BELARUS 245 OP342 the Lichenized Fungus Genus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

BELARUS 245 OP342 the Lichenized Fungus Genus

OP342 The Lichenized Fungus Genus Gyalolechia (Teloschistales, Ascomycota) in Turkey Mehmet Gökhan HALICI1& Mithat GÜLLÜ1 1Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Kayseri, TURKEY [email protected] Aim of the study: This study has been made to examine as phylogenetic relationships of some species belong to genus Gyalolechia Trevis., which widely spreaded in our country. Material and Methods: Samples of lichens belonging to genus Gyalolechia were collected from different parts of Turkey.Total DNA was extracted from apothecia by using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. PCR analysis was performed by using ITS (ITS1 and ITS4).ITS sequence results of lichen samples were analysed by using Clustal W option in the BioEdit program. The phylogenetic analysis of lichen samples belonging to genus Gyalolechia were performed by using the Maximum Likelihood method of the Mega 6 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) software program. Results: Gyalolechia was recently established to accommodate a monophyletic group of crustose lichens of Teloschistaceae that were formerly placed in the large genus Caloplaca. Members of this genus usually have well developed thalli which are crustose, squamulose or lobate. In this study, numbers of samples belonging to this genus collected from Turkey. After morphological examinations; molecular analyses of ITS nrDNA were carried in the samples. This genus is represented by 25 species in Turkey and 6 of them are present in Turkey:G. flavorubescens, G. flavovirescens, G. fulgida, G. juniperina, G. klementii and G. subbracteata. In this presentation we will discuss the morphological and ecological characters of these species along with distributional data of the species in Turkey. Keywords: Lichens, ITS nrDNA, biodiversity, Teloschistaceae, Anatolia, Turkey. The 3rd International Symposium on EuroAsian Biodiversity 05-08 July 2017, Minsk - BELARUS 245 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
The Lichenologist (2020), 52,61–181 doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079 Standard Paper Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Toby Spribille1,2,3 , Alan M. Fryday4 , Sergio Pérez-Ortega5 , Måns Svensson6, Tor Tønsberg7, Stefan Ekman6 , Håkon Holien8,9, Philipp Resl10 , Kevin Schneider11, Edith Stabentheiner2, Holger Thüs12,13 , Jan Vondrák14,15 and Lewis Sharman16 1Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; 2Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; 3Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA; 4Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; 5Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014 Madrid, Spain; 6Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; 7Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; 8Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729 Steinkjer, Norway; 9NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; 10Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany; 11Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; 12Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; 13Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; 14Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; 15Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and 16Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O.
[Show full text]
The 2018 Classification and Checklist of Lichenicolous Fungi, with 2000 Non- Lichenized, Obligately Lichenicolous Taxa Author(S): Paul Diederich, James D
The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non- lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa Author(s): Paul Diederich, James D. Lawrey and Damien Ertz Source: The Bryologist, 121(3):340-425. Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. The 2018 classiﬁcation and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa Paul Diederich1,5, James D. Lawrey2 and Damien Ertz3,4 1 Musee´ national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L–2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; 2 Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, U.S.A.; 3 Botanic Garden Meise, Department of Research, Nieuwelaan 38, B–1860 Meise, Belgium; 4 Fed´ eration´ Wallonie-Bruxelles, Direction Gen´ erale´ de l’Enseignement non obligatoire et de la Recherche scientiﬁque, rue A.
[Show full text]
Mycobiology Research Article
Mycobiology Research Article Three New Monotypic Genera of the Caloplacoid Lichens (Teloschistaceae, Lichen-Forming Ascomycetes) 1, 2 3 3,4 3 3 Sergii Y. Kondratyuk *, Lászlo Lőkös , Jung A. Kim , Anna S. Kondratiuk , Min Hye Jeong , Seol Hwa Jang , 3 3 Soon-Ok Oh and Jae-Seoun Hur 1 M. H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, 01004 Kiev, Ukraine 2 Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1476 Budapest, Hungary 3 Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea 4 Institute of Biology, Scientific Educational Centre, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine Abstract Three monophyletic branches are strongly supported in a phylogenetic analysis of the Teloschistaceae based on combined data sets of internal transcribed spacer and large subunit nrDNA and 12S small subunit mtDNA sequences. These are described as new monotypic genera: Jasonhuria S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et S. -O. Oh, Loekoesia S. Y. Kondr., S. -O. Oh et J. -S. Hur and Olegblumia S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J. -S. Hur. Three new combinations for the type species of these genera are proposed. Keywords Caloplacoideae, Gyalolechia, Jasonhuria, Loekoesia, Olegblumia, Pyrenodesmia The taxonomy of the Teloschistaceae has developed rapidly MATERIALS AND METHODS since 2012. A large number of new genera, based on molecular phylogeny investigations, have been proposed Specimens were examined using standard microscopical [1-7]. The number of genera in the Teloschistaceae increased techniques, i.e., hand-sectioned under a Nikon SMZ-645 from 10 in Kärnefelt [8] to 29 [1] and to presently 67 [5-7, dissecting microscope (Nikon Corp., Tokyo, Japan), sections 9, 10].
[Show full text]
05-Sergii Y. Kondratyuk.Pmd
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment Kondratyuk et al. Special Volume (2018), e-ISSN :2456-0251, 22-31 Upretia, a new caloplacoid lichen genus (Teloschistaceae, Lichen-Forming Ascomycota) from India Sergii Y. Kondratyuk1*, Per-Erik, Persson2, Mats Hansson2, Gaurav K. Mishra3, Sanjeeva Nayaka3, Dong Liu4, Jae-Seoun Hur4 & Arne Thell5 1M. H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Tereshchenkivska str. 2, 01004 Kiev, Ukraine 2Lund University, Department of Biology,The Biology Building, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden 3CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001 Uttar Pradesh, India 4Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 540-742, South Korea 5Lund University, Biological Museum, Botanical Collections, Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Publication Info ABSTRACT Article history: New genus Upretia S. Y. Kondr., A. Thell & J. S. Hur is characterized by partly pruinose, lobate Received : 04.09.2017 to subsquamulose, olivaceous grey to brown thallus, small ascospores and narrowly bacilliform Accepted : 11.12.2017 conidia. It belongs to the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the Teloschistaceae and includes the DOI: https://doi.org/10.21756/ ‘Caloplaca’ amarkantakana clade. The new genus is closely related to Ioplaca Poelt according to cab.esp5 phylogeny analysis based on ITS1/ITS2 nrDNA, 28S nrLSU and 12S mtSSU sequences. Key words: Caloplacoideae, Ioplaca, Molecular Phylogeny, New Genus, Upretia *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS The subfamilies Caloplacoideae and Xanthorioideae More than 1000 specimens belonging to various (family Teloschistaceae) were introduced by Gaya et al. herbaria have been examined in the present study using (2012) based on the multilocus molecular phylogeny of the standard microscopical techniques.
[Show full text]
From the Galapagos Islands: a Phylogenetic Revision Based on Morphological, Anatomical, Chemical, and Molecular Data
Plant and Fungal Systematics 65(2): 515–576, 2020 ISSN 2544-7459 (print) DOI: https://doi.org/10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0030 ISSN 2657-5000 (online) Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Galapagos Islands: a phylogenetic revision based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data Frank Bungartz1,2,3*, Ulrik Søchting4 & Ulf Arup5 Abstract. The lichen family Teloschistaceae from the Galapagos is revised. Most of the Article info species belong to the Caloplacoideae, two to Teloschistoideae and a few to Xanthorioideae, Received: 8 Jul. 2020 three subfamilies not validly published, which is remedied here. Four different datasets Revision received: 23 Sept. 2020 were analyzed using Bayesian inference. For the bulk of the species, a combined dataset Accepted: 24 Sept. 2020 of nrITS, nrLSU and mrSSU was analyzed. Additionally, three analyses were performed Published: 29 Dec. 2020 using nrITS to further investigate phylogenetic relationships within and between species Associate Editor in each subfamily, and in the genera Xanthomendoza and Squamulea. Four new gen- Camille Truong era are described: Lacrima, Oceanoplaca, Phaeoplaca, Sucioplaca. Twenty-four species are reported, of which ten are new to science: Caloplaca nigra, Lacrima galapagoensis, Oceanoplaca chemoisidiosa, O. sideritoides, Phaeoplaca tortuca, Squamulea chelonia, S. humboldtiana, S. osseophila, S. oceanica, and Xanthomendoza leoncita. Several new combinations are proposed and three species of Xanthomendoza are reduced to synonymy. Several new combinations and species placed into synonymy do not occur in the Galapagos, but are treated as a consequence of our taxonomic revision. Morphology, anatomy, secondary chemistry, distribution and molecular phylogenetic affiliation are presented for each species and a key is provided.
[Show full text]
Nomenclatural Corrections and Notes on Some Taxa in the Teloschistaceae (Lichenized Ascomycetes) Ahti, Teuvo; Kondratyuk, Sergey
Nomenclatural corrections and notes on some taxa in the Teloschistaceae (lichenized ascomycetes) Ahti, Teuvo; Kondratyuk, Sergey. Y.; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Thell, Arne Published in: Graphis Scripta 2015 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ahti, T., Kondratyuk, S. Y., Kärnefelt, I., & Thell, A. (2015). Nomenclatural corrections and notes on some taxa in the Teloschistaceae (lichenized ascomycetes). Graphis Scripta, 27(1-2), 37-41. Total number of authors: 4 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 27 (2015) Nomenclatural corrections and notes on some taxa in the Teloschistaceae (lichenized ascomycetes) TEUVO AHTI, SERGEY Y. KONDRATYUK, INGVAR KÄRNEFELT and ARNE THELL Ahti, T., Kondratyuk, S.
[Show full text]
Recovery Strategy for the Golden-Eye Lichen (Teloschistes Chrysophthalmus) – Great Lakes Population in Ontario
Photo: Troy McMullin Golden-eye Lichen (Great Lakes population) (Teloschistes chrysophthalmus) in Ontario Ontario Recovery Strategy Series 2019 Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks About the Ontario Recovery Strategy Series This series presents the collection of recovery strategies that are prepared or adopted as advice to the Province of Ontario on the recommended approach to recover species at risk. The Province ensures the preparation of recovery strategies to meet its commitments to recover species at risk under the Endangered Species Act 2007 (ESA) and the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada. What is recovery? What’s next? Recovery of species at risk is the process by Nine months after the completion of a recovery which the decline of an endangered, threatened, strategy a government response statement will or extirpated species is arrested or reversed, be published which summarizes the actions that and threats are removed or reduced to improve the Government of Ontario intends to take in the likelihood of a species’ persistence in the response to the strategy. The implementation of wild. recovery strategies depends on the continued cooperation and actions of government agencies, individuals, communities, land users, and What is a recovery strategy? conservationists. Under the ESA a recovery strategy provides the best available scientific knowledge on what is required to achieve recovery of a species. A For more information recovery strategy outlines the habitat needs To learn more about species at risk recovery in and the threats to the survival and recovery of Ontario, please visit the Ministry of Environment, the species.
[Show full text]
First Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from Mauritius, with Phylogenetic Analyses and Descriptions of New Taxa
Plant and Fungal Systematics 65(1): 13–75, 2020 ISSN 2544-7459 (print) DOI: https://doi.org/10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0003 ISSN 2657-5000 (online) First checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Mauritius, with phylogenetic analyses and descriptions of new taxa Paul Diederich1* & Damien Ertz2,3 Abstract. A first checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Republic of Article info Mauritius is presented. It is based on older literature reports and on collections made by the Received: 29 Sept. 2019 authors, mainly in 2016, from the isles of Mauritius and Rodrigues. A total of 216 species Revision received: 11 Mar. 2020 are accepted, either as relevant specimens have recently been critically studied or revised Accepted: 16 Mar. 2020 by lichen taxonomists, or as we have collected and identified such material ourselves. Published: 2 Jun. 2020 A further 226 taxa have been reported from Mauritius but are not accepted here, either Associate Editor as no relevant herbarium material has recently been examined, or as previous records are Nicolas Magain dubious or erroneous; 111 taxa have been newly described from Mauritius in the past, plus 12 of which the Mauritian origin is dubious. Here we report 56 taxa as new for the island of Mauritius, and we describe two new genera (Baidera, Serusiauxia) and eight new species (Baidera mauritiana, Biatoropsis millanesiana, Chapsa alletii, Collemopsidium mauritiae, Nyungwea pyneei, Porina florensii, Pyrenula muriciliata, Serusiauxia inexpectata). Two new combinations are proposed: Loekoesia apostatica (≡ Lecanora apostatica) and Sticta flavireagens (≡ Stictina flavireagens). Phylogenetic analyses are presented for species of Arthoniales, Biatoropsis, Porinaceae, Pyrenulaceae and Teloschistales.
[Show full text]
A Lichen Species List for Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with Comments on Several New and Noteworthy Records Author(S): Sarah E
A Lichen Species List for Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with Comments on Several New and Noteworthy Records Author(s): Sarah E. Stehn, James K. Walton, Peter R. Nelson, Celia J. Hampton- Miller and Carl A. Roland Source: Evansia, 32(4):195-215. Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0747-9859-32.4.195 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1639/0747-9859-32.4.195 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Evansia 32 (4) 195 A lichen species list for Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, with comments on several new and noteworthy records Sarah E. Stehn Denali National Park and Preserve and Central Alaska Network National Park Service, P.O. Box 9, Denali Park, AK 99755 E-mail: [email protected] James K.
[Show full text]
GLALIA Revista Electrónica
Revista Electrónica del GLALIA Grupo LatinoAmericano de Liquenólogos Editor a cargo (2020-) .......................... Reinaldo Vargas Castillo Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile <[email protected]> Editor a Cargo (2014-2019) ............................................................ Adriano A. Spielmann Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo grande, Brasil Editor a Cargo (2008-2014) .................................................................... Jesús Hernández Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Editores asociados ............................................... Robert LÜCKING Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, Berlin, Germany Bibiana MONCADA Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia Alejandra T. FAZIO Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina María de los ángeles Herrera-Campos Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. Jesús HERNÁNDEZ Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela Adriano A. Spielmann Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo grande, Brasil Cáratula: Falkland Island (Malvinas) (fotografía de D. Crabtree) Ilustración: Haematomma erythromma (fotografía de A. Fryday) Todos los derechos reservados, con excepción de la divulgación libre del trabajo completo en forma electrónica o impresa para fines académicos. 2019 Grupo Latinoamericano de Liquenólogos Publicado por: Departamento de Publicaciones de la Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela (Depósito Legal: pp1200802DC2922) ISSN
[Show full text]
Fauriea, a New Genus of the Lecanoroid Caloplacoid Lichens (Teloschistaceae, Lichen-Forming Ascomycetes) Introduction
Acta Botanica Hungarica 58(3–4), pp. 303–318, 2016 DOI: 10.1556/ABot.58.2016.3-4.6 FAURIEA, A NEW GENUS OF THE LECANOROID CALOPLACOID LICHENS (TELOSCHISTACEAE, LICHEN-FORMING ASCOMYCETES) S. Y. Kondratyuk1*, L. LŐkÖs2, J. A. Kim3, A. S. Kondratiuk3, 4, M.-H. Jeong3 S. H. Jang3, S.-O. Oh3, X. Y. Wang5 and J.-S. Hur3 1M. H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Tereshchenkivska str. 2, 01004 Kiev, Ukraine *E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum H-1431 Budapest, Pf. 137, Hungary 3Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University Sunchon 540-742, Republic of Korea, E-mail: [email protected] 4Institute of Biology, Scientific Educational Centre, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Volodymyrska str. 64/13, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine 5Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China (Received 15 May, 2016; Accepted 10 July, 2016) The robust monophyletic branch having the highest level of bootstrap support in the phylo- genetical tree of the Teloschistaceae based on combined data set of ITS, LSU nrDNA and 12S SSU mtDNA sequences, which does not belong to any other earlier proposed genera of the subfamily Caloplacoideae, is described as the new genus Fauriea S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, gen. nova for lecanoroid South Korean Caloplaca chujaensis, and newly described Eastern Chinese Fauriea orientochinensis. Descriptions of the new genus Fauriea and the species Fau- riea orientochinensis, a comparison with closely related taxa and a discussion of their position are provided. New name Tayloriellina is proposed for the genus of the subfamily Brownliel- loideae Tayloriella S.
[Show full text]
Lichenized Fungi and the Evolution of Symbiotic Organization
http://www.diva-portal.org Preprint This is the submitted version of a paper published in . Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Grube, M., Wedin, M. (2016) Lichenized fungi and the evolution of symbiotic organization. Microbiology Spectrum, 4(6): FUNK-0011-2016 https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0011-2016 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-2029 1 Lichenized fungi and the evolution of symbiotic organisation 2 3 4 Martin Grube1 and Mats Wedin2 5 6 1Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria 7 2Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 8 05 Stockholm, Sweden. 9 10 Summary. Lichen symbioses comprise a fascinating relationship between algae and 11 fungi. The lichen symbiotic life style evolved early in the evolution of ascomycetes 12 and is also known from a few basidiomycetes. These lineages of ascomycetes have 13 diversified in the lichenized stage to give rise to a tremendous variety of 14 morphologies. Also, their thalli are often internally complex and stratified for 15 optimized integration of algal and fungal metabolisms. Thalli are frequently 16 colonized by specific non-lichenized fungi and occasionally also by other lichens. 17 Microscopy revealed various ways of these fungi to interact with their hosts. Beside 18 the morphologically recognizable diversity of the lichen mycobionts and 19 lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi, many other microorganisms including other 20 fungi and bacterial communities are now detected in lichens by culture-dependent 21 and culture-independent approaches.
[Show full text]