi rapporti con l’abate del grande tempio Rinzai Tofukuji, Enni Ben’en. Nell’estate del 1243, in seguito a un invito da parte di un uffciale del governo di Kamakura, Dôgen si trasferì nella provincia di Echizen. Ritirandosi nella remota provincia, Dôgen di fatto tagliò i ponti con le altre scuole e con il potere. Durante quel soggiorno scrisse altri 29 capitoli dello Shôbôgenzô in cui asserisce che il buddhismo trascende le varie scuole e sette e rifiuta perfino la denominazione di scuola Zen o scuola Sôtô. Nel 1244 Dôgen fondò il Daibutsuji, due anni dopo rinominato Eiheiji. Pur continuando a lavorare allo Shôbôgenzô, Dôgen si dedicò soprattutto alla formazione di alcuni discepoli scelti. Per Dôgen diventare monaco era un requisito fondamentale per attingere al Buddha dharma e di conseguenza si occupò molto delle regole della vita monastica e della formazione dei monaci. In questo periodo scrisse il Bendôho (1246, "Regole per la pratica della via"), il Chiji shingi (1246, "Regole per gli uffici monastici"), Shuryô shingi (1249, "Regole per la biblioteca monastica"). Tra il 1246 4 il 1247, rimase per sei mesi a Kamakura dove diede lezioni di buddhismo davanti a Hôjô Tokiyori, il reggente del governo. Nel 1250, dopo ripetuti rifiuti, accettò la veste purpurea, simbolo della protezione imperiale, che però non indossò mai. Nel 1252 si ammalò gravemente, tuttavia riuscì a portare a termine il Hachi dainingaku ("Le otto realizzazioni dei Buddha"), l’ultimo capitolo dello Shôbôgenzô. Morì nell’autunno del 1253 a Kyoto, dov’era andato per farsi curare. * * * * * Lo Shôbôgenzô Shôbôgenzô significa letteralmente Tesoro (zô) dell' Occhio (gen) della Vera (shô) Legge (bô). Fu composto in un arco di 22 anni, tra il 1231 e la data della morte del Maestro nel 1253. Il testo dello Shôbôgenzô è conosciuto in tre versioni diverse: quello consistente in 12 capitoli, quello in 75 capitoli e quello in 95 capitoli. Le prime due versioni sono molto antiche e non furono mai stampate, ma riprodotte manualmente nel corso dei secoli. La versione in 95 capitoli include tutti i capitoli delle altre due edizioni, ad eccezione di uno. Fu compilata all'inizio del XVIII secolo e stampata nel 1816. Questa edizione, essendo la più esaustiva, divenne anche quella più comunemente accreditata, sebbene dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale alcuni studiosi sostennero che la versione in 75 capitoli è quella compilata per mano di Dôgen stesso e quindi la più affidabile. Dôgen compose l'opera non in modo unitario, ma a più riprese. Il periodo a partire dal 1233, passato al Kannon Doriin, poi rinominato Kôshôji Hôrin, il primo tempio Sôtô Zen, fu il più produttivo dal punto di vista letterario. Qui, infatti, Dôgen scrisse ben 44 capitoli. Nel 1243 Dôgen si trasferì nella remota provincia di Echizen dove fondò lo Eiheiji. Qui, oltre all'insegnamento ai monaci, si dedicò alla scrittura e produsse altri 29 capitoli. Dopo la morte di Dôgen, lo Shôbôgenzô, rimase in ambito puramente monastico e seppur studiato dai monaci non era considerato un testo fondamentale per l'insegnamento della scuola Sôtô. L'opera del Maestro fu sistematizzata e i capitoli lasciati, raccolti in tre diverse edizioni: quella del suo discepolo diretto Ejô in 75 capitoli, quella di Giun (1329), in 60 capitoli e quella di Bonsei (1419) in 84 capitoli. Inoltre, furono prodotti una biografia del Maestro e alcuni commentari alla sua opera. Solo, però, a partire dal XVIII secolo, lo Shôbôgenzô cominciò ad avere un ruolo importante, quando si affermò il movimento per restaurare la purezza dell'insegnamento della scuola ed epurarlo da influenza estranee (shûtô fukko). Si deve, in particolare, a uno dei maggiori fautori del movimento, Gesshû Sôko (1618–96), che si impegnò attivamente per delineare in modo chiaro la linea di discendenza dell'insegnamento a partire dal fondatore, che pose lo Shôbôgenzô al centro dell'insegnamento della scuola Sôtô. Dopo di lui, l'opera fu largamente studiata all'interno della scuola e pubblicata per la prima volta tra la fine del XVIII e l'inizio del secolo successivo.
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