APPENDIX 7-III

Final Report: 2014-0179: Archaeological Impact Assessment of BC Hydro’s Proposed NVLC Capacitor Station, Mid-Point of Existing Transmission Line Circuit 5L98, Located Near Summerland.

Archaeological Impact Assessment of BC Hydro’s Proposed NVLC Capacitor Station, Mid-Point of Existing Transmission Line Circuit 5L98, Located near Summerland Final Permit Report: 2014-0179 Dated: December 3, 2014

In partial fulfillment of HCA Permit: 2014-0179

Prepared for: Indian Band & BC Hydro Prepared by: Crossroads Cultural Resource Management Ltd. Brenda Gould, BA, RPCA Meghan Fisher, BA Box 1141 , BC V0H 1X0 (250) 801-1631

Distribution: Archaeology Branch, BC Hydro, Penticton Indian Band Esh-kn-em CRM Services, Nooaitch Indian Band, Indian Band, , Lower Similkameen Indian Band, , Nicola Tribal Association, Nlaka’pamux Nation Tribal Council, Lower Nicola Indian Band, Lytton First Nation, Oregon Jack Creek Band

CREDITS

Project Coordinator: Carrie Terbasket (PIB)

Meghan Fisher, BA (Crossroads CRM)

Principal Investigator: Meghan Fisher

Field Personnel: Meghan Fisher

Brenda Gould, BA Hon RPCA (Supervisor) Dominique King (PIB Field Technician, RISC) Reynold Phillip (PIB Field Technician) Kathy Phillip (PIB, Knowledge Keeper)

Report Authors: Brenda Gould Meghan Fisher Report Editor/Quality Assurance: Rick Budhwa, MA (Crossroads CRM)

Shkendie Kaba (Crossroads CRM)

Report Graphics (Pictures and Maps): Meghan Fisher

Brenda Gould

2 CrossroadsCRM.com Table of Contents

GRANT OF LICENSE ...... 1

CREDITS ...... 2

PROJECT SUMMARY ...... 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 5

LIST OF FIGURES ...... 6

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 6

INTRODUCTION & PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 7

STATEMENT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TRADITIONAL LAND USE SITES...... 11

STUDY AREA, ENVIRONMENT AND BACKGROUND ...... 11

METHODOLOGY ...... 18

RESULTS...... 19

RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 27

REFERENCES ...... 28

APPENDIX A: SHOVEL TEST LOG ...... 32

3 CrossroadsCRM.com PROJECT SUMMARY

This report presents the results of an archaeological impact assessment (AIA) for BC Hydro who are considering the construction of a new capacitor station sited on or adjacent to the existing transmission corridor around midpoint of circuit 5L98 between Vaseaux Lake Terminal Station and Nicola Substation. The AIA was conducted by Crossroads CRM for BC Hydro and the Penticton Indian Band on September 8, 2014 under Heritage Conservation Act (HCA) permit: 2014-0179 held by Meghan Fisher. The survey included comprehensive survey coverage by a crew of five. Many large and small surface exposures were inspected as well as tree-throws. A total of 15 negative subsurface tests were excavated on two small landforms.

No protected archaeological sites or non-protected cultural heritage sites were identified within the study area. This report does not attempt to address cultural or heritage resources and values that are not protected that may be present on the property and potentially significant to the Penticton Indian Band or First Nations who have expressed an interest in this area.

For the development assessed by this study it is recommended that no further archaeological work is required, provided that the boundary of the development does not extend beyond the study area covered by the AIA. The probability of discovering archaeological sites in the area surveyed and assessed is considered to be low. However, in the event that unanticipated archaeological resources are discovered during construction, management recommendations are provided in the report to ensure that such discoveries are managed in compliance with the Penticton Indian Band and First Nations who have an interest in the area and the Heritage Conservation Act.

The distribution list for this final report includes: the Archaeology Branch, BC Hydro, Penticton Indian Band, and the following First Nations listed in the Provincial Areas Database; Esh-kn-em CRM Services, Nooaitch Indian Band, , Upper Nicola, Band, Lower Similkameen Indian Band, Okanagan Nation Alliance, Nicola Tribal Association, Nlaka’pamux Nation Tribal Council, Lower Nicola Indian Band, Lytton First Nation, Oregon Jack Creek Band.

4 CrossroadsCRM.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Crossroads CRM would like to thank the following people for their help and cooperation during this project:

 Carrie Terbasket of Penticton Indian Band for coordinating with BC Hydro and Crossroads CRM;

 BC Hydro for providing the funding;

 Eva Brooke of BC Hydro;

 Penticton Indian Band for managing the contract;

 Dominique (Nikki) King, Reynold Phillip, and Kathy Phillip for assisting with the fieldwork;

 Gary Brewer of the Archaeology Branch for his assistance with the permitting process and review of this report.

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5 CrossroadsCRM.com LIST OF FIGURES

1. General Project Location 2. Aerial Photograph Illustrating Location of PT DL 3781 KAP PLAN 8680 ODYD 3. Survey Plan of PT DL 3781 KAP PLAN 8680 ODYD 4. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites and Archaeological Potential 5. Survey Transects 6. Survey Plan Illustrating in-field landscape observations and shovel test locations 7. Shovel Test Location #1 8. Shovel Test Location #2

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

1. Rocky outcrops in southeast part of study area 2. Excellent exposure along east boundary 3. Shovel test 4, 5, and 6 4. Edge of terrace feature at shovel test location 1 5. Shovel test location 2

APPENDICES

1. Shovel Test Log

6 CrossroadsCRM.com INTRODUCTION & PROPOSED PROJECT

BC Hydro is considering the construction of a new series capacitor station sited on or adjacent to the existing right-of-way (ROW) around mid-point of circuit 5L98 along an existing transmission line corridor

between Vaseaux Lake (akspaqmix1)Terminal Station and Nicola Substation (Figure 1). The subject property is located near Summerland on the Isintok-Mcnulty Forest Service Road (FSR), with legal

description: PID 027411729, PT DL 3781 KAP PLAN 86080 ODYD (Figures 1 – 3). Neither plans for the potential facility, nor footprint location have been developed as of September 8, 2014.

Figure 1: General Project Location

1 Okanagan place name for Vaseaux Lake

7 CrossroadsCRM.com Figure 2: Aerial Photograph Illustrating Location of PT DL 3781 KAP PLAN 86080 ODYD

8 CrossroadsCRM.com Figure 3: Survey Plan of PT DL 3781 KAP PLAN 86080 ODYD

9 CrossroadsCRM.com BC Hydro is considering adding a sixth turbine to the Revelstoke Dam, and once in place will require a new capacitor station to accommodate electrical needs. At this time, BC Hydro does not have a final design or footprint location for the development and as such chose to have the entire parcel undergo an archaeological impact assessment (AIA) in order to facilitate future development of a capacitor station at a yet unknown location on the parcel. The proposed project extent and level of disturbance include: access roads and turn-around areas, material stock-piles, capacitor station footprint, and associated fencing. The goal of this AIA was to identify areas of archaeological concern in advance of the engineering design phase in order to avoid impacting archaeological sites where possible or to mitigate areas that cannot be avoided by the proposed development in advance of construction design.

The project area is located adjacent to the east of a large transmission line Right-of-Way (ROW), and to the south of an existing FSR (Figure 3). It is currently forested with a young stand of trees and has previously undergone forest harvest activities. Evidence of previous land altering activities was observed in the field to have included construction of the Forest Service Road (FSR) and skid trails; and the cut and fill areas on the northern edge of the parcel that were likely used for log sorting and large machine turn around areas. No structures are known to have existed on the property however the southern and eastern edges are fenced off by typical cattle fencing comprised of wooden posts and barbed wire. The property is in close proximity to fresh water sources, 2.2 km south of the confluences of Isintok and Trout Creeks and 0.25 km north of Liddell Creek, and is considered to have archaeological potential.

In order to determine if any unrecorded archaeological sites were within the study area, the Penticton Indian Band, through a contract with BC Hydro, sub-contracted Crossroads CRM to undertake the necessary archaeological studies.

The objectives of this AIA include the following:

1) Identify and record previously unrecorded cultural heritage resources within the study area as possible; 2) Evaluate the significance of any archaeological sites located within the study area;

3) Identify possible impacts by the project on archaeological resources; and,

4) Recommend appropriate impact management measures where necessary.

Archaeological work for this project was conducted under Heritage Conservation Act Permit 2014-0179.

10 CrossroadsCRM.com The fieldwork was undertaken by two of Crossroads CRM archaeologists, Meghan Fisher, the Permit Holder and Field Director, and Brenda Gould, a professional archaeologist and project supervisor. In addition, the team was composed of three experienced field assistants from the Penticton Indian Band: Reynold Phillip, Kathy Phillip, and Dominique King. The fieldwork portion of the project was undertaken on September 8, 2014.

STATEMENT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TRADITIONAL LAND USE SITES

The importance of obtaining traditional use and oral information cannot be over-emphasized within the archaeological assessment process. An archaeological site is the physical remains of an event of human activity and may only represent certain aspects of cultural activity, such as food gathering, processing and preservation (Rabnett 2000:5-7). Traditional use sites and areas are places of cultural importance where people generally performed all manners of activity (Budhwa 2005, Klassen et al 2009). Archaeological sites are traditional use sites (and therefore the pursuit of archaeological evidence is the pursuit of traditional use); but a traditional use site is not necessarily an archaeological site. For First Nations, there is no difference in “importance” between an archaeological site and a traditional use site or area (Budhwa 2006, Klassen et al. 2009, Nicholas 2006, Rabnett 2000:5-7). For example, a sacred grizzly habitat is as important to First Nations as a village site.

STUDY AREA, ENVIRONMENT AND BACKGROUND

Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites, Archaeological Potential and Expected Site Types

No archaeological sites are registered within the property boundary (Figure 4). The closest recorded archaeological site is the historic town site of Crump, DjQx-5 on the northern side of Trout Creek, 2.25 km north of the subject property. Archaeological site DjQx-4 is located approximately 2.4 km northeast of the property on the northern side of Trout Creek, and was identified in 1975 on the road to the old town site of Crump; it was postulated to be a quarry site based on large lithic flakes and a core; however no more

11 CrossroadsCRM.com information is available. Archaeological sites DjQw-16 and 17 are located 3.3 km and 4 km southeast of the study area and are associated with Agur Lake, one is a lithic and fauna scatter, the latter is a single cache pit. In addition, archaeological site DjQw-1 is located 5.7 km northeast of the study area and is also reported to be a cache pit site with six cultural depressions approximately 1-2 meters in diameter located on a small terrace feature above Isintok Creek.

Figure 4: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites and Archaeological Potential

One previous visit to the study area in approximately 2008 (actual date unknown) is mentioned in correspondence from BC Hydro regarding the development of this property. However, the site visit was limited to a ground reconnaissance of the area beneath the power lines, and did not include the forested area (Phillip, pers. comm 2014). No report was generated to provide information on observations or recommendations. No additional archaeological work has been conducted in the immediate area or within the subject property.

The archaeological record of the immediate study area can be attributed to three projects; Baker’s survey of the Trout Creek watershed (1974), Roberts and Brolly’s AIA of the course of Trout Creek within the 5000 foot corridor of the current transmission line (1976) and West’s AIA for Gorman Bros. Lumber Ltd. (1997).

12 CrossroadsCRM.com Expected archaeological site types within the study area based on previously recorded archaeological sites and ethnographically inferred activities, associated with the montane forest environments, these include: 1) Transitory base camps

a. Shallow mat lodge depressions with associated lithic and faunal scatters, hearths, concentrations of FCR; b. Plant food preparation (roasting pit features) with associated FCR concentrations,

c. Food storage pits (cache pits);

2) Plant gathering (CMT’s);

3) Hunting (communal and individual) including associated lithic scatters, look-outs, petro forms (blinds and drive lanes); 4) Mammal kill and butchery sites including associated lithic and faunal scatters; and,

5) Isolated finds.

The Provincial Remote Access to Archaeological Data (RAAD) website illustrates some areas of moderate archaeological potential in and around the study area based on Arcas (1997) predictive modelling (Figure 4).

Regional Environmental and Cultural Chronology

The study area is located 14.3km west of Summerland, BC, in the Trout Creek watershed approximately

2.2 km south of the confluence of Isintok and McNulty Creeks, at an elevation of 1120-1160 m asl within an ecotone between the outer limits of the Interior Douglas Fir (IDF) and basal limits for the Montane Spruce (MS) biogeoclimatic zones.

Hebda (1982 and 1995) and Alley (1976) provide a summary of the paleoenvironment of the Okanagan. The Cordilleran ice sheet covered all of southern with a thick mantle of ice until approximately 12,000 BP2. Most upland areas were free by 12,000-11,000 BP. However, large ice masses remained in the major valley bottoms until about 10,000 BP (Hebda 1982). At this time, glacial lake Penticton would have occupied the valley bottom reaching a maximum elevation of 457 m asl (about 100 m higher than the lake is today).

It is likely glacial lake Penticton only existed for about 1,000 years and was drained by about 8,900 BP. 2 BP – radiocarbon years before present (where present is equivalent to 1950.)

13 CrossroadsCRM.com Modern drainage patters were established between 8,500 – 7,000 BP and most Aeolian deposition had ceased by about 6,000 BP (Alley 1976). Around 5,000 – 4,000 BP the climate shifted again gradually becoming moister and cooler (Alley 1976, Hebda 1982 and 1995).

During initial deglaciation the upland areas would have been characterised as steppe tundra with cold adapted grasses. Around 10,000 BP the climate shifted becoming significantly warmer and drier with sage grasslands becoming dominant around 7,500 BP (Hebda 1982 and 1995). The end of this era known as the Hypsithermal coincides with a massive fall of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Mazama, Oregon, ca. 6,800 BP.

General syntheses on archaeology in the Interior Plateau region of central British Columbia include: Chatters and Pokotylo (1998), Copp (1979), Grabert (1974), Richards and Rousseau (1987), Rousseau (2004).

Grabert’s research in the Okanagan Valley (1967, 1968 and 1974), on both sides of the International Boundary, resulted in the western-science-based development of a locally specific cultural sequence beginning with the Okanagan (9,000-6,000 BP), followed by the Indian Dan (6,000-3,000 BP), Chiliwist (3,000-900 BP) and Cassimer Bar (900 BP-contact) phases. Excavations near Vaseaux Lake led Copp (1979) to refine the lengthy Chiliwist phase into three sub phases (I: 3,000-2,400 BP; II: 2,400-950 BP; III: 950 BP- contact) (Copp 1978).

The western scientific understanding for the initial peopling of the Southern Interior of B.C. probably commenced between about 11,000-10,000 BP (Early Period) (Rousseau 2004) by ancient First Nations’ people moving into the region from the Columbia Plateau and Great Basin to the south. These migrations appear to have involved peoples belonging to the various mixed early cultural traditions. In the Okanagan Valley, Grabert (1974) proposed the Okanagan Phase (10,000-6,000 BP) which is believed evolved as local expressions of the Old Cordilleran Tradition (Stryd and Rousseau 1996). The Okanagan Phase persisted through the early period and into the early parts of the middle period. It should be noted that this perspective is not consistent with the (Okanagan) world view.

During what is referred to by archaeological researchers as the Early Period, the initial cool and wet postglacial conditions that were quickly replaced by hot and dry conditions (the Hypsithermal). During this period, hunting and subsistence patterns were characterized by a reliance on hunting and foraging with

14 CrossroadsCRM.com increasingly-efficient exploitation of small animals and plants. The inhabitants of this era for this region may have also been able to exploit relict Pleistocene mega-fauna, including extinct forms of bison, although no evidence to date has been found in the archaeological record of bison in the south Okanagan. Additional information is available through knowledge keepers and traditional knowledge regarding Bison, but is beyond the scope of this project.

During the time period when the glaciers were retreating, the large glacial lakes that filled the valley bottoms would have been inhospitable and the aboriginal populations would have likely inhabited the mid and high elevation grasslands. Archaeological sites of this age are most commonly associated in deeply-buried contexts, often associated with thick deposits of aeolian sediments. Additional information is available through knowledge keepers and traditional knowledge regarding mid and high elevation habitation and use sites, but is beyond the scope of this project.

Around 9,000-8,000 BP, the glacial lakes drained and the once inundated lands would have become increasingly more hospitable. The valley bottoms were becoming more attractive as sources of potable water and the once favourable settings upland from rivers and lakes would have become increasingly arid and perhaps sparsely populated by many game species due to their own reliance on water sources and vegetation.

Archaeological sites older than 7,000 BP are rare in the southern interior of BC. However, a small number of distinctive early type projectile points have been discovered in various parts of the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys (Copp 2006, Copp and Gould 2000, Grabert 1968 and Arcas 1999). A single 7,400 BP site is located in the Similkameen at Stirling Creek (Copp 1996).

Early assemblages are characterized by small assemblage of leaf shaped and stemmed projectile points, microblades and cores and large domed, ridged scrapers and debitage (Arcas, 1999 and Copp 1979). Early assemblages are also dominated by basalt, while faunal remains are sparse. Identified sites from this period are open with no evidence of habitation.

The middle period (7,000-3,500 BP) coincides with the end of the Hypsithermal, and the onset of cooler, moister conditions, as well as the 6,800 BP ash fall from Mt. Mazama which left a thick mantle of ash, the remnants of which can be seen in various locations in the south Okaganan.

15 CrossroadsCRM.com Subsistence identified from archaeological sites, was still based primarily on hunting game animals and gathering plant foods with salmonid populations starting to become available in some watersheds; freshwater mussels become more important in sites of this age than at later times (Prentiss and Kuijt 2004). Generally the middle period represents a riverine-adapted society able to exploit stabilized salmon populations. Few permanent homes are known from this period and there is no evidence for resource storage. Burials from this time period are rare.

The Middle Period occupation of the south Okanagan valley is not as well understood as the Thompson- Shuswap region, because fewer sites of this age are known (Copp 2006). Its origins lie in the Okanagan Phase, which appear to have affinities to archaeological deposits from the Columbia Plateau of Washington State. Where sites of this age have been identified, they are usually configured to the higher terraces of existing rivers, but sites have also been found in mid-elevation settings (Grabert 1970).

The Okanagan Phase gives way to the Indian Dan Phase during the middle period. The Indian Dan Phase is characterised by rock shelter and open sites with an increase in the variety of projectile points including large barbed, shouldered, basally notched and stemmed varieties along with a continuation of large domed and ridged scrapers, microblades, and cores (Copp 1974). There is very little evidence of faunal remains. However, a fishing industry is inferred based on a large number of preserved mussel shells and the odd sinker.

The late period (3,500-200 BP) in the Okanagan is marked by the end of the Indian Dan Phase and establishment of the succeeding Chilliwist and Cassimar Bar phases (Grabert 1970, 1974 and Copp 1979). The Chilliwist Phase, like the regional Plateau Pit house tradition marks the beginning of a more sedentary way of life, including social ranking and a focus on intense resource exploitation (usually salmon) and storage, supplemented as required by other resources, and on use of the semi-subterranean pit house as a winter residence (Gould 2012, Grabert 1968, 1974 and Rousseau 2004,).

Permanent village settlements (some of large size) are evidenced by semi-subterranean pit house in general use as a winter residence, with mat lodges beginning to replace pit houses towards the end of the late period. There is evidence for long-range trade and localized evidence for status and various burial practices, including within pit house floors, on prominent landscape features, in talus slopes, and occasional cairns or cists often accompanied by exotic grave goods.

16 CrossroadsCRM.com Grabert (1968) excavation of archaeological site DiQw-2 in the near the study area helped define the Chilliwist phase. Archaeological site DiQw-2 consists of an open site and single house pit depression located on a high terrace feature, above the southeast bend in Marron Lake. Microblades and cores were dominant in the assemblage. Grabert reports that the Chilliwist phase is broadly characterised by the earliest known habitation sites consisting of deep steeply walled pit houses and artifact assemblages characterised by large leaf shaped and notched projectile points with corner notching, microblades and cores. Bone artifacts become more common (likely due to preservation) and salmon bones become more abundant (Grabert 1970 and Copp 1979) during this phase.

Copp’s (1974) excavation of the McCall site in attributed three sub-phases in the Chilliwist phase, based on the artifact assemblages and radiocarbon dates. Trends over the Chilliwist sub-phases include a continued reduction in projectile point size, increased frequency of the use of cherts, archaeological evidence of the practice of using ochre to decorate personal items and the reduction in depth of pit house depressions (Copp 1974).

The Cassimer Bar phase (900-200BP) is characterised by large winter villages, much shallower pit house depressions, as well as introduction of rectangular pit houses, mat lodges, composite harpoons, small corner notched projectile points, and trade items. The Cassimer Bar phase is the archaeological phase prior to contact. The archaeological record in the Cassimer Bar phases represents the ethnographic cultures at the time of contact.

This project area is within the Penticton Indian Band’s Area of Responsibility within the Okanagan Nation’s Territory. The Okanagan people are part of the Interior Salish language group inhabiting a large area from Nicola Lake in the west to Slocan Lake in the east and from the confluence of the Columbia and Okanogan River to the south and Upper Arrow Lakes to the north.

The Okanagan people continue to rely on hunting, fishing and gathering with a broad variety of roots and berries gathered between April and September. A variety of both large and small game is still hunted throughout the Okanagan valley and surrounding mountains. Summer and fall are important for fisheries providing an abundance of food which can be stored over the winter. The closest salmon fishery to the study area is at Okanagan Falls at the south end of .

17 CrossroadsCRM.com METHODOLOGY

Field methodology was conducted as outlined in the HCA permit 2014-1079. Survey was comprehensive and included thorough visual surface inspection of the entire property. This was supplemented by a program of sub-surface testing on landforms considered in-field, to have moderate archaeological potential. Archaeological potential for the project area was determined in-field by a number of factors relating to the natural and altered physical landscape attributes in the study area. Potential assessment considered attributes such as terrain feature, proximity to water, paleo landforms and other factors relevant to the immediate area. Previous archaeological work and proximity to known archaeological sites, historic and contemporary use of the area was also taken into consideration.

Pedestrian transects were spaced 5 to 10 m apart in order to provide complete visual inspection of the study area, where not impeded by foliage and/or rocky outcrops. Two sets of survey transects were plotted on an iPad as well as an iPhone using GPS Kit HD for mobile devices. A five person crew conducted the pedestrian survey of the property:

Meghan Fisher, Crossroads CRM archaeologist, the permit holder and field director; Brenda Gould, Crossroads CRM archaeologist and field supervisor; Reynold Phillip, Penticton Indian Band; Dominique King, Penticton Indian Band; and, Kathy Phillip, Penticton Indian Band.

Shovel tests measured 30 x 30 cm wide at a minimum, and were dug to sterile deposits. Sterile deposits were defined as bedrock or sediments interpreted to be of glacial deposits. All soils from the shovel tests were screened through 1/8” mesh screen. A log of shovel tests is provided in this report as Appendix A.

Recommendations are provided in this report regarding future archaeological work. This final report was prepared by Crossroads CRM archaeologists, Brenda Gould and Meghan Fisher, in accordance with the guidelines and standards of the Archaeology Branch, and the BC Association of Professional Archaeologists (BCAPA). Copies of the final report will be submitted to the client, the Archaeology Branch, and First Nations on the distribution list who have requested a copy of the report.

18 CrossroadsCRM.com RESULTS

The survey was initiated at the northwest corner of the property travelling south along the transmission corridor to the southern property boundary; this boundary was followed east, to the property boundary, and then followed north to the road. The study area was traversed with all exposures inspected to ensure adequate coverage of accessible areas (Figure 5).

Generally, the terrain within the study area was undulating with steep areas in the northern half of the study area and rocky outcrops along in the southeast and following the east boundary. An open immature forest of lodge pole pine contained approximately 10% - 20% blow down which offered numerous exposures. All tree throws were examined to search for cultural exposures.

The transmission corridor was observed to have been previously cleared and machine impacted through development and maintenance. The cleared area provided excellent access to surface exposures; visual inspection of this area exhibited moderate re-contouring, likely to provide a more continuous slope grade in contrast to the surrounding undulating terrain. The exposures displayed rocky sediments with sands and gravel.

The majority of the project area is outside the transmission corridor and exhibits previous forest harvesting activities (stumps and skid roads), cattle and recreation use as well as animal burrows and game trails providing numerous exposures. Figure 6 illustrates the general topography and findings of the field reconnaissance as well as the locations of areas that were shovel tested.

19 CrossroadsCRM.com Figure 5: Survey Transects (Blue)

Survey Track

20 CrossroadsCRM.com Figure 6: Survey Plan Illustrating in-field landscape observations and shovel test locations

21 CrossroadsCRM.com Photos 1 and 2 illustrate the rocky outcrops and excellent exposure in the southeast part of the study area. Photo 1: Rocky outcrops southeast

Photo 2: Excellent exposure along east boundary above rocky outcrops

22 CrossroadsCRM.com Two areas were chosen to augment the field reconnaissance with shovel testing. The first area was a small bench feature in the northern portion of the study area identified on Figure 6. Twelve judgemental shovel tests were placed on this feature. All were negative for cultural materials or features. Shovel tests were excavated approximately 30cm into the sediments before rocks, and glacial deposits precluded digging any further.

A small circular depression was noted in shovel test area 1 and was assessed to likely be a tree throw. Shovel test six was placed in this depression in order to test the depression, which was concluded to be a tree throw.

Figure 7 illustrates the location and results of shovel test location 1.

Figure 7: Shovel Test Location #1

23 CrossroadsCRM.com Photo 3 below illustrates the locations of shovel tests 4 (foreground), 5 (middle) and 6 (background).

Photo 3: Shovel tests 3, 4 and 5

Photo 4: Edge of terrace feature at shovel test location 1

24 CrossroadsCRM.com The second location for shovel testing was a small knoll located in the north central part of the study area. Three shovel tests were placed in this location. Tests from shovel test location #2 were negative for cultural materials or features.

Figure 8: Shovel Test Location #2 ###2

Photo 5 on the following page illustrates shovel test location 2.

25 CrossroadsCRM.com

Photo 5: Shovel testing in location #2

Subsurface testing in both locations demonstrated that there was little to no soil development on top of rocky lacustrine silts overlying glacial till deposits.

Previous disturbance to this area include mechanical tree harvesting, skid trails and landing construction, mechanical land clearing as a result of the construction of the power line, recreational use (quad trails), and evidence of cattle grazing.

A total of 15 shovel tests and numerous exposures were examined within the study area and all provided negative results. No archaeological materials or features were identified.

26 CrossroadsCRM.com RECOMMENDATIONS

The AIA concluded that the development of the capacitor station and ancillary activities will not impact archaeological sites. Based on the findings of the AIA the following recommendations are being made:

1. No further archaeological studies are required for the development of the capacitor station and ancillary activities within the study area as long as the project footprint is not altered to include areas that were not assessed. There is always the possibility that small, undiscovered archaeological sites or isolated finds may be present in the study area. Users of this report should be aware that even the most thorough investigations may fail to reveal all archaeological resources that exist within a given area.

2. In consideration of this, it is further recommended that BC Hydro and/or their representatives inform contractors that archaeological sites in BC are protected from intentional or accidental disturbance by Section 13 of the Heritage Conservation Act. In the event that archaeological remains are encountered, all ground disturbance in the immediate area must stop. It is the responsibility of BC Hydro to inform the Archaeology Branch and the Penticton Indian Band, as soon as possible, about the nature of the archaeological remains and disturbance, and develop management strategies in concert with a qualified archaeologist. A failure to comply with the Heritage Conservation Act may result in severe penalties.

It is important to note this assessment is intended to identify physical archaeological evidence of past human activity protected under the Heritage Conservation Act as it relates to the proposed development. It is not the intent of this report to address traditional land use or other heritage concerns of the Penticton Indian Band within the study area. This study was conducted without prejudice to the Aboriginal Title and Rights of any First Nation.

This concludes the AIA for the proposed BC Hydro capacitor station. As per the terms and conditions of Heritage Conservation Act permit 2014-0179, one bound and one PDF copy will be submitted to the Archaeology Branch, Permitting and Assessment Section Additional bound copies will be submitted to BC Hydro and the Penticton Indian Band as well as relevant First Nations who have expressed an interest in the project area.

27 CrossroadsCRM.com REFERENCES

Arcas Consulting Archaeologists Ltd.

1997 Okangan Timber Supply Area Archaeological Overview Assessment, report on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC, non-permit. Archaeology Branch

1975 Archaeological Site Inventory Form for DjQw-01, on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 1975 Archaeological Site Inventory Form for DjQw-16, on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 1975 Archaeological Site Inventory Form for DjQw-17, on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 1975 Archaeological Site Inventory Form for DjQx-04, on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 1975 Archaeological Site Inventory Form for DjQx-05, on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 1998 British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resources, Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Baker, James

1975 Okanagan College Archaeological Research Project, report on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria BC, permit 1975-14.

Budhwa, Rick

2005 An Alternative Model for First Nations Involvement in Resource Management Archaeology.

Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal canadien d'archéologie. 2005;29(1):20-45.

2006 Davidson Project Archaeological Impact Assessment Final Report Conducted Under Heritage Inspection Permit Number 2005-424. Report prepared on Behalf of Rescan Environmental Services Ltd.

Caldwell, Warren

1954 An Archaeological Survey of the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys of British Columbia, in

Anthropology in British Columbia 1953-1954, Wilson Duff, ed.

Chatters, James C. and D. Pokotylo

28 CrossroadsCRM.com 1998 Prehistory, Introduction in Handbook of North American Indians Volume 12 Plateau, edited by D. Walker, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Copp, Stanley

1974 An Archaeological Site Survey of the Okanagan and Similkameen Regions of the Interior of British Columbia, prepared for the Archaeology Sites Advisory Board, on file with the Archaeology Branch, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Province of BC. 1974 An Archaeological Site Survey of the Okanagan and Similkameen Regions of the Interior of British Columbia, prepared for the Archaeology Sites Advisory Board, on file with the Archaeology Branch, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Province of BC.

2006 Similkameen Archaeology (1993-2004), unpublished Doctoral thesis, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Copp, Stanley and Gould, Brenda

2000 Results of Archaeological Impact Assessment for TSLA505212 Block 4, permit report 2000-352 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Ministry of Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, BC.

Gould, Brenda

2012 Mitigative Data Recovery and Monitoring at Archaeological Site DgQu-23, Final Report of Investigations, unpublished report on file with the Indian Band.

Grabert, Garland

1967 An Archaeological Survey of the Upper Okanagan Valley, permit 1967-6, unpublished report on file with the Archaeology Branch.

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dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.

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29 CrossroadsCRM.com 1982 Postglacial History of Grasslands of Southern British Columbia and Adjacent Regional, in Grassland Ecology and Classification Symposium Proceedings, edited by A.C. Nicholson, A. McLean and T.E. Baker.

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31 CrossroadsCRM.com APPENDIX A: SHOVEL TEST LOG

Shovel Test Stratigraphy (DBS) Result  0-1cm = litter mat (lichens, sparse dry grass)

1  1-33cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) lacustrine silts Negative with 40-50% angular and sub-angular large to small pebbles plus 2 rounded cobbles  0-1cm = litter mat (lichens, sparse dry grass)

 1-28cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2) lacustrine silts 2 Negative with 40-50% angular and sub-angular pebbles  Large sub-angular cobble encountered at 28cm  0-2cm = litter mat (lichens, grass, small roots)

 2-33cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) lacustrine silts 3 Negative with a few root hairs and 40-50% angular and sub-angular pebbles  0-1cm = litter mat (lichens, dry grass)

 1-29cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2) lacustrine silts 4 Negative with 40-50% angular and sub-angular pebbles  Large sub-angular cobble encountered at 29cm  No litter mat

 0-3cm = very dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty loam with pine

needles and root hairs

5  3-23cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) lacustrine silts Negative with a few root hairs and 40-50% angular and sub-angular pebbles  Large sub-angular cobble at 23cm

 0-2cm = litter mat (decomposing bark with flecks of

charcoal)

 2-5cm = gray (7.5YR 5/1) silty loam 6 Negative  5-24cm = light gray (7.5YR 7/1) compacted lacustrine silts with 25-30% angular and sub-angular pebbles and 4 larger angular pebbles

32 CrossroadsCRM.com  0-1cm = litter mat (lichens, sparse dry grass)

 1-30cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2) lacustrine silts

7 with root hairs and 40-50% angular and sub-angular Negative pebbles  30-34cm = same sediments as above but very compacted 8  0-1cm = litter mat (lichens, sparse dry grass) Negative  1-14cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2) lacustrine silts

with 40-50% angular and sub-angular pebbles

 14cm = large tree root

 0-2cm = litter mat (lichens, pine needles, grass)

 2-38cm = compacted very fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) 9 Negative lacustrine silts with root hairs throughout and 40-50% angular and sub-angular pebbles  0-2cm = litter mat (lichens, pine needles, grass)

 2-15cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) lacustrine silts

10 with root hairs and 20-25% angular and sub-angular Negative pebbles  15cm = large sub-angular cobble  0-1cm = litter mat (dry grass, pine needles)

 1-26cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) lacustrine silts

with root hairs and 20-25% angular and sub-angular

11 pebbles Negative  26-30cm = very compacted fine light gray (7.5YR 7/1) lacustrine silts with 20-25% angular and sub-angular pebbles

 0-2cm = litter mat (dry grass, pine needles)

 2-18cm = very fine pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) lacustrine silts

with root hairs and 20-25% angular and sub-angular

12 pebbles Negative  18-20cm = very compacted fine light gray (7.5YR 7/1) lacustrine silts with 20-25% angular and sub-angular pebbles

33 CrossroadsCRM.com  0-1cm = litter mat (lichens)

13  1-36cm = pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine lacustrine silts with Negative 20-25% angular to sub-angular pebbles and a few root hairs  0-1cm = litter mat (lichens and dry grass)

14  1-3cm = brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty loam with root hairs Negative

 3-29cm = compacted pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine lacustrine silts with angular and sub-angular pebbles and 2 small sub-

angular cobbles

 0-1cm = litter mat (lichens and dry grass)

 1-3cm = brown (7.5YR 4/2) silty loam with root hairs 15 Negative  3-31cm = compacted pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine lacustrine silts with angular and sub-angular pebbles

34 CrossroadsCRM.com