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Uma Leitura No Escuro: O Tempo Em Finnegans Wake E a Hospitalidade Da Literatura

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Uma Leitura No Escuro: O Tempo Em Finnegans Wake E a Hospitalidade Da Literatura Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Letras Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura Tese de doutorado Uma leitura no escuro: o tempo em Finnegans wake e a hospitalidade da literatura Luísa Leite S. de Freitas Brasília Abril de 2019 Luísa Leite S. de Freitas Uma leitura no escuro: o tempo em Finnegans wake e a hospitalidade da literatura Tese de Doutorado submetida ao Programa de Pós--Graduação em Literatura (Departa- mento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas - TEL) do Instituto de Letras da Universidade de Bra- sília como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de doutora em Literatura. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Piero Luís Zanetti Eyben Brasília Abril de 2019 1 Luísa L. S. de Freitas Uma leitura no escuro: o tempo em Finnegans wake e a hospitalidade da literatura Banca avaliadora: Prof. Dr. Danglei de Castro Pereira (TEL/UnB) — presidente Prof. Dr. Caetano Waldrigues Galindo (UFPR) — membro externo Profa. Dra. Ligia Gonçalves Diniz (UFMG) — membro externo Profa. Dra. Patrícia Nakagome (TEL/UnB) — membro interno Profa. Dra. Anna More (TEL/UnB) — membro suplente 2 Agradecimentos Incontáveis são os agradecimentos necessários. Os primordiais são diri- gidos ao meu pai e à minha mãe, pelo perene apoio e amor. É tudo graças a vocês. Aos membros das bancas de qualificação e de defesa, ao meu orienta- dor, à Capes e ao Fundo de apoio à pesquisa do Distrito Federal, por possibili- tarem este trabalho. O suporte que me foi dado pela minha avó, pelos meus dois irmãos e minhas duas irmãs e pelas queridas Sandra Lins, Luciana Barreto e Simone dos Santos foi essencial. Assim como o apoio do Fernando Lira, cujo profundo apoio se reflete em projetos que tanto circundam quanto integram o desenvol- vimento desta tese. Aos professores e professoras que me acolheram de inúmeras maneiras e contribuíram para o meu aprendizado, entre aulas e conversas que, mesmo quando foram breves, fizeram enorme diferença: Caetano Galindo, Debora Di- niz, Joe Cleary, Marcelo Medeiros, Martha Figlerowicz, Martin Hägglund, Moira Fradinger, Rodolphe Gasché e Sandra Rodrigues. Obrigada. Aos mais extraordinários amigos e amigas, registro aqui a importância de vocês nos momentos bons, nos difíceis e nos muito difíceis. Vocês sabem quem são vocês — e sabem que eu também sei. 3 Resumo Esta tese parte de duas correlações essenciais nos estudos literários. A primeira, entre a composição textual e sua temática; a segunda, entre o texto — como resultado final da primeira correlação — e quem o lê. O enfoque deste trabalho é o elo entre a opacidade de Finnegans wake (1939) e o tema de que trata essa obra de James Joyce (1882-1941). Busco demonstrar que Wake dis- corre, fundamentalmente, sobre o tempo como experiência humana, e parto da hipótese de que a obra tenha sido concebida para refletir o caráter impenetrá- vel de seu mote basilar. Abarcar pontos correlacionados, como memória, ge- nealogia e história, é um modo de buscar aspectos mais tangíveis. Intento discorrer, também, a respeito das peculiaridades do ato de ler e de uma espécie de hospitalidade do texto implicada nesse processo. As inda- gações desta tese estão voltadas, em vista disso, tanto à referida obra de Ja- mes Joyce quanto à leitura de maneira geral, e o fator subjacente a ambos os tópicos é o tempo. A leitura, aqui tida como demanda imprescindível à literatu- ra, gera modalidade temporal singular, de caráter ambivalente, constituída por duas tendências basilares: o presente absoluto inerente à instantaneidade do ato, que aparenta fluir em linearidade, e a multiplicidade sincrônica de sentidos gerados pelo texto à medida que é lido. A leitura, desse modo, carrega consigo o rastro. Quanto a Finnegans wake, argumento que produz efeito de tautocro- nia latente, acionando uma multiplicidade de sentidos difusos em sincronia. A fim de compreender perspectivas preponderantes a respeito do tempo e de seus aspectos, perpasso pontualmente algumas ideias filosóficas sobre o tema. Resumo tópicos de Aristóteles, Agostinho de Hipona, Tomás de Aquino, Martin Heidegger e Walter Benjamin; da ética de Emmanuel Levinas, aponto brevemente o conceito de anacronismo e, a partir de Vladimir Safatle, em re- corte que dialoga com Jean-Paul Sartre, Sigmund Freud, Gilles Deleuze e Jac- ques Derrida, acrescento considerações sobre memória e a inconfiabilidade do ato de narrar. Por fim, sendo essa uma obra literária de incursão implexa, de- fendo leituras colaborativas para ultrapassar algumas das dificuldades. Palavras-chave: Finnegans wake; tempo; leitura. 4 Abstract This dissertation is based on two essential correlations in literary studies. The first is the correlation between the composition of the text and its subject; the second, between the work — as a result of the first correlation — and the reader. Focusing on James Joyce’s Finnegans wake (1939), I try to demon- strate that its fundamental discussion is the human experience of time, and that the work was constructed in a way as to reflect the unfathomable character of its basic subject. This dissertation also aims to understand which textual mech- anisms produce this sort of impenetrability of the literary work, taking into ac- count the bond between Finnegans wake’s composition and its theme. One way of dealing with such a complex subject is to approach more tangible aspects and encompass interrelated points, such as memory, genealogy, and history. I also aim to discuss the peculiarities of the act of reading and a kind of hospitality of the text implied in this process. The inquiries of this dissertation are directed both to the aforementioned work of the Irish author and to the act of reading in general — and the underlying issue of both matters is time. The act of reading generates a singular temporal modality of ambivalent character, constituted by two basic tendencies: the absolute present inherent in the instan- taneousness of the act, which appears to flow in linearity, and the synchronous multiplicity of meanings. The reading act thus appears to be linear, but its pro- cess carries with it a trace. As for Finnegans wake, a latent tautochronic effect triggers a multiplicity of changeable senses. In order to understand prevailing perspectives regarding time, I quickly peruse some philosophical ideas on the subject, summarizing some topics of Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas. Walter Benjamin is the pri- mary source of observations about time and literature; Emmanuel Levinas pro- vides the concept of anachronism and, from Vladimir Safatle, in a dialogue with Jean-Paul Sartre, Sigmund Freud, Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Derrida, I add considerations about memory and the unreliability of the narrative act. Lastly, considering Finnegans wake as a literary work of complex construal, I advocate the encouragement of collaborative readings to overcome its complications. Keywords: Finnegans wake; time; reading. 5 Resumen A partir de Finnegans wake (1939), esta tesis pretende comprender qué mecanismos producen la opacidad de un texto y, en particular, de la última obra producida por James Joyce (1882-1941), teniendo en cuenta el vinculo entre su composición y el tema de que trata. Busco demostrar que Finnegans wake discurre, fundamentalmente, acerca del tiempo y que la obra fue cons- truida de manera a mantener el carácter impenetrable de su tema basilar. Abarcar puntos correlacionados, tales como memoria, genealogía e historia, es uno de los modos de abordarlo a través de aspectos más tangibles. Intento discurrir, también, acerca de las peculiaridades temporales del acto de leer y de un tipo de hospitalidad del texto implicada en ese proceso. Las indagaciones están orientadas tanto a la referida obra cuanto a la lectura en general, y el factor subyacente a ambos tópicos es el tiempo. La lectura, tenida como demanda imprescindible a la literatura, genera modalidad temporal singular, de carácter ambivalente, constituida por dos tendencias basilares: el presente absoluto inherente a la instantaneidad del acto, que aparenta fluir en linealidad, y la multiplicidad sincrónica de sentidos generados por el texto. La lectura, de ese modo, aparenta linealidad, pero su proceso lleva consigo el ras- tro. En cuanto a Finnegans wake, argumento que produce efecto de tautocro- nía latente, accionando una multiplicidad de sentidos difusos en sincronía. Con el fin de comprender perspectivas preponderantes acerca del tiem- po y de sus aspectos, muestro puntualmente algunas ideas filosóficas sobre el tema, resumiendo tópicos de Aristóteles, Agustín de Hipona y Tomás de Aquino. Walter Benjamin es fuente de observaciones acerca del tiempo y la obra literaria; de la ética de Emmanuel Levinas, apunto brevemente el concep- to de anacronismo y, a partir de Vladimir Safatle, en un recorte que dialoga con Jean-Paul Sartre, Sigmund Freud, Gilles Deleuze y Jacques Derrida, amplío consideraciones sobre la memoria y la escasa fiabilidad del acto de narrar. Por fin, siendo esa una obra literaria cuya incursión es complicada, defiendo el in- centivo de una lectura colaborativa como manera de superar algunas de las dificultades. Palabras clave: Finnegans wake; tiempo; lectura. 6 Résumé En lisant Finnegans wake (1939), cette thèse vise à comprendre quels mécanismes produisent l'opacité des textes littéraires et, en particulier, la der- nière œuvre produit par James Joyce (1882-1941). En tenant compte du lien entre sa composition et son sujet, je cherche à démontrer que Finnegans wake parle essentiellement du temps et que l’œuvre a été construite de manière à maintenir l’attribut impénétrable de son thème. Couvrir des points corrélés, tels que la mémoire, la généalogie et l’histoire, est l’un des moyens de l’aborder sous des aspects plus concrets. J'essaie aussi de réfléchir aux particularités temporelles de l'acte de lec- ture et à une sorte d'hospitalité du texte impliqué dans ce processus. Les ques- tions abordent à la fois l’œuvre susmentionné et la lecture en général, et le fac- teur sous-jacent des deux sujets est le temps.
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