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The Role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the Development and Promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the Years 1922–1939
Science in Poland Aistis Žalnora ORCID 000-0002-2382-370X Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius University (Vilnius, Lithuania) [email protected] The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the development and promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the years 1922–1939 Abstract Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was re- placed by measures targeting the causes. The fight against so- cial diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University’s scholars also took part in this PUBLICATION e-ISSN 2543-702X INFO ISSN 2451-3202 DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS CITATION Žalnora, Aistis 2018: The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the development and promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the years 1922–1939. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 17, pp. 51–87. Available online: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.004.9324. ARCHIVE RECEIVED: 2.04.2018 LICENSE POLICY ACCEPTED: 22.10.2018 Green SHERPA / PUBLISHED ONLINE: 12.12.2018 RoMEO Colour WWW http://www.ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SHS/; http://pau.krakow.pl/Studia-Historiae-Scientiarum/ Aistis Žalnora The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University... process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ste- phen Bathory was well understood. -
D. Baronas. Jarosław Nikodem. Litwa
LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS INSTITUTAS LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS METRAŠTIS 2020 metai 1 Vilnius 2020 LITHUANIAN INSTITUTE OF HISTORY THE YEAR-BOOK OF LITHUANIAN HISTORY 2020 2 Vilnius 2020 LITAUISCHES INSTITUT FÜR GESCHICHTE JAHRBUCH FÜR LITAUISCHE GESCHICHTE 2020 2 Vilnius 2020 Žurnalo leidybą finansavo LIETUVOS MOKSLO TARYBA PAGAL VALSTYBINĘ LITUANISTINIŲ TYRIMŲ IR SKLAIDOS 2016–2024 METŲ PROGRAMĄ Projekto finansavimo sutartis Nr. S-LIP-19-10 Redakcinė kolegija / Editorial Board / Redaktion: Egidijus ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS Rimvydas PETRAUSKAS Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Lietuva / Vilniaus universitetas, Lietuva / Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania Vilnius University, Lithuania Krzysztof BUCHOWSKI Sergej POLECHOV / Сергей В. ПОЛЕХОВ / Sergey POLEKHOV Balstogės universitetas, Lenkija / Rusijos mokslų akademijos Rusijos istorijos institutas, Rusija / University of Białystok, Poland Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Jan JURKIEWICZ Jolita SARCEVIČIENĖ (atsakingoji sekretorė / Executive Secretary) Adomo Mickevičiaus universitetas Poznanėje, Lenkija / Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Lietuva / Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland Lithuanian Institute of History, Lithuania Tomasz KEMPA Vladas SIRUTAVIČIUS Mikalojaus Koperniko universitetas Torunėje, Lenkija / Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Lietuva / Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland Lithuanian Institute of History, Lithuania Česlovas LAURINAVIČIUS Gintautas SLIESORIŪNAS (pirmininkas / Editor-in-Chief) Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Lietuva / Lietuvos istorijos -
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania As a Successor of Rome in the Early
Open Political Science, 2018; 1: 170–181 Research Article Joanna Orzeł* From imagination to political reality? The Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a successor of Rome in the early modern historiography (15th–18th centuries)# https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0015 received December 17, 2018; accepted December 31, 2018. Abstract: At the beginning of the Renaissance Lithuanians understood that to join the civilization of Western Europe, it was necessary to have an appropriate (it means: very long) tradition. Like other countries, they had to create their own myth of origin. The most prestigious tradition was Greek-Roman antiquity, so the country’s origin story was invented, claiming its people descended directly from Rome. According to subsequent chronicles, the founder of the new state was Palemon (Publius Libon, initially Vilia). Using the theory of cultural memory of Jan and Aleida Assmann, the article presents how and why the Lithuanian myth of origin was transformed from 15th to the end of the 18th century. Particular attention was paid to the current needs of the state and the powerful noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which also found their origins in the state myth. During the early modern period, the changes in the story were made (including the date of Palemon’s arrival in the Lithuanian lands). Nonetheless, the myth was not questioned for a long time. Even once it had already been established that it was no more than a fairy tale, the story was revived again, performing other functions in the 19th century. Keywords: cultural memory; foundation myth; mythical genealogy; Palemon; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Polish- Lithuanian historiography; Greco-Roman antiquity in early modern period. -
Bogurodzica Song
History of the Origin of the Bogurodzica Song. A Musical Monument of 1407 Ivan KUZMINSKYI History of the Origin of the Bogurodzica Song. A Musical Monument of 1407 Giesmės „Bogurodzica“ kilmė – 1407 m. muzikinis paminklas Ukraine P. Tchaikovsky National Academy of Music, ul. Architektora Gorodeckogo 1-3/11, 01001 Kyiv, Ukraine Email [email protected] Abstract In Polish musical historiography, the song Bogurodzica is considered to be the oldest artifact of Polish song culture written in a staff notation. This article attempts to study the history of this song’s emergence and distribution not only against the background of Polish musical culture of the late 14th– early 15th centuries, but also under the conditions of the Kievan Rus’ and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Firstly, the article presents the main written sources of the Bogurodzica in the 15th–16th centuries and analyzes the title, verbal text and the plot of the Bogurod- zica as well as the origins of the melody. Secondly, the text focuses on Ruthenian Court Musicians of the King Władysław II Jagiełło, musical contacts between the courts of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas and the great masters of the Teutonic Order, the place and meaning of the Mother of God churches in the Kievan Rus’, battle prayers to the Mother of God in the Ruthenian princely environment, singing to the Mother of God before battle in the Kievan Rus’ and the Ruthenian cult of the Mother of God in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This research provides new grounds to consider the Bogurodzica as a piece of work of the ancient Ruthenian culture and suggests that eventually it could be included into the contemporary musical historiography of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. -
Dark Times: Art and Artists of Vilnius in 1939–1941
326 Dark Times: Art and Artists of Vilnius in 1939–1941 Giedrė Jankevičiūtė Vilnius Academy of Arts Maironio St. 6, LT-01124 Vilnius e-mail: [email protected] The aim of this paper is to discuss and reconstruct in general fe- atures the reality of the Vilnius artistic community from late autumn 1939 to June 1941. This period of less than two years significantly changed the configuration of the artistic community of the city, the system of institutions shaping the art scene as well as the artistic goals. It also brought forth new names and inspired new images. These changes were above all determined by political circumstances: the war that broke out in Poland on 1 September 1939; the ceding of Vilnius and the Vilnius region to Lithuania; two Soviet occupations: in the autumn of 1939 and June 1940, and the subsequent Nazi occupation a year later. The influence of politics on the art scene and the life of artists has been explored in institutional and other aspects by both Lithuanian and Polish art historians, but the big picture is not yet complete, and the general narrative is still under construction. A further aim of this paper is to highlight some elements that have not received sufficient atten- tion in historiography and that are necessary for the reconstruction of the whole. Some facts of cooperation or its absence among artists of various ethnicities are presented, and the question is raised on the extent to which these different groups were affected by Sovietisation, and what impact this fragmentation had on the city’s art scene. -
The Lithuanian Nobility in the Late- Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: Composition and Structure
LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 7 2002 ISSN 1392-2343 pp. 1–22 THE LITHUANIAN NOBILITY IN THE LATE- FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES: COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE RIMVYDAS PETRAUSKAS ABSTRACT This paper presents a critical review of the historiographically dominant theory stating that the upper layer of the Lithuanian nobility formed its independent power only around the middle of the fifteenth century. The extant sources shed little light on the role of the nobility in the political processes of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. A complex of sources, more fully reflecting the specifics of the country, appeared only after the arrival of writing in Lithuania at the end of the fourteenth century. It was only in this period that the place of the nobles in the system of government became evident. Therefore, it is possible to speak about a distorted perspective, suggested by the early records. The paper presents a definition of the nobility and an analysis of the origin, composition and structure of the Lithuanian ruling élite in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Consequently it is possible to speak about the prerequisites of the rule of this social group and the duality of the power of the grand duke and the nobility. Two principal tendencies of the development of the Lithuanian nobility in the fifteenth century – personal continuity and internal transformation (family structure) – are distinguished. In Lithuanian historical models the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have acquired the image of the epoch of ‘ducal Lithuania’. This was a period of the rule of the grand dukes Gediminas, Algirdas, Kęstutis, Jogaila and Vytautas. -
Timeline1800 18001600
TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze. -
0X0a I Don't Know Gregor Weichbrodt FROHMANN
0x0a I Don’t Know Gregor Weichbrodt FROHMANN I Don’t Know Gregor Weichbrodt 0x0a Contents I Don’t Know .................................................................4 About This Book .......................................................353 Imprint ........................................................................354 I Don’t Know I’m not well-versed in Literature. Sensibility – what is that? What in God’s name is An Afterword? I haven’t the faintest idea. And concerning Book design, I am fully ignorant. What is ‘A Slipcase’ supposed to mean again, and what the heck is Boriswood? The Canons of page construction – I don’t know what that is. I haven’t got a clue. How am I supposed to make sense of Traditional Chinese bookbinding, and what the hell is an Initial? Containers are a mystery to me. And what about A Post box, and what on earth is The Hollow Nickel Case? An Ammunition box – dunno. Couldn’t tell you. I’m not well-versed in Postal systems. And I don’t know what Bulk mail is or what is supposed to be special about A Catcher pouch. I don’t know what people mean by ‘Bags’. What’s the deal with The Arhuaca mochila, and what is the mystery about A Bin bag? Am I supposed to be familiar with A Carpet bag? How should I know? Cradleboard? Come again? Never heard of it. I have no idea. A Changing bag – never heard of it. I’ve never heard of Carriages. A Dogcart – what does that mean? A Ralli car? Doesn’t ring a bell. I have absolutely no idea. And what the hell is Tandem, and what is the deal with the Mail coach? 4 I don’t know the first thing about Postal system of the United Kingdom. -
Bohater Dwóch Narodów Dviejų Tautų Didvyris the Hero of Two Nations
SZYMON DREJ Bohater dwóch narodów Dviejų tautų didvyris The Hero of Two Nations SZYMON DREJ Bohater dwóch narodów Dviejų tautų didvyris The Hero of Two Nations Projekt „Śladami księcia Witolda” Nr SPF/PL/2009/45 jest wdrażany w ramach Celu 3: EuropejskaWspółpraca Terytorialna Program Współpracy Transgranicznej „Litwa-Polska”, który ma na celu wspieranie zrównoważonego rozwoju obszaru przygranicznego Litwy i Polski, poprzez podniesienie ekonomicznej, społecznej i terytorialnej spójności. Program jest współfinansowany z Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego. Leidinys parengtas pagal projektą „Didžiojo kunigaikščio Vytauto pėdomis“ Nr. SPF/PL/2009/45 vykdomą pagal Europos teritorinio bendradarbiavimo tikslo Lietuvos ir Lenkijos bendradarbiavimo per sieną programos Smulkiųjų projektų fondą, skirtą skatinti tvarų Lietuvos ir Lenkijos pasienio regiono vystymąsi didinant ekonominę, socialinę ir teritorinę sanglaudą. Programą iš dalies finansuoja Europos Sąjungos Europos regioninės plėtros fondas. The publication has been prepared under the project “The Traces of Grand Duke Vytautas” No. SPF/PL/2009/45 is implemented under the Objective 3: European Territorial Cooperation Cross-Border Cooperation Programme “Lithuania-Poland”, which aims at fostering the sustainable development of the Lithuania-Poland border region through enhanced economic, social and territorial cohesion. The programme is part-financed by the European Union European Regional Development Fund. EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND NEIGHBOURS IN ACTION SMALL -
Marian DYGO – 'Rudis Illa Nacio Et Pannosa': Concerning Jan
‘Rudis illa nacio et pannosa’: ConCerning Jan Długosz’s DesCription OF Lithuania’s 1387 CONVERSION IN HIS ANNALS Marian Dygo Abstract In his famous Annals, the 15th-century chronicler Jan Długosz provided a wealth of informa- tion on the way of life of the Lithuanians in pagan times, as well as in the period immediately following their conversion in 1387. in drawing attention to the consumption of material goods such as food, clothing and shelter, Długosz portrayed the pagan Lithuanians as a people who 99 could not satisfy even their most basic material needs. after their conversion to Christianity, their faith nevertheless wavered for a long time, and so their needs were only met thanks to the help of the polish king, Władysław ii Jogaila (Jagiełło), whom the chronicler held up as the ‘apostle’ of Lithuania. Długosz’s description of the way of life of the Lithuanians is rich in theo- logical themes, based on the gospels and the writings of the prophets. the author examines the reliability of Długosz’s account on the way of life of both pagan and converted Lithuanians. Key words: Lithuania, paganism, conversion, way of life. Anotacija savo garsiuosiuose „analuose“, parašytuose XV a., lenkų kronikininkas Janas Długoszas, pa- teikė daug duomenų apie pagonių lietuvių gyvenimo būdą ir papročius, informaciją tiesiogiai siedamas su 1387 m. lietuvių krikštu. atkreipdamas dėmesį į materialines gėrybes, pvz., mais- tą, drabužius, būstą, Długoszas vaizdavo pagonis lietuvius kaip tautą, kuri negalėjo patenkin- ti elementarių savo buitinių poreikių. po lietuvių atsivertimo į krikščionybę lietuvių tikėjimas vaizduotas kaip „banguojantis“, ir tik Lenkijos karaliaus Vladislovo Jogailos, kurį kronikininkas vaizdavo kaip „Lietuvos apaštalą“, dėka tikėjimas įgijo gilesnę prasmę. -
ALGIRDAS (Olgierd), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1345-77), Son of \Gedin\Inas, Father of \]Ogaua and '[^Vitrigaila
PRIESTS. BISHOPS. 15 DUKES; ALGIRDAS (Olgierd), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1345-77), son of \Gedin\inas, father of \]ogaUa and '[^vitrigaila. He shared power with his brother Kfstutis: Vilnius and the eastern part of the country was Algirdas' domain, and Kfstutis reigned in Trakai, Samogitia and other western regions. Thus Algirdas was more concerned about relations with Russian duchies, while Kfstutis dealt with the Teutonic Order. Having lived an adventurous life, Kfstutis, a zealous supporter of pagan Lithuania, called "a heathen knight", enjoyed greater popularity than his brother. However, Algirdas was a more outstanding politician, thus in Algirdas' lifetime Kfstutis occupied only second place in the state. Q I: CtAlO It is known that in the year of Gediminas' death, Algirdas ruled Vitebsk and Krevo. His two wives - princess Maria of Vitebsk and prin• Grand Duke Algirdas of cess \luUanua of Tver - were Russian Orthodox. The majority of his Lilhuania. Artist J. Ozifblowski children adhered to the Russian Orthodox faith, but those who were born in Vilnius remained pagan, like their father. Algirdas annexed Kiev and many other Eastern Slavonic regions to Lithuania, waged war against the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoi and marched as far as the Kremlin. He founded an independ• ent Lithuanian Orthodox metropoly with the centre in Kiev. He defeated the Tartars at the Battle of Blue Waters (1363), participated in the strug• gle against the Teutonic knights with a demand to cede to Lithuania almost all of the ancient Prussian lands along with Konigsberg and a large part of Livonia. In Algirdas' times Lithuania became the largest and most likely strongest Central Eastern European power. -
Mindaugas STANKEVIČIUS INVESTIGATION of SUSPENDED
Mindaugas STANKEVIČIUS INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN THE WETLANDS OF THE NEMUNAS BASIN Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering 1571-M Vilnius 2008 VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Mindaugas STANKEVIČIUS INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN THE WETLANDS OF THE NEMUNAS BASIN Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering Vilnius 2008 Doctoral dissertation was prepared at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in 2003–2008. Scientific Supervisor Prof Dr Habil Saulius VAIKASAS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering – 04T). Consultant Dr Habil Alfonsas RIMKUS (Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering – 04T). The dissertation is being defended at the Council of Scientific Field of Environmental Engineering at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University: Chairman Prof Dr Antanas LUKIANAS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering – 04T). Members: Prof Dr Habil Pranas BALTRĖNAS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering – 04T), Prof Dr Habil Donatas BUTKUS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering – 04T), Prof Dr Habil Brunonas GAILIUŠIS (Lithuanian Energy Institute, Technological Sciences, Environmental Engineering – 04T), Prof Dr Petras PUNYS (Lithuanian University of Agriculture,