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10. December 2010 Waddenacademy Leeuwarden Towards a trilateral Research Agenda 8.-10. December 2010 Waddenacademy Leeuwarden Dr. habil. Dirk Meier, Universität KIel Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Geoarchaeological Investigations www.kuestenarchaeologie.de Dirk Meier www.kuestenarchaeologie.de The settlement history of the North-Sea coast was influenced for long time by nature, more particular by the changing impact of the sea. The coastal landscape was partly formed by the geomorphology of the Ice Ages, the Holocene rise of the sea-level, and human interventions in the environment such as dike building and drainage since Medieval time. The landscape development and the coastal history are closely connected. This have been often pointed out by geoarchaeological research projects. Geoarchaeological Projects Trialteral Projects Geoarchaeological Projects Frisian Project Power and Elite Coastal Archaeology (Dithmarschen, Eiderstedt) Norderhever-Project (North-Frisian Wadden Sea) EU mapping and management Projects Terp Excvations LANCEWAD, LANCEWADPLAN Wijnaldum, Peins, Leens, Ezinge, Middelstum Terps in the Ems estuary Terps in the Wangerland Norderhever Project Terps in Butjadingen University Kiel Feddersen Wierde, Wursten Terps in Dithmarschen Coastal Terps and dikes in Eiderstedt Archaeology Frisian Project University Kiel Terps and dikes in North-Frisia Power and Elite Terps in Denmark Groningen Wangerland Trilateral mapping programs Wursten Butjadingen Lancewad Lancewadplan Ems Estuary Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Sea Level rise Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Developement of the coastal Landscape Geological investigations in Lower Saxony: Stratigraphy of the coastal Holocene Analysis of sequences of peat and sediments The sea level rise is the dominant factor affecting sediment accumulation. Cross section of the coastal Holocene with sedimentary sequences and peat formations build up under the influence of about 25 m sea level rise during the last 7,500 years BP. Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Landscape 6500 years ago the North-Sea reached the today coastal area in Schleswig-Holstein. In Dithmarschen and North-Frisia as well as in Lower Saxony the North-Sea boarders at the Pleistonce cores, since 3000 BC beach ridges were formed. The coastal resources were used by hunter and gatherers. 3000 BC North-Sea area of Schleswig- Holstein Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The early coastal Landscape of Dithmarschen 2500 BC Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Roman written sources One of the first descriptions of the tidal flats and the storm surges are mentioned by Roman historians, such as: Cassisus Dio (*AD 155/163/164, †229), Publius Cornelius Tacitus (*AD 56, †117) and C. Plinius Secundus (*AD 23, †79) during the Roman fleet expeditions between 12 BC and AD 16 by Drusus, Tiberius and Germanicus along the North-Sea coast. Tacitus described „poor people on teprs“. Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The rural economy of the first settlers Paleobotanical and geoarchaeological investigations show a close relationship between coastal environment and settlement. Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The rural economy of the first settlers Domestic animals Wild animals Horse 9,7% Pig 9,4% Wild boar Dog 1,3% Red deer 67,3% 12,3% Wild cat Süderbusenwurth AD 50 – 300 European otter Dugs Horse 5,3% Pig 11,3% Common raven 65,8% 15,4% Cat 0,1% Greylag goose Grey Heron Seaeagle Wellinghusen AD 700 – 1000 Acipenser Horse 3,5% Harbour Pig 11,5% porpoise 48,3% 39,3% Dog 0,46% Atlantic cod Cat 0,10% Wale Hassenbüttel AD 1000 – 1150 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The coastal development in the Northern Netherlands Geoarchaeological Investigations in the northern Netherlands allowed a reconstruction of the former coastal landscape Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The coastal development in the Northern Netherlands Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The coastal development in the Northern Netherlands Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Pre Roman and Roman Wierde in Groningen: The example of Ezinge Ezinge in 't Westerkwartier van Groeningen, aquarel uit 1772 door Aar Schouman (1710- 1792) Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Ezinge Albert Egges van Giffen 1884-1973 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Ezinge Pre Roman Roman Late Roman Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Feddersen Wierde, a Roman period terp in the Land Wursten Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Schleswig-Holstein Geo-Archaelogical Investigations at the North-Sea Coast of Schleswig-Holstein Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Settlement of Roman Period in Dithmarschen AD 50 Main tidal water Terpen Archive of the Landscape Medieval Warft salt marsch sediments peat Phragmites Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Süderbusenwurth, a Roman period terp in Dithmarschen (AD 50-200) Süderbusenwurth, a Roman period terp in Dithmarschen (AD 50-200) Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Süderbusenwurth, a Roman period terp in Dithmarschen (AD 50-200) Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Tiebensee, a Roman period ground level settlement AD – AD 50 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Settlement of Roman Period in Dithmarschen Haferwisch Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Settlement of Roman Period in Dithmarschen and Eiderstedt Tofting, Eiderstedt a central terp AD 100 - 500 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Early Medieval time: Frisian trade and migration Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Frisian Project: Wijnaldum in Westergo Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Hogebeintum in Oostergo Hogebeintum, a partly destroyed terp by dismantling of dung layers. Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Lower Saxony Reconstruction of the lanscape around AD 800 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Oldorf, Wangerland Oldorf Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Settlement of Early Medieval time in Schleswig-Holstein Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Settlement of Early Medieval time in Dithmarschen AD 700 AD 700-1000 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Wellinghusen, Dithmarschen Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Wellinghusen, Dithmarschen Wellinghusen AD 690 - 1400 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Wellinghusen, Dithmarschen Phase 5 AD 1400 / +6 m Phase 4 AD 1200 / +5 m Phase 3 AD 1000 / +4 m Phase 2 AD 800 / +3 m Phase 1 AD 691 / +2 m AD 555-660 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Early medieval Settlement in Dithmarschen Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Hassenbüttel, Dithmarschen 1050 AD 900 AD 950 AD Hassenbüttel (AD 900 – 1150) Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Elisenhof, Dithmarschen Elisenhof, Eiderstedt AD 800-1000 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast High- and late Medieval time AD 1200 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Dithmarschen and Eiderstedt AD ca. 1400 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Eiderstedt Hundorf, Eiderstedt AD 1200-1400 AD 1400 AD 1200 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Dike invesitgations Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Landscape Development of North Frisia AD 200 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Landscape Development of North Frisia AD 800 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Landscape Development of North Frisia before 1362 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast The Landscape Development of North Frisia before 1634 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer (Spieghel der zeevaerdt 1584) Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Marcellus flood 1362 14.01.1362 England storm 15.01.1362 England Buildings damaged by storm Churches damaged by storm Heavy storm S / SW wind C. Pfister, M. Burri, U. Dietrich (Ed.), Datenbank Euro-Climhist. Oeschger Zentrum für Klimaforschung, Universität Bern. Version 2008. registry of the chapter of the cathedral of Schleswig of 1352 (copy 1407) List of drowned churches of Nicolaus Brun, Bishop of Schleswig (1350/51-1369) Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Marcellus flood 1362 T 15.-16.1.1362 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Marcellus flood 1362 T 16.1.1362 Interactions between Landscape and Settlement at the North-Sea coast Marcellus flood 1362 T 17.1.1362 Interactions between Landscape
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