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STANDARDIZATION of LIST of LIGHTS and FOG SIGNALS
INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION STANDARDIZATION of LIST OF LIGHTS and FOG SIGNALS June 2004 Published by the INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC BUREAU M O N A C O S-12 INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION STANDARDIZATION OF LIST OF LIGHTS and FOG SIGNALS June 2004 Published by the INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC BUREAU MONACO 4, Quai Antoine 1er B.P. 445 - MC 98011 MONACO Cedex Principauté de Monaco Telefax: (377) 93 10 81 40 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iho.shom.fr S-12 June 2004 S-12 June 2004 i FOREWORD IHO Publication S-12 provides a standardized structure for the publication of List of Lights and Fog Signals. The text of this document (S-12) was prepared by a working group of the North Sea Hydrographic Commission (NSHC). After discussion at the XIVth International Hydrographic Conference in 1992, a revised draft was circulated to Member States under cover of CL 3/1996. Further amendments were made under cover of CL 51/1996 and CL 17/1997. Approval to publish was agreed at the XVth IHC in 1997. Due to the long delay in publishing S-12, IHB staff reviewed the text in order to make some presentational improvements and follow the format of other IHO publications. This revised draft was passed to Member States for approval under cover of CL 12/2004. __________ The Geographical Range Table (Pages A-18 to A-19) and the Luminous Range Diagram (Page A-21) are © Crown Copyright; reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk). -
PUB. 143 Sailing Directions (Enroute)
PUB. 143 SAILING DIRECTIONS (ENROUTE) ★ WEST COAST OF EUROPE AND NORTHWEST AFRICA ★ Prepared and published by the NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Springfield, Virginia © COPYRIGHT 2014 BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NO COPYRIGHT CLAIMED UNDER TITLE 17 U.S.C. 2014 FIFTEENTH EDITION For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: http://bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 II Preface date of the publication shown above. Important information to amend material in the publication is updated as needed and 0.0 Pub. 143, Sailing Directions (Enroute) West Coast of Europe available as a downloadable corrected publication from the and Northwest Africa, Fifteenth Edition, 2014 is issued for use NGA Maritime Domain web site. in conjunction with Pub. 140, Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) North Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Seas. Companion 0.0NGA Maritime Domain Website volumes are Pubs. 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, and 148. http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal 0.0 Digital Nautical Charts 1 and 8 provide electronic chart 0.0 coverage for the area covered by this publication. 0.0 Courses.—Courses are true, and are expressed in the same 0.0 This publication has been corrected to 4 October 2014, manner as bearings. The directives “steer” and “make good” a including Notice to Mariners No. 40 of 2014. Subsequent course mean, without exception, to proceed from a point of or- updates have corrected this publication to 24 September 2016, igin along a track having the identical meridianal angle as the including Notice to Mariners No. -
Celestial Navigation Tutorial
NavSoft’s CELESTIAL NAVIGATION TUTORIAL Contents Using a Sextant Altitude 2 The Concept Celestial Navigation Position Lines 3 Sight Calculations and Obtaining a Position 6 Correcting a Sextant Altitude Calculating the Bearing and Distance ABC and Sight Reduction Tables Obtaining a Position Line Combining Position Lines Corrections 10 Index Error Dip Refraction Temperature and Pressure Corrections to Refraction Semi Diameter Augmentation of the Moon’s Semi-Diameter Parallax Reduction of the Moon’s Horizontal Parallax Examples Nautical Almanac Information 14 GHA & LHA Declination Examples Simplifications and Accuracy Methods for Calculating a Position 17 Plane Sailing Mercator Sailing Celestial Navigation and Spherical Trigonometry 19 The PZX Triangle Spherical Formulae Napier’s Rules The Concept of Using a Sextant Altitude Using the altitude of a celestial body is similar to using the altitude of a lighthouse or similar object of known height, to obtain a distance. One object or body provides a distance but the observer can be anywhere on a circle of that radius away from the object. At least two distances/ circles are necessary for a position. (Three avoids ambiguity.) In practice, only that part of the circle near an assumed position would be drawn. Using a Sextant for Celestial Navigation After a few corrections, a sextant gives the true distance of a body if measured on an imaginary sphere surrounding the earth. Using a Nautical Almanac to find the position of the body, the body’s position could be plotted on an appropriate chart and then a circle of the correct radius drawn around it. In practice the circles are usually thousands of miles in radius therefore distances are calculated and compared with an estimate. -
Chapter 19 the Almanacs
CHAPTER 19 THE ALMANACS PURPOSE OF ALMANACS 1900. Introduction The Air Almanac was originally intended for air navigators, but is used today mostly by a segment of the Celestial navigation requires accurate predictions of the maritime community. In general, the information is similar to geographic positions of the celestial bodies observed. These the Nautical Almanac, but is given to a precision of 1' of arc predictions are available from three almanacs published and 1 second of time, at intervals of 10 minutes (values for annually by the United States Naval Observatory and H. M. the Sun and Aries are given to a precision of 0.1'). This Nautical Almanac Office, Royal Greenwich Observatory. publication is suitable for ordinary navigation at sea, but The Astronomical Almanac precisely tabulates celestial lacks the precision of the Nautical Almanac, and provides data for the exacting requirements found in several scientific GHA and declination for only the 57 commonly used fields. Its precision is far greater than that required by navigation stars. celestial navigation. Even if the Astronomical Almanac is The Multi-Year Interactive Computer Almanac used for celestial navigation, it will not necessarily result in (MICA) is a computerized almanac produced by the U.S. more accurate fixes due to the limitations of other aspects of Naval Observatory. This and other web-based calculators are the celestial navigation process. available from: http://aa.usno.navy.mil. The Navy’s The Nautical Almanac contains the astronomical STELLA program, found aboard all seagoing naval vessels, information specifically needed by marine navigators. contains an interactive almanac as well. -
Chapter 6 Nautical Publications
CHAPTER 6 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 600. Publications supply a ship’s chart and publication library. On-line publications produced by the U.S. government are The navigator uses many textual information sources available on the Web. to plan and conduct a voyage. These sources include notices to mariners, summary of corrections, sailing directions, 601. Maintenance and Carriage Requirements of light lists, tide tables, sight reduction tables, and almanacs. Navigation Publications While it is still possible to obtain hard-copy or printed nautical publications, increasingly these texts Vessels may maintain the navigation publications are found online or in other digital formats, including required by Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM's) or Parts 161.4, 164.33, and 164.72 and SOLAS Chapter V Digital Versatile Disc (DVD's). Digital publications are Regulation 27 in electronic format provided that they are much less expensive than printed publications to repro- derived from the original source, are currently duce and distribute, and online publications have no corrected/up-to-date, and are readily accessible on the reproduction costs at all for the producer, and only mi- vessel's bridge by the crew. Adequate independent back-up nor costs to the user. Also, one DVD can hold entire arrangements shall be provided in case of libraries of information, making both distribution and electronic/technical failure. Such arrangements include: a on-board storage much easier. The advantages of electronic publications over second computer, CD, or portable mass storage device hard-copy go beyond cost savings. They can be updated readily displayable to the navigation watch, or printed easier and more often, making it possible for mariners paper copies. -
Distances Between United States Ports 2019 (13Th) Edition
Distances Between United States Ports 2019 (13th) Edition T OF EN CO M M T M R E A R P C E E D U N A I C T I E R D E S M T A ATES OF U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) RDML Timothy Gallaudet., Ph.D., USN Ret., Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere National Ocean Service Nicole R. LeBoeuf, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Ocean Services and Coastal Zone Management Cover image courtesy of Megan Greenaway—Great Salt Pond, Block Island, RI III Preface Distances Between United States Ports is published by the Office of Coast Survey, National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), pursuant to the Act of 6 August 1947 (33 U.S.C. 883a and b), and the Act of 22 October 1968 (44 U.S.C. 1310). Distances Between United States Ports contains distances from a port of the United States to other ports in the United States, and from a port in the Great Lakes in the United States to Canadian ports in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. Distances Between Ports, Publication 151, is published by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and distributed by NOS. NGA Pub. 151 is international in scope and lists distances from foreign port to foreign port and from foreign port to major U.S. ports. The two publications, Distances Between United States Ports and Distances Between Ports, complement each other. -
6.- Methods for Latitude and Longitude Measurement
Chapter 6 Copyright © 1997-2004 Henning Umland All Rights Reserved Methods for Latitude and Longitude Measurement Latitude by Polaris The observed altitude of a star being vertically above the geographic north pole would be numerically equal to the latitude of the observer ( Fig. 6-1 ). This is nearly the case with the pole star (Polaris). However, since there is a measurable angular distance between Polaris and the polar axis of the earth (presently ca. 1°), the altitude of Polaris is a function of the local hour angle. The altitude of Polaris is also affected by nutation. To obtain the accurate latitude, several corrections have to be applied: = − ° + + + Lat Ho 1 a0 a1 a2 The corrections a0, a1, and a2 depend on LHA Aries , the observer's estimated latitude, and the number of the month. They are given in the Polaris Tables of the Nautical Almanac [12]. To extract the data, the observer has to know his approximate position and the approximate time. When using a computer almanac instead of the N. A., we can calculate Lat with the following simple procedure. Lat E is our estimated latitude, Dec is the declination of Polaris, and t is the meridian angle of Polaris (calculated from GHA and our estimated longitude). Hc is the computed altitude, Ho is the observed altitude (see chapter 4). = ( ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ) Hc arcsin sin Lat E sin Dec cos Lat E cos Dec cos t ∆ H = Ho − Hc Adding the altitude difference, ∆H, to the estimated latitude, we obtain the improved latitude: ≈ + ∆ Lat Lat E H The error of Lat is smaller than 0.1' when Lat E is smaller than 70° and when the error of Lat E is smaller than 2°, provided the exact longitude is known. -
Sailing Directions in Digital Format: an Opportunity for Enriched Media and Information Content
SAILING DIRECTIONS IN DIGITAL FORMAT: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR ENRICHED MEDIA AND INFORMATION CONTENT ANDRES MILLAN December 2007 TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 254 SAILING DIRECTIONS IN DIGITAL FORMAT: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR ENRICHED MEDIA AND INFORMATION CONTENT Andres Millan Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick P.O. Box 4400 Fredericton, N.B. Canada E3B 5A3 December 2007 © Andres Millan 2007 PREFACE This technical report is a reproduction of a report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, December 2007. The research was jointly supervised by Dr. David Wells and Dr. John Hughes Clarke, and support was provided by the Royal Spanish Navy Naval College. As with any copyrighted material, permission to reprint or quote extensively from this report must be received from the author. The citation to this work should appear as follows: Millan, Andres (2007). Sailing Directions in Digital Format: An Opportunity for Enriched Media and Information Content. M.Eng. report, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 254, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 81 pp. ABSTRACT Hydrographic offices have made an important effort to turn all their issued traditional nautical publications into digital formats. Many nautical publications are now available in digital formats. While useful, most of them are just digital versions of printed publications. This report is concerned with one of the most important publications for the navigator, Sailing Directions. A real improvement in the value to users of this publication can be performed by means of adding digital multimedia features. -
Thenauticalalmanac.Com the Nautical Almanac 2023 for The
The Nautical Almanac 2023 For the Sun TheNauticalAlmanac.com Contents Credits, Acknowledgment and Disclaimer p. 3 Useful Links p. 4 Formulas p. 5 - 7 Equation of Time curve p. 8 The Daily Pages for the Sun p. 9 - 21 Increments & Corrections (The Yellow Pages) p. 22 - 41 Conversion of Arc to Time p. 42 Altitude Corrections for Sun, Planets, Stars (includes Refraction and Dip) p. 43 - 44 USNO Navigational Star Chart p. 45 Sun TOCC.odt Acknowledgment and Credits Dr. Enno Rodegerdts The Nautical Almanac Daily Pages and Sun Almanacs found on our site were originally created from PyAlmanac written by the great Norwegian sailor Enno Rodegerdts. PyAlmanac used PyEphem to generate the almanacs and LaTex provided the final formatting. Visit Dr. Rodegerdts site and learn of his voyages at https://sv-inua.net/ Without his work TheNauticalAlmanac.com wouldn't exist. Andrew Bauer Mr. Bauer has taken the initial work of Dr. Rodegerdts and improved it to the excellence found in the following Daily Pages. Attending foremost to the accuracy of data and then formatting Mr. Bauer created SkyAlmanac which draws from Brandon Rhodes work Ephem and Skyfieldand provides a clear arrangement of figures required for celestial navigation. To that end his work was determined, tireless and efficient. In our mutual writing across many lines of longitude he has always been pleasant, friendly and most affable. As he has said, "The art of celestial navigation should be promoted, not discouraged, even in the modern day". To both of these men we all owe a large debt of gratitude and thanks Disclaimer and Warning Prior to use verify the accuracy of The Nautical Almanac or data you download from our site. -
Chapter 6 Nautical Publications
CHAPTER 6 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 600. Publications supply a ship’s chart and publication library. On-line publications produced by the U.S. government are The navigator uses many textual information sources available on the Web. to plan and conduct a voyage. These sources include notices to mariners, summary of corrections, sailing directions, 601. Maintenance and Carriage Requirements of light lists, tide tables, sight reduction tables, and almanacs. Navigation Publications While it is still possible to obtain hard-copy or printed nautical publications, increasingly these texts are found on- Vessels may maintain the navigation publications line or in other digital formats, including Compact Disc- required by Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations Read Only Memory (CD-ROM's) or Digital Versatile Disc Parts 161.4, 164.33, and 164.72 and SOLAS Chapter V (DVD's). Digital publications are much less expensive than Regulation 27 in electronic format provided that they are printed publications to reproduce and distribute, and online derived from the original source, are currently publications have no reproduction costs at all for the pro- corrected/up-to-date, and are readily accessible on the ducer, and only minor costs to the user. Also, one DVD can vessel's bridge by the crew. Adequate independent back-up hold entire libraries of information, making both distribu- arrangements shall be provided in case of tion and on-board storage much easier. electronic/technical failure. Such arrangements include: a The advantages of electronic publications over hard- copy go beyond cost savings. They can be updated easier second computer, CD, or portable mass storage device and more often, making it possible for mariners to have fre- readily displayable to the navigation watch, or printed quent or even continuous access to a maintained paper copies. -
Bibliography of Maritime and Naval History
TAMU-L-76-ppz c. Bibliographyof Maritime and Naval History Periodical Articles Published 1974-1975 CkARLES R, SCHULTZ University Archives Texas A&M University PAMELA A. McNULTY G.W. Rlunt White Library TA M U-SG-77-601 Mystic Seaport September 1 976 Bibliography of Maritime and Naval History Periodical Articles Published 1974-1975 Compiled by Charles R. Schultz, University Archivist Texas A&M University Pamela A. McNulty, Reference Librarian G.W. Blunt White Library September 1976 TP2fU-SG-77-601 Partially supported through Institutional Grant 04-5-158-19 to Texas A&M University by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Sea Grants Department of Commerce $<.oo Order from: Department of Marine Resources Information Center for Marine Resources Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. GENERAL 1 II. EXPLORATION, NAVIGATION, CARTOGRAPHY 13 III. MERCHANT SAIL & GENERAL SHIPPING NORTH AMERICA 21 IV. MERCHANT SAIL & GENERAL SHIPPING - OTHER REGIONS ~ t ~ ~ o 28 V. MERCHANT STEAM - OCEAN & TIDKWATER 34 VI, INLAND NAVIGATION 56 VII, SEAPORTS & COASTAL AREAS 68 VIII. SHIPBUILDING & ALLIED TOPICS 74 IX. MARITIME LAW 82 X, SMALL CRAFT 88 XI. ASSOCIATIONS & UNIONS 93 XII. FISHERIES 94 XIII. NAVAL TO 1939 - NORTH AMERICA 102 XIV. NAVAL TO 1939 - OTHER REGIONS 110 XV. WORLD WAR II & POSTWAR NAVAL 119 XVI. MARINE ART, SHIP MODELS, COLLECTIONS & EXHIBITS 123 XVII. PLEASURE BOATING & YACHT RACING 126 AUTHOR INDEX 130 SUBJECT INDEX 143 VE S SKL INDEX 154 INTRODUCTION When the third volume in this series appeared two years ago, it appeared as though I would continue to produce a biennial bibliography based almost entirely upon the resources of Texas ARM University Libraries. -
Chapter 19 Sight Reduction
CHAPTER 19 SIGHT REDUCTION BASIC PROCEDURES 1900. Computer Sight Reduction 1901. Tabular Sight Reduction The purely mathematical process of sight reduction is The process of deriving from celestial observations the an ideal candidate for computerization, and a number of information needed for establishing a line of position, different hand-held calculators, apps, and computer LOP, is called sight reduction. The observation itself con- programs have been developed to relieve the tedium of sists of measuring the altitude of the celestial body above working out sights by tabular or mathematical methods. the visible horizon and noting the time. The civilian navigator can choose from a wide variety of This chapter concentrates on sight reduction using the hand-held calculators and computer programs that require Nautical Almanac and Pub. No. 229: Sight Reduction Ta- only the entry of the DR position, measured altitude of the bles for Marine Navigation. Pub 229 is available on the body, and the time of observation. Even knowing the name NGA website. The method described here is one of many of the body is unnecessary because the computer can methods of reducing a sight. Use of the Nautical Almanac identify it based on the entered data. Calculators, apps, and and Pub. 229 provide the most precise sight reduction prac- computers can provide more accurate solutions than tabular tical, 0.'1 (or about 180 meters). and mathematical methods because they can be based on The Nautical Almanac contains a set of concise sight precise analytical computations rather than rounded values reduction tables and instruction on their use. It also contains inherent in tabular data.