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Multiple Affiliations Multiple Affiliations Autobiographical Narratives of Displacement (Im)migrant US Women ^1 V * * j * AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som med tillstånd av rektor vid Umeå universitet för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen kommer att offentligen försvaras i hörsal E, humanisthuset, lördagen den 5 maj 2001, kl. 10.15 av Lena Karlsson Lena Karlsson: Multiple Affiliations: Autobiographical Narratives of Displacement by (Im)migrant US Women Skrifter från moderna språk 2 ISSN 1650-304X ISBN 91-7305-012-1 Department of Modern Languages/English, University of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå. Monograph 2001, 233pp Distributed by Department of Modern Languages/English, University of Umeå, S-901 87 Umeå. Abstract Multiple Affiliations explores the autobiographical negotiations of memory and multilocality articulated by five (im)migrant women writers writing from, and being read (primarily) within, the US. Texts as diverse as Korean-American Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictée (1982), Polish (Jewish)-American Eva Hoffman's Lost in Translation: Life in a New Language (1989), Chinese-American Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood among Ghosts (1976) and China Men (1980), Caribbean/African-American Audre Lorde's Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1982), and Pakistani-American Sara Suleri's Meatless Days (1989) highlight how various (cross-race and transnational) experiences of location, dislocation, and relocation resonate with each other and "immigrant America." Whereas the conventional immigration/assimilation paradigm assumes the resolvability of difference, (im)migration, related to the concept of diaspora, is sensitive to "different differences," related to race, class, gender, etc. Further, (im)migration points to the variability and mobility within the immigrant experience. I use the concept of diaspora, not as a metaphor, but as a lens through which to investigate subjectivities that disturb the assumed union between place, culture and identity. I further employ various exigencies of "locational feminism" to take into account shifting, unstable, postmodern identities and, at the same time, pay attention to historical and material particularities. Multiple Affiliations shows how "diasporic" dialectics - negotiations of here and there, continuity and change, roots and routes - continually shape (im)migrant subjectivities, even if the possibility of returning to the homeland is precluded and even if the experience of immigration is not firsthand. Acts of imaginative memory are called upon to re-configure diasporic identity by linking the present and the past, here and there, self and ethnic group, and with marked insistence, to rewrite history, frequendy to trouble national schemes. I propose that, far from inhabiting separate spheres, immigrant and diasporic sensibilities often overlap. Key words: autobiography, (im)migration, United States, diaspora, locational feminism, history, memory, place, home/displacement, body, postmodern, subjectivity. Multiple Affiliations Autobiographical Narratives of Displacement (Im)migrant US Women Lena Karlsson V *c/"> pi >—< V o • ^ Skrifter från moderna språk 2 Institutionen för moderna språk Umeå Universitet 2001 Institutionen för moderna språk Umeå Universitet S- 901 87 Umeå Tfn. +46 90 786 51 38 Fax +46 90 786 60 23 http:/ /\wv.mos.umu.se/ forskning Skrifter från moderna språk 2 Umeå Universitet ISSN 1650-304X Redaktör: Raoul J. Granqvist © 2001 Lena Karlsson Omslag: Carolina Gustavsson Tryckt av Bloms i Lund Tryckeri AB ISBN 91-7305-012-1 ISSN 1650-304X For my family CONTENTS Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION: (IM)MIGRANT AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVES 1 Writing the Internation 8 Diaspora Discourse 13 Locational Feminism 23 Autobiography 32 Memory 35 11 NEGOTIATING HOME AND THE PLACES OF DISPLACEMENT 39 Invocations and Cancellations of Home in Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictée 40 Eva Hoffman's Territorial Rite of Passage 56 Audre Lorde's Homebound Journey 68 21 CREATING MEMORY, CREATING HISTORY: THERESA HAK KYUNG CHA'S DICTÉE AND MAXINE HONG KINGSTON'S CHINA MEN 87 History, Ethnic Memory, and the Postmodern Conundrum 87 Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictée'. Recording Absence and Inscribing Presence 95 Maxine Hong Kingston's China Men - Neither Remembered Nor Forgotten 109 Ambivalent Claims 110 Mythic and Material Pasts Juxtaposed 120 3 I AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY-WORK AS A POETICS OF RELATION IN MAXINE HONG KINGSTON'S THE WOMAN WARRIOR AND SARA SULERI'S MEATLESS DAYS 127 Telling the Mother's Story: Auto/biography 134 Stories Told and Multiply Translated 146 Maxine Hong Kingston s Practices of Translation 146 Meatless Days and Transmogrifications 156 41 THE BODY: INSCRIPTIONS, TRANSMISSIONS, AND BEYOND 163 Lost in Translation 's Body/Language Alignment 168 Dictée: Maps, Boundaries, and Fluids 173 (Dis)embodiment in Meatless Days 179 Zamv. Aesthetics and Renaming/Reclaiming 184 '"I skinned her,' I would have to confess": The Body in Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior and China Men 193 CONCLUDING REMARKS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX Acknowledgements Over the past five years or so, I have knocked on many doors in English departments in Sweden and the United States. Doors have been opened. Numerous people have given me the gift of their time to meet my queries. I owe much to many. My first thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Raoul Granqvist. Long before this project was conceived, he showed great belief in me and led me onwards. Over the years, he has read through numerous drafts and provided astute and provocative criticism. I would also like to thank the former Professor of the English department at Umeå University, Sven-Johan Spånberg, for making me focus, consider my audience, and restrain my penchant for meandering sentences and ornate language. I have tried. My fellow doctoral students have provided friendly advice and constructive criticism. I would like to mention Katarina Gregersdotter, Philip Grey, Claire Hogarth, Christina Oldman, Elias Schwieler, and Berit Åström. Thanks. I am indepted to Dr. Heidi Hansson for improving the final version of my script considerably. Her perceptive criticism led to many clarifications. Special thanks go to Professor Hertha D. Sweet Wong, University of California at Berkeley, who, from the day I met her in June 1996 as she was giving a guest lecture in Umeå, has been crucial for the development of Multiple Affiliations' (and, I would like to add, for me as a person). She has seen me through every stage of this project with her wise counsel and support. In the spring of 1997, I received a grant from the International Office at the University of Umeå, which enabled me to take part in the exchange between Umeå and UC Berkeley. As I took part in stimulating seminars and reading groups at Berkeley this project took shape. Under stressful conditions, Lauren Stuart Muller, a fellow graduate at Berkeley, has kindly commented on a late version of my entire text. Her editorial skills impress me, and have improved my text immensely. I am deeply grateful. I spent the spring of 2000 as a visiting scholar at the University of Texas, Austin. I benefited gready from my time in Austin. The intellectual environment helped me tie this project together and improve my arguments. My gratitude goes to Professor Pamela Thoma, who led the seminar "Asian American Autobiography" that I participated in, and kindly read and provided useful suggestions for portions of the text. In Austin, Abby Eden and Bill Hamm let me share their wonderful house (their back porch is the best place I have ever done my reading) and provided me with fabulous food, thus enabling me to do what I had come to do. Finally, I would like to thank Lars Hall for unflagging support, and, above all, for divertissements. March 2001 INTRODUCTION: (IM)MIGRANT AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVES And the passport did, in many ways, set me free. It allowed me to come and go, to make choices that were not the ones my father would have wished. But I, too, have ropes around my neck, I have them to this day, pulling me this way and that, East and West, the nooses tightening, commanding, choose, choose. I buck, I snort, I whinny, I rear, I kick. Ropes, I do not choose between you. Lassoes, lariats, I choose neither of you, and both. Do you hear? I refuse to choose. Salman Rushdie, East, West One day you raise the right hand and you are American. They give you an American Pass port. The United States of America. Somewhere someone has taken my identity and replaced it with their photograph. The other one. Their signature their seals. Their own image. And you learn the executive branch the legislative branch and the third. Justice. Judicial branch. It makes the difference. The rest is past. Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, Dictée These two contextually diverse scenes of passports being received speak of the enduring power of nation-states in a world increasingly marked by transnational movements of goods, capital, information, and people. Decreed by the nation-state, the passport allows people mobility, the option to come and go, to pass the port. According to theorists trumpeting current processes of denationalization, the world is marked by an unprecedented pace of transnational flows, which, to a certain degree, transcend the nation-state.1 Yet, as literary and cultural critic Sau-ling Wong observes, "[n]ations dispense or withhold citizenship, identity cards, passports and visas, voting rights, educational and economic opportunities."2 The nation is/should not be totally transcended — we live in a transnational, not postnational world, Wong suggests. At the same time as Rushdie and Cha, in these brief passages, speak of the enduring power of the nation, they also speak of the urge to resist and challenge it. They illuminate the pressure frequently expressed by (im)migrants with transnational, multicultural affiliations to choose sides, transfer loyalty. The latter is perhaps particularly true in the United States where ideologies of assimilation prevail. The favored US-American 1 For a discussion of past and present transnationalisms, see the prologue to James Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Tate Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1997) 1-13.
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