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Intrinsic Vulnerability of the Isonzo/Soča High Plain Aquifer (NE Italy – W Slovenia)

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Intrinsic Vulnerability of the Isonzo/Soča High Plain Aquifer (NE Italy – W Slovenia) Journal of Maps ISSN: (Print) 1744-5647 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjom20 Intrinsic vulnerability of the Isonzo/Soča high plain aquifer (NE Italy – W Slovenia) Francesco Treu, Luca Zini, Enrico Zavagno, Sara Biolchi, Chiara Boccali, Asta Gregorič, Rossella Napolitano, Janko Urbanc, Giulia Zuecco & Franco Cucchi To cite this article: Francesco Treu, Luca Zini, Enrico Zavagno, Sara Biolchi, Chiara Boccali, Asta Gregorič, Rossella Napolitano, Janko Urbanc, Giulia Zuecco & Franco Cucchi (2017) Intrinsic vulnerability of the Isonzo/Soča high plain aquifer (NE Italy – W Slovenia), Journal of Maps, 13:2, 799-810, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2017.1384935 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1384935 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa View supplementary material UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps Published online: 11 Oct 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 212 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjom20 JOURNAL OF MAPS, 2017 VOL. 13, NO. 2, 799–810 https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1384935 Science Intrinsic vulnerability of the Isonzo/Soča high plain aquifer (NE Italy – W Slovenia) Francesco Treua, Luca Zini a, Enrico Zavagno a, Sara Biolchi a, Chiara Boccali a, Asta Gregoričb, Rossella Napolitanoc, Janko Urbancd, Giulia Zuecco e and Franco Cucchia aDepartment of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; bUniversity of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia; cDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; dGeological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; eDepartment of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The paper presents the map of intrinsic groundwater vulnerability of the Isonzo/Soča High Plain, Received 20 March 2017 which is located between the Collio Hills and the Classical Karst Region and holds an aquifer Revised 21 September 2017 shared between Italy and Slovenia. The map, produced at a scale of 1:25,000 and printed in Accepted 23 September 2017 A0 format, was obtained by means of the SINTACS method and shows the intrinsic KEYWORDS vulnerability of the aquifer in terms of seven vulnerability classes, from extremely high to Hydrogeology; Isonzo/Soča low. It is accompanied by four supplementary sketches that illustrate the geological River; intrinsic vulnerability; framework, the bedrock top surface, the groundwater flow paths, the Hazard Index map and SINTACS three diagrams that summarize the percentages of vulnerability classes and of Hazard Index classes of the study area. 1. Introduction Moreover, this work aims to improve the existing researches (Cucchi et al., 1999; Cucchi, Massari, Oberti, The Isonzo/Soča High Plain is located on the eastern & Piano, 2002) with new and updated data and with side of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, straddling the the integration with the Slovenian part of the aquifer. border between Italy and Slovenia. It holds a significant phreatic aquifer that represents an important natural wealth, in terms of quantity, quality and ease of supply 2. Study area (Zini et al., 2013). The aquifer is used for drinking, household, industrial, and agricultural purposes. The The Isonzo/Soča is an alpine river 138 km long that increasing interest of the local administrations, private runs from the Julian Alps (source: southern side of water suppliers and the resident population using this Mt. Travnik, Slovenia, 990 m a.s.l.) to the North Adria- important resource gave rise to the ‘GEP’ and tic Sea (mouth: near Monfalcone, Italy) (Figure 1(a)). ‘ASTIS’ Projects (Bisaglia et al., 2014; Zini et al., Except along the sector between Tolmin and Gorizia, 2014a). As part of these projects, this research focuses where the river flows over carbonate rocks (Figure 2 on the evaluation of the intrinsic vulnerability of the Iso- (a)), the Isonzo/Soča riverbed consists of a thick fluvio- nzo/Soča aquifer that can be used as a tool to safeguard glacial and alluvial cover (D’Ambrosi & Mosetti, 1972). the groundwater resource and support environmental The study area extends for about 150 km2, taking in protection and management policies. The intrinsic vul- the southern stretch of Isonzo/Soča, from the outlet on nerability of aquifers is defined as the specific suscepti- the plain, north of Gorizia, to the aqueduct pumping bility of aquifer systems to ingest and diffuse fluid or/ wells at San Pier d’Isonzo (Figure 2(b)). and hydro-vectored contaminants, whose impact on The Isonzo/Soča High Plain represents the eastern- the ground water quality is a function of space and most part of the Friuli Plain, which hosts several aqui- time (Civita, 1994, 2010). The vulnerability of an under- fers composed of thick Eocene- to Quaternary-aged ground water body depends on the hydro-lithology and gravel and sand beds interbedded with clay and silty hydro-structure of the hydrogeological system, the layers (Cucchi, Franceschini, & Zini, 2008 and refer- nature of soil and overburden, its recharge, groundwater ences therein) and is bounded to the north by the Col- inflow-outflow processes, the physical and hydro-geo- lio (ITA) and Vrtojba (SLO) hills (Figure 2(b)), made chemical processes that produce natural quality of up of marlstones and sandstones belonging to the water and the attenuation of the contaminants affecting Eocene Flysch Formation (Venturini & Tunis, 1991). the system (Civita & De Maio, 2000). To the South it is bounded by the limestones and CONTACT Chiara Boccali [email protected] Supplemental data for this article can be accessed https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1384935 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of Maps This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 800 F. TREU ET AL. Figure 1. (a) Geographical setting of the Isonzo/Soča River; (b) Geological map of the Isonzo/Soča High Plain and surroundings (redrawn from Buser, 1968; Carulli, 2006; Jurkovšek et al., 2016). dolomites belonging to the Cretaceous–Paleogene car- Torre and Judrio rivers remain dry for most of the year bonate platform of the Classical Karst Region (Jurkov- while the Isonzo/Soča loses about 26% of its discharge šek et al., 2016). Quaternary sediments constitute the (Zini et al., 2013). These river losses, together with the Isonzo/Soča and Torre megafans, large fan-shaped rain and runoff waters coming from the hills, recharge landforms that were formed during the Last Glacial the phreatic aquifer of the High Plain. Towards the Maximum as a result, respectively, of the drainage of Low Plain, the phreatic aquifer joins with a multi- the Isonzo/Soča(Bavec, Tulaczyk, Mahan, & Stock, layered aquifer system characterized by alternating 2004) and Tagliamento glaciers (Fontana et al., 2014). gravel-sand and clay–silt deposits (Stefanini & Cucchi, The megafans show a longitudinal sedimentary differ- 1976). The gradual decrease in permeability south- entiation with a strong contrast between the proximal wards constrains the outflow of the High Plain phreatic sector, where gravels prevail and the distal one, where waters in correspondence to the Resurgence Belt fine-grained sediments dominate (Fontana, Mozzi, & (Figure 1(b)). Bondesan, 2008). The study area includes 23 municipalities (20 in The Resurgence Belt divides the Isonzo/Soča Plain Italy and 3 in Slovenia). On the Italian side, the into the High and the Low Plain. The High Plain con- groundwater is tapped and distributed by two main sists mainly of coarse and very permeable sediments, aqueducts (Irisacqua and AcegasApsAmga) that supply related to the above-mentioned Isonzo/Soča and more than 300.000 citizens of the provinces of Gorizia Torre rivers, as well as other minor streams such as and Trieste. On the Slovenian side the groundwater is Judrio and Versa. These sediments hold a phreatic used for domestic and agricultural purposes. aquifer. Rivers dissipate a great amount of water during There are more than 1550 wells in the alluvial their way across the High Plain and for this reason the deposits, of which 31.8% are domestic, 23.5% have JOURNAL OF MAPS 801 Figure 2. (a) the Isonzo/Soča river in its northern sector, where it flows over carbonate rocks (Kanal ob Soči, GO, SLO); (b) view of the High Plain (San Pier d’Isonzo, GO, ITA); (c,d) the Isonzo/Soča river in the High Plain and water monitoring (Poggio Terza Armata, GO, ITA); (e) pumping test at Turriaco (GO, ITA). an unknown use, 15% are industrial, 6.8% are The average yearly effective precipitation (Pe) was used for agricultural and irrigation purposes, 5.4% calculated by means of the equation: supply drinking water and aqueducts, 0.5% are used for fish breeding and 3% are geognostic boreholes Pe = P − Er, while the remaining 14% are for various other applications. The overall withdrawal amounts to where Er is the yearly average effective evapotran- about 2 m3/s. spiration (Turc, 1954) and P the yearly average pre- cipitation. A 30-years period (1981–2010) was considered for an accurate assessment of the P , 3. Materials and methods e taking into account daily precipitation and tempera- The first step for the production of the intrinsic vulner- ture for several meteorological stations, covering an ability map was the assessment of the climatic and area of 5817 km2 straddling Italy and Slovenia. Rain- hydrogeological settings. fall and temperature data were mapped as a function 802 F. TREU ET AL. of the orography, using a co-kriging interpolation while the intrinsic vulnerability map is obtained by method based on the stations’ elevations.
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