DOCSLIB.ORG

The New Place of Poland and Lithuania in Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The new place of Poland and Lithuania in Europe The new place of Poland and Lithuania in Europe Lesson plan (English) Lesson plan (Polish) The new place of Poland and Lithuania in Europe The Act of the Union of Krewo dated August 14, 1385. Source: Akt Unii w Krewie z 14 sierpnia 1385 roku, domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn to define what foreign policy was carried out by the Jagiellonians; to list what threats the rulers of Poland and Lithuania had to face; to explain how it happened that a ruler of Poland once again sat on the throne of Hungary; to describe why the myth of Poland as a bulwark of Christianity was born. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu Entering the 15th century, Poland was a stable state. Its position was strengthened by the unions with Lithuania – the Union of Krewo (1385) and the Union of Horodło (1413). The political alliance of the two countries, despite the separateness of lands and societies, brought not only benefits, but also challenges and problems. The defeat of the common enemy – the State of the Teutonic Order in the Great War (1409– 1411), and in subsequent clashes, ensured relative peace at the northern borders. Nevertheless, relations between the two countries remained tense. A new conflict broke out in 1454, when there were anti‐Teutonic riots and when an act was issued on the incorporation of Prussia and Pomerania into the Crown (the Kingdom of Poland). The war, which lasted 13 years, ended in the victory of the king of Poland and conclusion of the Second Peace of Toruń Treaty (1466), which incorporated Pomerelia, Żuławy, and Warmia into the Polish state. Obtaining free access to the sea was of the greatest importance for Poland. Subsequent years were marked by disputes over the observance of the provisions of the peace treaty and attempts to regain the former power by the Teutonic Order. However, the defeat of the Order in the war with Poland in 1519–1525 finally resulted in Grand Master Albert of Prussia paying homage to the Polish king Sigismund I the Old, and, soon afterwards, Albert’s conversion to Protestantism and transformation of the monastic state into the secular Duchy of Prussia. Back when fights against the Teutonic Order were still being waged, a new power began to emerge on the eastern borders of Lithuania, which soon became a threat not only to Lithuania, but also to the whole union. That was the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The growing position of Moscow was already visible in the middle of the century, but the real breakthrough occurred during the reign of Ivan III the Great (1462–1505). Given the passivity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, he began the process of ‘gathering Russian lands’ and creating a centralized state. By defeating the army of the Golden Horde in 1480, he became independent from the Mongols and began conquests of the surrounding duchies. It was only the cooperation of Polish‐Lithuanian forces that stopped the march of the Moscow troops and led to making peace. Another threat that the Polish‐Lithuanian army had to address in the east were the Mongols, whose plundering expeditions affected the southern lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the late 14th century, these old enemies plunged into internal struggles for power. Vytautas made an attempt to use this situation to his advantage. Unfortunately, his expedition ended in a defeat in the Battle of the Vorskla River of 1399. Relations with the Tatars became even more complicated when, after the disintegration of the Golden Horde, a new state was created – the Crimean Khanate (1427), which began plundering raids in Podolia that lasted nearly until the 18th century. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire did not threaten the Polish‐Lithuanian lands for a long time. This situation changed only after the engagement of the king of Poland and Hungary – Władysław of Varna – in the crusade against the Turks. The Turks defeated his troops at Varna (1444), and Władysław died in battle. In 1485, a new war with the Turks broke out, which lasted until 1503 and ended in the Polish Crown losing control over Moldova. Task 1 Look carefully at the map of Poland and Lithuania in the 15th and 16th centuries, and then think what threatened the union of these two countries. The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the reign of Władysław II Jagiełło Source: Krysan Chariza i zespół, Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie w okresie panowania Władysława Jagiełły, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0. Exercise 1 Look at the seal of Dmitry Donskoy. Pay aenon to the phrase on the seal and the iconography on the reverse. Read the biographical note about the prince and complete the following task. The phrase on the seal: “Seal of Grand Prince Dmitry Ivanovich” The depicon of Saint Demetrius on the seal of Dmitry Donskoy... served only to emphasize the care of the heavenly forces over the prince. emphasized the prince’s dependence on the Orthodox Church. indicated the knightly character of the prince and the care of the heavenly forces over him. Exercise 2 Look at the phrase and iconography on the seal. Then select below the correct definion of these foundaons of the prince’s power. Legend of the obverse: Ivan, his love, lord of all Rus, Grand Prince. On the obverse: St. George. On the reverse: a two-headed eagle, the emblem of the emperors of Constannople. The power of Ivan III the Great was based on the following three ideas: the care of the saints, pride in the Tatar heritage, and political domination in Rus'. the care for the Roman Church, the imperial heritage, and political domination in Rus'. the care of the saints, imperial heritage, and political domination in Rus'. Exercise 3 Look at the map of the Ooman Empire’s development and answer the queson. TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE 15TH–17TH CENTURIES Source: Krysan Chariza i zespół, Wzrost terytorialny Imperium Osmańskiego w XV–XVII wieku, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0. Unl what century did significant conquests of European lands last? mid- 15th c. mid- 16th c. second half of the 17th c. mid- 14th c. Exercise 4 Read the official liege document and mark in it the secons that indicate the dues of the liegeman – the hospodar. Did the Moldovan hospodars keep their word? Select the appropriate parts of the text. dues of a vassal W imię Pana, amen. [...] My, Jan Stefan, z Bożej łaski pan ziemi mołdawskiej, oznajmiamy [...] ponieważ z woli Boga jesteśmy władcą ziemi mołdawskiej, staramy się postępować według zwyczaju przodków naszych. I jak przodkowie nasi [...] byli przyjaznym najznakomitszym panom królom i świetnej Koronie Polskiej [...] to my w sposób podobny postępujemy. [...] z całym krajem naszym [...] będziemy okazywać wierność i posłuszeństwoJego Miłości, a po nim przyszłym królom i świętej Koronie Polskiej. Obiecujemy – my i nasi synowie i ich następcy [...] zachowywać wobec Jego Królewskiej Mości i przyszłych królów i Korony Polskiej wierność i służebność i posłuszeństwo i żadnego innego pana nie będziemy sobie szukać [...] [obiecujemy] wszystkimi siłami bronić ziemi podległej Jego Miłości, przeciw każdemu wrogowi [...] i doradzać jego miłości [we wszystkim]. [...] Obiecujemy również nigdy nie sprzeciwiać się [woli] Jego Miłości i następców jego i Korony Polskiej [...] Nie będziemy nigdy wojny żadnej zaczynać ani pokoju zawierać bez wiedzy Jego Królewskiej Mości. Task 2 Look carefully at the family tree of the Jagiellonian dynasty and then do the exercise. Exercise 5 Fill the gaps. Vytautas, brother, Władysław III of Poland, Jadwiga of Poland, Louis II of Hungary, Gediminas, Sigismund I the Old, over 45, Queen of Poland, Alexander Jagiellon, 1526, Lithuania, Poland, Algirdas, Grand Dukes, Bohemia and Hungary, Sigismund II Augustus, Bona, three The founder of the dynasty from which the future king of Poland came was ................................................... His two sons – .................................................. and Kęstus – ruled Lithuania as ................................................... Aerwards, power passed into the hands of their cousins – Jagiełło and ................................................... Jagiełło sat on the Polish throne thanks to his marriage with .................................................., who performed the funcon of ................................................... Aer the death of Władysław II Jagiełło, .................................................. became king, and, aer his death at Varna, his .................................................. Casimir IV Jagiellon. At the me when he assumed the throne, he also held power in .................................................. as Grand Duke. He ruled the longest of the enre dynasty. He was the king of Poland for .................................................. years. His wife was Elizabeth of Austria, with whom he had thirteen children. She is called the mother of kings because .................................................. of them became kings of ................................................... These were John I Albert, .................................................., and Sigismund I the Old. The eldest of her sons, Władysław, assumed the throne of ................................................... Aer him, power was taken by .................................................., whose death in .................................................. in the Bale of Mohács ended the reign of the Jagiellons in these countries. The last but one ruler from the Jagiellonian dynasty on Polish throne,
Recommended publications
  • The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*

    The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*

    Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202).
  • Vytautas Magnus University Freedom Only Education Can Bring Where We Are: Northern Europe → Lithuania → Kaunas

    Vytautas Magnus University Freedom Only Education Can Bring Where We Are: Northern Europe → Lithuania → Kaunas

    Vytautas Magnus University Freedom only education can bring Where we are: Northern Europe → Lithuania → Kaunas Lithuania: basic facts • Official name: Republic of Lithuania • Capital: Vilnius • Population: 2.8 million • Language: Lithuanian • Currency: Euro (€) • Largest cities: Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai • Part of the Schengen area Lithuanian words to know • Ačiū – Thank you • Labas rytas – Good morning • Laba diena – Good afternoon • Labas vakaras – Good evening • Viso gero – Good-bye • Šaltibarščiai – Cold beet-root soup • Pasivaikščiojimas – A walk • Nebeprisikiškiakopūsteliaujantie siems – Particularly for those who never pick up enough wood sorrels for themselves anymore Kaunas – the heart of Lithuania Vytautas Magnus University Who is Vytautas Magnus and why do Lithuanians like him so much? • Grand Duke of Lithuania (from 1392 to 1430) • Brought the greatest military and political prosperity to the country • In 1410 won the Battle of Grünwald (Tannenberg) against Teutonic Order • Extended the state border all the way to the shores of the Black Sea History 1920 – Course of Higher Learning were established as a temporary substitute for a university. 1922 – After reorganization of courses of Higher Learning, the University of Lithuania was established. 1930 – University of Lithuania was renamed to Vytautas Magnus University, commemorating 500 years of death of Vytautas Magnus. 1950 – University was closed by the Soviet government. 1989 – VMU was re-established. 2019 – Aleksandras Stulginskis University (ASU) and the Lithuanian
  • Machiavelli: the Prince

    Machiavelli: the Prince

    The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prince, by Nicolo Machiavelli This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Prince Author: Nicolo Machiavelli Translator: W. K. Marriott Release Date: February 11, 2006 [EBook #1232] Last Updated: November 5, 2012 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PRINCE *** Produced by John Bickers, David Widger and Others THE PRINCE by Nicolo Machiavelli Translated by W. K. Marriott Nicolo Machiavelli, born at Florence on 3rd May 1469. From 1494 to 1512 held an official post at Florence which included diplomatic missions to various European courts. Imprisoned in Florence, 1512; later exiled and returned to San Casciano. Died at Florence on 22nd June 1527. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION YOUTH Aet. 1-25—1469-94 OFFICE Aet. 25-43—1494-1512 LITERATURE AND DEATH Aet. 43-58—1512-27 THE MAN AND HIS WORKS DEDICATION THE PRINCE CHAPTER I HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE CHAPTER II CONCERNING HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER III CONCERNING MIXED PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER IV WHY THE KINGDOM OF DARIUS, CONQUERED BY ALEXANDER CHAPTER V CONCERNING THE WAY TO GOVERN CITIES OR PRINCIPALITIES CHAPTER VI CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE ACQUIRED CHAPTER VII CONCERNING NEW PRINCIPALITIES WHICH ARE ACQUIRED CHAPTER VIII CONCERNING
  • The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - C

    The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - C

    Cambridge University Press 0521414113 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - c. 1024-c. 1198 Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information INDEX Aachen, 77, 396, 401, 402, 404, 405 Abul-Barakat al-Jarjara, 695, 700 Aaron, bishop of Cologne, 280 Acerra, counts of, 473 ‘Abbadids, kingdom of Seville, 157 Acre ‘Abbas ibn Tamim, 718 11th century, 702, 704, 705 ‘Abbasids 12th century Baghdad, 675, 685, 686, 687, 689, 702 1104 Latin conquest, 647 break-up of empire, 678, 680 1191 siege, 522, 663 and Byzantium, 696 and Ayyubids, 749 caliphate, before First Crusade, 1 fall to crusaders, 708 dynasty, 675, 677 fall to Saladin, 662, 663 response to Fatimid empire, 685–9 Fatimids, 728 abbeys, see monasteries and kingdom of Jerusalem, 654, 662, 664, abbots, 13, 530 667, 668, 669 ‘Abd Allah al-Ziri, king of Granada, 156, 169–70, Pisans, 664 180, 181, 183 trade, 727 ‘Abd al-Majid, 715 13th century, 749 ‘Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, 155, 158, 160, 163, 165 Adalasia of Sicily, 648 ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 487 Adalbero, bishop of Wurzburg,¨ 57 ‘Abd al-Rahman (Shanjul), 155, 156 Adalbero of Laon, 146, 151 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, 156, 159 Adalbert, archbishop of Mainz, 70, 71, 384–5, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ilyas, 682 388, 400, 413, 414 Abelard of Conversano, 109, 110, 111, 115 Adalbert, bishop of Prague, 277, 279, 284, 288, Aberconwy, 599 312 Aberdeen, 590 Adalbert, bishop of Wolin, 283 Abergavenny, 205 Adalbert, king of Italy, 135 Abernethy agreement, 205 Adalgar, chancellor, 77 Aberteifi, 600 Adam of Bremen, 295 Abingdon, 201, 558 Adam of
  • The Role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the Development and Promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the Years 1922–1939

    The Role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the Development and Promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the Years 1922–1939

    Science in Poland Aistis Žalnora ORCID 000-0002-2382-370X Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius University (Vilnius, Lithuania) [email protected] The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the development and promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the years 1922–1939 Abstract Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was re- placed by measures targeting the causes. The fight against so- cial diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University’s scholars also took part in this PUBLICATION e-ISSN 2543-702X INFO ISSN 2451-3202 DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS CITATION Žalnora, Aistis 2018: The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the development and promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the years 1922–1939. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 17, pp. 51–87. Available online: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.004.9324. ARCHIVE RECEIVED: 2.04.2018 LICENSE POLICY ACCEPTED: 22.10.2018 Green SHERPA / PUBLISHED ONLINE: 12.12.2018 RoMEO Colour WWW http://www.ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SHS/; http://pau.krakow.pl/Studia-Historiae-Scientiarum/ Aistis Žalnora The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University... process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ste- phen Bathory was well understood.
  • 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia

    17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia

    Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes.
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P

    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
  • THE POLISH RES PUBLICA of NATIONAL and ETHNIC Minorities from the PIASTS to the 20TH CENTURY

    THE POLISH RES PUBLICA of NATIONAL and ETHNIC Minorities from the PIASTS to the 20TH CENTURY

    PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2014, No. II MARCELI KOSMAN Poznań THE POLISH RES PUBLICA OF NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES FROM THE PIASTS TO THE 20TH CENTURY Początki Polski [The Beginnings of Poland], a fundamental work by Henryk Łowmiański, is subtitled Z dziejów Słowian w I tysiącleciu n.e. [On the History of Slavs in the 1st Millennium A.D.]. Its sixth and final volume, divided into two parts, is also titled Poczatki Polski but subtitled Polityczne i społeczne procesy kształtowania się narodu do początku wieku XIV [Political and Social Processes of Nation Forma- tion till the Beginning of the 14th Century]1. The subtitle was changed because the last volume concerns the formation of the Piast state and emergence of the Polish nation. Originally, there were to be three volumes. The first volume starts as follows: The notion of the beginnings of Poland covers two issues: the genesis of the state and the genesis of the nation. The two issues are closely connected since a state is usually a product of a specific ethnic group and it is the state which, subsequently, has an impact on the transformation of its people into a higher organisational form, i.e. a nation.2 The final stage of those processes in Poland is relatively easily identifiable. It was at the turn of the 10th and 11th century when the name Poland was used for the first time to denote a country under the superior authority of the duke of Gniezno, and the country inhabitants, as attested in early historical sources.3 It is more difficult to determine the terminus a quo of the nation formation and the emergence of Po- land’s statehood.
  • The Grand Duchy of Lithuania As a Successor of Rome in the Early

    The Grand Duchy of Lithuania As a Successor of Rome in the Early

    Open Political Science, 2018; 1: 170–181 Research Article Joanna Orzeł* From imagination to political reality? The Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a successor of Rome in the early modern historiography (15th–18th centuries)# https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0015 received December 17, 2018; accepted December 31, 2018. Abstract: At the beginning of the Renaissance Lithuanians understood that to join the civilization of Western Europe, it was necessary to have an appropriate (it means: very long) tradition. Like other countries, they had to create their own myth of origin. The most prestigious tradition was Greek-Roman antiquity, so the country’s origin story was invented, claiming its people descended directly from Rome. According to subsequent chronicles, the founder of the new state was Palemon (Publius Libon, initially Vilia). Using the theory of cultural memory of Jan and Aleida Assmann, the article presents how and why the Lithuanian myth of origin was transformed from 15th to the end of the 18th century. Particular attention was paid to the current needs of the state and the powerful noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which also found their origins in the state myth. During the early modern period, the changes in the story were made (including the date of Palemon’s arrival in the Lithuanian lands). Nonetheless, the myth was not questioned for a long time. Even once it had already been established that it was no more than a fairy tale, the story was revived again, performing other functions in the 19th century. Keywords: cultural memory; foundation myth; mythical genealogy; Palemon; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Polish- Lithuanian historiography; Greco-Roman antiquity in early modern period.
  • The Attractiveness of Court Culture During the Jagiellonian Era

    The Attractiveness of Court Culture During the Jagiellonian Era

    Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce PL ISSN 0029‑8514 Special Issue Małgorzata Wilska (Warsaw) The Attractiveness of Court Culture during the Jagiellonian Era Court culture is generated predominantly by the social milieu surround‑ ing the king and monarchic authority. The court guaranteed a suitable setting for all the activity of the monarch and royal accounts did not separate expenses for the private needs of the ruler and his family and those of a state character. The transmission of cultural values occurred everywhere where the king and court stayed: on the meadow where land court sessions were held, at the castle during a feast, at an assembly, in the course of a hunt, and along the entire route of the king’s entourage. It should be kept in mind that the governance of Władysław II Jagiełło and his successors involved incessant motion, a constant traversing across Polish lands from Cracow to Lithuania. The image of the king viewed directly was connected in social mentality with a model of the monarch moulded by tradition and court ideology. This image was composed of two overlapping visions: the sacrum and the profanum. The former demanded respect for the God’s anointed, and the latter rendered him closer to the perspective of the subjects and exposed him to criticism.1 Chronicles enable us seeing changes occurring in the ideology of power during the reign of the Piast dynasty. Casimir III the Great was already far from the image of the warrior‑king and defender of the homeland depicted by Gallus writing about Bolesław I the Brave.
  • The Story of the Borgias (1913)

    The Story of the Borgias (1913)

    The Story of The Borgias John Fyvie L1BRARV OF UN ,VERSITV CALIFORNIA AN DIEGO THE STORY OF THE BORGIAS <Jt^- i//sn6Ut*4Ccn4<s flom fte&co-^-u, THE STORY OF THE BOEGIAS AUTHOR OF "TRAGEDY QUEENS OF THE GEORGIAN ERA" ETC NEW YORK G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1913 PRINTED AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS TAVI STOCK STREET CoVENT GARDEN LONDON THE story of the Borgia family has always been of interest one strangely fascinating ; but a lurid legend grew up about their lives, which culminated in the creation of the fantastic monstrosities of Victor Hugo's play and Donizetti's opera. For three centuries their name was a byword for the vilest but in our there has been infamy ; own day an extraordinary swing of the pendulum, which is hard to account for. Quite a number of para- doxical writers have proclaimed to an astonished and mystified world that Pope Alexander VI was both a wise prince and a gentle priest whose motives and actions have been maliciously mis- noble- represented ; that Cesare Borgia was a minded and enlightened statesman, who, three centuries in advance of his time, endeavoured to form a united Italy by the only means then in Lucrezia anybody's power ; and that Borgia was a paragon of all the virtues. " " It seems to have been impossible to whitewash the Borgia without a good deal of juggling with the evidence, as well as a determined attack on the veracity and trustworthiness of the contemporary b v PREFACE historians and chroniclers to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of the time.
  • Contents/Sommaire

    Contents/Sommaire

    RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXIV T R No. 3 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Autumn 2015 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ionel-Valentin Vlad Between Religion and Science: Some Aspects Concerning Illness and Healing in Antiquity 3 CENTER FOR Simona Gabriela Bungãu TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Viorel-Cristian Popa Director: Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop Religion and Power in Ioan Petru Culianu’s View 19 Dorin David A Priest in the “Romanian Action”: Dr. Titus Mãlaiu 26 Maria Ghitta Aspects of Religiosity in the Social Institutions Operating in the Romanian Public Space 40 Ion Petricã Felicia Andrioni Religion and the Public Sphere: Transitional (Post-communist) Representations of the Uniate Community of Cluj-Napoca, between Religion and Politics 56 Codruþa Liana Cuceu Pilgrimage and Its Infrastructure in Post-communist Transylvania 70 Mircea Sergiu Moldovan From Double to Triple Minority: Romanian neo-Protestants from the Serbian Banat in the United States and Canada 85 Mircea Mãran Aleksandra Durić-Milovanović– • Tangencies La révolution hussite et l’affirmation du voïvodat de Transylvanie dans le contexte de la croisade tardive 98 Florian Dumitru Soporan Liana Lãpãdatu The Moldavian Lady On the cover: and the Elder Lords of the East 113 Solicitude, Silence... Mark Whelan (2014) Photo by ALIN BARBIR Alexandru Simon TR 3 2015.indd 1 11/13/2015 12:31:51 PM Violence in Northern Ireland 130 Corina Pãcurar Transylvanian Review continues the • Editorial Events tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, founded by Silviu Dragomir, which Romanian Capitalism: Out of the Frying Pan into was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu the Fire: Lessons in Dependency and Development 140 between 1934 and 1944.