Historia General De Tabasco TOMO I Cabrera

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Historia General De Tabasco TOMO I Cabrera ■111. 1I.IM U 1 s T 0 R 1 A 1 1 GENERAL DE L 1 TABASCO j m o i 114 SOCIAL HISTORIA GENERAL DE TABASCO TOMO I HISTORIA SOCIAL COORDINADORA GENERAL ROSA MARIA ROMO LOPEZ CIPRIAN AURELIO CABRERA BERNAT SAMUEL RICO MEDINA MARIA GUADALUPE GARCIA ALCARAZ JESUS GRACIDA GALAN LETICIA DEL C. ROMERO RODRIGUEZ ALVARO RUIZ ABREU MARIA JOSE RODILLA GOBIERNO DEL ESTADO DE TABASCO SECRETARIA DE EDUCACION, CULTURA Y RECREACION VILLAHERMOSA 1994 FT 972 63 H58 Historia general de Tabasco í C ipnin Cabrera Bernal [et al.j ; coord. Rosa María Romo L-ópci Villa hermosa, Tab ; Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco, Secretarla de Educación, Cultura y Recreación, Dirección de Educación Superior e Investigación Científica, 1994 2 v U maps. 1 Tabasco - Historia 2. Tabasco - Condiciones económicas. 3. Tabasco - Condiciones sociales, I. Cabrera Bernal. Cipnan, coaut II. Romo 1-ópez, Rosa María, coord CBT 006398 1SBM 966 7431-00-8 ISBN 968-7431-01-6 (Tbmo 1) "Muchos esfuerzos se han hecho por darle a Tabasco una visión objetiva de su historia, y ajena a las pasiones (pie son elemento esencial de las hazañas de hombres y de pueblos. Sin embargo, ha llegado la hora de convocar a los mejores pensadores de hoy para investigar y escribir "La I listona General de Tabasco", sea de la extensión que fuere, pero que registre nuestra evolución como pueblo, desde nuestros remotos orígenes hasta nuestros días." "Lstc esfuerzo florecerá, una vez que mediante síntesis y obras didácticas, podamos tener textos accesibles al pueblo v los estudiantes, a manera que descubran y sientan el orgullo y el porvenir. No hay mejor tarea cultural para un pueblo que la de conocer y reconocerse en su propia historia."* LIC. MANUEL GURRIA ORDONEZ GOBERNADOR DEL ESTADO DE TABASCO * Tomado de U Conferencia: "Educación y Cultura para la Modernización Nacional", organizada por Cambio XXI (A.C.) en la Casa de la Cultura de Cunduacán rl 16 de junio de 1992. M PRESENTACION F.l Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco, desde hace varias décadas, se ha dado a la impórtame labor cultural de editar libros de autores tabasqueños y no tabasqueños, dentro de los distintos campos del conocimiento y de la creati­ vidad humanos. Es por esta tradición y por la importancia que ha cobrado en nuestros días el estudio de la historia, que la Secretaría de Educación, Cultura y Recreación hace pública esta obra que reunió, bajo la coordinación de la Dra. Rosa María Romo I,ópez, a varios de nuestros más prestigiados historia­ dores, economistas, sociólogos y doctores en letras, quienes gozaron de plena libertad no sólo en cuanto a cuestiones de estilo y presentación final, sino también en aspectos teóricos, metodológicos, analíticos e interpretativos de los hechos que indagaron, y en elegir las fuentes materiales y documentales que utilizaron. Por consiguiente, La Historia General de Tabasco es rica en estilos, formas de presentación, contenidos y métodos de exposiaón. Los autores, haciendo acopio de disciplina y constancia, se dedicaron a investigar y a estudiarsobre loque ha sido la vida del hombre que ha habitado, por varios siglos, este trópico húmedo llamado Tabasco. Para que este grupo de investigadores tuviera el tiempo necesario para su ardua búsqueda de datos, el Ejecutivo del Estado responsabilizó a varias instituciones para que apoyaran tan importante proyecto. Cabe destacar las facilidades que el Archivo General de la Nación, el Archivo de la Oficialía Mayor de Gobierno, el Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico de Tabasco, de la Dirección de Educación Superior e Investigación Científica, las bibliotecas más importantes de la Cd de México, así como la José María Pino Suárcz, José Martí y del Congreso del Estado, proporcionaron a los investigadores a cuyo cargo estuvo la realización de esta obra. Gracias a esa ayuda esta Historia tiene la característica de ser e! resultado de un estudio sistemático de fuentes primarias. La Historia General de Tabasco se presenta en dos tomos, uno dedicado a la historia social y el otro a la económica. A su vez, la obra está contórmada de siete libros, de los cuales a continuación se hace un breve esbozo de su contenido. En el primer libro, titulado Geografía y Población, el historiador Ciprián Aurelio Cabrera Bernat, hace una exposición relacionada con la geografía y la población de Tabasco. Se trata, por primera vez, de analizar la conforma­ ción histórica del territorio de la entidad desde el siglo XVI hasta nuestros m PRESENTACION días. Kn cuanto a la población, se estudia su desarrollo a través de fuentes que permiten calcular la evolución demográfica de Tabasco desde 1530 hasta 1090. Kn el segundo, Iglesia y Sociedad, de los autores Samuel Rico Medina y María Guadalupe Garda Aleara/, se hace una valiosa investigación acerca de la historia de la Iglesia Católica en el periodo de 1810-1938, basada en docu­ mentos inéditos de archivo, se examinan las relaciones de dicha institución con las autoridades estatales y su actividad ante los grandes cambios socioe­ conómicos y políticos acaecidos en los siglos XIX y XX. 1.a Historia de la Educación en Tabasco, de Jesús Nicolás Gracida Galán y Leticia del Carmen Romero Rodrigue/, es el tercer libro que integra esta obra. Kn él se estudian los rasgos principales de la educación durante la Golonia, la Independencia, la Reforma, el Porfiriato y la Revolución. - finalmente, el primer tomo dedicado a la historia social de Tabasco, concluye con Itinerario delasAguas.de los doctores en letras Alvaro Rui/Abreu y María José Rodilla Kn este libro se presenta un interesante análisis de la evolución histórica de la literatura tabasqueña. destacando las características de las diferentes etapas de la misma, así como a los más sobresalientes novelistas, poetas, dramaturgos, periodistas y los temas en que se inspiraron para realizar sus obras literarias. Kl segundo volumen consta de tres libros referentes a la economía de Tabasco Kl primero de ellos es obra del historiador Garlos Rui/ Abreu, titulado la Economía Colonial de Tabasco, Kn él se reconstruye la historia económica de la colonia, etapa en que se integran, en una unidad contradic­ toria, los modos de producción indígena y español, Ija célula primaria de esa unidad es, de acuerdo con el autor, la encomienda, misma que, cnsu evolución decadente, somete a estudio junto con otras unidades económicas que la desplazan -los ranchos, las estancias, y las haciendas cacaoteras, en las que tiene lugar el trabajo libre, el peonaje y la esclavitud-a partir principalmente del siglo XVIII. ‘ ' ’ 1 Correspondió al economista (ieney Torruco Saravia la tarea de realizar la Htstoria Económica de Tabasco en el siglo XIX, libro en el que se presenta una amplia exposición de la infraestructura de comunicaciones y transportes y de. las principales actividades económicas de la entidad en esa época. Cierra este volumen la investigación del economista K.lías Balcázar Antonio, Economíade Tabasco en el siglo XX, quien hace una rica descripción del sistema hidrológico, de las -inundaciones y "rompidos", de la red fluvial, caminera y de los medios de comunicación y transporte, asimis­ mo analiza el proceso de concentración de la propiedad rústica y de los principales rubros o renglones económicos de Tabasco hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX IV PRESENTACION Kn fm, esperamos que esta Historia General de Taba se o no sólo sea útil al docente, al educando y al público en general, sino que sirva de inspiración para realizar otras investigaciones sobre los diversos temas abordados. F-sto hará que cada vez conozcartios mejor nuestro territorio y sociedad, por los cuales debemos trabajar en conjunto para su desarrollo. DR. AMADOR IZUNDEGUI RULLAN SECRETARIO DE EDUCACION, CULTURA Y RECREACION. Villahermosa, Tabasco, marzo, 1994. v VI HISTORIA GENERAL DE TABASCO INTRODUCCION i Si algo nos ha dado este siglo que está por pasar a la historia, es la conciencia de totalidad. Es cierto que el Renacimiento se distinguió por la búsqueda de lo universal y lo pudo lograr a través del arte de Miguel Angel, Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael y otros muchos pensadores. Pero esta universalidad no tiene la misma magnitud de la actual, aquélla corresponde al mundo del tiempo en el espíritu humano, y la de ahora, tiene la gran connotación de que la visión de los espacios se amplió de manera global. En el Renacimiento aún no se tenía la idea de globalización de la tierra y de los pueblos de la misma manera como se tiene en la actualidad. Hoy en día sabemos que lo que sucede en Egipto nos afecta de manera contundente, lo mismo lo que pasa en Francia, Argelia, China o Argentina. Ya se tiene la conciencia de que nada está aislado de lo demás, todo se corresponde. Esto lo saben no sólo los sociólogos, los científicos, los artistas, los deportistas, sino todos los interesados en el queha­ cer humano. En este sentido, todas las transformaciones que sacudieron al mundo a nivel político, socioeconómico y cultural en la década de los ochenta, reper­ cutieron en México y, claro está, también en Tabasco. Hemos tenido cj privilegio de presenciar el fin de la "guerra fría", protagonizada, desde el término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, por los Estados Unidos de .América y la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, principalmente, asimismo, en el ámbito político-militar, hemos atestiguado el fin del equilibrio bipolar entre esas potencias, erigiéndose, simultáneamente, un nuevo orden mun­ dial, caracterizado por la hegemonía unipolar de Estados Unidos de América en lo militar y político, y por la existencia de múltiples centros de poder económico, comercial y financiero,
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