Celestial Navigation Tutorial
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Basic Principles of Celestial Navigation James A
Basic principles of celestial navigation James A. Van Allena) Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ͑Received 16 January 2004; accepted 10 June 2004͒ Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s geographic position by the observation of identified stars, identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. This subject has a multitude of refinements which, although valuable to a professional navigator, tend to obscure the basic principles. I describe these principles, give an analytical solution of the classical two-star-sight problem without any dependence on prior knowledge of position, and include several examples. Some approximations and simplifications are made in the interest of clarity. © 2004 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.1778391͔ I. INTRODUCTION longitude ⌳ is between 0° and 360°, although often it is convenient to take the longitude westward of the prime me- Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s ridian to be between 0° and Ϫ180°. The longitude of P also geographic position by the observation of identified stars, can be specified by the plane angle in the equatorial plane identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. Its basic principles whose vertex is at O with one radial line through the point at are a combination of rudimentary astronomical knowledge 1–3 which the meridian through P intersects the equatorial plane and spherical trigonometry. and the other radial line through the point G at which the Anyone who has been on a ship that is remote from any prime meridian intersects the equatorial plane ͑see Fig. -
Indoor Wireless Localization Using Haversine Formula
ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, Issue 7, July 2015 Indoor Wireless Localization using Haversine Formula Ganesh L1, DR. Vijaya Kumar B P2 M. Tech (Software Engineering), 4th Semester, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology (Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU)Bangalore, Karnataka, India1 Professor& HOD, Dept. of ISE, MSRIT, Bangalore, Karnataka, India2 Abstract: Indoor wireless Localization is essential for most of the critical environment or infrastructure created by man. Technological growth in the areas of wireless communication access techniques, high speed information processing and security has made to connect most of the day-to-day usable things, place and situations to be connected to the internet, named as Internet of Things(IOT).Using such IOT infrastructure providing an accurate or high precision localization is a smart and challenging issue. In this paper, we have proposed mapping model for locating a static or a mobile electronic communicable gadgets or the things to which such electronic gadgets are connected. Here, 4-way mapping includes the planning and positioning of wireless AP building layout, GPS co-ordinate and the signal power between the electronic gadget and access point. The methodology uses Haversine formula for measurement and estimation of distance with improved efficiency in localization. Implementation model includes signal measurements with wifi position, GPS values and building layout to identify the precise location for different scenarios is considered and evaluated the performance of the system and found that the results are more efficient compared to other methodologies. Keywords: Localization, Haversine, GPS (Global positioning system) 1. -
Printable Celestial Navigation Work Forms
S T A R P A T H ® S c h o o l o f N a v i g a t i o n PRINTABLE CELESTIAL NAVIGATION WORK FORMS For detailed instructions and numerical examples, see the companion booklet listed below. FORM 104 — All bodies, using Pub 249 or Pub 229 FORM 106 — All Bodies, Using NAO Tables FORM 108 — All Bodies, Almanac, and NAO Tables FORM 109 — Solar Index Correction FORM 107 — Latitude at LAN FORM 110 — Latitude by Polaris FORM 117 — Lat, Lon at LAN plus Polaris FORM 111 — Pub 249, Vol. 1 Selected Stars Other Starpath publications on Celestial Navigation Celestial Navigation Starpath Celestial Navigation Work Forms Hawaii by Sextant How to Use Plastic Sextants The Star Finder Book GPS Backup with a Mark 3 Sextant Emergency Navigation Stark Tables for Clearing the Lunar Distance Long Term Almanac 2000 to 2050 Celestial Navigation Work Form Form 104, All Sights, Pub. 249 or Pub. 229 WT h m s date body Hs ° ´ WE DR log index corr. 1 +S -F Lat + off - on ZD DR HE DIP +W -E Lon ft - UTC h m s UTC date / LOP label Ha ° ´ GHA v Dec d HP ° ´ moon ° ´ + 2 hr. planets hr - moon GHA + d additional ° ´ + ´ altitude corr. m.s. corr. - moon, mars, venus 3 SHA + stars Dec Dec altitude corr. or ° ´ or ° ´ all sights v corr. moon, planets min GHA upper limb moon ° ´ tens d subtract 30’ d upper Ho units d ° ´ a-Lon ° ´ d lower -W+E dsd dsd T LHA corr. + Hc 00´ W / 60´ E ° d. -
Chapter 19 the Almanacs
CHAPTER 19 THE ALMANACS PURPOSE OF ALMANACS 1900. Introduction The Air Almanac was originally intended for air navigators, but is used today mostly by a segment of the Celestial navigation requires accurate predictions of the maritime community. In general, the information is similar to geographic positions of the celestial bodies observed. These the Nautical Almanac, but is given to a precision of 1' of arc predictions are available from three almanacs published and 1 second of time, at intervals of 10 minutes (values for annually by the United States Naval Observatory and H. M. the Sun and Aries are given to a precision of 0.1'). This Nautical Almanac Office, Royal Greenwich Observatory. publication is suitable for ordinary navigation at sea, but The Astronomical Almanac precisely tabulates celestial lacks the precision of the Nautical Almanac, and provides data for the exacting requirements found in several scientific GHA and declination for only the 57 commonly used fields. Its precision is far greater than that required by navigation stars. celestial navigation. Even if the Astronomical Almanac is The Multi-Year Interactive Computer Almanac used for celestial navigation, it will not necessarily result in (MICA) is a computerized almanac produced by the U.S. more accurate fixes due to the limitations of other aspects of Naval Observatory. This and other web-based calculators are the celestial navigation process. available from: http://aa.usno.navy.mil. The Navy’s The Nautical Almanac contains the astronomical STELLA program, found aboard all seagoing naval vessels, information specifically needed by marine navigators. contains an interactive almanac as well. -
Calculating Geographic Distance: Concepts and Methods Frank Ivis, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
NESUG 2006 Data ManipulationData andManipulation Analysis Calculating Geographic Distance: Concepts and Methods Frank Ivis, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ABSTRACT Calculating the distance between point locations is often an important component of many forms of spatial analy- sis in business and research. Although specialized software is available to perform this function, the power and flexibility of Base SAS® makes it easy to compute a variety of distance measures. An added advantage is that these measures can be customized according to specific user requirements and seamlessly incorporated with other SAS code. This paper outlines the basic concepts and methods involved in calculating geographic distance. Topics include distance calculations in two dimensions, considerations when dealing with latitude and longitude, measuring spherical distance, and map projections. In addition, several queries and calculations based on dis- tances are also demonstrated. INTRODUCTION For many types of databases, determining the distance between locations is often of considerable interest. From a company’s customer database, for example, one might want to examine the distances between customers’ homes and the retail locations where they had made purchases. Similarly, the distance between patients and hospitals may be used as a measure of accessibility to healthcare. In both these cases, an appropriate formula is required to calculate distances. The proper formula will depend on the nature of the data, the goals of the analy- sis, and the type of co-ordinates. The purpose of this paper is to outline various considerations in calculating geographic distances and provide appropriate implementations of the formulae in SAS. Some additional summary measures based on calculated distances will also be presented. -
Chapter 6 Nautical Publications
CHAPTER 6 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 600. Publications supply a ship’s chart and publication library. On-line publications produced by the U.S. government are The navigator uses many textual information sources available on the Web. to plan and conduct a voyage. These sources include notices to mariners, summary of corrections, sailing directions, 601. Maintenance and Carriage Requirements of light lists, tide tables, sight reduction tables, and almanacs. Navigation Publications While it is still possible to obtain hard-copy or printed nautical publications, increasingly these texts Vessels may maintain the navigation publications are found online or in other digital formats, including required by Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM's) or Parts 161.4, 164.33, and 164.72 and SOLAS Chapter V Digital Versatile Disc (DVD's). Digital publications are Regulation 27 in electronic format provided that they are much less expensive than printed publications to repro- derived from the original source, are currently duce and distribute, and online publications have no corrected/up-to-date, and are readily accessible on the reproduction costs at all for the producer, and only mi- vessel's bridge by the crew. Adequate independent back-up nor costs to the user. Also, one DVD can hold entire arrangements shall be provided in case of libraries of information, making both distribution and electronic/technical failure. Such arrangements include: a on-board storage much easier. The advantages of electronic publications over second computer, CD, or portable mass storage device hard-copy go beyond cost savings. They can be updated readily displayable to the navigation watch, or printed easier and more often, making it possible for mariners paper copies. -
Haversine Formula Implementation to Determine Bandung City School Zoning Using Android Based Location Based Service
Haversine Formula Implementation to Determine Bandung City School Zoning Using Android Based Location Based Service Undang Syaripudin 1, Niko Ahmad Fauzi 2, Wisnu Uriawan 3, Wildan Budiawan Z 4, Ali Rahman 5 {[email protected] 1, [email protected] 2, [email protected] 3, [email protected] 4, [email protected] 5} Department of Informatics, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung 1,2,3,4,5 Abstract. The spread of schools in Bandung city, make the parents have difficulties choose which school is the nearest from the house. Therefore, when the children will go to school the just can go by foot. So, the purpose of this research is to make an application to determined the closest school based on zonation system using Haversine Formula as the calculation of the distance between school position with the house, and Location Based Service as the service to pointed the early position using Global Positioning System (GPS). The result of the research show that the accuracy of this calculation reaches 98% by comparing the default calculations from Google. Haversine Formula is very suitable to be applied in this research with the results which are not much different. Keywords: Global Positioning System (GPS), Bandung City, Haversine Formula, Location Based Service, zonation system, Rational Unified Process (RUP), PPDB 1 Introduction Starting in 2017, the Ministry of Education and Culture implements a zoning system for each school valid from elementary to high school/ vocational school. This zoning system aims to equalize the right to obtain education for school-age students. The PPDB revenue system is no longer based on academic achievement, but based on the distance of the student's residence with the school (zoning). -
6.- Methods for Latitude and Longitude Measurement
Chapter 6 Copyright © 1997-2004 Henning Umland All Rights Reserved Methods for Latitude and Longitude Measurement Latitude by Polaris The observed altitude of a star being vertically above the geographic north pole would be numerically equal to the latitude of the observer ( Fig. 6-1 ). This is nearly the case with the pole star (Polaris). However, since there is a measurable angular distance between Polaris and the polar axis of the earth (presently ca. 1°), the altitude of Polaris is a function of the local hour angle. The altitude of Polaris is also affected by nutation. To obtain the accurate latitude, several corrections have to be applied: = − ° + + + Lat Ho 1 a0 a1 a2 The corrections a0, a1, and a2 depend on LHA Aries , the observer's estimated latitude, and the number of the month. They are given in the Polaris Tables of the Nautical Almanac [12]. To extract the data, the observer has to know his approximate position and the approximate time. When using a computer almanac instead of the N. A., we can calculate Lat with the following simple procedure. Lat E is our estimated latitude, Dec is the declination of Polaris, and t is the meridian angle of Polaris (calculated from GHA and our estimated longitude). Hc is the computed altitude, Ho is the observed altitude (see chapter 4). = ( ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ) Hc arcsin sin Lat E sin Dec cos Lat E cos Dec cos t ∆ H = Ho − Hc Adding the altitude difference, ∆H, to the estimated latitude, we obtain the improved latitude: ≈ + ∆ Lat Lat E H The error of Lat is smaller than 0.1' when Lat E is smaller than 70° and when the error of Lat E is smaller than 2°, provided the exact longitude is known. -
Celestial Navigation At
Celestial Navigation at Sea Agenda • Moments in History • LOP (Bearing “Line of Position”) -- in piloting and celestial navigation • DR Navigation: Cornerstone of Navigation at Sea • Ocean Navigation: Combining DR Navigation with a fix of celestial body • Tools of the Celestial Navigator (a Selection, including Sextant) • Sextant Basics • Celestial Geometry • Time Categories and Time Zones (West and East) • From Measured Altitude Angles (the Sun) to LOP • Plotting a Sun Fix • Landfall Strategies: From NGA-Ocean Plotting Sheet to Coastal Chart Disclaimer! M0MENTS IN HISTORY 1731 John Hadley (English) and Thomas Godfrey (Am. Colonies) invent the Sextant 1736 John Harrison (English) invents the Marine Chronometer. Longitude can now be calculated (Time/Speed/Distance) 1766 First Nautical Almanac by Nevil Maskelyne (English) 1830 U.S. Naval Observatory founded (Nautical Almanac) An Ancient Practice, again Alive Today! Celestial Navigation Today • To no-one’s surprise, for most boaters today, navigation = electronics to navigate. • The Navy has long relied on it’s GPS-based Voyage Management System. (GPS had first been developed as a U.S. military “tool”.) • If celestial navigation comes to mind, it may bring up romantic notions or longing: Sailing or navigating “by the stars” • Yet, some study, teach and practice Celestial Navigation to keep the skill alive—and, once again, to keep our nation safe Celestial Navigation comes up in literature and film to this day: • Master and Commander with Russell Crowe and Paul Bettany. Film based on: • The “Aubrey and Maturin” novels by Patrick O’Brian • Horatio Hornblower novels by C. S. Forester • The Horatio Hornblower TV series, etc. • Airborne by William F. -
Lunar Distances Final
A (NOT SO) BRIEF HISTORY OF LUNAR DISTANCES: LUNAR LONGITUDE DETERMINATION AT SEA BEFORE THE CHRONOMETER Richard de Grijs Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Email: [email protected] Abstract: Longitude determination at sea gained increasing commercial importance in the late Middle Ages, spawned by a commensurate increase in long-distance merchant shipping activity. Prior to the successful development of an accurate marine timepiece in the late-eighteenth century, marine navigators relied predominantly on the Moon for their time and longitude determinations. Lunar eclipses had been used for relative position determinations since Antiquity, but their rare occurrences precludes their routine use as reliable way markers. Measuring lunar distances, using the projected positions on the sky of the Moon and bright reference objects—the Sun or one or more bright stars—became the method of choice. It gained in profile and importance through the British Board of Longitude’s endorsement in 1765 of the establishment of a Nautical Almanac. Numerous ‘projectors’ jumped onto the bandwagon, leading to a proliferation of lunar ephemeris tables. Chronometers became both more affordable and more commonplace by the mid-nineteenth century, signaling the beginning of the end for the lunar distance method as a means to determine one’s longitude at sea. Keywords: lunar eclipses, lunar distance method, longitude determination, almanacs, ephemeris tables 1 THE MOON AS A RELIABLE GUIDE FOR NAVIGATION As European nations increasingly ventured beyond their home waters from the late Middle Ages onwards, developing the means to determine one’s position at sea, out of view of familiar shorelines, became an increasingly pressing problem. -
Primer of Celestial Navigation
LIFEBOAT MANUAL By Lt. Comdr. A. E. Redifer, U.S.M.S. Lifeboat Training Officer, Avalon, Calif., Training Station *Indispensable to ordinary seamen preparing for the Lifeboat Examination. *A complete guide for anyone who may have to use a lifeboat. Construction, equipment, operation of lifeboats and other buoyant apparatus are here, along with the latest Government regulations which you need to know. 163 Pages More than 150 illustrations Indexed $2.00 METEOROLOGY WORKBOOK with Problems By Peter E. Kraght Senior Meteorologist, American Airlines, Inc. *Embodies author's experience in teaching hundreds of aircraft flight crews. *For self-examination and for classroom use. *For student navigator or meteorologist or weather hobbyist. *A good companion book to Mr. Kraght's Meteorology for Ship and Aircraft Operation, 0r any other standard reference work. 141 Illustrations Cloud form photographs Weather maps 148 Pages W$T x tl" Format $2.25 MERCHANT MARBMI OFFICERS' HANDBOOK By E. A. Turpin and W. A. MacEwen, Master Mariners "A valuable guide for both new candidates for . officer's license and the older, more experienced officers." Marine Engi- neering and Shipping Re$etu. An unequalled guide to ship's officers' duties, navigation, meteorology, shiphandling and cargo, ship construction and sta- bility, rules of the road, first aid and ship sanitation, and enlist- ments in the Naval Reserve all in one volume. 03 086 3rd Edition "This book will be a great help to not only beginners but to practical navigating officers." Harold Kildall, Instructor in Charge, Navigation School of the Washing- ton Technical Institute, "Lays bare the mysteries of navigation with a firm and sure touch . -
Thenauticalalmanac.Com the Nautical Almanac 2023 for The
The Nautical Almanac 2023 For the Sun TheNauticalAlmanac.com Contents Credits, Acknowledgment and Disclaimer p. 3 Useful Links p. 4 Formulas p. 5 - 7 Equation of Time curve p. 8 The Daily Pages for the Sun p. 9 - 21 Increments & Corrections (The Yellow Pages) p. 22 - 41 Conversion of Arc to Time p. 42 Altitude Corrections for Sun, Planets, Stars (includes Refraction and Dip) p. 43 - 44 USNO Navigational Star Chart p. 45 Sun TOCC.odt Acknowledgment and Credits Dr. Enno Rodegerdts The Nautical Almanac Daily Pages and Sun Almanacs found on our site were originally created from PyAlmanac written by the great Norwegian sailor Enno Rodegerdts. PyAlmanac used PyEphem to generate the almanacs and LaTex provided the final formatting. Visit Dr. Rodegerdts site and learn of his voyages at https://sv-inua.net/ Without his work TheNauticalAlmanac.com wouldn't exist. Andrew Bauer Mr. Bauer has taken the initial work of Dr. Rodegerdts and improved it to the excellence found in the following Daily Pages. Attending foremost to the accuracy of data and then formatting Mr. Bauer created SkyAlmanac which draws from Brandon Rhodes work Ephem and Skyfieldand provides a clear arrangement of figures required for celestial navigation. To that end his work was determined, tireless and efficient. In our mutual writing across many lines of longitude he has always been pleasant, friendly and most affable. As he has said, "The art of celestial navigation should be promoted, not discouraged, even in the modern day". To both of these men we all owe a large debt of gratitude and thanks Disclaimer and Warning Prior to use verify the accuracy of The Nautical Almanac or data you download from our site.