Evaluation of Autumn Frost Resistance in Juglans Regia L

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Evaluation of Autumn Frost Resistance in Juglans Regia L Nom/Logotip de la Universitat on s’ha llegit la tesi Evaluation of autumn frost resistance in Juglans regia L. Mercè Guàrdia Bel Dipòsit Legal: L.409-2014 http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134601 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. EVALUATION OF AUTUMN FROST RESISTANCE IN JUGLANS REGIA L. Memòria presentada per Mercè Guàrdia Bel per optar al grau de Doctora per la Universitat de Lleida. Realitzada sota la direcció de la Dra. Neus Aletà Soler i el Dr. Robert Savé Monserrat i sota la tutela del Dr. Jordi Voltas Velasco. Maig de 2013 AGRAÏMENTS El primer dels agraïments és per als directors d‟aquesta tesi, el Dr. Robert Savé Monserrat per la seva ajuda, ànims i consells, i la Dra. Neus Aletà Soler per tot el que he après, per la paciència i per tot el temps dedicat a que aquest treball. Moltes gràcies a tots dos. Un agraïment al tutor de la tesi, el Dr. Jordi Voltas també per la seva ajuda. Moltes gràcies a tots els companys i companyes de Torre Marimon, en especial a tots els que formen part dels dos grups on he estat treballant durant aquests anys. Investigadors, tècnics, estudiants i doctorands, gràcies per la vostra ajuda i pels bons moments que hem passat durant aquest temps. Un agraïment especial a la Dra. Raquel Díaz (i el seu equip) que em va acollir tant amablement al Centre Forestal de Lourizán i em va endinsar en el món de les “gelades”. I també al Dr. Thierry Améglio per permetre‟m l‟estada al laboratori de “Biologia Hivernal” de Clermont-Ferrand. Moltes gràcies a tots els meus amics i amigues, que en un moment o altre han sentit a parlar d‟aquesta tesi i m‟han escoltat i animat. Gràcies a tota la “pinya”, a les “Bio-nenes” i a l‟Arnau (&Family). Un dels agraïments més importants és per la meva família: els meus pares, per confiar sempre en mi i fer-me sentir tan estimada i la Irene, per ser la millor germana que mai hagués pogut escollir! I finalment moltes gràcies al Toni. Gràcies per la teva ajuda incansable, pel teu “bon humor” i per posar la ràdio cada matí. Ja ho saps i sempre t‟ho dic: aquesta tesi no l‟hagués pogut fer sense tu... TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Resum . 4 Resumen . 6 Summary . 8 General introduction . 12 Seasonal acclimation of species 12 The Juglans genus and its exploitation for timber 16 Juglans regia L.: origins, uses and genetic variability 17 Methods for evaluating and selecting the type of study conducted 20 Structure and objectives of the work 21 References 23 Chapter I. Autumn frost resistance on several walnut species: methods comparison and impact of leaf fall . 32 Introduction 33 Material and Methods 35 Results 38 Discussion 42 References 45 Chapter II. Genotype and environment: tow factors related to autumn cold hardiness on Persian Walnut . 52 Introduction 53 Material and Methods 55 Results 59 Discussion 64 Conclusion 67 References 68 Chapter III. Genetics of autumn frost resistance in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) . 76 Introduction 76 Material and Methods 78 Results 83 Discussion 89 References 91 Chapter IV. Is summer drought influencing the autumn frost resistance of Juglans under Mediterranean conditions? . 98 Introduction 99 Material and Methods 100 Results 104 Discussion 111 References 113 General discussion . 119 References . 122 Conclusions . 127 Resum RESUM Les diferents tasques exposades en aquesta tesi busquen aprofundir en els coneixements sobre la resistència de Juglans regia L. a les gelades de tardor, en les vessants metodològica, genètica i ecofisiològica. El primer objectiu del treball va ser el determinar una metodologia adequada per avaluar el caràcter “resistència a les gelades de tardor” en J. regia, aspecte recollit en el Capítol I. Es va testar la utilitat del paràmetre Fv/Fm obtingut a partir de la mesura de la fluorescència de les clorofil·les del clorènquima de l‟escorça en brots de l‟any. Els resultats van ser comparables amb els dels mètodes habitualment utilitzats per avaluar els danys de gelades en brots llenyosos, com són l‟anàlisi visual de danys i el càlcul d‟alliberació relativa d‟electròlits. Aquest primer estudi va permetre establir la temperatura de -8.5ºC com la que ja provoca danys visibles sobre J. regia a la tardor. Tot i ser l'avaluació dels danys per fred mitjançant la Fv/Fm el sistema més fàcil i ràpid, a partir del II capítol, per la naturalesa dels objectius dels diferents assaigs, els mètodes emprats van ser els dos mètodes “clàssics” esmentats. L‟aprofundiment en els coneixements de la genètica d‟aquest caràcter adaptatiu es va abordar als capítols II i III. En primer lloc, es va analitzar la relació entre el genotip i l‟ambient i el pes relatiu de cada un dels factors pel que fa a la resistència a les gelades de tardor. L‟estudi es va realitzar en quatre procedències de Juglans regia L. de la Península Ibèrica, plantades a dues zones ecològicament diferents també dins de la Península Ibérica (una amb clima atlàntic i l‟altra amb clima mediterrani). Es van detectar diferències temporals en l'aclimatació al fred entre els dos llocs d'assaig; no obstant, l‟ordre que ocupava cada procedència en relació als danys observats a cada assaig fou el mateix. Així doncs, es va poder constatar la importància de la component genètica en l‟expressió d‟aquest caràcter. Dins d‟aquest assaig es va observar un vincle altitudinal, en el que les procedències de les zones de menor altitud eren les més danyades. Posteriorment l‟estudi es va centrar en estimar l‟heretabilitat familiar del caràcter, a partir d‟un test de progènies, format per 22 2 famílies de mitjos germans de J. regia d‟orígens diversos, obtenint un valor de hF =0.63. S‟avaluà també el vincle del caràcter amb altres caràcters fenològics i vegetatius i s‟observà una correlació genètica significativa i positiva tant amb la durada del període vegetatiu com amb el creixement anual en diàmetre. El valor de l‟heretabilitat en sentit estricte calculat a partir de la correlació progenitor-progènie va ser de h2 = 0,34. 4 | Resum L‟últim objectiu, abordat al capítol IV, consistí en l‟avaluació de la influència de l‟estrès hídric estival (típic del Clima Mediterrani) sobre la resistència dels Juglans a les gelades de tardor. Aquest estudi es va realitzar sobre una progènie de J. regia i una d‟ híbrida de J. ×intermedia. Es varen aplicar diferents tractaments de reg tant en arbres adults com en juvenils. S‟analitzaren diferents paràmetres relacionats amb l‟aclimatació: la caiguda de fulla, el contingut hídric de les varetes i l‟ acumulació de sucres solubles i midó als teixits. Els resultats de la major part de les variables estudiades van mostrar un possible avançament de l‟aclimatació en els individus sotmesos a tractaments hídrics restringits.
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