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Post 9-11 Policing Project

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Post 9-11 Policing Project PPOOSSTT 99--1111 PPOOLLIICCIINNGG THE CRIME CONTROL – HOMELAND SECURITY PARADIGM TAKING COMMAND OF NEW REALITIES September 2005 This document was prepared by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, under cooperative agreement number 2003-DD-BX-K002, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................i I. The Changing State of Policing.................................................................................. 1 The Post 9-11 Policing Project....................................................................................... 1 Project Approach ............................................................................................................ 2 The Search for Promising Practices.............................................................................. 4 Taking Command........................................................................................................... 5 Selecting Promising Practice Priorities........................................................................ 5 II. Post 9-11 Policing: The Crime Control – Homeland Security Paradigm........................................................................................................................ 8 The Roundtables............................................................................................................. 8 The Evolving Paradigm – The Post 9-11 Model......................................................... 9 III. New Realities – CEO Survey Findings.................................................................... 13 Survey Design and Development .............................................................................. 13 The CEO Sample........................................................................................................... 13 Survey Response........................................................................................................... 14 Results – Forces of Change.......................................................................................... 16 Results – Impact of Change......................................................................................... 23 Results – Responses to Forces of Change.................................................................. 27 Looking to the Future .................................................................................................. 32 Observations – Global.................................................................................................. 34 Revisiting Roundtable Findings................................................................................. 35 IV. Managing New Realities – Building Homeland Security Capacity .................. 36 Building on Existing Crime Control Assets and Infrastructure............................. 43 Post 9-11 Policing Project Staff............................................................................................. 44 Post 9-11 Policing Project Roundtable Participants ......................................................... 47 TABLE OF TABLES Table 1: CEO Sample .............................................................................................................. 14 Table 2: Survey Response – Total ......................................................................................... 14 Table 3: Survey Response – Agency Size/Population Served ......................................... 15 Table 4: Survey Response – Agency Type........................................................................... 15 Table 5: Survey Response – Agency Size/Sworn Staff...................................................... 16 Table 6: Forces of Change ...................................................................................................... 17 Table 7: Degree of Change..................................................................................................... 18 Table 8: Degree of Change b y Agency Size........................................................................ 19 Table 9: Threat Response by Class........................................................................................ 19 Table 10: Funding Patterns .................................................................................................... 21 Table 11: Federal Support Impacts ....................................................................................... 22 Table 12: Other Forces of Change......................................................................................... 22 Table 13: Operational Impact of Forces of Change ............................................................ 24 Table 14: Core Capacity Weakness – Priority Concerns ................................................... 25 Table 15: Community Policing Change ............................................................................... 26 Table 16: Community Policing Change – By Agency Size................................................ 26 Table 17: Community Policing Practices ............................................................................. 27 Table 18: Critical Issues – Priorities...................................................................................... 28 Table 19: Terrorism Program and Policy Responses ......................................................... 29 Table 20: Resource/Funding Responses.............................................................................. 30 Table 21: Post 9-11 Transition Requirements and Priorities ............................................. 34 Table 22: Capacity Development Priorities......................................................................... 38 (Due to rounding, the total percentages in some tables do not equal 100.0%. Some survey items also permitted respondents to give multiple answers. Consequently, some tables display percentages that total well in excess of 100.0%.) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The September 11th attacks on the United States redirected priorities with a suddenness perhaps unprecedented in the American police experience. Homeland security, the constant threat of terrorism on our shores, concern with weapons of mass destruction, and security-related intelligence demands surged to the forefront of state and local policing. Requirements and implications of the Patriot Act, homeland security funding, and equipment and training distribution issues have penetrated the law enforcement enterprise at all levels. With no time for preparation, law enforcement repositioning to confront these demands and issues has been paralleled by 9-11 fallouts, including military (reserve) mobilizations that skim police manpower, material expenditures for overtime and color alert mobilization, and heightened concern for preservation of civil liberties. September 11th impacts and demands intensified the urgency of pre-9-11 police priorities, harnessing new technologies, most notably information technology, and within this realm, interoperability capacities being most obvious. Palpable concern exists that new and still evolving homeland security requirements not be met at the expense of considerable gains in community policing and the restoration of public trust, meticulously crafted in recent years. Similarly, crime prevention and control – the core missions of law enforcement – though currently somewhat muted, remain the dominant concern in the world of law enforcement. Suffusing this panoply of change is state and local budgetary stress. Many police agencies must address expanding missions in flat or diminishing resource environments. Productivity and asset-leveraging challenges are already evident and are likely to dominate functioning for the foreseeable future. THE POST 9-11 POLICING PROJECT The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), the National Sheriffs’ Association (NSA), the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE), the Major Cities Chiefs Association, and the Police Foundation joined in 2004 to conduct a project to help position state, local, and tribal agencies to proactively manage a changed and continually changing police environment. Four objectives were pursued: Objective 1: Profile High Impact Changes. Identify and prioritize the forces and demands, currently evident and emerging, that are redirecting the police mission and roles. i Objective 2: Capture Best Practices. Assemble information on successful policy, program, and resource deployment responses that agencies have undertaken to address changing conditions, missions, and roles. Objective 3: Craft Promising Practices. Surface or develop policy, program, and resource deployment ideas considered promising for addressing changing conditions, mission, and roles. Objective 4: Package and Disseminate Practices. Blanket the police community with user-friendly Action Briefs that summarize the best and promising practices information and ideas. The partners regard this project as an essential effort to address the continuing need for up-to-date change management strategies for American law enforcement. THE EVOLVING PARADIGM – THE POST 9-11 MODEL From the totality of project work
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