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Biomass and Productivity of a Rhizophora Mucronata Lamarck Plantation in Tritih, Central Java, Indonesia

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Biomass and Productivity of a Rhizophora Mucronata Lamarck Plantation in Tritih, Central Java, Indonesia Forest Ecology and Management, 49 (1992) 195-209 195 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam Biomass and productivity of a Rhizophora mucronata Lamarck plantation in Tritih, Central Java, Indonesia Sukristijono Sukardjo I and I. Yamada The Centerfor Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University 46 Shimoada-chi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan (Accepted 20 March 1991 ) ABSTRACT Sukardjo, S. and Yamada, I., 1992. Biomass and productivity ofa Rhizophora mucronata Lamarck pl~ntation in Tritih, Central Java, Indonesia. For. F:al. Manage., 49: 195-209. Peram Perhutani (The State Forestry Corporation) is establishing large-scale mangrove planta- tions lbr reforestation and/or afforestation, and the production of wood for fuel as well as other pur- pescs in Java. The mangrove species used currently in Segara Anakan Cilacap is Rhizophora mucron- ata Lamarck. The above-ground biomass, litter production and litter accumulation in a 7-year-old stand i~' Tritih were studied. The mean diameter at breast height (DBH) or 30 cm above the highest prop root was 5.9 ! cm. The mean annual increment in DBH of individual trees was 0.89 cm. The total abeve-ground biomass of the stand was 93.726 t ha- t of dry weight, consisting of 60.442 t of stem, 13.906 t of branch, 14.708 t of prop root and 4.670 t of leaf material. Litter production ranged from 7.058 to 10.395 t ha- nyear- nof dry weight with leaf litter making up 73.29-84.30% of the total. Leaf litter accumulation amounted to 16.922-20.5 i I t ha- n year- n of dry weight and the turnover constant (k) of leaf litter was estimated at 0.2943-0.4082. The high productivity is discussed in re- lation to lower turnover (k) of litter. INTRODUCTION Indonesia has an area of mangrove forests estimated to be about 4.25 mil- lion ha (Darsidi, 1987), and only about 10% have been exploited commer- cially for charcoal, poles, firewood and pulp. In Java, there are about 50 000 ha of mangrove forest (Sukardjo, 1990a) managed by Perum Perhutani (The State Forestry Corporation). Perum Perhutani has embarked on large-scale planting of a number of mangrove species (Rhizophora spp., Bruguiera slap., Ceriops spp., Avicennia spp. ) since early to mid-1964. In Segara Anakan Cil- acap, the remaining largest block of mangrove swamp in Java, they have es- ~Present address: The Center for Oceanological Research and Development, Indonesian Insti- tute of Sciences, P.O. Box 580 DAK, JI.Pasir Putih, 1 Ancol Timur, Jakarta 11001, Indonesia. © 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved 0378-1127/92/$05.00 196 S. SUKARDJO AND I. YAMADA tablished plantations to produce wood for pulp, charcoal and firewood since 1965, planting various species of Rhizophoraceae, as well as Avicennia spp. KRPH Rawa Timur Cilacap of the Perum Perhutani, meanwhile, has under- taken large-scale planting in an effort to reforest large areas of degraded man- grove forests in Segara Anakan Cilacap, and to relieve the possible shortage in firewood supply for local consumption. Owing to the value of mangrove wood and coastal land, few mature man- grove plantations remain in Segara Anakan Cilacap. In fact the plot discussed in this paper may represent the best young mangrove plantation in the area. In this paper we present data on the biomass of a 7-year-old stand of Rhi- zophora mucronata Lamarck in Tritih, as well as the litter-fall production, in order to determine the net above-ground productivity of the species. THE STUDY AREA The study area is the Rawa Timur forest district located in Tritih, approx- imately 15 km north of Cilacap (Fig. l ). Sea water inundates the area during ~ I 5°°1....... ,,I " .,~, J J s N I '.::i.,',:! Ct lacap O INDIAN OCEAN ,~k/ I Figure I. A imp ~howing the approxlmate ic~otion of Tritih :~ ¢~1d their cluoate diagr,~l, Fig. 1. A map showingthe approximate location of the Tritih study area in the Scgara Anakan mangrove forest with climate diagram. BIOMASSAND PRODUCTIVITY OF RHIZOPHORAMUCRONATA IN JAVA 197 TABLE I Physical and chemical properties of soil from the Rhizophora mucronata plantation in Tritih-Cilacap, Java, Indonesia Depth Soil fraction (%) Wet C (%) N (%) C/N Available Site (cm) pH ratio P2Os (ppm) plot Clay Silt Sand 0-20 49.40 24.92 25.68 6.47 3.889 0.252 i 5.433 i.6 I 0-20 54.68 19.g6 25.46 6.13 3.551 0.250 14.204 1.40 II 0-20 54.68 21.86 23.46 5.55 2.722 0.228 11.939 !.10 Ill 0-20 61.40 17.92 20.68 5.88 2.875 0.235 12.247 1.30 IV 0-20 64.40 17.92 ! 7.68 6.60 3.967 0.225 17.631 ! .75 V high tides twice daily for a period of less than 2 h. The area is covered by a young R. mucronata plantation, with numerous R. mucronata seedlings and grasses on the forest floor. Mean monthly temperatures average between 24.7 and 30.35 ° C, while the annual rainfall approximates 3174 ram, with high rainfall (over 250 mm month- m) in October-January and March-June. The climatological param- eters for the meteorological station at Cilacap are presented in Fig. I. The soil of Tritih has a black clay texture with little horizontal differentia- tion. Fine roots (less than 2 mm diameter) are concentrated in the top 20 cm, but we found apparently healthy roots of R. mucronata 100 cm below the ground surface. Basic data on soil physical and chemical properties are pre- sented in Table I. METHODS Stands representing five R. mucronata types were selected for sampling at KRPH Rawa Timur, near Tritih village. Representative 50 m × 50 m plots (0.25 ha) were established permanently at each of the sites. Following the classification in terms of management of the Perum Perhutani, there were two sites of medium R. mucronata stand (Sites I and IV, 4.25-6.45 m height), one of tall with dense R. mucronata stand (Site V, 5.7-7.2 m height) and two sites of small R. mucronata stand (Sites II and III, 4.1-6.1 m height). The 50 m× 50 m plots were divided into 25 subplots each l0 m× I0 m. All living trees within the plots were marked, their height and diameter at breast height (DBH) or 30 cm above the highest prop root were recorded. In January 1985 ten sample trees were cut near ground level from the five study plots for estimation of biomass. Trees for the biomass study were se- lected so that the entire range of DBH sizes obtained within the study plots were represented. The trees were cut and processed as in Suzuki and Tagawa (1983). Litter production was monitored from January 1985 to December 1985 by 198 S. SUKARDJO AND i. YAMADA collection iv litter-fall traps (Newbould, 1967). Thirteen litter-fall traps 1 mx I m×0.2 m in size and having a 1 mm nylon mesh base were systemati- cally suspended diagonally by nylon rope between trees in every 10 m× 10 m subplot with 10 m intervals at a height of 2 m above the ground beyond the reach of high tides. Litter was collected every week, oven dried at 105 °C for at least 5 days, sorted into various components, and then weighed. The total amounts for each subplot were converted to daily figures with no correction made for either leaching or losses. Litter accumulation was also assessed using 1 m × 1 m quadrat. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Stand characteristics The stand characteristics of the R. mucronata plantation for January 1985 are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4. At 7 years of age, individual DBH values TABLE 2 Stand characteristics of the Rhizophora mucronata plantation in January ! 985 Attribute Site 1 I1 Iil IV V Age (years) 7 7 7 7 7 fleight range (m) 4.25-6.45 4.25-6.20 4.10-6.10 4.25-6.45 5.70-7.20 MDH t (m) 5.84 5.40 5.20 6.10 7.10 Canopy (%) 87.75 85.20 80.95 82.25 90.50 Basal Area (m2 ha -t ) 14.789 13.574 8.491 9.054 17.661 Density ha- t 3250 3200 3200 3300 3400 DBH range (em) 3.55-7.25 3.20-7.15 2.26-6.70 4.30-6.95 3.50-7.95 ~MDH (Mean Dominant Height) is the mean height of the five tallest trees per plot. TABLE 3 Number of trees according to the diameter classes (DBH) in the Rhizophora mucronata plantation Diameter class Site Total % Total (cm) I II Ill IV V 2.00-4.00 163 175 600 638 50 1626 39.75 4.01-6.00 638 615 193 178 463 2087 51.01 6.01-8.00 13 10 7 10 338 378 9.24 Total 814 800 800 826 851 4091 - %Total 19.90 19.56 19.56 20.19 20.79 - - B1OMASSAND PRODUCTIVITY OF RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA IN JAVA [ 99 TABLE4 Structural characteristics of the Rhizophora mucronata stand accordingto diameter (DBH) and height classes in January 1985 Diameter class Heightclass (m) (cm) 4.00--5.00 5.01-6.00 6.01-7.00 7.01-8.00 Total % Total 2.00-4.00 271 533 578 244 1626 39.75 4.01-6.00 314 685 743 345 2087 51.01 6.01-8.00 53 !15 125 85 378 9.24 Tot~ 638 1333 1446 674 4091 - %Total 15.59 32.58 35.35 16.48 - - ranged from 2.26 to 7.95 cm, and the mean DBH was 5.91 cm.
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