Safe Use of Solvent Stills
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CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT CLASS VII CHAP 3, Part – II Elements , Compounds and Mixture ( Separation Techniques of Mixtures )
CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT CLASS VII CHAP 3, Part – II Elements , compounds and Mixture ( Separation Techniques of Mixtures ) Mixture can be separated into its constituent by various method. Seperation technique totally depend upon the nature of the constituent. Q1. Describe a method to separate solid to solid mixture . Ans . We can separate solid to solid mixture by using Solvent Method , when one of the component is soluble. In this method we use a appropriate solvent to dissolve one of the component of the mixture .After that we filter the solute .The soluble solute get filtered from the insoluble solid. The filtered solution can be further separated from the solvent by heating or keeping in the sun.In this way we can separate out the two mixture. Q2. Differentiate between Solute and Solvent. Ans Solute Solvent The solid that is dissolved or spread evenly in the The liquid in which solute is dissolved is called solvent is called Solute . solvent. e.g. In sugar syrup sugar is the solute. e.g. In sugar syrup water is the solvent Q3. Name the various method used to separate solid to liquid mixture. Ans. The solid to liquid mixtures can be separated by various method – i. Evaporation ii. Filtration iii. Distillation Q4. What do you mean by filtration ? Draw a well labelled diagram to show filtration. Give one example too. Ans. Filtration is the simplest method to separate mixture when it contain one insoluble solid component and a liquid component by using a filter paper. The clear liquid that passes through the filterpaper is called Filtrate . -
Experiment 2 — Distillation and Gas Chromatography
Chem 21 Fall 2009 Experiment 2 — Distillation and Gas Chromatography _____________________________________________________________________________ Pre-lab preparation (1) Read the supplemental material on distillation theory and techniques from Zubrick, The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual, and the section on Gas Chromatography from Fessenden, Fessenden, and Feist, Organic Laboratory Techniques, then read this handout carefully. (2) In your notebook, write a short paragraph summarizing what you will be doing in this experiment and what you hope to learn about the efficiencies of the distillation techniques. (3) Sketch the apparatus for the simple and fractional distillations. Your set-up will look much like that shown on p 198 of Zubrick, except that yours will have a simple drip tip in place of the more standard vacuum adaptor. (4) Look up the structures and relevant physical data for the two compounds you will be using. What data are relevant? Read the procedure, think about the data analysis, and decide what you need. (5) Since you have the necessary data, calculate the log of the volatility factor (log α) that you will need for the theoretical plate calculation. Distillation has been used since antiquity to separate the components of mixtures. In one form or another, distillation is used in the manufacture of perfumes, flavorings, liquors, and a variety of other organic chemicals. One of its most important modern applications is in refining crude oil to make fuels, lubricants, and other petrochemicals. The first step in the refining process is separation of crude petroleum into various hydrocarbon fractions by distillation through huge fractionating columns, called distillation towers, that are hundreds of feet high. -
Surface Modifications of Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Via Polymerization
materials Review Surface Modifications of Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) via Polymerization Methods—Current Status and Future Prospects Monika Flejszar and Paweł Chmielarz * Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powsta´nców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-17-865-1809 Received: 24 January 2020; Accepted: 20 February 2020; Published: 23 February 2020 Abstract: Surface modification of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) aimed at applying it as a bone implant material aroused the unflagging interest of the research community. In view of the development of implantology and the growing demand for new biomaterials, increasing biocompatibility and improving osseointegration are becoming the primary goals of PEEK surface modifications. The main aim of this review is to summarize the use of polymerization methods and various monomers applied for surface modification of PEEK to increase its bioactivity, which is a critical factor for successful applications of biomedical materials. In addition, the future directions of PEEK surface modifications are suggested, pointing to low-ppm surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) as a method with unexplored capacity for flat surface modifications. Keywords: PEEK; surface modification; polymer brushes; ultraviolet (UV)-initiated graft polymerization; SI-ATRP 1. Introduction Currently, the production of bone implants is limited only to metal materials (stainless steel, cobalt–chromium, titanium). However, in the production of personalized bone implants, there is an alternative synthetic polymer named poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) [1–3]. The chemical structure of PEEK can be defined as an alternating combination of aryl rings through ketone and ether groups; therefore, it belongs to the family of polyaryletherketone polymers. -
Alembic Pot Still
ALEMBIC POT STILL INSTRUCTION MANUAL CAN BE USED WITH THE GRAINFATHER OR T500 BOILER SAFETY Warning: This system produces a highly flammable liquid. PRECAUTION: • Always use the Alembic Pot Still System in a room with adequate ventilation. • Never leave the Alembic Pot Still system unattended when operating. • Keep the Alembic Pot Still system away from all sources of ignition, including smoking, sparks, heat, and open flames. • Ensure all other equipment near to the Alembic Pot Still system or the alcohol is earthed. • A fire extinguishing media suitable for alcohol should be kept nearby. This can be water fog, fine water spray, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand or dolomite. • Do not boil dry. In the event the still is boiled dry, reset the cutout button under the base of the still. In the very unlikely event this cutout fails, a fusible link gives an added protection. IN CASE OF SPILLAGE: • Shut off all possible sources of ignition. • Clean up spills immediately using cloth, paper towels or other absorbent materials such as soil, sand or other inert material. • Collect, seal and dispose accordingly • Mop area with excess water. CONTENTS Important points before getting started ............................................................................... 3 Preparing the Alembic Pot Still ................................................................................................. 5 Distilling a Whiskey, Rum or Brandy .......................................................................................7 Distilling neutral -
Minimum Reflux in Liquid–Liquid Extraction
17th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering – ESCAPE17 V. Plesu and P.S. Agachi (Editors) © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1 Minimum Reflux in Liquid–Liquid Extraction Santanu Bandyopadhyaya and Calin-Cristian Cormosb aEnergy Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India, E-mail: [email protected] bDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University "Babeş-Bolyai", Arany Janos 11, Cluj-Napoca 400028, Romania, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In a simple countercurrent arrangement of different stages of liquid–liquid extraction operation, the richest extract leaving the operation is in equilibrium with the feed. However, by using reflux it is possible to enrich the extract further. A simple counter current liquid–liquid extraction operation with reflux is analogous in its essentials to distillation. In this paper, the method based on Invariant Rectifying-Stripping (IRS) curves, originally proposed to calculate minimum reflux and minimum energy requirement in distillation, has been extended to liquid–liquid extraction. The equivalent IRS curves for a ternary liquid–liquid extraction predicts the feed location in the counter current process. It also predicts the minimum reflux requirement for a given separation and minimum amount of solvent required. Keywords: liquid extraction, IRS curves, feed location, minimum solvent. 1. Introduction Liquid–liquid extraction is a separation process that takes advantage of the distribution of a substance between two insoluble liquids phases [1]. Feed to be separated is mixed with extracting solvent to produce a solvent-rich phase, called extract, and a solvent-lean phase, called raffinate. -
Reflux Condensation in Narrow Rectangular Channels with Perforated Fins Nadia Souidi, André Bontemps
Reflux condensation in narrow rectangular channels with perforated fins Nadia Souidi, André Bontemps To cite this version: Nadia Souidi, André Bontemps. Reflux condensation in narrow rectangular channels with perforated fins. Applied Thermal Engineering, Elsevier, 2003, 23, pp.871-891. 10.1016/S1359-4311(03)00021-8. hal-00184135 HAL Id: hal-00184135 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00184135 Submitted on 19 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Reflux condensation in narrow rectangular channels with perforated fins N. Souidi a, A. Bontemps b,* a GRETh-CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France b LEGI-GRETh, Universitee Joseph Fourier, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France Reflux condensation is an industrial process that aims to reduce the content of the less volatile com- ponent or to eliminate the non-condensable phase of a vapour mixture, by the means of separation. Separation consists in condensing the less volatile phase and to recover the condensate while simulta- neously, the non-condensable species are recuperated at the top of the system. Compact plate-fin heat exchangers can be used in gas separation processes. -
2019 Scotch Whisky
©2019 scotch whisky association DISCOVER THE WORLD OF SCOTCH WHISKY Many countries produce whisky, but Scotch Whisky can only be made in Scotland and by definition must be distilled and matured in Scotland for a minimum of 3 years. Scotch Whisky has been made for more than 500 years and uses just a few natural raw materials - water, cereals and yeast. Scotland is home to over 130 malt and grain distilleries, making it the greatest MAP OF concentration of whisky producers in the world. Many of the Scotch Whisky distilleries featured on this map bottle some of their production for sale as Single Malt (i.e. the product of one distillery) or Single Grain Whisky. HIGHLAND MALT The Highland region is geographically the largest Scotch Whisky SCOTCH producing region. The rugged landscape, changeable climate and, in The majority of Scotch Whisky is consumed as Blended Scotch Whisky. This means as some cases, coastal locations are reflected in the character of its many as 60 of the different Single Malt and Single Grain Whiskies are blended whiskies, which embrace wide variations. As a group, Highland whiskies are rounded, robust and dry in character together, ensuring that the individual Scotch Whiskies harmonise with one another with a hint of smokiness/peatiness. Those near the sea carry a salty WHISKY and the quality and flavour of each individual blend remains consistent down the tang; in the far north the whiskies are notably heathery and slightly spicy in character; while in the more sheltered east and middle of the DISTILLERIES years. region, the whiskies have a more fruity character. -
United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,586,922 B2 Wood Et Al
USOO9586922B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,586,922 B2 Wood et al. (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 7, 2017 (54) METHODS FOR PURIFYING 9,388,150 B2 * 7/2016 Kim ..................... CO7D 307/48 5-(HALOMETHYL)FURFURAL 9,388,151 B2 7/2016 Browning et al. 2007/O161795 A1 7/2007 Cvak et al. 2009, 0234142 A1 9, 2009 Mascal (71) Applicant: MICROMIDAS, INC., West 2010, 0083565 A1 4, 2010 Gruter Sacramento, CA (US) 2010/0210745 A1 8/2010 McDaniel et al. 2011 O144359 A1 6, 2011 Heide et al. (72) Inventors: Alex B. Wood, Sacramento, CA (US); 2014/01 00378 A1 4/2014 Masuno et al. Shawn M. Browning, Sacramento, CA 2014/O1878O2 A1 7/2014 Mikochik et al. (US);US): Makoto N. Masuno,M. s Elk Grove, s 2015/02668432015,0203462 A1 9/20157/2015 CahanaBrowning et etal. al. CA (US); Ryan L. Smith, Sacramento, 2016/0002190 A1 1/2016 Browning et al. CA (US); John Bissell, II, Sacramento, 2016,01681 07 A1 6/2016 Masuno et al. CA (US) 2016/02O7897 A1 7, 2016 Wood et al. (73) Assignee: MICROMIDAS, INC., West FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Sacramento, CA (US) CN 101475544. A T 2009 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this N 1939: A 658 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 DE 635,783 C 9, 1936 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. EP 291494 A2 11, 1988 EP 1049657 B1 3, 2003 (21) Appl. No.: 14/852,306 GB 1220851 A 1, 1971 GB 1448489 A 9, 1976 RU 2429234 C2 9, 2011 (22) Filed: Sep. -
Hydro-Distillation and Steam Distillation from Aromatic Plants
Hydro-distillation and steam distillation from aromatic plants Sudeep Tandon Scientist Chemical Engineering Division CIMAP, Lucknow HISTORY Written records of herbal distillation are found as early as the first century A.D., and around 1000 A.D., the noted Arab physician and naturalist Ibn Sina also known as Avicenna described the distillation of rose oil from rose petals The ancient Arabian people began to study the chemical properties of essential oils & developed and refined the distillation process Europeans began producing essential oils in the 12th century 1 DISTILLATION ? A process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat. In simple terms distillation of aromatic herbs implies vaporizing or liberating the oils from the trichomes / plant cell membranes of the herb in presence of high temperature and moisture and then cooling the vapour mixture to separate out the oil from water. It is the most popular widely used and cost effective method in use today for producing majority of the essential oils throughout the world Distillation is an art and not just a “Chemical" process that is reliant upon many factors for successful quality oil production. BASIC SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS To convert any liquid into a vapour we have to apply energy in form of heat called as latent heat of vaporization A liquid always boils at the temperature at which its vapour pressure equals the atmospheric / surrounding pressure For two immiscible liquids the total vapour pressure of the mixture is always equal to the sum of their partial pressures The composition of the mixture will be determined by the concentration of the individual components into its partial pressure As known the boiling point of most essential oil components exceeds that of water and generally lies between 150 – 300oC 2 If a sample of an essential oil having a component ‘A’ having boiling point for example 190oC and the boiling point of the water is 100oC. -
Grignard Reaction: Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol
*NOTE: Grignard reactions are very moisture sensitive, so all the glassware in the reaction (excluding the work-up) should be dried in an oven with a temperature of > 100oC overnight. The following items require oven drying. They should be placed in a 150mL beaker, all labeled with a permanent marker. 1. 5mL conical vial (AKA: Distillation receiver). 2. Magnetic spin vane. 3. Claisen head. 4. Three Pasteur pipettes. 5. Two 1-dram vials (Caps EXCLUDED). 6. One 2-dram vial (Caps EXCLUDED). 7. Glass stirring rod 8. Adaptor (19/22.14/20) Grignard Reaction: Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Pre-Lab: In the “equations” section, besides the main equations, also: 1) draw the equation for the production of the byproduct, Biphenyl. 2) what other byproduct might occur in the reaction? Why? In the “observation” section, draw data tables in the corresponding places, each with 2 columns -- one for “prediction” (by answering the following questions) and one for actual drops or observation. 1) How many drops of bromobenzene should you add? 2) How many drops of ether will you add to flask 2? 3) 100 µL is approximately how many drops? 4) What are the four signs of a chemical reaction? (Think back to Chem. 110) 5) How do the signs of a chemical reaction apply to this lab? The Grignard reaction is a useful synthetic procedure for forming new carbon- carbon bonds. This organometallic chemical reaction involves alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides, known as Grignard 1 reagents. Grignard reagents are formed via the action of an alkyl or aryl halide on magnesium metal. -
Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation
PROSIMPLUS APPLICATION EXAMPLE HETEROGENEOUS AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION EXAMPLE PURPOSE This example illustrates a high purity separation process of an azeotropic mixture (ethanol-water) through heterogeneous azeotropic distillation. This process includes distillation columns. Additionally these rigorous multi- stage separation modules are part of a recycling stream, demonstrating the efficiency of ProSimPlus convergence methods. Specifications are set on output streams in order to insure the required purity. This example illustrates the way to set "non-standard" specifications in the multi-stage separation modules. Three phase calculations (vapor-liquid- liquid) are done with the taken into account of possible liquid phase splitting. ACCESS Free-Internet Restricted to ProSim clients Restricted Confidential CORRESPONDING PROSIMPLUS FILE PSPS_EX_EN-Heterogeneous-Azeotropic-Distillation.pmp3 . Reader is reminded that this use case is only an example and should not be used for other purposes. Although this example is based on actual case it may not be considered as typical nor are the data used always the most accurate available. ProSim shall have no responsibility or liability for damages arising out of or related to the use of the results of calculations based on this example. Copyright © 2009 ProSim, Labège, France - All rights reserved www.prosim.net Heterogeneous azeotropic distillation Version: March, 2009 Page: 2 / 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PROCESS MODELING 3 1.1. Process description 3 1.2. Process flowsheet 5 1.3. Specifications 6 1.4. Components 6 1.5. Thermodynamic model 7 1.6. Operating conditions 7 1.7. "Hints and Tips" 9 2. RESULTS 9 2.1. Comments on results 9 2.2. Mass and energy balances 10 2.3. -
Building a Home Distillation Apparatus
BUILDING A HOME DISTILLATION APPARATUS A Step by Step Guide Building a Home Distillation Apparatus i BUILDING A HOME DISTILLATION APPARATUS Foreword The pages that follow contain a step-by-step guide to building a relatively sophisticated distillation apparatus from commonly available materials, using simple tools, and at a cost of under $100 USD. The information contained on this site is directed at anyone who may want to know more about the subject: students, hobbyists, tinkers, pure water enthusiasts, survivors, the curious, and perhaps even amateur wine and beer makers. Designing and building this apparatus is the only subject of this manual. You will find that it confines itself solely to those areas. It does not enter into the domains of fermentation, recipes for making mash, beer, wine or any other spirits. These areas are covered in detail in other readily available books and numerous web sites. The site contains two separate design plans for the stills. And while both can be used for a number of distillation tasks, it should be recognized that their designs have been optimized for the task of separating ethyl alcohol from a water-based mixture. Having said that, remember that the real purpose of this site is to educate and inform those of you who are interested in this subject. It is not to be construed in any fashion as an encouragement to break the law. If you believe the law is incorrect, please take the time to contact your representatives in government, cast your vote at the polls, write newsletters to the media, and in general, try to make the changes in a legal and democratic manner.