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Sanctions and Human Rights: the Role of Sanctions in International Security, Peace Building and the Protection of Civilian’S Rights and Well-Being

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Sanctions and Human Rights: the Role of Sanctions in International Security, Peace Building and the Protection of Civilian’S Rights and Well-Being DOCTORAL THESIS SANCTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE ROLE OF SANCTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, PEACE BUILDING AND THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN’S RIGHTS AND WELL-BEING. CASE STUDIES OF IRAN AND ZIMBABWE. STUDENT: CHIDIEBERE, C. OGBONNA SUPERVISORS: DR. JOSÉ ÁNGEL RUIZ JIMÉNEZ DR. SOFIA HERRERO RICO Castellón, 2016 Dedication To my parents: Nze, George and Lolo, Veronica Ogbonna And to my two brothers: Chukwunyere and Iheanyichukwu And my Love: Chigozie, R. Okeke i Epigraph i will not sit head bent in silence while children are fed sour bread and dull water i will not sit head bent in silence while people rant for the justice of death i will not sit head bent in silence while gossip destroys the souls of human beings i will not sit head bent in silence at any stage of my life and i will depart this world with words spitting from my lips like bullets …too many pass this way heads bent in silence (Alan Corkish, 2003) ii Acknowledgements It has been years of thorough commitment, thorough hard-work and unquantifiable experience. May I use this opportunity to say a big thank you to everybody that contributed in one way or the other to my success, sustenance and improvement over these years of intensive academic pursuit. Of special mention are my parents Nze, George and Lolo, Veronica Ogbonna. Also my appreciation goes to Gabriela Fernández, Barrister Uzoma Ogbonna, Mr. Kelvin Iroegbu, Chinedu Anyanwu, Magnus Umunnakwe and Mr. Lawrence Ubani. More so, it is imperative to acknowledge my past teachers and academic counsellors, who set the stage running through meticulous advice, guidance, inspiration and constructive criticisms. Among them are Dr. Benjamin, J. Inyang, Mrs. Birgitta Niemi, Dr. Jennifer, M. Murphy, Dr. Eloísa Nos, Dr. Irene Comins Mingol, Dr. Sidi Omar, Dr. Fatuma Ahmed Ali and Prof. Macharia Munene. Without been forgetful I wish to thank the staff and students of the UNESCO Chair Philosophy for Peace, Universitat Jaume I, particularly the person of Adela Almela Escrig and Amparo Herrero Llobregat. Same appreciation goes to my friends, Kola, Tobi, Gerald Ukachukwu, Dillion Iro-omo, Marissa Pothen, Nantisara, Enyeribe Mbagwu, Rev. Fr. Chukwuemeka Anyanwu, Kelechi Ihejirika, Uche Chukwuocha and Joel Omino. My most appreciation goes to my supervisors, Dr. Jose Angel Ruiz Jimenez and Dr. Sofia Herrero Rico. You people are awesome, without your total commitment, a day like this would have come but perhaps it would have taken longer. I say thank you very much. Finally, I wish to extend my unreserved appreciation to the family of Mr. Felix Chakanyuka of Zimbabwe and also to Mr. Mahommed Reza Khalid of Iran. May God almighty reward you people for your support and kindness to me during my research period. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication………………………………………………………………………….. ……... i Epigraph……………………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgements…..…………………………………………………..…….................... iii List of Figures and Tables……………………………………………………….………….viii List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………. ix Resumen de la Tesis Doctoral ………………………………………………..……………. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….. 23 Research problem………………………………………………………………….............. 27 Objectives of study………………………………………………………………………… 28 Research questions…………………………………………………………………………. 29 Methodology……………..………………………………………………………………… 29 Structure …………………………………………………………………………………… 30 Framework of analysis……………………………………………………………………... 33 CHAPTER ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO SANCTIONS 1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 39 1.1.1. History of sanctions…………………………………………………………….. 44 1.1.2. Definitions of sanctions…………………………………………………………. 46 1.1.3. Types of sanctions……………………………………………………………..... 48 1.1.3.1. Comprehensive sanctions…………………………………………………… 49 1.1.3.2. Targeted sanctions………………………………………………………….. 51 1.1.3.3. Major challenges of UN targeted Economic Sanctions……………………... 53 1.1.3.4. Arms embargoes…………………………………………………………….. 57 1.1.3.5. Restrictions on admission (Visa or travel ban)……………………………… 59 1.1.3.6. Unilateral sanctions…………………………………………………………. 60 1.1.3.7. Economic sanctions…………………………………………………………. 64 1.2. The basis for economic sanctions in the UN Charter…………………………………. 66 1.2.1. The purposes of economic sanctions……………………………………………. 68 1.2.1.1. Coercion…………………………………………………………………….. 68 1.2.1.2. Punishment………………………………………………………………….. 70 1.2.1.3. Symbolism…………………………………………………………............... 72 1.2.1.4. Signalling……………………………………………………………………. 75 1.2.2. Characteristics of UNSC economic sanctions………………………………….. 76 1.2.2.1. Binding and supreme………………………………………………………... 76 1.2.2.2. Politics and self-interest…………………………………………………….. 81 1.2.2.3. Media driven………………………………………………………………… 85 1.3. Ambiguity in UNSC economic sanctions…………………………………………….. 87 1.3.1. Counting successes and failures; argument of the sanctions advocates………… 89 1.3.2. Employing sanctions as a tool of regime change……………………………….. 93 1.3.3. Economic Sanctions as neo-colonialism………………………………………… 96 1.3.4. Major criticisms of UNSC Sanctions…………………………………………… 97 iv 1.3.4.1. Ethical dilemma……………………………………………………………... 98 1.3.4.2. Double standards……………………………………………......................... 100 1.3.4.3. Missing legal and constitutional concept……………………………………. 100 1.3.4.4. Lack of effectiveness………………………………………………………... 101 1.4. Economic Sanctions: changing perceptions and euphemisms………………………… 102 1.4.1. Brief history of the debate on economic sanctions……………………………… 102 1.4.2. Economic sanctions debate in the 1930’s……………………………………….. 104 1.4.3. Economic sanctions debate in the 1960’s to 80’s……………………………….. 105 1.4.4. Economic sanctions debate after 1990……..………………................................. 106 1.4.5. How economic sanctions goals are achieved...………………………………….. 109 1.4.6. The mechanisms of economic sanctions……….………………………………... 109 1.4.7. Understanding the real targets of economic sanctions……………....................... 110 1.4.8. A review of the euphemisms of sanctions……………………………………..... 112 1.4.8.1. Target State………………………………………………………………….. 113 1.4.8.2. Coalescing a population with its leader…………………..…………………. 114 1.4.8.3. The concept of “Collateral” effects………………….………....……………. 114 1.4.8.4. Humanitarian exemptions………………………………..………………….. 117 1.4.9. Economic sanctions: theoretical considerations………………………………… 118 1.4.10. Comments and opinions on the determination and use of sanctions…………... 120 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………… 122 CHAPTER TWO: THE POSITION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND THE ROLE OF THEORIES 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….. 125 2.1.1. Overview of human rights…….………..……………………………………….. 127 2.1.1.1. Economic and social rights……………………..…………………………… 129 2.1.1.2. Civil and political rights………………………….…………………………. 130 2.1.1.3. Right to life……………………………………..…………………………… 131 2.1.1.4. Right to freedom from torture……………………………………………….. 132 2.1.1.5. Right to an effective remedy……………………….………………............... 133 2.1.2. The right to development……….…………………….………………………..... 134 2.1.2.1. The US objection to the right to development………….…………………… 139 2.2. Economic sanctions and human rights protection………….….…………………….... 141 2.2.1. Limits of economic sanctions under the UN Charter…………………………….146 2.2.2. Limits of economic sanctions under international law………………….............. 149 2.2.3. Unilateral sanctions in international law…….……………………….…………..152 2.2.4. Human rights and State(s) responsibility…….………………………………….. 154 2.3. Theories of international relations and States interaction………….………………….. 157 2.3.1. Realism theory………….……………………………………………………….. 158 2.3.2. Liberalism theory………….…………………………………………………….. 164 2.3.3. Institutionalism theory……..……………………………………………………. 167 2.3.4. Hegemonic stability theory……..…………………………………….…………. 170 2.3.5. Balance of power theory………..……………………………………………….. 173 2.3.6. Constructivism theory………..…………………………………….……………. 175 v 2.3.7. Democratic peace theory……..………………….……………………………… 177 2.3.7. 1. A critique of democratic peace theory……………………………………… 180 2.3.8. Cosmopolitanism theory………….……..…………………….………………… 182 2.3.9. New war theory………….…...………………………………………………….. 185 2.3.10. Imperialism theory………..…………………………………..…………........... 188 2.3.11. Dependency theory…..……………………….…………………………........... 191 Conclusions………….……………………………………………………………………... 195 CHAPTER THREE: SANCTIONS FROM RHODESIA TO ZIMBABWE 3.1. Introduction…………………………….…………………………….………………... 197 3.1.1. Southern Rhodesia: An “ideal” target of UN economic sanctions?...................... 201 3.1.2. A brief historical overview of Rhodesia……..………………………………….. 204 3.1.3. The use of suppressive racist policies………...…………………………………. 206 3.1.4. Unilateral declaration of independence (UDI); followed by sanctions…………. 208 3.1.5. The UN economic sanctions.………………..….……………………………….. 209 3.1.6. Self-determination in context ……..…………………………………………..... 212 3.1.7. Initial difficulties faced by sanctions………...………………………….............. 213 3.1.7.1. Sanctions breaches by Portugal and South Africa…..………………………. 214 3.1.7.2. Sanctions breaches by the United States and the United Kingdom…………. 215 3.1.7.3. Sanctions breaches by Zambia………………………………………………. 217 3.1.8. Adaptation of the economy……………..…………………….…………………. 218 3.2. Towards democracy and independence……………………………………………….. 221 3.2.1. The Matabeleland crisis that lasted within 1982 to 1987………..……………… 223 3.2.2. The Unity Accord……………..………………………………………………… 227 3.2.3. Shortfall of the 1987 Unity Accord………..……………………………………. 229 3.2.4. Crisis and challenges of the 1990’s………..……………….…………………… 231 3.2.5. Developments since 2000………….……..…………………….……………….
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