33n CoNGREss, � [SENATE.] { EXECUTIVE. lst Sessum. S
REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION
DOWN THE
ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, In. t?S v.f'•' ;
BT
CAPTAIN L. �ITGREAVES,
OOKPS TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINUIIS.
. ,
.lOCOMPANDCD BY HAPS, SKETCHF.'l, VIEWS, AND ILLU8TRATIONtl.
ARIZONA STATE LIBRARY ARCHIVES & .iLB.. RECORDS J ... .! t �--14
WASHINGTON: BEVEIU,EY TUCKE!t, SF.NATI': l'IUNTlm. 1854. REPORT
OF THE SECRETARY OF \VAR,
COMMUNICATING,
In compliancewiJ,h a resolution oftlte Senate, tlteReport ofan Expe ditiondo wnthe Zuni and Coltrado rivers, by Captain Sitgrcaves.
FEBRUARY 15, 1853.-Referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. MARCH 3, 1853.-Ordered to be printed ; and that 2,000 extra copies 1,e printed, 200 of which for Captain Sitgreaves. MAT 17, 1854.-Ordered that 3,000 additional copies l,c printed.
w AR DEPARTMENT, Washington, Feb. 12, 1853. SIR: In compliance with the Senate resolution of the 28th July last, I have the honor to transmit herewith the "Report of the Expedition down the Zuni and the Colorado, under the command of Captain Sitgreaves, of the Corps of' Topographi cal Engineers, and of the maps belonging thereto ; also, the sketches and views and illustrations of Indian customs." Very respectfully, your obedient servant, C. M. CONRAD, Secretary ofWar. Hon. D.R. ATCHISON, President ofthe Senate. 4 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 5
BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, ,make an expedition against the Navajos, directed me to await Washington, Feb. 7, 1853. his departure, so as to take advantage of the protection Sm: I have the honor to submit the Report of the Expe afforded by his command as far as our routes coincided, or dition down the Zuni and the Colorado, under Capt:iin Sit until he could detach a proper escort for my party. The greaves, of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, called for troops assembled at Santo Domingo, on the Rio Grande, and by a resolution of the Senate of July last. took up their march thence on the 1st August. On the 1st Respectfully, sir, your obedient servant, :September we arrived at the pueblo of Zufi.i, the point at J. J. ABERT, which my exploration was to commence. Colonel Corps Top. Engineers. Colonel Sumner had detailed for the escort Brevet Major Hmi. C. M. CoNRAD, H. L. Kendrick, 2d Artillery, with thirty men of his compa Secretary ef War. ny, but they were not detached until after they had accompa nied him to Cailon Bonito, three days' journey farther into the Navajo country. I was thus compelled to wait at Zuni until WASHINGTON, February 7, 1853. the 24th September, consuming in the mean time part of the Sm: I have the honor to submit the accompanying map of limited supplies provided for the expedition. The mules like the route explored by me fromthc•pueblo of Zuni, New Mex wise suffered from the delay, for there was scarcely any ico, to Camp Yuma, 011 the Colorado of the West, under . grazing in the immediate vicinity of the pueblo, and I did not instructions from you, of which the following is an extract: deem it prudent to send them to a distance, as small parties " The river Zuni is represented on good authority to empty of NavaJOS had been seen lurking in the neighborhood. The into the Colorado, and it has been partially explored by Lieu mules of Major Kendrick's command were still more unfit to tenant Simpson to the r.ueblo of Zuni. You will therefore go undertake a difficult march, many of them having been taken to that place, which will be, in fact, the commencing point of out of wagons after a journey of several weeks' duration. your exploring labors. From the pueblo of Zuni you will I can add very little to the information afforded by the map, pursue the Zuili to its junction with the Colorado, determining almost the entire country traversed being barren, and without its course and character, particularly in reference to its navi general interest. Observations with the sextant were made gable properties, and to the character of its adjacent land and as often as occasion served; and the latitude and longitude of productions. The junction of the Zuni and Colorado will be as many points determined as are necessary to establish the accurately determined. You will then pursue the Colorado line of march with suffieient accuracy. Collections were to its junction with the Gulf of Californra, taking those obser made of such objects of natural history as could be trans vations which will enable you accurately to delineate its ported with our limited facilities. Their description will be course." found in the reports hereto appended. The party was organized at Santa Fe, and consisted of The expedition set out from Zuni the 24tb September. Lieutenant J. G. Parke, Topographical Engineers; S. W. The incidents of the journey are detailed in the following ex Woodhouse, l\f. D., physician and naturalist; Mr. R. H. tracts from my journal : Kern, draughtsman; Mr. Antoine Leroux, guide; five Ameri September 24, Camp No. 1.-Our first day's march was only cans and ten Mexicans as packers and ar·ru:rl)s. six miles. It was made thus short to enable us to correct any As many mules as could he procured in ljme, suitable for defects that might be discovered in the arrangement of the the purpose, were purchased; hut these not being sufficient, packs. the assistant quartermaster at Santa Fe furnished me, on my The Zuni is a mere rivulet, and not entitled to the name of requisition, with forty additimrnl ones, with pack-saddles, river; in most parts of our country it \Vould not be dignified &c. A portion of the provisions for the party were obtained with that of creek. The corn-fieldsof the Zuni Indians cxtend from the assistant commissary of subsistence at the same place · ed at intervals for several miles down the stream, tlieir crops The commanding offieer in New Mexico being about to .and orchards being planted on the edge of the valley, or ia 6 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 7
the fertile gorges of the mountains. The only cultivation in valley destitute of timber, but covered with a thick growth of the immediate vicinfty of the pueblo consisted of small vege rank unnutritious grass. The hills bounding it on either side table gardens, tended by the women and watered by hand, are of gradual slope, with here and there a rocky point of a in which were grown chieflyonions, beans, and chile.• Their conglomerate of gray sandstone and pebbles jutting out into orchards produce good peaches, with which we were abun the bottom. dantly supplied during our stay at the village. September 28, Camp No. 5.-Proceeding down the valley, it September 25, Camp No. 2.-A well-beaten trail, following widens out into a broad plain, which the recent profuse rains the general direction of the stream, enabled us to avoid the had made soft and muddy. To avoid this we turned offfrom inconvenience of travelling over ground rendered soft and miry the river, and made our way across the high land, but gained by the recent rains. We encamped on the banks of the creek, little by the exchange, for the soil was so light and thinly co near some abrupt rocks, from beneath which gushes out a fine vered with grass that the mules sank to their fetlocks at every spring. Fragments of pack-saddles and broken boxes gave step. The ground was strewed with pebbles of agate, jas evidence of a former encampment of white men, probably of per, and chalcedony, and masses of what appeared to have the party of Lieutenant Thom, who escorted Mr. Collier to been stumps of trees petrified into jasper, beautifully striped California in 1849. with bright shades of red, (the predominating color,) blue, September 26, Camp No. 3.-The valley is here shut in by white, and yellow. The rocks were gray sandstone, some abrupt walls of gray sandstone, occasionally mixed with ba times of a slaty structure. salt, having frequent springs running out from under them; Septemher 30, Camp No. 7.-The river here runs through a but further down it expands to several miles in width, other . deep and rocky canon, which we skirted, and crossed below valleys opening into it. The faces of the sandstone rocks, it to the south bank, finding the ground much broken by ra wherever they presented a smooth surface, were covered vines, which were only visible when we came directly upon with Indian hieroglyphics or pictures carved or painted upon them. The surrounding scenery resembled that of the north them. western prairies, the country being bare of trees and the hor The bed of the stream becoming dry, we crossed the point izon unbroken, except in one direction, where a high conical of a precipitous basaltic ridge, and, keeping on the slope of peak, that had served us several days as a lankmark, varied the hills bounding the valley to the north, encamped on a lit the uniformity of its outline. tle channel, filed with muddy rain-water, in the middle of a . October l, Camp No. 8.-The river, winding to the north, miry plain. The soil on the hills was sandy, and in the plain gave us a straight course across the high land, soft and sandy, of sand mixed with clay; in both cases yielding to the foot. as usual, and frequently intersected by deep ravines, until we September 27, Camp No. 4.-Just after leaving camp a small a�ain encountered it, flowing now between bluffsandy banks party of Indians came in sight, who proved to be Coyoteros, fringed with cotton-wood trees, and presenting at length the (Apaches,) driving some asses to Zuni for the purpose of appearance of a river, but still with little water in its bed. I trade. One among them was evidently a Mexican, captured remarked cropping out of the side of a bluffa seam of fibrous probably in childhood, for he spoke but few words of Spanish. gypsum three or four inches thick. In the course of the places veins of fibrous gypsum were seen, looking like the October 8, Camp No. 14.-About a mile below the last ice-crystals that burst open the ground in spring. camp the river falls over a succession of horizontal ledges of October 3, Camp No. 10.-Our course was here interrupted sandstone, forming a beautiful cascade of one hundred to one by a deep bayou thickly overgrown with rushes, and which, hundred and twenty feet in vertical height, and continues on on attempting to turn it, was found to lead to a rocky ravine its course through a canon of that depth, the general level of or canon utterly impassable. We retraced our steps, there the banks remaining the same. fore, and with much difficulty recrossed the river, which, Having been informed by my guide and other experienced making a bend to the north, winds through a broad plain re trappers that this canon extends down the river to its junc sembling the bed of a great lagoon from which the water had tion with the Colorado, and the great canon through which just subsided, leaving it slimy and intersected with fissures ·the latter flows, I regarded the attempt to follow the river to and channels that often impeded our progress. Herc and its mouth as too hazardous, considering the condition of the there only a bush of the wild sage dotted its surface, and the animals and the state of the supplies, and therefore, by the surrounding hills appeared equally destitute of vegetation. advice of the guide, turned off towards the mountains, with October 5, Camp No. 12.-The country on the north bank the purpose of striking the Colorado below the great canon, presenting the same appearance of desolation as far as the and then exploring it upward as far as might be found prac eye could discern, we again crossed the river, and, passing ticable. Leaving the river then, we passed along the base of on to higher ground, encamped on a bayou near the edge of high table lands, the lava sand lying several inches deep the valley. The grass upon the hills was invariably better upon the ground, filling up the hollows, and forming ridges and more abundant than on the river bottom, but the absence across the plain ; and, ascending the lateau, found it also of wood and water in such places generally obliged us to covered with the lava detritus, and alf the prominent points make our camps near the river. The mules, particularly occupied by the ruins of stone houses of considerable size, those of Major Kendrick's command, already began to show and m some instances of three stories in height. They arc signs of fatigue, and their backs to become galled by the evidently the remains of a large town, as they occurred at in saddles. tervals for an eJCtent of eight or nine miles, and the ground The army pack-saddle is of excellent materials and work was thickly strewed with fragments of pottery in all direc manship, but is detective in form. Its shape should approach tions. The fact that no vestige of water could be discovered more nearly to that of the riding-saddle, so as to provide in the vicinity sufficiently accounts for their present depopu against a change in the condition of the animal. A saddle lation. The encroachment of the lava sand blown down from may answer very well for a horse or mule in good condition, the adjacent mountains may have gradually filled up the which will injure the back when the animal becomes lean or springs and water-courses; it is certain, at any rate, that the changes from a grain to an exclusive grass diet. Lieutenant heaviest rains would now be rapidly absorbed by it, and Colonel Johnston informed me that he was in the habit of after a clay or two leave no trace of water upon the surface. using with good results the common Texas tree, provided The houses resemble in all respects (except that adobes do with the necessary rings and straps. A good pack-saddle is not appear to have been at all used in their construction) still a desideratum in the service. those of the existing pueblos of New Mexico; and the pot October 7, Cam11 No. 13.-Many precipitous canons were tery, of a great variety of fabric and pattern, �milar to that passed, enclosing within their walls of yello-w sandstone now in use among them. clumps of small cotton-wood trees. Ridges of lava and a October 9, Camp No. 15.-Pursuing our way still further black dust, the detritus of the lava, covering the ground in into the mountains, the ruins became of rarer occurrence, or many places, indicated our approach to a volcanic region. else were concealed by the cedars with which the hills were Near our camp, on the bank of the river, were the ruins of covered. A small pool of water was discovered under an several stone houses, which the guide, Mr. Leroux, said re overhanging rock, out of which the men as they came up filled sembled those of the Moqui Indians. their canteens ; and, as the water was not thereby sensibly 10 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 11 diminished, it was supposed to have its source in some con Herds of antelope were seen in all directions, but tqey kept cealed reservoir, and that it would be possible in the course to the open country, and were shy and difficult to approach. of the day to water all the animals. We should then, more October 12, Camp No. 17.-The ascent of the mountain was over, have been able to hold a more direct course, having continued, with the greatest anxiety as to the result of the diverged towards the mountains in the expectation of finding day's journey, for the mules had drunk but once in more than water. The camp was scarcely pitched, however, when it four days, and the country showed no indications of water in was reported that the spring was rapidly becoming exhausted, any directioi:i, There was much beauty in some of the glades and Mr. Leroux was therefore sent, with the mules and half and mountam glens we passed. The ground was covered of the men, in search of water, the rest remaining in camp to with fresh grass, and well timbered with tall pines, mingled, protect the supplies. He did not return until late in the night, after attaining a certain altitude, with aspens of a brilliant and reported that he had come upon a large encampment of yellow. Yampai or Tonto Indians, on the edge of a deep ravine, Crossing the summit we descended gradually to the brow through which ran a stream, which he supposed to be the of a precipice overlooking a green vale of five or six miles in headwaters of the San Francisco, a tributary of Salt river. extent, but with no appearance of water, and commenced the The women and children, engaged in gathering pinones, (pine descent, picking our way with difficultyamong the loose rocks, nuts,) fled at his approach; while the men held themselves in the belief that there we should be compelled to abandon aloot� and refused to parley with him or meet his friendly most of our animals. When half-way down, a shot fromone advances. He was compelled, therefore, to return as he of the Mexicans on the flank inspired us with hope, for it was went, not venturing to drive the mules into the ravine, and the signal fixed upon to notify the discovery of water ; but .thus give the Indians an opportunity of attacking him at dis still I observed nothing to warrant it ; and it was not until we advantage. I regretted that he had suffered his men to take had reached the bottom of the cliff that I discerned a narrow from the lodges sundry articles of value to the Indians. thread of grass and weeds, greener and ranker than the sur Among these were some admirably made baskets, of so close rounding growth, winding out from a little nook, and losing a texture as to hold water; a wicker-jar, cqafed with pine itself in the plain. It proved to be a spring of delicious tree gum ; a large quantity of pin.ones and grass-seed ; some water; and thus providentially terminated our fearsand anxi bread, made of the mezquit bean; a cake of mezcal, (a prepa eties for the time. ration of the maguey ;) and pieces of a substance that had all October 13, Camp No. 17.-It was necessary to halt here the appearance of chalk, but, as it did not effervescewith for a day or two, to rest the mules and have them reshod. acids, was probably an exceedingly pure variety of kaolin. The feet of the sheep, too, had become sore and worn out ; October 10, Camp No. ]5.-The mules, having now been and at the suggestion of a Mexican, my mayor domo, the cracks two days without water, were, as the last resource, sent back in them were filled, by means of a hot iron, with resin and to the river, taking with them some kegs and India-rubber pine-tree gum, by which operation the animals appeared much water-bags with which I had fortunately provided myself. relieved. Mr. Leroux reconnoitred the route ahead, and found They returned in the evening, less three of their number lost water in several places ten or twelve miles distant. He again by the way, but bringing back an abundant supply of water. surprised a few lodges of Indians, who fled, leaving their ef:. In the course of the preceding night, by watching by the fects behind them. This time he did not permit his men to spring and dipping up the water by the spoonful as it trickled pilfer, but, on the contrary, left at the lodges a small present out, enough had been obtained to furnish each person with a of tobacco, handkerchiefs, and knives, for the purpose of con cup of coffee. ciliating the Indians, and inducing them to hold some inter October ll, Camp No. 16.-As we ascended the mountain course with us, by which means we hoped to obtain useful the cedar gave place to the nut-bearing pine; and this, when information in regard to the route. The only provisions found. near the summit, to a pine of larger growth, with long leaves. in the lodges were pin.ones and the grass-seed before men tioned. 12 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 13 The box chronometer had been carried in a pannier, care admirable preparation, and should form a large proportion of fully packed in wool, and placed on the steadie�t mule of the the supplies for all similar expeditions. Alth�ugh antelope atajo, which was always led by the halter; but 1t was uever and black-tailed deer were abundant, and the fresh tracks of theless found to have stopped, from the roughness of the last bears were occasionally seen, our hunters, some of them ex day's journey. Independent observations were therefore made perienced and expert, had not btcn successful in supplying for the longitude, the pocket chronometer not having suffi us with game. The daily variation of the temperature was cient regularity to be depended on. remarkable, the avernge range in twenty-four hours being r During the night we were alarmed by a stampede of the about 550 Fahrenheit, or f om JOo to 65°. Near the summit_ mules. Fortunately they ran into a gorge near the camp, of one of the acljacent hills were the traces of old excava from which there was but the one outlet, and we succeeded in tions, made apparently in search of the precious metals, but quieting them. The cause of their fright was made apparent the surrounding formation gave no indications of their exist by the roaring of a panther, or other large ammal,_ m_ uncom ence. Similar remains were observed near Camp No. 16. fortable proximity to the herd. October 21, Camp No. 19.-0ccasional patches of white October 15, Camp No. 18.-0ur route lay across plains of clover were again met with, and the singular cedar first seen gentle slope. Mingled with the pines were a few small post when crossing the Zuni mountains. The trunk is large and oaks; and in a green glade was found some white clover of low, with wide-spreading branches, and the bark, several a different variety from that common in the States. Flowers inches thick, is corrugated like that of the oak. The camp and birds were more numerous than upon the northern slopes overlooked a wild and picturesque cafion. Tall pines, oaks, -0f the mountain, but no fragments of pottery or other signs and the low, spreading cedar were mingled so as to produce of habitation were seen. Our camp was upon the dry bed a park-like <;ffect, heightened by glimpses through the vistas of a lagoon, a mile in extent, having some small pool� of of the sheep and mules grazing on the rich grama grass that _ water hidden among the tall grass, from which our arnval grew up among and concealed the sharp, black fragments of put up a large flight of water-fowl, crows, and smaller b_irds. trap that covered the ground. When approaching the mountains I bad been struck w1th a A Mexican who lefi.camp on the 19th to hunt for game, had _ si1wular incandescent appearance which some of the higher not returned when we set out; and as our frequent search for slopes presented when the sun was near the horizon. This I him had been unsuccessful, it was feared that he had fallen found to be caused by a bright, yellow-colored grass, having into the hands of the Yampais. At sunset, however, on the extremities of the blades tipped with red by the action driving the animals to water in the canon, he was discovered of the frost. It looked fresh, but the animals preferred the sitting on a rock, picKing a rib of venison. He had lost him s�orter kind, which grew upon the ridges and among the self and become bewildered, w:m The shrubs are the arrow-wood, wild sage, lrndiondilla, or creosote plant, and grease weed, so called from the brilliancy of its flamewhile burning. Cacti are not numerous; the most remarkable is the pitahaya, or Cereus gigantem. Only two kinds of grass were found, at rare intervalsi and in small quantities; a tall, coarse variety, a-rowing in large tufts, and a smaller kind, having a perceptible incrustation of salt upon the leaves. The trap in some places along the river showed traces of carbonate of copper, and beneath the trap was seen a coarse, gray granite, and in one instance a stratum of clay slate. Near camp 51 a large rock occupies the middle of the chan nel, and ledges extend from it across to both banks. In many other places the river is obstructed by shifting sand bars, ren dering its navigation difficult, if not impossible, except during a high stage of the water. The water stains upon the rocks marked a height of twelve feet above the actual level, but the TABLES indications of overflowwere partial, except near the mouth of OF the Gila, where a large surface appears te-be subject to inun dation. DISTANCES, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS, Very respectfully, your obedient servant, L. SITGREA VES, .lND Brevet Captain Topograpical Engineers .. Colonel J. J. ABERT, METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. Corps Toz10graphical Engineers. 24 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 25 : 3 ·-" TABLE OF DISTANCES. ---·------ Miles. I Miles. From puebla of Zuiii to mouth of Zufii river ...... 58.50 From mouth of Zufii river to mouth ofBouche's Fork..••... 1 2 5. 12 8:J.62 1 From Bouche's Fork to mouth ofChevelon's Fork ...... ' 34.69 118.3l 1 I�rom Chevelon's Fork to mouth of Big Dry Fork..•••••..•• 8.00 126.31 . .-.-.-.-.-. . From Big Dry Fork to Falls of Little Colorado.. ••...... 1 43.11 169.42 ...... From Falls of Little Colorado to head of Williams 's Fork ...i 89. 64 25 9.06 From Williams's Fork to Yampai cree ...... : 89.87 :34 8.93 From Yampai creek to first camp on Colorado...... , 65.57 41 4. 50 From first camp on Colorado to mouth of Williams's Fork. -i 75.1 9 489.6 9 From Williams's Fork to camp Yuma ...... - 168.00 657.69 ------1 - - -.------. . " • Cl •� •M •� • a, C') "': 8� ,t- •M ,M>n •MC'-1: ·- ::, ·- .(.Cl :o.C') .... C'-1 • a,t- ...... · • t- . c.o • u-::i •M C'-1 O •t..'°j ...... _..., :L" •t:."";) a.nan :t.r.ilf'"; TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS. o.."o.. : Latitude. Lon itude west of greenwich. ------1------1 0 0 t-ll":I ll":IOlt:ll-t.c":)ll":I i:-0 � t- C- Mt- M c,j � � 00 1-- 0 t- M /"N L� � r:/J ,.....,11':)�t.:,to Pueblo of Zuni ...... 35 4 )0 .7 ·················· cnoooocnooa,cncicioa,cnoo-.,,..,,.,_,,,_,,������i-0000...... Camp No. 5 ...... 34 37 33 ...... Camp No. 7 ...... 34 45 27.7 ·················· Camp No. 12 ...... 35 15 48 ...... Camp No. 17 ...... 3· 111 ...... , 16 3 111 29 30 ...... Camp No. 18 ...... 35 8 34 .3 34 3 ..: : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : :e::::: :SSE :ES Camp No. 28 ...... 35 26 0.2 ...... ::, 0 Camp No. 32...... 35 8 55. 4 114 39 27 , • • , • • , • • • 0 • • • . • • C L'°j • . • 0 0 0 . L� 0 Camp No. 37...... 34 34 31 ...... sssssssssa�sssasa��sas���sd�d C... 0.. cd 0.. 0... d 0.. 0.. i::l LI') dC...C.,i::l;:...�0.. 0..� � M d LI').. � Camp No. 39...... 34 20 59.8 ...... Camp No. 45...... 33 42 9 ·················· Camp No. 47...... 33 25 27 ...... Mouth o:· Gila river...... 32 43 31.6 114 33 4 ------�------�- The position of the mouth ofthe Gila river is from the observations of Lieut. A. ·w. Whipple, Topographical Engineers. " ...." 0... ..0" METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS-Continued. l'.:J C') i I II Nu111ber of camp. I Date. Hour. A.neroid. Therm., Approximate "Wind. I Clouds, &.c. Fah. ,iltitude. I I I ----1-----1-----i ______i 1 :,:, Camp No. 10...... Oct. 4 :,.40 a. n1.Ill •• . 24.96 :n40 ...... , E. l .....••1 Clear...... t,,j 111•• Camp No. 11...... ' 5 5.30 a. 25.1 G� "d (j Ill ••' 0 Camp No. 12...... I 5 5.40 p. 25.2 ::::,"' Do ...... ' 7 .40 111a. .... •' 25.025 40 : ·:::::·: ·:: : t: : :l : :: : : :iL: : : {: :: :: :'::::::: : ::.: :. : :: : Do ...... 6 2 p. 24.93 84 .. . . • .. . . . SE. .. 2...•• .I Floatino- clouds, cum., and strat. 0>:j Do ...... G 5.30 p. m •. 24 .92 70 ...... I SE. l ...... ' ....do.� ...... d0 .••••. do .. . Do ...... 1 7 5.55 n. m .., 24.9 43 5182.J S. 1...... ' · ...do ...... do ..••• .do ... > Camp No. 13...... ' 7 3 p. m .....Ill •• 24.89 71 ...... S. uy vV. 3. 1 Cloudy, cum ...... z Do ...... 7 6.4.5 P· 24.93 61 ...... S. 3 ...... do ...... Do ...... 1 t,,j 8 5.45 a. rn.. 24.99 35 5163.7 0 ...... Clear ...... � Camp No. 14...... 8 5.30 p.m .. 24.24 60 59.50. 7 SvV. 1...... do ...... "d Camp No. 15...... 9 5.45 a. u1.. 1 24 .35 5830 ...... S'\V.1 .... do ...... · .. ···•• t,,j Do ...... 1 9 2 p. m .....111 •• 24.30 ...... NE. 1 .....·1....· ...do ...... I:, Do ...... , 9 5.30 p. 24.30 5],_,i- ...... N"\V.E. 1 ...... do ...... D@ ...... JO 6.20 a. m .. 24.33 ...... 1. ..•...... do ...... 0 Do ...... ' lll, i :z 10 2 p. m .....'; 24.30 60 ·.·.·.:::·.·.:::: ��: i:::::l:::t::::::::::::·.·.:::·.·.:::: Do ...... •: 10 5.25 Illp...... 1 24.30 !i 52 I:, Do...... J1 6 a. Ill .. 24.33 29 5687 .4 S. l ...... I ....do ...... 0 Camp No. 16...... J1 5.40 p. 22.93 40 ...... NE.. . . 1 .....1 ••••do ...... � Do ...... 12 6 a. m .... 22.95 30 7229.6 NE. 1 .....! ....do ...... :z"' Hill near camp No. 16 ... 12 3 p. m ....Ill .. 22.8 53 7545.7 NE. 1..... ! ....do ...... Camp No. 17...... ]2 5.40 Illp. .. ., 23.8 43 :::::::::::: �E'.·i·.::::l:::t::::::::::::::::::::::: :i:: Do ...... I 13 6 a. 2:3.11 29 t,,j Do ...... 13 ti P· m .... 23.09 46 ...... S. by E. 1. ·1· ...do ...... Do ...... ' 14 6 a. m .... 23.1 32 ...... 0...... do ...... Do ...... I! 14 2 p. m .... 23.11 65 :: :: :::::::: t L:: :::1: ::t:::: :::: :::::::::: :: : : : Do ...... I 14 5.45 p.m. 23.11 ! ;3148 1 •••• Do ...... 15 6 a. 111 .... 23.12 7073. 8 0...... do ...... , Camp No. 18.,, ...... 15 2 p. m ..... 23.23 59 SE. J ... ,, ....•do ...... , .. • .. ,, ...... , Do ...... 15 6 p. m ..... 23.23 48 E. 1 ...... do ...... Do ...... 16 6.15 a. m .. 23.23 21 0...... , •••do ...... Do...... 16 2 p. m .....1 23.28 62 s,v. 1...... do ...... Do ...... 16 6 p. m ..... 23.28 51 O...... do ...... Do ...... 17 6.15 a. m .. 23.26 14 E. 1 ...... do ...... , ...... Do ...... 17 2 p. m .....1 23.25 63 NE. l ...... do ...... Do ...... 17 6 p. m ....."ii 23.27 48 E. I ...... do ...... Do...... ]8 6 a m ... 23.24 6 O...... do ...... N Do ...... 18 6 p. m ....., 23.24 47 0...... do ...... � Do ...... 19 6 a. m ...... 23.22 10 0 .•.••...... •..do ...... Do...... 19 2 p. Ill.•••• ! 23.20 69 SvV. 2 ...... do ...... 111 ••••• Do ...... 19 6 p. m .....; 23 .18 50 E. 1 ...... Few strat. near hor. to N .... . I;;> Do ...... 20 6 a. 23.12 14 E. 1 ...... do ...... do ...... z Do ...... 20 2 p. m ..... 23.12 66 S. 1 ...... Clear ...... (") Do ...... 20 6 p. m ..... 23.ll 53 SE. 1. ...••....do ...... 0 Do...... 21 6a.rn..... 23.10 20 0 ...... do ...... t< Camp No. 19 ...... :JI21 2 p. 111 ••••• 23.45 69 6963.6 S. 1 ...... do ...... 0 111 .... :,:, Do ...... 6 p. lll ...• 23.4G 55 S. 1 ...... do ...... > Do ...... 22 6 a. 23.48 32 G764.9 N.byE.l ...... do ...... I:, Camp No. 20...... 22 6ti a:p. mm ...... 23.41 2248 0 ...... do ...... Do ...... , .... 23 23.42 6644 .9 vV. by N l. ....do ...... ,, ...... :,:, _,9� 0...... do ...... Camp No. 21...... 23 6 p. m .... 23.76 I 53 Numi.Jer of camp. Date. I lour. Aneroid. Therm., I Approximate! Wind. Clouds, &c. Fah. altitude . J l ;,j \ t:j Ca111pN026...... oct.30 6a.m .... _ 24.81 33 ' ••••••••••••5248.3 1 E. 1...... Clear ...... 'tl CampNo.27...... 30 6p.m .... .' 25.37 67 ,v. 1. ...••.•..do ...... 0 Do ...... '1 31 6a. m..... 25.24 34 4710.7 i E. 1...... do ...... ;,j 1 I Camp No. 28...... 31 2 p. m..... 25.35 80 :::::: 0.., Do...... 1 31 6 p. m ..... 25.36 62 : : : :: :· �f L::::::: t:·:. ·.:: :·:.::: :·. ·.: ::::::: '-=:I Do ...... •.' Nov. l 6a.m ..... 25.42 30 ...... NE. 1...... do ...... Do ...... 1 2p. m .... .' 25.46 81 . .. .• .. . •. • . S. 1 ...... •....do ....•...... Do...... l 1 6 p. m..... 25.46 61. .. •••• .. • • • NN\V. l ...... do ...... � Do ...... 2 6 a. m .... .' 25. 54 33 461 2.8 N.l,v...... do ...... t:j CampNo. 29...... 3 6 a. m ..... 26.36 42 3562.6 1...... do ...... ?<: Camp No. 30...... ·I· ... 'tl 4 6 a. m..... 25.64 56 4378.5 E. 1...... •••• do...... ••·••• t:j Ca111pNo. 31...... 5 6a.111..... 1 26.47 50 3563 .2 NvV. 1 .....1 do.•...... · ·· · · · · · l::jH C:unp No. 32...... 5 6.30 p. 111.. 28.91 63 .. • • ••. • •• • . N. 1....• ...... do ...... H Do ...... 6 6a.111..... ' 28.90 35 .., Do ...... 6 2 p. 111. . . . . 28 . 86 87 ::::: :: :::::' i\v.·i:: :: :I: :::t·:.::::: :::::·:.: :: :: :: : z0 Do...... 6 6 p. 111..... 28.80 63 .••••..••••.· 0...... I Thin cum. strat...... l::j Do...... 7 6a.111 ..... 28.78 38 1141.6 0...... do ...... 0 Camp No. 33...... 7 6 p.111..... 28.84 64 ...... 0 ...... Cloudy, cum ...... I Do ...... l 8 6a.111 ..... 28.85 41 Jl40.4 0...... do ...... z::: Camp No. 34...... I 8 6 p. 111..... 28.95 63 1036.3 ! 0...... do ...... Camp No. 35,...... • . 9 2 p. m..... 28.86 78 ...... " S. I ...... do ...... ;:c.., Do...... •. 9 6 p.111..... 28.83 59 . •• • ... •. . • . SvV. 1 .. .. . Few cum. and stra t. near hor .. � Do...... 10 I 6 a.111.. 1 .. . 28.88 43 1139. 5 ,v. l...... Clear ...... CampNo.36...... 10 , 6 p.11 ..... 28.90 66 ...... N. 1...... Clear, norther ...... 1 1 Do...... 11 Ga. 111..... 28.95 57 I· · ...... 1075.3 N. 1...... do ...... Ca11pNo.37...... 11 2p.m ..... 28.98 73 1 N. 3 •••••••••••do ...... 1 Do ..... ,...... 11 i 6 p. 111..... 29 69 ...... 1 N. 3 .••••••....do ...... Do...... 12 ; 6 a.111 ...... 29 .10 60 ! 984.8 N. 2...... do .. .•••....•••...... Camp No. 38....•. .•... 12 2 p.m ..... 29.12 i6 .. .. • .. .. • .. N. 2...... Few cir.strat. , norther...... Do ...... •..... 12 6 p.m ..... 29.13 63 ...... N. 1 ...... Clear, norther ...... Do ...... 13 6 a. Ill •.••• 29.16 48 875.8 N. 1...... do ...... Camp No. 41...... 15 6 p.m ..... 29.14 57 865. 7 O••••••. •.. .•.•do ...... Camp No. 42...... • 16 6 p.m ..... 29.26 60 755. I S. 1 ...... Few strat...... Camp Xu. 45 ...... , . 19 6 p. 111 ••••• 29.50 62 ...... N. 2 ...... do ...... Do ...... 20 1 6a. m ..... 29.56 43 496. 9 N. 1...... Few cir. strat...... f'arnp l\o. 4!) ..• , ...•.• , 23 6 p.m ..... 29.75 48 '·...... NE. 1...... Clear ...... 24 I 7 a. Ill ..••• 29.75 27 287 NE. 1...... do ...... N Do ...... c:: � > z l::j (") 0 r 0 ;,j > l::j 0 �H < � ;,j'!' l-,:) 0 REPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY PASSED OVER BY THE EXPLORING EXPEDITION UN DER THE COMMAND OF BREY. CAPT. L. SITGREAVES, UNITED STATES TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, DURING THE YEAR 18."il. BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D., SVR AcADE�IY OF NATUnAL Scn:NcEs, Philadelphia, January :!5, 1853. Dts.rn S111 : I have the honor of submitting to you the following report of the natural l,istury of t}ie country over which your comm:rnd p1ssed, on the route throug:1 Texas and New Mexico to Zuiii, at whd1 place t!1e dutie, of explorn. tion commenced. The cause of the delay of t'1is report h1s been owing to the detention of my collections, which did not arrive until late la.st fall. I have urged the comple tion of it wit'.1 all pos3i�b disp:itc:1, and am now happy to inform yo:.i of it3 completion. I have also t1.ken t,10 liberty of introducing m:.ich of the natural history of the lndi:111 territory, in whi�h country I had the honor to be attached to a p1rty under your comm111d, in a simihr eJp1city, in the ye:ir 1849, and under Lieu tenant J.C. Woodruff in the year 185J. I was so unfortunatein t'.1e preservation of the large collection of Colcopterous insects m:i.de whilst on t'.1e Creek boundary expedition, (which were much dam aged, owing to t'1e difficulties of transport1tion,) and bcc1me so dishe1rtened, that I did not attempt it on t'10 present occasion. On my arriv:d in Texas, and during my st1y at San Antonio, I s:iffared much from intermittent fever, which w1s the cause of the loss to me of much time that might have been profit1bly spent in the pursuit of my favorite studies, for t!1at country offers a great field for the naturalist. The party JellSan Antonio on the 7th of May, passing over the ro1d laid out under the ,:ircctiun of Ilvt. Lieut. Col. J.E. Johnston, U.S. Topographical Engineers, in the ye�r 1840, from S:rn Antonio to El Paso, along which I made collections of considerable interest in t'.1e t:iffercnt dep1rtments of natural his tory, including qu:i.drupa:ls, birJ,, rcp'.ile3, and plants; for full descriptions of which I refer you to t'.w accom;nnying p:i.persof this report. Mr.Wrig,1t, an enterprising bot:rnist,has passed over this route several times, and the plants have been described by Doctors Torrey and Gray, m1ny of which have been already publis:1cd by t'1cr.1 i:1 t!1c Smithsonictn Contributions, under the title " Plantru "\Vrig}1tiar.ru." Thi3 country is exJeJ:lingly ric'.1 i:1 reptiles, sJvc:·al of which in my collection were new. Among the birds, t'.VO I fou:1d 0:1 c:.:imination to be new, and several others new to our fa:ma. Dr. LcConb has de1cri'.ied, i'.l t'.1e p�oceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of l'hiladelp!1i1, a beautiful and lirgJ 1'rcmbidium, whic3 he calls Trcmbidium m�.:rnificum, and w!1ic:1 I fo:ind i'.1 t'.1is country. 3 34 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZU�I AND COLORADO RIVERS, 35 I also procured here a fine species of .flpw, (.fl. longicaudatus,) described by Following the valley of the Rio Laguna, along which I collected a variety of Major LeConte in the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, grasses and flowers, I also procured a specimen of the Virginia rail, (Rallus Vir vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 9. ginianus.) From the head of this stream we ascended the Zufiimountain, which Frequently did I findin the road that disagreeable-looking object known to the is here covered with cedars (J,miperus) and pinons, (Pimts edulis.) We en Mexicans as the vinagrnn, (Telep/Jonis giganteus,) and by them much dreaded. camped on this mountain, at the Willow Spring, (Ojo de la Jarra,) a most From El Paso, passing up the Rio Grande, along which stream the vegetation beautiful spot ; an abundance of fine green grammo.-gro.sses (Boutelo,·ea and alters but little, the"timber being- principally cotton-wood, (Populus monilifera,) Chondrosittm,) with high hills on either side, everything looking fresh 11.nd green, the mezquit (.fllgarobia), extending up as far as the Jornnda de! Muerto, the so different from any portion of country that we had been in for months. This creosote plant, (Larrea .Mea:icana,) grease-weed, ( Obione canescens,) Fallugia portion of country, and for miles back, would be of exceeding interest to a paradoxa, and various species of artemisia and yucca, are found growing along geologist. the barren hills extremely abundant. • There were but fe w flowers to ·collect. r Here were three varieties of pine and two of oak ; also a rough-barked cedar, added to my collections numerous birds and reptiles along this stream and during· (Juniper11s prtchyderma,) a new species which Dr. Torry has just described. T our detention at Santa Fe. made collections of several varieties of beautiful flowers ; among them was the On Wednesday, August 15th, 1851, we commenced our western march from Gilia elegans. Here also were to be seen a number of birds : Tyrnnnula Sayi, Santa Fe, following the valley of the Rio Santa Fe a number of miles, and then Cyanacorax C,tl·ifornicus, C. Stcllei·i, several chico.dees, and the western blue crossing a dry, arid, gravelly plain to the Galesteo creek, the valley ofwhich we bird (Sialia occidentalis.) The C. Calijimi-icuswere numerous, and feedingupon followed a number of miles. From there we passed over to the Rio Grande, at the nuts of the pinon, (P. cd1tl·is) and were exceedingly wild. Pai·us montanus the pueblo of San Domingo. But little of interest is presented thus far, the and other chicadees were quite numerous. country for the most part being quite barren, gramma-grass (Boutelorea) being The view on leaving the timber of this mountain was exceedingly beautiful. found in occasional patches, several species of Opuntia,also Ephedra, the Fremon In front was an open plain, upon which were feeding numerous herds of ante tia vermicularis, &c. From here the valley of the Rio Del Norte, as far as Albu lope, (.flntilocapra .flmericana.) querque, presents but little change in regard to vegetation, with the exception of I have observed throughout New Mexico the Hirundol,miji·ons, H. bicolor, and a few scattered cotton-wood trees, (P. monil-ifera,)or occasionally a fewcedars, Fringillagraminea, very abundant ; also, on the praries, the Otocoris ari•ensis. (Junipt1'1'1.) The grass in many places was plenty, and of good quality. Encamped at the Inscription Rock, a. singular sandstone mesa about two hun Along this river I observed numerous water-birds, such as the great and little dred and fifty feet high. Here I observed a new swifl, of which, however, I was yellow-shank tattler, (Totanusmelanoleucus and T.flavipes,) the little sand-piper, unable to secure a specimen, but I was close enough to become well acquainted (Tringapttsilla and T. Schinzi,) a new species of curlew, (.N'umenius occidentelis,)· with it ; I propose for it the no.me of the Rock swift, (.flcanthylis saxatilis.) I coots, (Fulica .fl11uricana,) avocet, (Recurvirostra .flme,·icana;) brant, (Bemic/11· here procured a number of plants ; the pinon and cedar grow a.boutthese rocks. brenta,) ducks, mallard, (.flnas Boschas,) blue-winged teal, (Pterocyanea coeru Between the Inscription Rock and the Ojo Pesco.do the country is almost bar leata,) shoveller, (Spatula clypeata,) white pelican, (Pelecanus trachyrhynchus,) ren, there being little el,ie but grease-weed, ( Obione canescens,) and occasionally besides several varieties of land birds, finches, &c. a little grass. This spring is the head of the Rio Zmii, and about it there is an Crossing the river at that place, and pul"lluing a western course, ascending a abundance of grass, but few flowers. number of miles over a sandy, barren road, we came to a plain; from this we About five miles from the pueblo of Zmii there is a large spring, in which the rapidly descended to the Rio Puerco, having passed over a barren waste, upon Siredon lickenoides is quite abundant. The valley from here to the pueblo is which little was growing excepting grease-weed, ( Obione canescens,) Franseria cultivated by the Indians. About this creek I collected a number of birds, acanth.ocarpa, or Yerba del sapa of the Mexicans, several species of artemisia, and among which were the willet, ( Totmwssemipalmatus,) blue-winged teal, (Ptero a. few cacti. At this stream, which was now dry, there were a few scattered· cyama cizruleata) green-winged teal, (Q. Carolinensis) great and lesser yellow cedars and cotton-woods. shank snipe, ( T melanolwcus and T. flavipes)Schinz', and the little sand-pipe?', Pa.s11ing from here to the pueblo of Laguna., over a divel"llified country, with ( Tringa Schin:ii and T. pusilla) sand-hill cranes, ( Gr11s C,madensis) and the .flr- • occa.siona.llyplenty of gramma-grass, (Boutelorea,) and on the hills numerous dea Herodias. Among the land birds were the Tyrannula Sayi, the mountain cedars; birds and quadrupeds were very scarce ; now and then an occasional mocking-bird, (Mimus montanus,) and several varieties of finches; among them reptile was to be seen·. Here we encamped a. few days, and near by there is Zona t1-ichia Blandingfona, Z. grnminea, P. Savanna, S. pallida, S. amoena, &c. growing a species of scrub oak, ( Quercus Emoryii,) also numerous cedars, (Juni The Ptilogonys Totcnsendii a;1d the Ictel'ia vil-idis were quite abundant. perus.) About Acoma I found ,specimens of the Datura .Metel. There were I also procured a number of reptiles, one of which proved to l,e new, and has quite a number of birds among the cedars, among them the California jay, been described by Dr. Hallowell under the name Pi!,:ophis affini.·. I also added (Cyanacorax Califoniicus;) in the lake, in the vicinity of camp, there is quite a many specimens of plants to my collection. variety of water,fowl, 36 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN 'l'HE ZU�I AXD COLORADO RIVEitS, 37 During our detention at t!1e pueblo of Zufii I was unfortunately bitten by a 11long v:irious portions of this stream. Among the quadrupods Cervll3 macrc rattlesnake ( Crotalus le Conlei,) a full account of the effects and the tre1tment ti!, .!Jnti!ocapra .!/,nerieana, Ursus ferox, and the Lepus callolis, abound. Tho of which I have given in my medical report. This was a sad accident for me, variety of birds was not great; amoJllrlnem was N utl11l 's whip-poor-will, ( Capri more particularly at this time, as we were just about commencing the most im mulgus N111tallii,) of which I procured several specimens. The white-crowned portant and interesting part of the exploration. I did not recover the u�e of finch,Z. leucophry•, was quite abundant. Water-birds were more numerous. I my left hand for months afterwards,and this accounts for the small collection of procured two specimens of ibis, (I guariiana ?) birds, quadrupeds, nm! reptiles procured by me west of this place, being entirely Leaving this river, we commenced our ascent of the S1n Francis�o mounhin. dependent upon the exertions of the men. Oftentimes, as I was riding along, In many· places the ground was perfectly black with drifted scoria. Passed a did I sec a bird, reptile, or plant that I had not before seen, and was unable to number of small walnut-trees, bearing a small nut, the miniature of our blo.ck pr<>fure them : a man at that time not being near me, I was forcecl to p1ss walnut, which Dr. Torrey has found to be new. He calls it Juglans Whippltana. t!Jem by. I believe it to be the same as I collected al the Painted Camp, in Western Texas. On leaving here, and following down the Rio Zufii; there is but a slig!Jt change Much of the ground is covered with tine gramma-grass ancl cedars ; in other in the vegetation, cacti and gre1se-weed being abundant, and gra.mma-grasaesin places are the trees to be found without the grass, and the ground covered witb numerous places; tho trc9s being principally cedar. I observed in but ono fine drifting scoria. place a few pophrs, (Populus august·ijolia,) and nc:tr these trees was a beaver At Camp No. 15: I procured a number of birds ; among them were the Plilc was 011 the edge of a large valley in which there WjS plenty of gramma-grass, canescens,) £1-iod·ictyon, Ephetlra.!lmericana,and a species of Y11cca, growing up we again entered the dense cedar timber ; on leaving this, cacti and the Obfone wards of ten feet in height, having a large trunk, and branching about four or canescens ahounc.l. fivefeet above the ground. Camp No. 25 was ia a small valley, with a little grass; on the side-hills were We encamped on the opposite side of this valley, at the foot of the mountain, growing cedars, yellow-wood, and Fallttgia Pamdox variety of cacti-one of which was very conspicuous, the Cert-us gigcmleu[-SCV• era! sper.ies of grass, and a species of cane, growing about the lagunas, .!fru·1do 1ihragmite.•, Torr.,) and a singular-looking tree, apparently a species of acacia, growing from twenty lo thirty feel high,leans very small,and bark light green, beari11g a small bean with a long pod. Birds were scarce; the Call-ipe1,La Gwnbelii very abundant. A variety of water-birds, such as s:rnd-hill crane, snipe, ducks, geese, &c. The Cervus ma crolis were occasionally lo be seen ; the Lepus calloti.s was quite abundant; also the Cm1is latrans. On the desert of the Colorado there is but little growing, excepting grease weed. On it are to be found the rem:iins of old Jlnodo11s, showing that it is sub ject to be overflowed Ly the Colorado ; but I believe there was but one species of that shell. It is singular t'rnt in tho Great Colorado and its tributaries I did not procure or sec a shell of the genus U11ia. At New river there are numerous mesquite trees and careless-\\·eed, ( Chenopoclitlm,) the seed of which the Indians grind and make into bread. The laguna of this creek was filled with an infer nal water, being green, thick, salt, and stinkin�. In and about this we found a number of ducks and small snipe. As we approached Carissa creek, we found fossil oyster-shells, (Exogyra). On the hills about this creek were growing numerous cacti ; also the St. Jo seph rod, (Foqucra tpinosa,) which being in full bloom, looked beautiful. Mes ZOOLOGY. quite, arrow-wood, and salt grass, were abundant. On this creek there has been a grove of large palms, a few of which now remain. Al Valhecitas we found plenty of grass, and the Jlgavc Jlmericana, growing MAMMALS AND RIRDS, BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D. nbundantly. REPTILES, BY EDWARD HALLOWELL, M. D. Ascending the valley from Snn Felipe, the mountains on either side are cov FISHES, BY PROF. S. F. DAIRD AND CHARLES GIRARD. ered with tall pines. On the dividing ridge we found a species of live-oak, (Q;uercusogrifolia,) and the button-wood, (Pia/anus .�1exicanus.) There was but little variation in the vegetation between here and the Pacific,excepting many of the hills were covered with wild oats. Being late in the season, and snow on the Coast range, there were no plants to be collected. Birds were scarce. Near Sant:J. Isabelle, in a large hguna, there were a number of ducks, among them the canvass-back (.N'yroca Val-isneria,) red-neck, (.N'.feri1ia,) mallard (Jlnas Boschas,) teal (Pterocyanca c,zrnleala,) &c. For foller and more detailed accounts of the natural history, I will have to refer you lo the sep:i.rale p:i.pers on each branch accompanying this. I must here offer my grateful acknowledgments lo the kind assistance afford ed me by Edward Ballowe], M. lJ., and Professors Torrey, Baird, and Girard, in their various deputrnents ofn:itural history. To the Messrs. Kern much credit is due for their praiseworthy drawings, which have required time and minute study of nature. I am sir, with much respect, your obedient servant, S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D., Surgeon and .N'a!uralisl to lite Expcclitio11. Ilrevel Captn.in L. S1TGREAVEs, U. S. 1'vpograpftical E11gfocen, Tf'ashinglon. MAMMALS. BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D. Genus VESPERTILIO, Linn. VESPERTILIO CAROLINENs1s, Geoff.-The common Carolina Bat. Vespertilio C11rolinensis, Geoff. Ann. Mus. d 'hist. Nat., tom. 8, pl. 47. This bat is common throughout the Indian territory and Texas. Whilst on the Rio Grande, New Mexico, I shot a long-eared bat, which speci men was unfortunately lost before it could be prepared for preservation. Genus CONDYLURA, Illigcr. CoNDYLUR., CRISTAT.,, Linn.-The Star-nosed Mole. Sorex cristatus, Linn., ed. 12, p. 73. Condylura cristata, Harlan, Faun. Amer., p. 36. Condylura macroura, Harlan, Faun. Amer., p. 39. Condylura c,-istata, Aud. & Bach., vol. 2, p. 139, pl. 69. This animal is very common in the Indian territory. Genus URSUS, Linn. URsus AMERICANUS, Pnllas.-The Black Bear. Urms .l.lme,·icanus, Pallas, Spic. Zoo!., vol. 14, p. 6-26. Godman, Nat. Hist., r, p. 114.-Harl. Faun. Amer., p. 51. This animal is common in the Indian territory, especially al the Cross Tim bers and in the timber of the Arlcansas river and its tributaries. It is also very common in the timbered portions of country in Texas and New Mexico. URsus FER0X. Lewis & Clark.-The Grisly Bear. Ursus horribilis, Ord. Say. in Longs. Exp., vol. 2, p. 224, note 34. " Godtnan, Nat. llist., vol. I, p. 131. Ursus cine,·ws, Dcsm. Mammal, p. 164. Ursus canescens, Hamilton Smith. Grif. An. King., vol. 2, p. 229. This formidable animal is found in the mountainous portions of New Mexico and California. About the San Francisco mountain, near the Little Colorado river, New Mexico, I have frequentlyseen freshtracks without having met with the animal, although it was there quite abundant. 44 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 45 Genus PROCYON, Storr. Genus BASSARIS, Licht. PnocvoN L0Ton, Linn.-Thc Raccoon. BASs.rn1s ASTUTA, Licht.-The Ring-tailed Ilassaris. U,·sns lotor, Linn. Gmelin. Bassaris asluta, Licht. Mam. Iler. Mus., pl. 43. Vi ·PuTonws ERMINEus, Linn.-The Ermine Weasel. J\lustela ermi11,a, Linn.-Grnelin 1, p. 98. Godrn1n, Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 193. Genus CANIS, Linn. This beautifuland active little animal is quite common in the Indian territory. C.1.NIS GIGAs, Towns.-The Buffalo "\Volf. Lnpnsgigas, Towns, Jour. A. N. Sci., Phila., N.S., v. 2, p. ,5. J.,upm occidentalis, Peale, U.S. Ex. Exp. Zoo!., p. 2G. Genus'MEPHITIS, Cuv. I have observed this anim:il frequently in t!ie Indian territory, in that por�io:i MEPIIIT1s AME1t1cANA, Desm.-The common S!tunk. frequented by the buffalo. It appears to be solit:iry in its habits, an CANIS UTRANs, Say.-Thc Prairie Wolf. Genus LUTRA, Ray. Canis latmns, Say, Longs. Exp., vol. I, p. 1GB. Go CANIS FRUSTR0R, Woodhouse.-The American Jackal. C,m'isfrnstror, vVoodhouse, Proc. A N. Sci., Phila., vol. 5, p. 147. Genus FELIS, Linn. Cn.rn. EssENT .-I-lair cinereous-gray, varied with black above; longer on thf:' vertebral line; legs fulvous. FELIS P.\Ro.u1s, Linn.-Thc Leopard Cat, or Ocelot. Feet. Inches. Felis pardalis, Linn, p. 62. Dimensio11s.-Total length from the tip of the nose, including the Harlan, Faun:i., p. 96, Schreber Saugt. Sup., v. 2, p. 496. tail, with the exception of the hair at tip...... 2 7 Aud. and Bach. Q. N. A., vol. 2, p. 258, pl. 86. Total length of vertebrre of tail...... 83-10 Total length of ears...••. .•.•.•....•....•••...... 4 3-10 This beautiful species, known in Texas as the leopard cat, is common through out that country and in the Indian territory, preferring thickets on the borders Total length of fore leg ...... 9 of streams, and often carrying offthe game which a.hunter has just shot before From the anterior canthus of the eye to the tip of nose 2 7-10 From anterior angle of ear to posterior can thus of eye 2 4-10 he has a chance to enter the thicket. I have seen it jump out of a tree and .Between the anterior angles of the cars ...•....•••• 2 5-10 alight on the ground and run swiftly before me, while riding on horseback. Descriptfon.-Hair at base fulvous and woolly, middle of its length white and FELis c0Nco1.0R, Linn.-The Cougar, or Panther. tipped with black; cars erect, pointed at tip, cinnamon-color behind and at the Fel-is concolor, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel, 1, p. 79. base, inside dirty white, sides paler than the back ; belly brownish white; breast Schreb. Saugt. Sup., vol. 2, p. 467. brown ; chin white; legs cinnamon-color; the nose, from the eyes to the tip, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 94. cinnamon-color ; checks gray ; space between the cars reddish-brown ; tail ful Godman, Nat. Hist., v. 1, p. 291. vous below, dark gray above, black at tip, slightly bushy; iris light brown; lips FeUs pt1ma, Shaw, Gen. Zoo!., 1, 2, p. 158, tab. 89. white, tipped with black ; it has three series �f setre, on the upper lip, above the I have never found this animal very abundant. It was observed in the Indian eyes, and on the sides of the cheeks. territory in the neighborhood of a swamp ; in Texas, in the open prairie ; and in The skull of this animal resembles more closely the jackal of the Old World New Mexico, in the mountains. than any known species of wolf. Habits.-This animal I first saw at Fort Gibson, on the Neosho river, which place they frequent at night in numbers, making their way to a ditch where the offals of the garrison are thrown. Genus DIDELPHIS, Linn. Their bark is sharp, like that of a terrier, followed in quick succession ; then a prolonged cry, much like that of a hound. Four or five of them make as DIDELPHIS VmGINL\NA, Shaw.-The Virginia Opossum. 1, much noise as twice their number of terrier dogs, so that a stranger on hearing Didelphii Vil'giniana, Shaw's Zoo!., vol. p. 73. them is apt to be deceived as to their number. I have seen them on all parts of Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 7. the prairies in the Indian territory ; but they appear to be more abundant near Aud. and Bach, vol. 2, p. 107, pl. 66. the settlements. They prowled frequently about our camp at night, keeping up Veryabundant throughout the Indian territory and Texas. I did not observe an incessant barking. it in New Mexico. I observed but few of them in Texas. ] procnred a male and female of this animal whilst in the Indian territory, which arc in my collection. This animal has hitherto been confounded with the C,mis l!ttrans, Say. There Genus CASTOR, Linn. are, I believe, several small species of wolves which are different, and are all Coy9te. known to the Mexicans by the general name of CASTOR FIBER, Linn.-The American Beaver. Castor fiber, Linn.-Syst., 12th ed., p. 78. " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 21. Genus VULPES, Desm. Castor ordinaire, Desm. Mam. Castor _Jlmericanus, F. Cuvier. Vu1.n:s c1NERE0-.\RGENT.\Tus, Gmel.-The Gray Fox. Rich, F. Bor. Amer. v. 2, p. 105. C1tnis cinereo-argcntat11,s, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. I, p. 280. Castor fiber, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 3H, pl. 46. Found throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. The Pueblo • I observed a few of these animals in the Indian territory and Texas; but they Indians of the latter country prize the skin of this animal very highly, and make are quite plentiful in different parts of New Mexico. On our route we found it use of it as an ornament of dress in some of their dances. in the Zmii, Little and Great Colorado rivers. In the latter it was •1uite abundant. REPORT OF AN EXPEDITIO:-l DOWN THE 'Breadth of eaT...... • •• ••••••• •· • 3-10 inch. "' Genus MUS, Cuv. Fore legs •••••••••. n••··.... •• • • ...... • . .. • .• . . 1 Hind legs .•.••••••••., •. . ,• .- ••.••. ,...... 1-6-10 " Mus 11uscuLus, Linn.-The common Mouse. 't>ll,.-1 prncured this pretty lit,Ie,anima.l on the Rio Grande,near -El Paso. .Mm musculus, Linn, I Ith ed., p. 83. ()fits habits I know nothing. " " Say, Longs. Exp., vol. I, p. 262. " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 84. HuPl!.ROMn LEUCOPU� Raf.-'l'he American whfte-footed MotlBe. .Mus sylvaticus,Forster, Phil. Trans. 162, p. 380. Common about all the settlements in tho Indian territory, Tc:i::is,New M�xico, .Muscu'lusleucopus, Raf., Amer, Month. Rev.•, Oct., HllS, p. '444. and California. .Mus ag1-arius., Godmo1n,Nat. Hist. vol. 2, p. 88. Mus DECUMANus, Linn.-The brown or Norway Rat. .Mus leucopus., Aud. and Bach. ·Quad. N. A- vol.2, .p. 300, pl. ·40. .Mus dec·umanw, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel., t. p. 127. !Common in the lndiaJl territo� and Telllls. " Godman, Nat. Hist. vol. 2, p. 78. Schreber Saugthiere, p. 645. Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 22, pl. 54. 'Genus PERQGNATHUS,!Pr. de Willd. .Mus aquaticus, Gesner's Quad., p. 732. Pr:ao&NATHUS·PENICILLATU� Woodhouse,-The peneoillated•llouchedMouse. Found throughout all the settlemJnts wherever there were white settlers. It Ptrog�iathus peniciUatus,Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila,., vol. 6, p. 200. has m1de its appearance in Californiawithin the last fiveyears, and now is quite �HAR. ESSENT.-Ab�e yellawish brown, beneath whitie; tail longer than the common in all the large towns. he&d and bod,1, penecillate with .Jight-bNJ11Vn hair, Fomi;--The hea;d 411 ofmoderate size,•and not easily distinguished from the :neck. The •incisors are small, and but partially exposed ; upper ones are sulcate fa the middle. Nose 6rtlall and rather pointed, extendingwme distance beyond Genus HESPEROMYS, Watorhonse. 'the inoisors ; whiskers light-brown, and irregularlymixed -with black ; eyes dark Hr:sPEROMYS TEXANA, Woodhouse.-The Texas Mouse. :\irown, and of a moderate size ; ears nearly r-0und'and moderate, almost nakea Jlesperomys Texana, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., vol. vi. 'anteriorly, and eoverea posteriorly with fine for ; the tr11gus and antitragus are 'qUite prominent ; the external meatus is -protected by a tuft .of small black CHAR. ESSENT,-Smaller than the H. leuco1ius; head shorter and more blunt; l>ristles, extending across the ear ; tail about one and a quarter inch longer ears smaller and more round, brown above ; white, inclining to yellowish be 'than the hea.t MJdbody, round,�radually tapering, and'Covered with hair-'On neath. the superior a,nd middle ..portion commences a row of long silky hairs, whicil Description.-Head large, blunt; eyes prominent and dark-brown; ears erect, gradually increase in width until tlrey form a tuft at the end ; fore'legs short, roundish, oval, blunt, sparsely covered outwardly with short appressed brown feet small, with four well-developed toes, the rudiment •of the thumb, which�s hairs, inwardly with grey; thumb of fore-feet a tubercle, furnished with a long •armed with a •nail-palms naked ; hind legs and feet long, having five toes blunt nail ; two middle toes, the longest subequal ; hind feet furry, with tho -armed with nails ; feet and toes covered with short, fine fur ; soles naked ; the exception of the sole ; whiskers long. .fur longer on the liack than -0n the -belly-it is•soft and s11ky. Color.-Hair dark-cinereous, above tipped with pale brown and dusky, so as to Color.-Incisors yellow ; the top•of head and back do:rk yellowish ,brown have rather a mottled appearance; beneath with white, inclining to yellowish -lighter on the sides , fur at bttse light ash ; throat, belly, event, and fore legs the two colors, that is to s:iy above and bene1th, separated tolerably distinctly -white; inner portions. of !rind legs white-the white commences at the nostrils, from each other in a straight line; tail above brown, beneath white; nose mixed -and forms a well-marked line to the thighs, 'extending to the heel, leaving the brown and grey, or pale brown; whiskers black and gray; lega white on their :front of thigh white, outer portion light yellowish-brown ; roet,white; under inner surface only; feet white, the hairs projecting over the nails. ;portion ·ef tail white, above dark brown; the long hair on tail a rich brown:; Jfabitat.-Western Texas. :tip of nose flesh-col<1r; the fur'Ofnose a,nd 'h;i:lfof cheek white. Dimmsions.-Total length fromtip of nose to root of tail.. ...• 2 1-10 inches. !Dimensions.-Total length from tip of nose to root of tail.. •••.• 3 5-1.0 inches. Total length of tail...•.....•. ..•...... 2 1-10 Total length of vertebrm of tail•...... ••••.....• 3 7-10 . ' Tot:il length of he1d..•••...... •...... •....•• I 1-10 " Total length of ear anterior. • • •• •. . . .• . . • • .. • • . . 3-10 Height of c:ir...... • .• • • • • .. .• •• .. • . • ••. . . • • 4-10 " Total length of whiskers...... 1 7-.IO ... -4 50 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE zu!',l1 AND COLORADO RIVERS, 51 Total length of os calsis and middle toe, including nail 1 iacfr. GEOMYS FULvus, Woodhouse.-The Red Sand Rat. Total length fromelbow to tip of nail...... 1 Gcornys fulvus, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., vol. 6, p. 201. Distance from the anterior angle of orbit to the tip of 'CHAR. ESSENT.-Light reddish-brown above; beneath whitish; cars small and nose...... 6½-10 " round, covered with thick, short, black fur; tail long in proportion when com Habitat.-New Mexico, west of Rio Grande. pared with others of this genus. Obs.-Ofthe habits of this animal I know but little. The specimen described Deuription.-Head large; nose broad, covered with thick, short fur, with tho is a male; I procured it in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexico. �xception of a small space at tip and the margins of the nostrils, which are naked; the nose extends a short distance beyond the plane of the incisors ; the incisors arc exscrted with three convex smooth sides, the exterior broadest, and of a yel Genus DIPODOMYS, Gray. lowish color -their cutting edges are even ; the upper incisors extend downwards and inwards -the under ones are one-third longer than the upper, and but slightly D1PODOMYS 0Rnn, Woodhouse.-Ord's Pouched Jumping Rat. narrower; ears small and round, covered with thick, short black fur externally; Dipodomys Ordii, Woodhouse. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 6. CHAR. ESSENT.-Light reddish-brown above; beneath white; tail short, and eyes larger than is common in species of this genus ; ti,il round, thick at bas", peneciltate at end. and gradually tapering; the fore claws are long, compressed, slightly curved, and pointed; the claw on the middle toe is the longest, the fifth is the shortest, Dcscription.-A little smaller than the D. Phillipsii, Gray; head and tail and that of the thurr1bresembles much the claw of the hind foot,both as regards shorter ; nose long and pointed, extending some distance beyond the incisors ; size and shape. The toes on the hind feet arc a little longer and more slender ears somewhat round, the anterior portion almost naked ; posteriorly covered than those of the fore feet; the nails short, somewhat conical, and excavated with short, fine hair. underneath. Color.-Dark reddish-brown above , sides light reddish-brown ; fur ash-color Color.-Head, checks, back, and sides, bright reddish-brown, being d:irkeron a.t base ; side of tho nose, half of the check, spot behind the ear, band across the the top of the head and back; the breast, ventral region, feet,inner portions of thigh, and beneath, pure white; a black spot at the base of the long whiskers; a legs and thighs, white, slightly inclining to ash; abdomen very light reddish-brown; auporciliary ridge of white over the eye; tail dark brown, with a band vf white edges of cheek-pouches encircled with rufous. The long hair of the back on either side ; the penecillated portion of the tail is formed of long white hairs extends over about one-third of the tail, the remaining portion of which is covnrccl with bright brown tips. with short, white silky hairs, terminating in a sm,tll tuft. The fore feet above are Dimensiom.-Total length from tip of nose to root of tail...... 5 inches. covered with short white hair; the toes on their inner siclc h:ive a row of long Total length of vertebr:r of tail. .••.•.•••••••••••• 4 3-10 white hairs; palms naked ; the claws are opaque, white forJu.If their extent, the Total length of tail, including hair at tip •••. ; ••••• 5 5-10 ,. other half transparent -there is a small oblong reddish-brown spot in the centre Total length .,fos ca!cis, including middle toe and nail 1 5-10 of each. The hind feet are covered above with white hairs; soles naked. The Total length of ear .•••••••, ••••••••••• , ••••••••• 4i-10 " lips on their inner side arc covered with short, fine white hair, with a band of Habitat.-Western Texas. ehort, fine black furencircling the mouth. Fur above at base dark as.h, beneath Obs.-This I procured whilst I was at EI Paso, on the Rio Grande. I hav& light ash; whiskers silvery white. named it in honor of Mr. George Ord, President of the Academy of Natural Dimensions.-Totallength from the tip of the no:m to root of tail. 5 inehc5 Sciences, Philadelphia. Total length of tail vertebrre...... • •. ..• • • • • 2 3-10 " Total length fromanterior angle of eye to tip of nose 7-10 " Total length from tip of nose to auditory opening ... 11-IO ': Genus GEOMYS, Raf. Total length ofos ca leis, including middle toe and claw 11-10 " Total length from elbow to end of midcllc claw ....• I 8-10 " G&OMH BuRSARIUs, Shaw.-The Canada Pouched Rat. Total length of middle fore claw.. ••••...•••..... 4-10 " Mus Bursarius, Shaw, Gen. Zoo!., vol. 2, p. 100, p. 138. Total length of hind claw.. ••••.••..•••••..••••• 2;-10 " Mm bursarius, Shaw, Linnean Trans. vol. 5, p. 227, 1 p. 100. Total length of fur on back .•... _ ••••..•.....•.•. 3i-IO " Geomys cinerem, Raf. Amr. Month. Mag, 1817. Total length of whiskers, about . ••...••••...•.•. . 1 Pseudostoma buriarim, Aud. & Bach, Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 332, pl. 44. Habitat.-New Mexico, west of Rio Grande. Tho specimen in my collection is of a young animal, but I believe it to boor Obs.-The specimen in my collection was procured near tho San Francii;co lhi11 species. It is abundant in some portions of the Indian territory. mountain, about which they wero quite abundant. 52 'REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE' ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 53 Scrotlm. HACROUREus, Say.-The Great-tailed Squirrel. Genus SPERMOPHILUS, Cuv. &iv"'-f macrourcus, Say, Long's Exped., vol. 1, p. 115. Sciurus m 0bs.•-This truly elegant squirrel I procured in the San Francisco mountain, This large and swift hare is known to the Texans as the "jackass rabbit," during the month of October, where I found it quite abundant, and after leaving owing to the length of its ea.rs. I first observed it on the Red Fork of the Ar which place I did not see it again. kansas,and from there south it is quite abundant ; also in Texas and New Mex I have been informed lately by Major .Backus, U.S. Army, that they are ico, extending its range to California. Its favorite haunts are in the barren lJUite numerous near Fort Defiance, in the Navajoe country. districts among the Lugonichia. When I first described this animal in the Academy's proceedings, last June,. I It is very shy, and it is with the greatest difficultv that a person can get called it the Sciurus dorsalis, since when I have found that the specific name of within gun-shot of it. On being disturbed, it immediately starts and disappears ,lor.,alis has been occupied by J. E. Gray for one of the same genus. In tho with great rapidity. Academy's proceedings of December I have called it Sciur11s Jlbertii, in honor of Col. J. J. Abert, Chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, to whose . "xertions science is eo much indebted. Genus DYCOTYLES, Shaw. DTc·OTYLES TORQUATus, Cuv.-The Collared Peccary. Genus HYSTRIX, Linn. Sws tajassu, Linn, 12 edit., vol. 1, p. 103. .Rper Jlmeric,mus, Briss. Regne. An., p. 3. HvsTn1x r1Losus, Catesby.-The Canada Porcupine. PorcusMoschiferus, Klein. Quad., p. 25. Hystrix pilosus .llmcricanus, Catesby, Carol. App., p. 30, An. 1741. Dycotyles torquatus, F. Cuv. Diet. des. Sc. Nat., tom. 9, p. 518. Hystrix dorsata, Linn,Syst., p. 57, An. 1757. Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 233, pl. 31. lfystri.c pilosus, Rich. F . .Bor. Amer., p. 214. llystrix dorsata, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 160. This animal, known in Texas as the wild hog, is found on the Canadian river, Aud. and .Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1,277, pl. 36. in the Indian territory, and from there south becomes quite abundant in Texas. I have met with this animal but once, and that was on the Little Colorarlo, It is most numerous near the streams. The fleshis palatable at some seasons of river, New Mexico. the year; but it is necessary, immediately upon its being killed, to remove the gland from offthe back, which emits a disagrneable odor, which is imparted to the flesh if great care is not observed. Genus LEPUS, Linn. LEPUS SYLVATrcus, Bachman.-The Gray Rabbit. Lepus Jlmericanus, Harlan, Fauna. Amer., p. 193. Genus CERVUS, Linn. Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 157. Lepus syl,;atiws, Bach. Jour. A. N. Sci., Phila., v. 7, pt. 2, p. 403. CEnvus MACROTrs, Say.-The Black-tailed or Mule Deer. Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 1, p. 173, pl. 22. Cervus macrotis, Say, Long's Exp., vol. 2, p. 254. Very common in eastern Texas and the Indian territory. " Sabine, Franklin's Journey, p. 667. Godman, Nat-. Hist., vol. 2, p. 305. LEPUS ARTEMrsa, Bach.-The Wormwood or Artemisia Hare. Aud. and .Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 206, pl. 78. Lepus artemisia, Bach. Jour. A. N.Sci., Phila., vol. 8, p. 94. Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 272, pl. 88. Common in western Texas and New Mexico, extending to California. This beautiful little hare was found quite abundant in western Texas, parti cularly in the valley of the Rio Grande, along which stream I observed it as far CERvus VmGrNuNus, Pennant.-Th1i common American Deer. as we went. Its haunts were along the barrens, among tho bushes Lugonicliia Cervus Vii-giiiianus, Penn. Syn., p. 51, Quad., vol. 1, p. 104. 1rnd Lar,·ea .Mcxicana. Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 239. Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 306. Lrarus CALLOTrs, Wagler.-The Bia.ck-tailed Hare. A\d. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. l, p. 220, pl. 81. Lepus callot-is, Wagler, 1832. Lepus nigricaudatus, Bennet, Proc. Zoo!. Sc. Lond., 1833, p. 41. Very common throughout the Indian territory. In eastern Texas I have seen Bachrn. Jour. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 8, p. 84, An. 1839. large herds of these animals of over one hundred in number. Lepus callotis, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 95, pl. 63. F 56 REPORT O AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE: ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 57 Genus ELAPHUS, Griiffith.- Genus BISON, Pliny. ELAPHu& CANADENsrs, Ray.-The American Elk. BuoN AMERICANus, Gmel.-The American Bison, or Buffalo. Cervvs Canadensis, Ray, Syn. Quad., p. 84. Taurus Mexicanus, Hernandez, Mex., p. 587, Male, 1651. Cerv-w St1·ongyloceros, SchrebeT Saugt., vol. 2, p. 1074, pl. 247, fig. G_ Taureau Sauvage, Hennepin, Nov. Discov., vol. 1., 186, 1699. Cervt1s Canade11sis, Godman, Nat. Hist.,. vol. 2, p. 294. The buffalo, Lawson'sCarolina, p. 115. Elaphus Canadensis, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 84, pl. 62. " Long's Exp., vol 3, p. 68. Bos .llmericanus, Linn, S. N, ed. Gmel. 1, p. 204. I have only observed this animal in the Indian territory, but it extends its " Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 4. range into Texas, New Mexico, and California. Richardson, Fauna B., p. 79. Bison .llmericanus, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 32, pl. 61, 62. Genm, ANTILOCAPRA, Ord. This noble animal, which is one of the most important of our North American quadrupeds-which is almost the sole dependence of the western prairie Indians, ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA, Ord.-The Prong-horned Antelope. not only as an article of food, but also for clothing and other conveniences of .!Inti/ope .llmericana, Ord, Guthrie's Geog., 1815. life-is from year to year fast diminishing in numbers, and its range, once so Cerviu hcnnatus, B1ainville, Nouv. Ball. Soc., 1816. extensive, is now quite limited. .llntiloeapra .llmericana, Ord, Jour. de Phys., p. 80, 1818. In the year 1850, whilst I was attached to the Creek boundary survey, com .llntilopejiwcifer, Ham. Emith, Linn. Trans., vol. 13, pl. 2, An. 1823. manded by Lieut. J.C. Woodruff,Topographical Engineers, U. S. Army, we .llntilopepalmata, Smith, Grif. Cuv ., vol. 5, p. 323. first met with these animals about sixty miles west of the Arkansas river, and .11ntilope .llmericana, Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 321. north of the Red Fork. The firstwe saw were a fewold bulls; but aftertravel .llntilocapra .llmericana, Aud. and Bach., vol. 2, p. 193, pl. 77. ling one more day we came among herds, which continued to increase in num bers constantly until we arrived at the crossing of the North Fork of theCana This beautiful little animal our party frequently saw, and always with admi dian, where they were very numerous. ln the spring of the year I was told ration for its gracefulness. Often, as we passed along our route, considerable that they are found within twenty miles of the point where we crossed the Ar numbers of this species would gallop around us, or stop and cautiously ap kansas. I saw the sign of their having been there that spring. proach, apparently induced by curiosity and eagerness to examine such an unu Their trails were abundant, and looked old, as if they had been used for years sual appearance; but on our coming near they would set off at full speed. during their migrations, and were running parallel to each other ; but their gene This singular curiosity is taken advantage of by the hunters to decoy them, ral direction was north and south. which I have seen done by attaching a red handkerchief to a stick. The hunter On our route across Texas none of these animals were seen, nor was there a then creeps through the grass cautiously, and waving the handkerchief abovo eignof their having been there formany years, with the exception of the crossing his head, generally succeeds in getting within the reach of his rifle; the little of Live Oak creek, where they had evidently been a fewyears previously; here animal in the mean time being intent on watching his signal, or even in coming were some of their bones. In all probability they followeddown the Pecos river. towards him. They are now only known in northern Texas, and come occasionally within It is exceedingly abundant in western Texas, New Mexico, and California. twenty miles of Fredericksburg. I have seen a few of these animals tamed in the Creek nation, running with Genus OVIS, Linn. the common cattle. Ons MONTANA, Desm.-The Rocky Mountain Sheep. Big Horn of Lewis andClark, vol. 1, p. 144 . .Mou.lfton d' .11merique, Desm. Mam., p. 487. Ovis ammon, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 259. Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p. 329. Ovis montana, Aud. and Bach. Quad. N. A., vol. 2, p. 163, pl. 73. Found in the mountainous districts of New Mexico and in California. REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI, &c, 59 much resemble in their habits, excepting that they are more shy. I have, how ever, approached within a few yards of them whilst on horseback. Genus BUTEO, Cuv. BIRDS. BuTEO BOREALIS, Gmel.-The Red-tailed Buzzard. Falco borealis, BY S. W. WOODHOUSE, M. D. Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 76. Adult. Falco leverianus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 78. Young. Buteo borealis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 7, p. 32. .flccipiter ruficaudat11s, Vici!!. Genus CATHARTES, Illiger. This beautiful but shy bird I have foundabundant fromthe Gulf of Mexioo to CATHARTES CALIFORNIANus, Shaw.-The Californian Vulture. the Pacific ocean. Catharles Californicus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, p. 12, pl. 1. Vultur Califor11ianus, Shaw, Nat. Misc., vol. 9, pl. 301. BuTEO LINEATus, Gmel.-Red-breasted Buzzard. Calhai·tes vultttrinus, Tern. Pl. Col., 51. Falco lineatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 86. Adult. But two of these very large vultures came under my observation ; they were Falco hyemalis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 73. Young. in the vicinity of San Jose, California. Falco buteoides, Nutt. It appears to be more solitary and shy in its habits than the C. aura and C. Buteo lineatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, p. 9, p. 40. fa.lens. This noisy bird I founddispersed all over the country south and west, and was CATHARTES AURA, Linn.-The Red-headed Turkey Vulture. particularly abundant in the Creek and Cherokee Nations. I have in my collec Vttltttr aura, Wils. Amr. Orn., vol. 9, p. 96. tion quite interesting series of these birds, in various stages of plumage, showing Cathartes aura, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, p. 15, pl. 1. the change that takes place between the young and old birds. This species abounds throughout the south and west wherever I have been ; but between the Rio Grande and Colorado it was quite scarce. Genus PANDION, Sav. CATHARTEs ATRATus, Wils.-The Black Vulture, or Carrion Crow. Vultur atralus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 9, p. 104. PANDION HALLIJETUS, Linn.-Tho Fish Hawk, or Osprey. Cathartes iota, Bonap. Syn., p. 23. Falco Halia.tu.,, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, pl. 3. Cathartes atratus, Aud. 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 3, p. 17. Falco Carolincns-is, Gmel. Catsby's Carol., pl. 2. 1, 15, The carrion crow and turkey-buzzard are mostly found in company. In San Pandion Halia.t·us, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. pl. p. 64. Antonio, and in the different towns in Texas, they are quite domestic, lighting Common along the coasts of Texas and California. on the house-tops and walking about the streets picking up the offal, and are l!Cldom molested. They are quite abundant throughout the countries occupied by the Creek and Cherokee Nations, and in New Mexico. In the latter country Genus HALLlETUS, Sav. they were more scarce, but I observed great numbers in the buffalo country, HALL.'ETUS LEUCOCEl'H.uus, Linn.-The White-headed or Bald Eagle. following herds of that animal. Falco ossifragus, Wils Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 16. Young. Falco hal-i Giinus ICTINIA, Vieill. Genus FALCO, Linn. lcTINIA PLUMBEA, Lath�The Mississippi lctinia, or Kite, FALCO PEREGRJNus, Linn.-Peregrino Falcon. Falco Mississippiensis, Wils, Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 80. 1 Falco peregrinus, Linn, pl. en!. 430, 421, 470, 469. Pall. Zoogr., t 4, 5. Falco plmnbeus, Bonap. Syn., p. 90. Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 9, p. 120. Milvuscenchris, Vieill, Ois d'Amer., Sept, t. 10; Spix. Av. Bras., t. 8. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. l, pl. 20, p. 84. Ictinia plllmbea, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. I., pl. 17. Falco borbatus, Linn. Falco abietinus, Bechst. In eastern Texas and in the Indian territory I found this bird exceedingly abundant, more particularly on the Arkansas river and its tributaries. The This beautiful falconis rare. The specimen in my collection was procured in iltomachs of those which I examined were filled with insects, principally locW!ts, the Creek country. (Cicadai.) Genus ACCIPITER, Briss, Genus HYPOTRIORCHIS, Boie. AccIPITER Fuscus, Gmel.-The Sharpshin Hawk. HTPOTRIORcms CoLUMBARrns, Linn.-The Pigeon Hawk. Falco Pennsylvanicus, Wils, Amer. Orn.• vol. 6, p. 13, Adult. Falco Columbaritts, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 107. Falco velox, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p, 186. Young female. Falco temerarius, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 61. Adult male. Jlccipiter Pennsylvanicus, S,vains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 44, Falco Jlesalon, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 37. .8sturfuscus, Aud. Birds of Amer,, 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 25, p, 100. Falco Columbarius, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 21, p. 88. This bird I have frequently observed skimming over the prairies whilst in Common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico; more par• search of its prey. Its flight is so peculiar that there is not much chance of ticularly in the timber lands about streams. mistaking it, when taken in connection with its form, short wings, and long tail, being very swift and irregular in its flight-first high in the air, then close to the ground, suddenly disappearing among the grass, having seized the object it Genus TINNUNCULUS, Vicill. was pursuing. Very common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and some portions of T1NNUNCuLus srAnvEnrns, Linn.-Thc Sparrow Hawk. New Mexico. Falco sparverius, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 117. Falco gracilis and F. isabellinus, Swains. Genus CIRCUS, Laccp. Falco sparverius, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 22, p. 90. Crncus CYANEus, Linn.-The Marsh Hawk, or Hen Harrier. This familiarlittle falconis distributed throughout the Indian territory, Texas, Falco uliginosus, Wils. Amer, Orn., vol. vi., p. 67. Young female. N cw Mexico, and California ; but it is most abundant in the two formercountries. Falco Iludsonicus, Linn., Vieill Ois d'Amer, Sept., t. 9, Bonap. Amer. Orn, pl. 12. Falco strigiceps, W ils. Genus N AUCLERUS, Vigors. Falco cyaneus, Bonap. Amer. Om,, vol. 2, p. 30. Buteo ( Circus) cyancus? var,? Jlmericanus, Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. NAuCLERus FURCATus, Linn.,-The Swallow-tailed Kite. Amer, vol. 2, p, 55. Falco furcatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 0, p. 70. Circus cyancus, Aud. Birds of Amer,, 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 26, p. 105. Nauclerus furcatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 18. This specie• I have met with abundantly from the Mississippi river to the Common in Texas and in the Creek and Cherokee Nat,ions. It appears to Pacific ocean, and throughout the smnmer, showing conclusively that it breeds have a fondness for frequenting streams; along the Arkansas and its tributaries In these different sections of country, although I have not been so fortunate as it was very abundant. to find its nest. 62 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZU�I AND COLORADO RIVERS. 63 Genus ATHENE, Boie. Genus SYRNIUM, Savigny. ATHENE HYPUGJEA, Bonap.-The Burrowing Owl. 8YRNIUM NEBUL0SITM, Gmel.-The Barred Owl. Strix cunicularia, Say in Long's Exp., vol. 1., p. 200. Strix nebulosa, Gmel. Syst. Nat., 6, p. 291. Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 68; note, p. 72, S1Jggests Strix Fernandica, Shaw, Gen. Zoo!. the name of Strix hyptrgrea. Strix nebulosa, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. vi, p. 61. Surnia cunicularia, Aud. Orn., 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 31, p. 119. Syrniumnebulosum, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 36, p. 132. Jlthene socialis, Gamb. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., vol. 3, p. 47. The barred owl I have found very abundant in the timbered lands bordering This bird I have found-abundantly west of the Arkansas river; in western the various streams in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. It iB Texas and New Mexico, east of the Rio Grande, west of which I have never easilyrecognized by its peculiar laughing hoot. seen it; residing mostly in the forsaken burrows of the prairie-dog, Spermo philis ludot-icianus. However, I have frequentlyfound them both by themselves- Genus CAPRIMULGUS, Linn. tho marmots being where there was apparently no water to be found. The owls, on tho contrary, arc always in the vicinity of water. I have frequently found CAPRIMULGUS CAROLINENsls, Briss.-Chuck-will 's-widow. them in villages by themselves. They are mostly to be seen standing on the Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 95. little hillock of earth by the edge of the burrows; then, again, with nothing but Caprimulgus rufus, Vieill, Ois d'Amer. Sept., t. 23. their heads sticking above ground. On being approached, they commenced Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. I, pl. 41, p. 51. chatting and bowing, presenting HrnuNDO THALAssJNA Swains.�Violet Green Swallow. 1 Genus COTYLE, Boie. Hirunclo thalassina, Swains. Syn, of Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag. for1827 , p. 365, Aud, Birds of Amer., vol. I, pl. 49, p. 186. Con LE RIPARU,, Linn.-Tlie Ifank or Sand Swallow, Hirundo riparia, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. 5, p. 46. This beautifulspecies I found most abundant in New Mexico, west of the Rio Aud. Orn. 8vo. vol. 1 pl. 50, p. 187. Grande. , , Common in the Indian territory, and in aome parlq of New Mexico. HmuNDO LUNiFRONs, Say,-The Republican or Cliff Swallow, Hirttndo lunifrons, Say, in Long's Exp., vol. 2, p, 47. Hinmclo fttlva, Bonap, Amer, Orn., voL 1, p. 63.- Aud, Ilirdsof Amer., 8 vo., vol. 1, pl. 47, p, 177. Genus CERYLE, Boie. This species is very common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, New CERYLE ALCY0N, Linn.-The Belted King Fisher. Mexico, and California. Whilst at Fort Gibson, on the Neosho river; in the Jllcedo alcyon, ,vils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 59. spring of 1850·, I was much amused by the perseverance of these birds. They Aud. Birds of Ainer., vol. 4, pl. 255, p. 205. had taken possession of a shed in front of the adjutant's oflice to build their Very common in the Indian territory and Texas. In New Mexico and Cali• nests. The continual noise and dirt made by them rendered them rather an• fomia it.is not quite so abundant. noying, and their nests wero all destroyed ; but they commeneed rebuilding them iinmediately, and they were destroyed a number of times before they could CERY�E AMERICA!H., Gmel.-The American King Fisher. be got rid of entirely. Jllcedo .-2mericana, Gmel. pl. en!. 591. Jllceclo viriclis, Vieill, Azara, No. 421. H1RUNDO RUFA, Vieill.-Th·e Barn Swallow. Abundant in Texas, all)ng �ome of the tributaries of the Rio Grande. Hirunclo ruf«, Vieill, Ois d'Amer. Sept., I, t. GO, Hirunclo Jlmericana, vVils. Amer. Orn . , vol. 5, p. 34. Swains, and Rich . F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2., p. 320. Hinmclo rustica, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. I, pl. 48,- p. 181. Genus MELLISUGA, Hriss. This species is comll'!on throughout some portions of the Indian territory, MELLISUG., c0Lu1rn1s, Linn.-The Ruby-throated Humming Bird. Texas, and New Mexico ; in the vicinity of Santa Fe quite abundant. I have Trochilus colttbri.,, WilH. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p .•. found this and the H. lunijronsflying about together, pursuing their food, whilst Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 253, p 1!10. on the prairies north of the Red Fork -of the Arkansas river,. Very abundant throui£hout the Indian tcnitory and Texas. r. 66 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUAI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 67 TROGLODYTES Lunov1c1ANus, Lath.-Tlic Great Carolina Mocking Wren. Genus POL YTMUS, Boin. Troglodytes lmlovicianus, Licht. pl. enl., 730, fig. 3. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 2, pl. 117, p. 116. PoLTTMU• RUFus, Less.-The Nootka Humming Bird. Ccrlhia Caroli11ensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2_, JI· 61. Polytm11s n,fiis, Less. Rev. Zoo!. 1840, p. 73. Common throughout Texas and the Indian Territory. Trochilus n,fus, Gmel. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 497. Trochil11s (Selaiphorns)r11f11s, Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 324. TROGLODYTES BEWICKII, Aud.-Bewick's ,vren. Se.la:phorus rt,f11s, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 4, pl. 234, p. 200. Trogloclytcs Beivicki-i, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pl. 118. p. 120. Thi/charming little bird .I fou�d abundant in New Mexico, particularly in tho Abundant in tho Indian territory, particularly in the timber, keeping about the vicinity of Santa F'€. Numbers of them were to be seen daily in front of our rocks, old Joo-s,and hushes. It is co11ti11uallyin motion,jumping about, and utter quarters, where th�y came to feed among the flowers of the. Clwme integrifolia, . ing at tho s:inc time the usual scol,I of the wrens when approached. T. and G., which_grows in great abundance about thiR town and throughout New Mexico, and affords them their favorite object of food. For such a small bird it TROGLOJlYTl:S }f'.JlON, Vieill.-The House ,vrcn, makes a great noise, and tho malo birds appear to be 11uite quarrelsome and pug T,·oglodytc.1 ccdo11, Vieill. Ois d'Amer., t. 107. nacious. Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pl. 120, p. _125. Sylvia 1/0111eslica, ,vils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 129. Genus CEllTHIA, Linn .. Common throughout the Indian territory and Texas. Cr:RTHIA FAMILI.\Ru, Linn.-The Brown T�ee Creeper. Certhi11 familiaris, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. I, p. 122. Genus REGULUS, Cuv. Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, p. 109. Certhia .!l111ericana, Bonap. REGULUS s.HR.\PA, Licht.-The gold-crested Kinglet. Generally distributed throughout the Indian territory, Texas, NC\\:Mexico, and Sylvia regulus, ,vils. Amer. Orn., vol. l, p, 126. California. I found it very abundant in tho San Francisco mountain, Ncw Mexico. Regult,s r11bine<1s, Vieill, Ois d'Amcr. Sept., t. 104, 105. Reg11lus tricolor, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 420. Regulus satrupa, Ge�us SITTA, Linn. Aud·. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 2, pl. 132, p. 165. This active little bird I foundabundant, nssociated in company with the titmice, 81TTA C.\ROLINENs1s, Latli.-Tho Carolina Nuthatch. nuthatches,and creepers; always lively, pursuing small insects. Common in the Sitta Carolinensfa, ,vils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 10. Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol..4, pl. 247, p. 175. Silla .Mclanocepllala, Vieill, Gal. des Ois, t. 171. REGUL.US CALENDUL.\ 1 Linn.-The Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Common from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific ocean. Sylvia calen,lula, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 155. Regulus calendula, Bonap. Syn., I'· 91. S1TTA PYG�1u, Vigors.-'l'lie California Nuthatch. • ,\ud. Hirds of Amer., 8 vo., vol. 2, pl. 133, p. 168. Silla pyg,nea, Vigors, Zool. Becchy's Voy., p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 2. Very abundant in Texas. New Mexieo, a.nd the Indian territory. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 250, p. 184 . . I found these birds abunclaut, feeding in the piBes of tho San Francisco moun tain,New Mexico. At no other place clid I observe them. Genus CIJLICIVORA, Swains. Genus TllOGLODYTES, Vieill. CuucnOR.\ c SJALIA ocCIDENTALls, Towns.-Thc Western Blue Bird. Whilst encamped on the Rio Salado, Texas, near San Antonio, in the spring Sialia occidentalis, Towns. Jour. A. N. S., Phila., v. 7, p. 188. of 1851, I observed this beautiful chicadee busily engaged feeding among the " Aud. Ornq 8vo., vol. 2, pl. 135, p. 176. trees on the bank of the stream. • Like the rest of its family, it was always in motion, and very noisy. At our camp at Quihi, on the eighth of May, I found This bird, which was discovered by my friend Doctor J. K. Townshend, re these birds very abundant, feeding among tile oaks. The young males, which sembles much in its habits our common kind. I found it excessively abundant in then were full grown, much resemble the females, the latter wanting the black New Mexico; also common in California. crest. S1ALIA ARC1'1CA, Swains.-The Arctic Blue Bird. ErrJlhaca (sialia) al"ctica, Swains. and Rich. �•. H. Arner., vol. 2, p. 209. Sialia a>"clica, Nutt. Man., vol. 2, p. 57:1. Genus MNIOTILTA, Vieill. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol 2, pl. 136, p. 178. These birds, I observed, were quite common about Santa Fe, where they breed MNIOTILTA v.rnu, Linn.-The Black and White Creeper. about the houses in boxes put up by the inhabitants for that purpose. Certhia vai-ia, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 2:3. Mniotilta varia, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 2, pl. 114, p. 105. Genus PARUS, Linn. Common in Texas and the Indian territory. PAaus ATRICAPrLLus, Linn.-The Black-capped Tit, or Chicadce. Parm atricapillus, Briss. Orn., 3, t. 29, fig. 1. '\Vils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 124. Genus SYLVANIA, Nutt. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8,·o., vol. 2, pl. 126, p. 146. Common in the Indian territory. SYLVANIA MITR.\TA, Lath.-The Hooded �'ly-catching Warbler . .Muscicapa cuwllata, '\Vils. Amer. Orn., vol 3, p. IOI. PARUS MoNTANus, Gamb.-The Rocky Mountain Chicadee. Sylvia mitrata, Bonap. Syn. p. 79. Parus monla1111s, Gamb., Proc. Acad. Nat Sc., Ph[Ia., vol. 1, p � 259. .Myiodioctes mitmta, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pl. 71, p. 12. This species, discovered by my friend Doctor Gambel, I foundquite abundant Very common in the Indian territory, keeping along streams in the denso in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexico. It was feeding among the tall thickets, continually in motion, hu,ily engaged in pursuing insects. Common pines, in company with the other chickadees, and the Regttlus calendula and also in Texas. satrapa. Genna LOPHOPHANES, Kaup. SYLVAN!.\ WrLsONII, Bonap -Tho Green BJ�ck-capped Fly-catching Warbler . Lor110PHANEs BIC0L0R, Linn.-Tho Great Crested Chickadee. .Muscicapapusilla, '\Vils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. I0:3. Parus bicolor, Wi]s. Amer. Orn., vol. I, p. 137. Sylvia W-i/sonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 8fi. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 2, p!. 125, p. 143. .Myiodioctcs'Wilsonii, Aud. llirds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 2, pl. 75, p. 21. Common in the Indian territory. Commonin j'cxas and the Indian territory. 70 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 71 SYLVANIA FORMOSA, Wils.-The Kentucky Fly-catching Warbler. SvLv1co1,A CANADENs1s, Linn.-The Black-throated Blue \Vood Warbler. Sylviaforniosa, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. 3, p. 85. .Motadlla ca11adensis, Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. I, p. 334. .Myiodioctesformosus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 2, pl. 74, p. 19. Sylvia canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 115. Male . Commonin Texas and the Indian territory, frequenting the borders of streams Sylviapusilla, \Vils. Amer. Orn.,vol. 5, p. 100. Young. whose banks are covered with low bushes, procuring its insect prey. SyCvia . Abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. SvLvtcOLA AMERICAN.�, Linn.-The Yellow-backed Wood \Varbler. Sylvia JJ1t:ii.lla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 17. SvLvtcOLA ,·mENs, Gmel.-The Black-throated Green Wood Warbler. Sylvit1 torquata, Vieill. Ois tl 'Amer. Sept., t. 99. Sylvia virens, Wils. Amer. Orn., ,•ol. 2, p. 127. J.Iotacilla fodovicfona, Gmel. Bris. Orn., 3, t. 2G, tig. 4. Sylvicola virens, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pl. 84, p. 42. Sylvicola Jlmerica1w, And. Orn., 8vo., vol. 2, pl. !JI, p. 57. Common in Texas and the Indian t,.i-ritory. Very abundant in Tr-xas and the Indian ronutry. Tn the Iatfcr �ountry it breeds. Snv1cOLA STRIATA, Lath.-The lllack Poll Wood Warbler. Sylvia striata, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 40. SvLvtCOLA AununoN11, Towns.-./\udulion's ·\Voocl \Vnrblcr. Sylvfo .lfodubonii, Sylvicofo striata, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 2, pl, 78, p. 28. Towns . .Tour.,\. N. Sc., Phila., vol. 7, p. 190. Sylvicola .ll'Udubonii, Aud. llirds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 2, pl. 77, p. 2G. Common in the Indian territory and Texas. This handsome wood warbler is abundant throughout N cw Mexico and Califor nia, confining itself principally to the timbered mountainous districts, I o� SvLvtcOLA C Common in Texas and the Indian territory. In the la.fer country it breeds. Genus ICTEIUA, Vieill. lcTERIA VJRJDl8, Gmel.-The Yellow-breasted Chat. Genus TURDUS, Linn. Pipra polyglplla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 90. Tuanus soLtTARrus, \Vils.-The Hermit Thrush. lcleria viri,lis, Aud. Bird� of Amer., 8'lo., vol 4, pl. 224, p. 160. Turdus solitarius, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 95. This exceedingly interesting and beautiful bird I have met with ab11,,11dantly Ttl!'dus minor, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 364. ·throughout Texas and the Indian territory, and in some part• of New.Mexico. Mer11la solitaria, Swains, and Rich. F'. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 184. In the vicinity of tho pueblo of Zufii it is a common species. Tardus solitarius, And. Birds of Amer., Sm., vol. 3, pl. 146, p. 29. Thia bird I found common throughout Texas, the Indian territory, and New Genus TYRANNUS, Cuv. Mexico.• TYRANNus 1r Tunnus MUSTEL1Nus, Gmel.-The '\Vood Thrush. Genus MLLVULUS, Swains. Turdus melodus, \Vils. Amer. Orn., vol. ], p. 35. MtLVuLus FORFJCATus, · Gmel.-Thc Jlcd-shouldercd Swa.llow-tailed Fly· Tttrdus muslclim,s, Bonap. Syn., p. 75. catcher. Aud. Birds of Amer., Sm., vol. 3, pl. 144, p. 24. .\foscicnpa forjicata, llonap. Arner. Orn., vol. l, p. 15. Commonin Texas and th� Indian territory. Nutt. Mun, vol. I, p. �75 . .Milvulus forficatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., Bvo., yo). 1, pl. 53, p. 197 .. Genus MIMUS, lloic. This beautiful and singular bird I found common in Texas, particularly about the town of San Antonio. It would alight upon the top of a mesquite tree, Mrnus POLTGLO-r-rus, Lin,i.-Thc Gray Mocking Thrush. (Jllgarobia,) or bush, then suddenly st:ut off with a harsh chirping note, circle Turd·us polyglollus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 14. through the air, expanding and contracting its beautiful flowing tail, eagerly Orpheus leucoplerus, Vigora. pursuing its insect prey. Orpltrnspolyglotlt1s, Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 2, pl. 138, p. 187. In the Indian territory it was also commu1�, particularly neat· the Cross Tim This charming songstdt is abundant in Texas and the Indian territory, and on -bers. I found it breeding, in the beginning of the month of July, on the Great the Rio Grande us far as El Paso, but rare in New Mexico. Prairie. Its nest was placed on tho horizontal branch of a small scrub oak, 74 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 75 (Qucrcus ,) about six foet from the ground , and was composed of coarse dry grass and sticks. It contained four young ones,nearly able to fly. On my approach Genus PYROCEPIIALUS, Gould. the female flew , alighting on n bush near by. The male bird flew to a great height , circling round in the air , apparently wntching my movements, and nt PYROCEPIIAJ.US NA.Nus, Goul<.1.-'l'he Dwarf Fly-catcher. th� same time uttering its coarse chirp , as if scolding mo. Pyrocephaltis nanus, Gould. Voyage of the lleagle , pl. 7. This beautiful little flv-catchcr f met with, for the first and only time , near the settlement of Quihi , in Texas , in the month of May; it was feeding in the thick Genus TYRANNULA, Swains. ets. I did not hear its note when I procured the specimen , which was a male. TYRANNULA c1us1TA, Linn.-The Great-crested Fly-catcher. Muscicapa crinila, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 75. Genus SETOPHAGA Swains. Tyrannus v-iritabilis, Vieill. :, Muscicapa ludov-iciana, Gmcl. Vicill. Ois. d'Amer. Sept., t. 45. SETOPIIAGA RUTJCILLA, Gmel.-The American Redstart. Jllu;cicapa crinita, Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. I, pl. 57 , p. 209. .'lfuscicapa rulicilla, Gmel. Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 103. Very abundant in Tcxa,s and the Indian territory. ·' Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. I, p1. 68 , p. 240. Common in Texas, New Mexico, and the India!1 territory. TYRANNULA S.HA, Bonap.-Say's Tyrant Fly-catcher. Tyrannulu pallida, Swain's and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., pl. 45. Tyrannula Saya, Swain's and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 142. Genus VIREO , Vici!!. M¥scicapa Saya, Aud. Rirds of Amer., vol. I, pl. 49, p. 217. I observed this bird fre,1ucntly in \'Vestcrn Texas and New Moxico. In its VtREO FL0AViFR0Ns, Gmel.-The Yellow-throated Greenlet. habits it much resembles our common pewee, ( T. f11sca,) but is more silent-and Nuscicapa sylvicola, W"ils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 117. shy. Vireo jlavij.-ons, Gmel. Vieill. Ois d 'Amer. Slept., t. 54. Aud. Birds of �mer., Svo., vol. 4, pl. 238, p. 141. TYRANNULA NUNCIOLA, Wils.-The Pewee Fly-catcher. Very abundant in Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian territory. Jlfuscicapa nuncio/a, Wils. Amer. Orn.,vol. 2, p. 78. Muscicapaf11sca, Bunap. Syn., p. 68. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. I, pl. 68, p. 223. VmEo NOYEll0RACENc1s, Gmel.-The White-eyed Greenlet. .Muscicapa cantaU-ix, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 26 6. Common in Texas and tho Indian territory. Vireo noveborace11cis, Aud. Orn., Svo., vol. 4, pl. 24 0, p. 146. TvnANNULA vrnENs, Linn.-The Wuod Pewee. This interesting and noisy little grcenlct is found abundant in Texas, New Jlfwcicapa w,pax, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 81. Mexico , and the Indian territory, frequenting tho thickets bordering on the Mwcicapa vii-ens, Nutt. Man., vol. I, p. 285. strcams. Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., v�I. I, pl._ 64, p. 231. Common in Texas and the Indian territory. VIREO ATRICAPILLA, Woodhouse.-Thc Black-capped Greenlet. Vireo atricapilla, Woodhouse, Proc. Ac. N. Sc., Phila., vol. 6, p. 60. TYRANNULA ACADICA, Gmcl.-Thc Small Green-:rested Fly-catcher. Form.-Rolmst; wings short and slightly rounded ; first quill short, third .Muscicapa qucnila, "'\,Vils.Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 77. longest; tail extending about one inch beyond the closed wings. Muscicapa acadica, Bonap. Syn., p. GS. Dimensions.-Total length from tip of bill tu tip of tail ..•••• 4 5-10 inches. " · Auel.Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. I, pl. G2, p. 221. Extent of wings...... 7 1-3 Common in Texas , New Mexico, and the Indian territory. Length o'f wing from flexure ...... 2 1-10 Length of_ tail...... 1 6-10 TYRANNULA TRAILLn, Aud.-Traill's Fly-catcher: Colors.-Hcad above black , which color extends over the cheeks and ears to Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 1, p. 23 6; vol. 5, p. 426. the base of the lower mandible; n white ring encircles the eye , and then forms Muscicapa Trail/ii, Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 1, pl. 65 , p. 234. a broad band extending to the narcs. The plumage of the back is dark olive Common in Texas and the Indian territory. green , slightly tipped with black, ancl gradually becoming lighter over the rump• REPOR'r OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZURI AND COLqRADO RIVERS. 77 and tail coverts; wings and tail dark brown, inclining to black, with their outer LANIUS EXCUBITOR0tnEs, Swains.-Tho American Gray Shrike. margin light olivo; greater and lesser wing coverts broadly tipped with dingy Lanius exettbitoroides, Swains. and Rich. F. I3or. Amer., vol. 2, p. 115, pl. 34. white. The primaries have a white line extending along their inner edge; This beautiful shrike I found very abundant in Texrrs. throat, belly, and vent white; sides very light yellow; iris bright red; bill, tarsi, and feet black. Habilat.-Wcstem Texas. On the 26th of May, 1851, while encamped on the Rio San Pedro, within about Genus CY AN OCORAX. Boie. ten miles of its sourca, I was out in pursuit of specimens. Wandering about the hills among some cedars (J,miperus) my attention was firsi attracted by a singu CY.\NOCOllAX c1t1sT. Vrni:o OLIVACEus, Linn.-The Rcd-eyod·Greenlet. CvANOCOl}AX CAJ.JFORNICA, Vigors.-Thc California Jay. .Muscicapa ol-ivacea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 55. Gari·ulus Callifornicus, Vigors, Zool. Beechy's Voyage. Vireo olivaceus, Swains. and Rich. F .. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 233. Garnifos ultramarinus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8ve., vol. 4, pl. 232, p. 115 .. " " Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol. .4, pl. 243, p. 155. Cymtocitl11 supcrciliosns, Strick. Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1845. • Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 'This bird, for a long time, has been by many ornithologists confounded with the Mexican species, C. 11ltra,n11rin11s, described by Bonaparte ;" from which it VIREO BELLII, Aud.-Bell's Vireo, or Greenlct. differs not only in size, being much smaller, but also in color and markings. Vireo Bellii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 7, pl. 485. Wherever I found the pifion or nut-pine (Pinus cdulis, Eng.) growing m New ' This interesting little grecnlet I found ab11ndant in Teinis. exico, this bird was sure to be there in great numbers, feeding upon the fruit of these trees. Among the men it was known as the pifion bird. Its note is Genus PTILOGONYS, Swains. harsh and disagreeable. It was extremely restless, being continually in motion flying from tree to tree, uttering its well-known cry. PTJLOGONYs TowNsENDII, Aud.-Townsend's Ptilogonys. Plilogonys Townscndii, Aud. Birds of Amer., Bvo., vol. 1, pl. 69, p. 2'43. Of this singular bird, which has been almost unknown in collections, I obtained several specimens, both male and female. I saw it for the first time in the Zuiii Gen11s PICA, Briss. mountain, and from there west found it exceedingly abundant. Its food appeared Pie., uuos0NJCA, Sabinc.-The Common Magpie. to be principally berries, and in many places it was common among the cedars, Corvus pica, Linn. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 157. (Juniperus,) upon the berries of which they were feeding. I am unable to detect Pica 11ielctnolwca, Aucl.·Binls of Amer. vol. 4, pl. 227, p. 99. any difference in the plumage between the sexes. I have observed but fow of these birds, and they wcru in New Mexico. Genus LANIUS, Linn. P1cA NuTTALLII, Aud.-Nuttall's Yellow-billed Magpie. LANIUS LUD0vtCIANus, Linn.-'I'he Loggerheaded Shrike. Pica .V'uttallii, Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 4, pl. 228, p. 104. Lanius tu,lovicianus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 237, p. 135. During the month of .January, I 852, whilst passing from San Francisco lo Lanius Carol-incnsis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 57. San Jose, in California, I for the fi�st time saw this beautiful magpie, which Very abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. was discovered by my friend il'lr 'l'lios. Nuttall, whu has spent much time in 78 ·REPORT OF AN EXPjDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 79· this portion of the country, and to whose indefatigable la.bor in tho advanci. ment of the natural sciences of the country we are so much indebted. It ap peared to be quite tame, and was very abundant. Associated with it were numerous blackbirds, (Quiscalus ;) all of whom were feeding on the ground, GeAIJ/I QUISCALIS, Vieill. evidently hunting worms. Qu1scAL1s MAJon, Vieill.-The Great Crow Blackbird. Quiscalis Jl!ajor, Ilonap. Amer. Orn., vol 1, p. 35. Genus CORVUS, Linn. Aud. Om., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 220,p. 82. Coavus con.u, Linn.-The Raven. This large and lieautiful bli,ckliird I have fou11d abundant throughout the Io Corvus cora:e, Linn., pl. en!. 495. �ian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and Calif�nia. Corvu.s ma:&imtu,Scop: Gould. B. of Eur.; pl. 220. Corvus clericus, Sparrm. Mus. Carls., t. 2. Quuc.&L1s l't'1lPUREu,, Licht.-The Purple Coat-tail Graclo. Corvus corax, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 224, p. 78. Gracula quiscala, \Vils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 44. Very abundant in Texas, the Indian territory, New Mexico, and California Quiscalus nitenus, Licht. On the great prairies, in the buffalo range, I found it exceedingly abundant. Quiscalu.s·1•ersicolo,·, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 485. Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 221, p. 58. Convus Am!RICANus, Aud.-The American Crow. Corvus coront, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 79. Abundant in Texas, New Mexico, the Indian territory, and California. Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p, 291. Corvus .flmcricanus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 325, I.'· 87. Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. Genus XANTHORNUS, Cuv. Convus OSSIFRAGus, Wills.-The Fish Crow. Corvus os,ifragus, Wills. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 27. XANTHORNUS VARIUS, Gmcl.-The Orchard Hangncst. A1fd. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 226, p. 94. Orio/us castaneus, Lath. Orio/us m1ttatus, \Vils. Amer. Orn., vol. I, p. 64. Common in th� Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. Penclulinus solitarius ct P. v·iridis, Vici!!. Icterns sp11ri1ts, Auel. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pl. 119, p. 4G. Genus STURNELLA, Vieill. Abundant in the Indian territory. STURNELLA NEGLECTA, Aud,_:The Missouri Meadow Lark .. X.�NTIIORNus AH'IN1s, Lawrence.-The Lesser Orchard Oriole. ' ., . Sturnella neglecla, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 7; plato. 489. Zanlhornus ,,jjinis, Law. Anal. Lye. N. York, No. 3, vol. 5. This pretty starling, whicf1 is so abundant on tho great prairies in the Indian territory, also in Texas and New Mexico, in its habits and mode of flightI could This liird differs from the X. i,aria only in size, the color and general appear· not distinguish it from the S. ludovicianus. ,ance being the same. I found it numerous and. breeding in Texas. Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS, Swains. Sc0LECOPHAcus FERRUGINEus, \Vils.-The Rusty Maggot-cater. Genus YPHANTES, Vieill. Graculaferruginea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 41. YPHANTEs BALTIMORE, Linn.-Thc Baltimore Hangnest. Chalcophanes virescens, \Vaglcr. Oriolu3 Baltimore, \Vils. Amer. Orn., vol. I, p. 23. Oriolus leucocephalus, Lath. Icterus mino,·, Briss. Quiscalu.� jerrugineus, Atid. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 222, p. 65. . Icterus Baltimore, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 217, p. 37. I found this species very abundant in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mex ico,and California. Common in the Indian territory and in Eastern Texas. 80 REPORT OP AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE �NI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 81 Genus DOLICHONYX, Swains. Genus MOLOTHRUS, Swains. DoLtCHONYX oavz1voaus, Linn.-The Wandering Rice Bird. Emberiza oryzivorus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 48. MoLOTHRus PECOR1s, Gmel.-The Common Growbird. Icteris agripennis, Bonap. Syn., p. 53. Icterus emberi:oitles, Daud. Dolychonyx oryzivorus, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 278. Sternus junceti, Lath. " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 211, p. 10. Emberiza pecoris, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 145. J\1olothruspecor;.s, Swains. �nd Rich. F. 'Hor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 277. These birds we found in Texas Parly in the spring, and in the Indian territory, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 212, p. 16. on the prairies about Fort Gibson, early in May, where they remain but a short time. Comren throughout the lndian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California.. Genus AGELAJUS, Vieill. Genus GUIRACA, Swains. AGELA1us XANTHOCEl'JJ.uus, Bonap.-The Saffron-headed Blackbird. lclertis icterocephalus, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. J.,p. 27. GurnAcA ClERULEA,Linn.-The Blue Song Grosbeck . .Hgefoius zanthocephalus, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 281. Loxia crerulw, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 78. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 213, p. 24. Fringilla crerulta, Nutt. Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 229. In the spring of the yc:ir this beautiful bird .is abundant throjghout Texas, the Coccoborus crerulcus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol 3, pl. 204, p. 204. Indian territory, and California ; in the latter country I observed it in January,. This sweet songster I found abundant in the Indian territory and Texas. near San Francisco, California. AGELAJUs PH AGEL.HUS THJC0L0R, Audub.-The Red and '\Vhite Winged Blackbird. Tcte,,,.s tricolor, Aud. Orn., Biog., vol. 5, p. I. Genus PIPILO, Vieill. Jlgela.ius trico/01·, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pl. 214, p. 27. PrPJLO ARCTICA, Swains.-The Arctic Ground Finch. This ucautiful species, discovered by l\Ir. Thos. Nuttall, who sent the speci Pyrgita (Pipilo) .llrctica, Swains and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 260. men to Mr. Audubon with the above name', I saw in flocks, with the other star Pipilo .llrctica, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 194, p. 164. lings and the Pica M,ttall-ii, quite auundant in California, in the valley of San 1 have seen but few ofthcsc birds either in the Indian territory or New Mexico. Jose. They were feeding in the uewly-p!ough«;d fields, evidently in pursuit of grubs and worms. P1P1Lo ERYTHR0PTHAI.Mus, Linn.-The Towhe Ground Finch. AGEU1us GUBEllKAT0n, '\'\Taglcr.-The Red and Black Winged lllackbird. Emberiza eryth1·opthalma, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 35. Psarocolius gt1bcrnator, vVagler, Syst. Avium. Fringilla erythl'Opthalma, Nutt. Man., vol. 1, p. 515. • i.selrtitLs g11bernator, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 215, p. 29. Pipilo erythropthalma, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pl. 195, p. 167 . Found in California, associated with the other marsh blackbirds. Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. 6 82 REPORT OF AN EXPEDI'l'ION DOWN TH:8 ,:uNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 83 Genus PYRANGA, Vicill. Genus SPIZELLA, Bonap. PvRANGA nusRA, Linn.-The Black-winged Tanager. Sr1zELLA soc1AL1s, Wilson.-The Chirping Sparrow. Tanagra rubra, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 42. Fringilla socialis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 127. Pyranga erythromelas, Vieill. Emberiza soci<1lis, Aud. Birds of Amer , 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 163, p. 80. Pyrangra rubra, Swains and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 273. This gentle little sparrow, so appropriately named by Wilson, is quite abun Aud. Orn., Svo., vol. 3, pl. 209, p. 226. dant in Texas and the Indian territory. Very common in the Indian territory and Texas. SPIZELI.A PALLI�A, Swains.-The Clay-colored Sparrow. PvRANGA .IESTIVA, Gmel.-Tha Summer Redbird, or Tanager. Embcriza pallida, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 251. Gmel. var. Lath. Syn., pl. 46. Tanagra Jl,Iissippiensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 161, p. 71. Loxia Virginica, Gmel. This little sparrow is found throughout New Mexico wherever food and water Tanagra olivacea, Gmel. Tanagrre rud·is, Sparrm. Mus, Carls., t. 94. are to be found in sufficient quantities to sustain life. Tanagra restiva, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 1, p. 95. Pyranga hepatica, Swains. Pyranga restiva, Aud., Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 208, p. 222. Genus STRUTHUS, Boie. This beautifulspecies I have observed throughout the Indian territory, Texas, STRUTHUS HYEMALis, Linn.-The Common Snow Finch. 1md New Mexico. It is rather solitary in its habits, frequenting the thick Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 129. iCrubby timber. Fringilla nivalis, Huil3onica, Nutt. Man., vol. I, p. 491. PvRANGA AzARAE, D'Orb. and Lafr.-Azara's Tanager. Niphrea hyemalis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 167, p. 88. Satator ruber tt S.flatJus, Vieill. Azara, Nos. 87, 88. Common in the Indian territory during the fall and winter. Pyranga .llzarae, D'Orb. Voy. Amer. Meri., p. 264, t. 4, pt. 3, 4. I procured this beautiful tanager in the San Francisco mountain, New Mexi STRUTHUS OnEGONus, Towns.-'fhe Western Snow Bird. co. It is a male, in full plumage. Fringilla 0regona, Towns. Jour. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 7, p. 188. · Niphma Oregona, Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 168, p. 91. Genus P ASSERELLA, Swains. I observed this bird, for the first time, in the month of October, whilst en camped on the San Francisco mountain, near the Little Colorado, New Mexico. PAssERELLA ILIACA, Merrem.-The Fox-colored Finch. It was very abundant in company with the various titmice, and in its habits it Wils. Amer. Orn., \rol. 3, p. 53. F,·ingilla r,ifa, much resembles our S. hyemalis. Fringillaferr11ginea, Gmel. Edwards' Birds, pl. 354, f. I. Emberiza pratensis, Vieill. STRUTHUS CANICEPs, Woodhousc.-The Gray-headed Snow Finch. Zonotrichia iliaca, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 257. Struthus caniceps, Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. N. Sc., Phil., vol. 6. Fringilla il-iaca, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pl. 186, p. 130. Form.-Bill longer and more gradually tapering than in the S. Oregonus; wings The fox-colored sparrow I foundvery abundant in the Indian territory on the rounded; first quill shortest; second, third, and fourth nearly equal; third slightly approach of winter. longest; tail long and slightly emarginate; tarsus long and slender. 'Co!ors.-Head above back of neck and cheeks dark gray; throat, breast, and Genus CHRYSOMITRIS, Iloic. sides lighter gray; abdomen, vent, and under tail coverts inclining to white; upper mandible dark brnwn,almost black; space between the eye and base of bill black; C1rnvsoM1TR1s TRIST1s, Linn.-The Thistle Bird, or American Gold Finch. back bright reddish brown; rump and upper tail coverts dark gra.y; tail dark Fringilla tristis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 20. brownish black, with the lateral tail feathers in some specimens entirely white, Canl1telis J1mericana, (Edwards) Swains.and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., ii., p. 2613. and with others having large spots of white on their inner webs; in one specimen Carduelis tristis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 181, p. 129. which I have seen all of the three lateral feathers are mottled; wings with the Abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. primaries dark brown, and their outer margin narrowly edged with yellowish 84 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 85 white; the secondaries with their inner webs dark brown, and their outer light: :ZoNOTRJCHIA IlLANDINGJANA.-Gamb. reddish brown; scapular and lesser wing coverts light reddish brown; tarsi and Fringilla Blandingiana, Gamb. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol. I, p. 260. feet flesh color; nails brownish. Zonotrichia chlorura? (Aud.) Gamb. Journ. A. N. S. Phila., vol. I, N. S. JJimensions.-Totallength of skin fromtip of bill to end of tail. 6 2-10 inches. pl. 9, p. 51. 336. Total length of bill along the ridge...... 4�-10 Fringilla chlorura? Aud. Orn. Biog., voI. 5, p. Total length of wing from flexure...... 3 ] }-10 Whilst encamped on the Rio Salado, near San Antonio, Texas, in the begin Total length of tarsus...... 8�-10 ning of the month of April, I procured a solitary specimen of this beautiful and Total length of tail...... 3 1-10 interesting bird. Its favorite haunts seemed to be the low bushes in the vicinity The female has the feet and bill colored like the male; the general plumage is of the creek ; this was the only one I observed east of the Rio Grande. In the darker and not so bright; the head is ashy brown; back dark reddish brown; Zuni mountain and in the vicinity of the pueblo of Zufii it was quite abundant. secondaries dark brown, with a slight reddish brown margin on the outer webe; scapular feathers and lesser wing coverts grayish brown' ; the measurements dif ZoNOTRICHIA Lrnc·oLNn, Aud.. -Lincoln 's Finch. fer but little fromthose of the male, being slightly smaller. Pringilla Lincolnii, Aud. . Orn. Biog., vol. 2, p. 5'39. Hab-itat.-Western Texas and Mexico. Peucca Lincolnii, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 177, p. 116. This species I foundexceedingly abundant throughout the Indian territory and My a attention was first called to this bird by my friend Mr. John Cassin, who• very kindly suggested an examination of several specimens of males in the collce- Texas. tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in connexion with another in his posses sion, and a female in the collection made by me, which I outained in the San ZoNOTIUCHIA ALBICOLus., Gmel.-The White-throated Finch. Fri;igilla albicollis, F'rancisco mountain, New Mexico. When obtained, it was feedingin company Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 51. Fringilla Pe-nnsylvanica, with S. Orcgonus,. various species of Parus, and it appeared very similar to the Lath. Edwards' Birds, pl. 304. Zonotrichia Pennsylvanica, former and the- c.;mmon snow finch ( S. hye,nalis) in its habits. Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 256. Fringilla striata, Gmel. Fringilla Pennsylvan·ica, Aud .. Birds of Amer., vol. 3, pl. 191, p. 153. Very abundant in the fall and winter throughout the Indian territory. Genus ZONOTRICHIA, Swains. ZoNOTRICHIA GRAmNEA, Gmel.-Th� Grass or Ilay-winged Finch. Embcriza gr�minca, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 51. Genus P ASSERCULUS, Bonap. Fringilla ( Zonotrich-ia) graminea, Swains and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., ii. p. 254'. Emberiza gra,ninea,. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3,. pl. 159, p. 65. l'ASSERCULUS SAVANNA, Wils.-The Savanna Finch. Fringilla savann1t, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 72. This species I have found abundant from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, P CuoNDESTE• GllAMMACA, Say.-The Prairie Lark Finch. Fringilla grammaca, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 47. Genus EUSPIZA, Bonap. CJ.andesles strigata, Swains. Emberiza grammaca, Bonap. Orn .. 8vo., vol. 3, p. 63, pl. 158. Eusp1zA AMERICANA, Gmel.-The Black-throated Finch. This beautiful species I have found quiteabundant on the prairies of Texas Fring'illaflavicollis, Gmel. and the Indian territory, also in New Mexico along the river Del Norte. It is Pa,serina nigricoll-is, Vieill. quite active and industrious in pursuit offood, being but seldom at rest ; it is to Emberiza Mexicana, Lath. Syn., pl. 44. be seen either among the grass on the ground, or perchedupon the top ofacmsh, Emberiza .flmericana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 411. 11.t the same time uttering a feeble chirp. " Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 3, pl 156, p. 58. Very commonon the prairies, in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. Genus AMMODRAMUS, Swains. AMMODRAMUS PASSERJNus, Wils.-The Yellow-winged Shore Finch. Genus EMBERIZA, Linn. Fringilla passerin11, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, p. 76. Emberiza pcisserina, Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo , vol. 3, pl. 162, p. 73. E111Bl!!RJZA BILINEATA, Cassin. Very common in the Indian territory, Texas, and in some parts of New Emberiza bilineata, Cas. Proc. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 5, p. 104, pl. 3. Mexico. 1 procured but a single specimen of this bird as we passed up the Rio San Pedro, Texas. 88 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 89 the same conclusion on seeing the specimens brought by Col. McCall, Inspector Genus PLE CTROPHANES, Meyer. General U.S. Army, who was then about to describe it. It is found throughout New Mexico, also in California, in both of which PLECTROPHANES ORNATus, Towns.-The Chesnut-colored Lark Bunting. countries it remains throughout the year. Plectrophanes ornatus, Towns. Jour. A. N.S., Phila., vol. 7, p. 189. " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 154, p. 58. " Towns. Genus CONU RUS, Kuhl. I found this bird quite rare in the Indian territory, and secured but a single apecimen. CoNuaus C.,ROLINENs1s, Linn.-The Carolina Paraquet. Psittacus Carolinensis, Linn.Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 141. Psittic11s 1-udovicianus, Gmel. Genus OTOCORIS, Bonap. Psittacus luteicapillus, Yieill. Cent11rt1s Carolinensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 278, p. 306. OTocoR1s ALPESTR1s, Linn.-The Horned orShore Lark. Quite numerous in eastern Texas and in the Indian territory, confining itself .lllauda,/lava, Gmel. to the timber lands of the large streams. Jllauda nivalis, Pall. .lllauda cornuta, Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 434. .lllauda ch solrema, Wagler. ry Genus PICUS, Linn. .lllauda alpestris, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 151, p. 44. Very common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. Ficus (!UERuLus, Wils.-The Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Picus querulus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 2, p. 103. Picus lwcotis, Ill. Genus CARPODACUS, Kaup. Picus borealis, Yieill. Picus Vieillotii, Wagl. CARPODAcus PURPUllEus, Gmel.-The Crested Purple Finch. Picus querulus, Aud. Orn., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 264, p. 254. Pringilla purpurea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. I, p. 119. Common in eastern Texas and the Indian territory. Erythrospiza purpurea, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 3, pl. 196, p. 170. The purple finch is common in New Mexico and the Indian territory. P1cus VILLosus, Linn.-The Hairy Woodpecker. Picus villosus, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 1, p. 150. CARPO»Acus FAMILIAR1s, McCall.-The Domestic Purple Finch. '' Auel. Ilirds of Amer., Svo., vol. 4, p. 244, pl. 2G2. Carpodacusfamiliaris, McCall.-Proc. A. N.Sc., Phila., vol. 6, p. 61. Common in the Indian territory and Texas. Erythrospizafrontalis, Gambel. Jour. A. N. Sc., Phila., vol. I, N.S. , p. 53. My attention was first called to this interesting little songster whilst at Santa P1cus PUBESCENs, Linn.-The Downy \Voodpeckcr. Picus pubescens, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. ]!i3. Fe, where it is known to the Americans resident there as the adohe finch. By Aud. Birds of Amer , 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 53, p. 249. the Mexicans, birds of this species are called Buriones. They arc exceedingly Dendrocopus pubescens, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Arner., vol. 2, p. 307. tame, building about the dwellings, churches, and other buildings, in every nook �nd comer, even entering the houses to pick up crumbs. They are, I believe, Common throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. never disturbed by the inhabitants. At the first dawn of the morning they commence with their sweet and clear P1cus scALARis, Wagler. warble, which it is impossible for me to describe by words. I have often in the Picus scalaris, '\Vagler, Isis, 1829, p. 511. early morning listened with admiration and gratification to the song of this bird, This beautiful little woodpecker abounds in Texas, east of the Pecos river. which is deservedly a great favorite. At first sight I took this species to be the During my stay in San Antonio and its vicinity I became quite familiar with it. C. Frontalis, Say; but on close examination, whilst atSanta Fe, I came to the It was at any time to be seen flying from tree to tree, and lighting on the trunk conclusion that it was not that species. On my return to Philadelphia, whilst of a mesquite tree, (Jllgarobia,) closely searching for its insect food ; in its hab talking to my friend, Mr. Cassin, about it, he informed me that he had come to its and notes it much resembles the Picus pubescens, Linn. 90 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 91 Ficus NuTTALLn, Gamb.-Nuttall's Woodpecker. Picus Nuttallii, Gambel, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 1, p. 259. Picus scalaris, (Wag.) Gambel, Jour. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 1, N. S. pl. 9, Genus CENTURUS, Swains. figs. 2, 3, p. 55. Ci:NTURus CAROLINus, Wils.-The Carolina Woodpecker. My friend,the late Dr. Wm. Gambel, described this bird in the spring of 1843 Picus Carolinus, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 1, p. 112. in the proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia as Picus Picus g1-iseus, Vieill. Xuttallii; afterwards, in his paper entitled " Remarks on the Birds of Califor Picus erythrauchen, W agl. nia," published in the journal of the same society, he mistakes it for the P. ua Picus zebra, Bodd. laris of Wagler,and cites his own name as a synonym. In the latter he was Picus Carolinus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 270, p. 270. entirely mistaken ; not only do they differ in size, but in the markings. This bird I have only seen in California,from which country I have examined numer Common in the Indtan territory and Texas. ous specimens, together with the original specimens of Dr. G., and compared them with the specimens of the P. scalaris, of which I have quite a number in CENTURus FLAv1vENTR1s, Swains.-The Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. my collection. The latter I have never foundwest of the Rio San Pedro, Texas. Centurus flaviventris, Swains. This bird, firstdescribed by Mr. Swainson, I found quite abundant in the neigh borhood of San Antonio, Texas. West of the Rio San Pedro I have not seen it. It has a loud, sharp cry, which it utters as it flies fromtree to tree. I mostly Genus CAMPEPHILUS, Gray. observed it on the trunks of the mesquite, (Jllgarobia,) diligently searching in CAMPEPIIILus PRINCIPALrs, Linn.-The Ivory-billed Woodpecker. theusual manner of woodpeckers. Picus principalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. 4, p. 20. " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 256, p. 214. I have only observed this magnificent bird in the timber of the Arkansas river and in eastern Texas, in both of which places it was quite rare. Genus MELANERPES, Swains. MELANERPES ARYTHROCEPHALus, Linn.-The Red-headed Woodpecker. Genus DRYOCOPUS, Boie Picus erythrocephalus, Wils. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 1, p. 142. .Melanerpes erylhrocephalu!, Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 316. DRvocoPus PILEATus, Linn.-The Log-cock, or Pileated Woodpecker. Picus erylhrocephalus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 271, p. 274. Picus pileatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. vol. 4, p. 27. Abundant in the Indian territory and Texas. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 257, p. 226. Quite abundant in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. Genus COLAPTES, SwainR. Genus CELEUS, Boie. CELEUS T0RQUATus, Wils.-Lowis's Woodpecker, CoLAPTES AURATus, Linn.-The Golden-winged Woodpecker. Picus auratus, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 2, p. 45. Picus torquatus, Wils. Amer. Om., vol.�. p. 31. " " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 273, p. 282. Picus multicolor, Gmel. Colaple! auralus, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 314. Pictis scutatus, Wagl. Picus thoracicus, Less. Very abundant in Texas and the Indian territory. Picus to�quatus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 272, p. 280. CoLAPTEs MEXICANOJDEs, Lafr.-The Red-shafted Flicker. Common in the Indian ·territory and N�w Mexico. Colaples .Mexicanus, Swains. Syn. B. of Mex., Phil. Mag., No. 84. Picw Mexicanm, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 274, p. 290. Common along the Rio Grande. 92 REPORT OP AN EXPEDITIOR DOWN THE zuRI A.ND COLORADO RIVER!'!. .93 EcTOPISTES MARGINELLus, Woodhouse.-The small Long-tailed Dove. Genus GEOCOCCYX, Wagler. Ectopistes marginellus, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., vol. 6, p. 104. Gzococcyx MzxrcANus, Gmel.-The Paisano or Chaparral Cock. Fonn.-Bill short and slender; wings long and pointed; second quill distinctly Common in western Texas, frequentingbarren and bushy plains. I, however, longest; its general form resembling E. Carolinensis, but much more delicate. have met with it only occasionally, and then was not able to get a shot at it, being Dimemiom.-Totallength of skin from tip of bill to end of tail. 9 3-10 inches. " BO swift of foot,and disappearing almost immediately among the thickets. It is Total length of wing from flexure• • • • • •• • • • • • 5 4-10 " frequentlycaptured by pursuing it on horseback. Total length of tarsus ...... ,..... 7 j-10 Total length of bill...... _. . 6-10 " Total length of bill from gap...... 7-10 " Genus COCCYZUS, Vieill. Total length of tail ...... 4 ,. Coccnus A1n:a1c.1.Nus, Linn.-The Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Color.-Bill dark brown; upper surface of the head brown, mottled with black Cuculua Carolinenri.,, Wile. Amer. Orn., ·vol. 4, p. 13. &nd light brown; hind part of neck, back, and upper tail coverts of a lightish Coccyzua pyrrhopterus, Vieill. brown; a brownish-white band extends from each eye across the forehead; one Coccyzua .8mericanua, Aud., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 275, p. 293. of reddish-brown from the anterior part of the orbit to the back of the head; Very common in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. throat very light brown, inclining to white; the feathersof the lower portion of the throat are black, with a light brown margin, giving _the appearance of circular Coccyzus ERYTHR0PTHALMus, Wils.-The Black-billed Cuckoo. bands of black and white; belly, vent, and under tail coverts light fawn; sides Cuculus erythropthalmus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 15. lead color; primaries dark brown; the first, second, and third quills have a white Coccyzus dominicus, Nutt. Man., vol. I, p. 556. Jjne e�tending along their outer edge; secondaries are rather lighter, and have a Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 4, pl. 276, p. 300. light brown margin; on their upper surface they are reddish-brown; tertiary fea I observed but fewof these birds either in Texas or the Indian torritory. thers and wing coverts reddish-brown with a light margin, and on the outer edge &n elongated black spot; the tail consists of fourteen feathers,the two central of Genus COLUMBA, Linn. which are dark brown; the four lateral feathers are black near the extremity &nd white at tip; tarsus and feet light red. CoLUMBA rUCIATA. Say.-The Band-tailed Pigeon. Habitat.-Cross Timbers. ColumbafMciata, Say, Long's E:xped., vol. 2, p. ID. This species somewhat resembles E. Carolinensis, Linn., but on examination " " Aud, Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 4, pl. 279, p. 312. proves to be totally different. I procured it in the Cross Timbers, on the north Small flocks of this beautiful pigeon I observed in New Mexico, particularly fork of the Canadian, where I sawa number of them feeding on the ground, in the San Francisco mountain ; also in California, &nd at that time was struck with their small size, being so much smaller than our common dove. I was unable to procure more than one specimen, which, upon dissection, proved to be a male. Genus ECTOPISTES, Swains. EcTOPISTES MIGRAT0nrus, Linn,:--The Passenger Pigeon. Genus MELEAGRIS, Linn. Columba migratoria, Linn, Syst. Nat., vol. I, p. 285. MnEAGRls GALL0PAvo, Linn.-The Wild Turkey. Columba Canadensis, Linn. .Meleagris gall at,o, Linn, pl. en!., 97. Ect istes migratoria, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 285, p. 25. op op " Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 1, p. 97. Common in the Indian territory in the spring and fall,during their migration. " " Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 5, pl. 287, 288, p. 42. Vieill. EcTOPISTES CAROL1NENs1s, Linn.-The Carolina Turtle Dove. .Meleagris sylvestris, Gall at,o sylveatris, Catesby, Gal. des Ois., t. 201. Columba Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 91. op " Linn, Syst., Nat., vol. 1, p. 286. Throughout the wooded portions of the Indian territory and Texas this bird Ectopistes Carolinemis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 286, p. 36. abounds. Whil8t in the Creek country our men killed numbers of them daily; The mournful notes of this bird were to be heard continually throughout the many of them were very large and weighed upwards of nineteen pounds, al though at the same time they were in poor condition. They are quite abun Indian territory and the most part of Texas and New Mexico, in which coun tries it breeds. d&nt along the Rio San Pedro, Texas. 94 REPORT 011' A? CYllTONYX MASSENA, Less.-The Massena Partridge. CAI.LIPEPLA EJ.EGANs 1 Less.-The Elegant Partridge. Ortyx .Montezuma, Vigors. Jard. and Silby, 111. Orn., pl. 126. Ortyx spilogasler, Vigors. Odontophorus mele ris, Wagler. Callipcpla clcgans, (Less.) lent. de Zoo!., t. 61. a1 1, 18. Perdix perspicillata, Licht. Gould. Monogr. Odont., pt. 1. Gould. Mo�og. Odont., pt. pl. Cyrton.yx ,Massena, Cassin.'s Birds of Cal. and Texas, vol. I, pl. 4. This pretty partridge, I have been told by our officers, is found on the Rio ·Grande in the vicinity of El Paeo. My attention was first called to this beautiful bird a fewmiles beyond the head of the Rio San Pedro, where we started three of them, and Major Backus suc C,LLIPEPLA GAMBELII, Nutt.-Gambel's Partridge. ceeded in procuring a femalespecimen, which is now in my collection. This was lophortyx Gambelii, Nutt. Proc. A. N. Sci. Phila., vol. I, p. 220. the only time that I observed this bird. Capt. S. G. French, A. Q. M., U. S. Callipepla venusta, Gould. Proc . .Zool. Soc., pt. 14, p. 70, I, army, informs me that in the year 1849, when he first passed over this road, he Calli.pep/a Gambe!H, Gould. Monog. Odont., pt. pl. 17, met with these birds in a number of localities--at the head of the San Pedro, did not see this truly elegant species until I arrived at the Rio Grande, Howard's springs; and also at the Eagle springs--showingevidently that it has a about fifty miles below El Paso, ahd from there to the latter place it was ex range over the country lying between the Rio Grande and San Pedro rivers. He tremely abundant. It is by no means a shy bird, frequently coming about tlrn also stated that he had never met with it near the settlements, but always among houses. I have often observed the male birds perched on the top of a high bush, the wild, rocky, and almost barren hills of this country. They are more sociable uttering their peculiar, and, I might say, mournful call. and not so shy as othersof the same family. Their foodappears to be principally I found them in quite large flocks, feeding principally on seeds and berries, insects. An excellent figure and history of this handsome partridge arc given they became scarce as we approached Dona Ana, above which place I did not in the first number of Mr. Cassin's work on the Birds of California, Texas, &c. observe them; findingit again near the head of Bill Williams 's river, then on the Yampai creek, and excessively abundant all along the Great Colorado. This bird, I am told, is not found west of the Coast Range in California. About Ca.mp Yuma, below the mouth of the Gila river, they wftfe very abun Genus ORTYX, Steph. dant and tame, corning quite near the men, and picking up the grain wasted by the mules. I was there informed that great numbers of them were trapped by OaTYX VrnGINIANus, Linn.-The American Partridge. the Indians. Perdix Virginia11a, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 21. The femaleof this bird not having been described, lthought proper to introduce Perdix borealis, Temm. it here. Top of head dull reddish-brown ; front light cinereous brown ; crest Tetrao .Marilandicus, Lmn. shorter than the male, and consists of six brownish-black plumes; nape of neck, Tetrao Jlfexicanm, Linn, pl. en!., 149. back, rump, upper tail coverts, and wings, dark ash brown; tail bluish-ash; chin Ortyx Virgianus, Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 5, pl. 289, p. 59. and throat light-brown; upper parts of breast cinereous brown; lower part cream color, each feather having a lanceolate spot of brown; vent dirty white; the fea Very common in the Indian territory and Texas, but I did not observe it west thers of the flanks the same as the ma�e, but not so bright; under tail coverts of the Rio San Pedro. 96 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE lluftl AND COLORADO B.IVERS. brownish-white, with broad lanceolate markings of dark-brown, tertiaries have more abundant, however, on the Great Colorado river, where I have eeenlarge on their inner margin a yellowish-white line, giving it the appearance, when the flocks congregated, whereas the whooping crane (G. .fJ.nuricaM) I have never wing is closed, of a straight line. In size the same as the male. eeen, Were this the young of that bird, should not the adult bird be occasionally eeen? I have never observed a white bird among them. On several occasions I Genus TETRAO, Linn. have eaten the fleshof this species, which is quite palatable. These birds I foundfeeding in the low ground about the lakes and rivel'II; when TETRAO currno, Linn.-The Pinnated Grouse, or Prairie Hen. frightened by the near approach of a man, one is sure to give the alarm and ffy Tctrao cupido, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 3, p. 104. off"; he is immediately followed by the whole flock,each one answeringthe cry of Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 296, p. 93. the other, producing anything but an agreeable noise, and circle round in the air I have found this bird abundant throughout the Indian territory; more numer until they get to a. great height. ous, however, in the vicinity of the settlements. The Grus .fJ.nul'icana a.ppears to confine itself to the eea-coast, whereas thiil During the fall of 1849, as we were passing down the Arkansas river, along eird is found in the interior. the road leading from Fort Gibson to Fort Smith, these birds were in large flocks feeding among the oaks upon the acorns; hundreds were to be seen at the same time. It is also abundant throughout eastern Texas. TETRAO OBscunus, Say.-The Dusky Grouse. Genus ARDEA, Linn. Tetrao obscurus, Say, Long's Exped. AaDEA HERODIAB, Linn.-The Great Blue Heron . Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 295, p. 89. .Artka Htrodiu, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 369, p. 121. Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 3, pl. 18. Wile. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 106. Tetrao Franklinii, Sabine. .Rrdea Hud&oniu, Linn., Edward's Birds, pl. 135. This large grouse is found in the mountains about Santa Fe, New Mexico. Abundant on the Arkansas river; but I have seen but few in Texas or New Mexico. ARDEA EGllETTA, Gmel.-The Great American White Egret. Genus CHARADRIUS, Linn. .!rdea tgrtlta, Gmel. Syst. Nat., vol. I, p. 629. "' CnARADnrus voc1FEnus, Linn.-The Kildeer Plover. Aud. Amer Om., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 370, p. l:MJ. " Charadrius vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 73. Wile. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 106. Chm·adrius torquatus, Linn., Briss. Orn., vol. 5, t. 6, pl. en!. 286. This elegant heron I observed quite abundant in portions of the Indian terri Charadrius Jamacencis, Gmel. Sloan. Journ., p. 318, t. 265, f. 3. tory; more rare, however, in Texas. Charadrius vociferus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 317, p. 207. ARDE.t. v1RESCENs, Linn.-The Green Heron. This noisy bird I found abundant in the Indian territory, and in various part• .fJ.rtk11 11iresctll3, Linn. Catsb. Carol, p. 80. of Texas and N cw Mexico. " " Wile. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 97. " Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 6, pl. 367, p. 105. .Artka torquata, Mill. Illustr., pl. 60. Genus GRUS, Linn. Abundant in the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. Gnus CANADENs1s, Temm.-The Sand-hill or Brown Crane. AllDEA CANDIDISSIMA, GmeL-The Snowy Heron. .!J.rdea Canadensis, Forst. Phila. Trans. 62, p. 409, No. 26. .4rlka canditfimma, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 120 . Grus Canadensis, Penn. Art. Zoo!. 2, p. 403, No. 340. " " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 374, p. 163. Grus .fJ.mericana, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., pl. 314, vol. 5. .Rrtka thula, Mo!. Abundant in the Indian territory and in Te:i:u. This bird, which was believed by Audubon and a fewothers to be the young of the G . .fJ.mericana, Linn., I have observed frequently in parts of New Mexico, 7 98 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THB ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, with reddish-brown ; on their inner webs they arc mixed with irregular lines of brown. The remainder of the primaries are reddish-brown, with zigzag trans Genus IBIS, Moehr. verse bars of black ; secondaries and tertials are more black, the bands beinll' confluentin the middle; under plumage, long axillaries, inner wing coverts bright IBI� GUARAUNJ., Linn.-The Brazilian Ibis. reddish-brown; bill blackish-brown; legs and feetflesh-color; a pale supercilliary lbisguaranna, Shaw, Nat. Misc., pl. 705. line extends to the base of the bill. Tantalus chalcoplertts, Temm. pl. col., 511. Habitat.-New Mexico, upon the Rio Grande. This beautiful Ibis, which is new to our fauna, I procured on the Rio Zoquete, This remarkable species, so closely allied to the N. longiroslris and Hud!on Texas, where, however, I secured but one specimen. I obtained two others, on icw, but from both of which it differs very materially, I procured near Albu· the Little Colorado, New Mexico; but these, I am inclined to believe, are the querque, on the Rio Grande, on the sandbars of which stream there was a small ll>is Ordii, Bonap. flock feedingupon worms and insects. I only procured one specimen, not ha vine again met with them. Genus NUMENIUS. Genus TOT ANUS, Bechst. NuMENIUS L0NGIR0STR1s, Wils.-The Long-billed Curlew. Numenius longiroslris, Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 8, p. 23. ToTaNus PLAVIPEs, Gmel.-The Little Yellow-shank Tatler. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 355, p. 35. Scolopaxjla'Dipes, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 55. Large flocks of these birds I have frequently found feeding upon the prairie,, Tolattus fuscocapillus, Vieill. in the Indian territory and Texas. Tota11ttsjlavipes, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 334, p. 313. Very common in the vicinity of the lakes and streams in the Indian territory, NuMENIUS occmENTALIS, Woodhouse.-The Western Curlew. Texas, New Mexico, and California. Jtumenius occidentalis, Woodhouse, Proc. A. N. Sc., Phi la., vol. 6. Fonn.-The general form and color of this bird much resemble the N. longi ToTANus MELAN0LEucus, Gmel.-The Great Yellow-shank Tatler. rosh-is. The color, however, is much lighteraud more rufous; the bill short, a.nd Scolopax vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 57. �ery slender; the primaries arc more pointed-their inner web is not so broad; Tolanus vocifen,s, Swains. and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. 2, p. 389. wings exh,nd about half an inch beyond the tail; toes short and slender. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 345, p. 316. JJime,isions.-Totalle ngth of skin fromt he tip of bill to end of tail 16 3-10 inches I have found thi� bird in almost every section of the Indian territory, Texa■, Total length of bill along the ridge • •• • . •• •. • • • . 4 2-10 New Mexico, and California, wherever ponds or streams of water exist. Total length of wing from flexure...... , •••• 11 5-10 ToTANus sEmPAUIATus, Gmel.-The Scmipalmatcd Tatler, or Willet. Total length of tarsus.• • • • ••• • • • • . •• .. • . .• • . • • 2 8-10 Scolopax semipalmatus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 27. Total length of middle toe•••••• ••••••.••.•••• ,. 1 3);-10 Totanus crassirostris, Vieill. Total length of tibia...... 1 6-10 Symphemia Jltlanl·ica, Raff. Color.-Feathers of the top of head have a brood central line of blacki�h Totanus seniipalmalus, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 5, pl. 347, p. 324. brown, terminating on either side by whitish-brown; neck light reddish-brown, the shall of each feather being black, and terminating by a broad blackish-brown In the interior of New Mexico I found this bird quite abundant in the fa.II. Apot-those of the hind part of neck have the central line of black much broader; chin whitish; back black, with irregular reddish-brown markings, forming spots; these, o.s they approach the rump, become more reddish, and arc broader, having much the appearance of btLnds; upper tail coverts reddish brown; shafts black, Genus TRINGOIDES, Bonap. with transverse black bands; the tail is slightly rounded, and consists of twelve TR1NGOIDEs MACUURI.\, Linn.-Thc Spotted Sandpiper. feathers, of a reddish-brown color, with ten transverse black bands; under coverts Tringa macularia, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 60. reddish-brown; belly and thighs light reddish-brown; sides reddish-brown, irreg Tota-nus macularius, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pp. 3 3, 342. ularly marked with blackish-brown zigzag lines; the shafts of the first quills are � y;hite; the outer webs of the first three are black-of the fourth slightly mottled Very common in the Indian territory and Texas. 100 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THB ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 101 Ta.1NGOIDl!:I BAR.TR.AMrns, Wils.-Bartram's Highland Snipe. Tringa Bartramia, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 63. Genus PHILOHELA, Gray. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 327, p. 248. Tringa longicauda,Bechst. PmLOHELA MINOR, Gmel.-The American Woodcock. Bartramia laticauda, Less. Scolopax minor, Gmel. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 661.' Totanus variegatus, Vie ill. Go.I. des Ois., t. 239. Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 6, p. 40. This beautiful yet wild bird was quite common in some parts of the India.a .Microptera minor, Aud. Birds of Amer., vol. 5, pl. 352, p. 15. territory, Texas, and New Mexico. This bird only came under my observation whilst in the Indian territory, and During the month of August, 1850, whilst attached to the Creek boundary it was there quite rare. survey-Lieut. J. C. Woodruff, Topographical Engineers, commanding-ia crossing the prairies beyond the Red Fork of the Arkansas, these birds were to Genus RALLUS, Linn. be seen daily in immense flocks; more particularly on the portion of the prairie which had been recently burnt. They appeared to be feedingupon the parched RuLUs VrnGINIANus, Linn.-The Virginia Rail. rrasshoppers, and were excessively fat. Rallus Virginianus, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 109. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 311, p. 147. Rallus limicola, Vieill. Genus RECURVIROSTRA, Linn. I procured a single specimen of this bird on the Rio Laguna, abor.t tweln Rzcuav1aosTRA AMERICANA, Gmel.-The American Avocet. miles from its head; this was the only one which I observed. Recurvirostra Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 7, p. 126. Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 6, pl. 353, p. 24. Genus ORTYGOMETRA, Linn. I have seen a few specimens of this curious bird in the Indian territory and ORTYGOMETRA CAROLINA, Linn.-The Carolina Rail. ll"ew Mexico. Rallus Carolinus, Wils. Arner. Orn., vol. 6, p. 24. I have always found it wading in the shallow water of the rivers, dili ntly ge Ortygometra Carolinus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 306, p. 145. hunting worms and insects, which in this country appear to be its principal food. During the summer of 1850, whilst attached to the Creek boundary survey nder Lieut. J. C. Woodruff, Topographical Engineers, I ivet with the sora rail � several occasions, on the prairies, but always near water. Genus TRINGA, Linn. Ta1NoA PECTORALIS, Say.-The Pectoral Sandpiper. Genus FULICA, Linn. Tringa pectoralis, Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. 4, p. 44. Fu1.1cA AMERICANA, Gmel.-The American Coot, or :Mud-hen. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 329, p. 259. Fulica atra, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 9, p. 61. Common in the Indian territory and Texas. Fulica Ame,-icana, Aud. Birds of Amer., Svo., vol. 5, pl. 305, p. 138. Ta.1NGA PUSILLA, Wils.-The Little Sandpiper. I have met with this bird quite abundantly throughout the Indian territory• Tringa pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 5, p. 32. Te.1as, New Mexico, and California; always in the vicinity of lagunas or streama. Aud. Birds of Amer. Svo., vol. -, pl. 337, p. 280. Tringa Walsonii, Nutt.• Man., vol. 2, p. 120. Genus ANSER, Barrere. This interresting little bird I have found in great numbers about the different streams throughout the Indian territory, Texas, and New Mexico. ANsER HYPERBOREus, Pall.-The Snow Goose. Anas hyperborea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 76. Ta1NGA ScmNzn, Brehm.-Schinz Sandpiper. Anas crerulescens, Linn. Tringa Schinzii, Bonap. Amer. Orn., pl. 24, fig. 2. Anas nivalis, Forst. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 5, pl. 335, p. 275. .8nser niveus, Briss. .Amer i.yperbo,·eus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 381, p. 212. \ have met with this species at different times in the Indian territory and New Mexico. .Abundant on the coast of California. 102 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THB ZUAI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 103 ANsER ERTTHROPus, Linn.-The White-fronted Goose. Jluser albifrons, Bonap. Syn., p. 376. Genus DAFILA, Leach. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 380, p. 209. DAFILA AcuTA, Linn.-The Pin-tail Duck. Abundant on the coast of California. Jlnas acuta, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 72. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 390, p. 266 . .flnas longicauda, Briss . Genus B1'�RNICLA, Steph. .Anas caudicuta, Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 44.f. Common .inNew Mexico and California. BERN1c1.A BRENTA, Pall-The Brent Goose . •llnas bernicla, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, P: 131. Jlnser bernicla, Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 469. Genus ANAS, Linn. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 379, p. 203. Abundant in the large streams of the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, ANAs BoscHu, Linn.-The Mallard Duck.. &nd in California along the coast. .flnasfera, Briss. . ..lltias domestica, Linn. BERNICLA HuTc111Ns11, Rich. and Swains.-Hutchins's Goose. .flnas curvirostra, Ball. Jlnser Hutchinsii, Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 470. .Jlnaspurpureo-viridis, Schinz.. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 377, p. 198. ..!lnas Breweri, Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. 6, p. 302. Abundant on the coast of California. .llnas Boschas, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 385, p. 236. BERNICLA CANADENsIS, Linn.-The Canada Goose. Commonin the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California. Jlnas Canadensis, \Vils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 52. Jlnser Canadensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 376, p. 178. Common in the Arkansas and Great Colorado rivers, also on the coast of Cali Genus QUERQUEDULA, Stephens. fornia. QuERQUEDULA CAROLINENs1s, Gmel.-The Green-winged TeaL .Snas crecca, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 101. " " Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 3, p. 400. Genus AIX, Boie. .flt1.as sylvatica, Vieill. .fln,is Carolin.ensis, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 392. Au SPONSA, Linn.-The Summer, or Wood Duck. Common in the Indian territory, Texas, and t::alifornia. Jlnas sponsa, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 97. . Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 391, p. 271. This beautiful species breeds in the Indian territory and Texas. In tho Genus PTEROCYANEA, Bonap. former country I found it very abundant. PTERGCYANEA mscoas, Linn.-The Common Blue-winged Teal. Jlnas iliscors, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 74. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 393, p. 287. Genus MARECA, Stephens. The common blue-winged teal is found throughout the Indian territory and eastern Texas. ldARECA AMERICANA, Gmel.-The American Widgeon. Jlnas .llmericana, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 89. P-rto:ROCYANEA C Genus CHAULELASMUS, Gray. Genus LARUS, Linn. CHAULELABMUS STREPERA, Linn.-Th11 Gadwall Duck. .!JnM strepera, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 120. · L.1.ausBoNAPARTEI, Rich. and Swains.-Bonaparte's Gull. " Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo .., vol. 6, pl. 388, p. 254. Lams Bon.apartei, Swains. and Rich. F. B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 425. Chauliodus strepera, Swains. and Rich. F.B. Amer., vol. 2, p. 446. '. Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 7, pl. 442, p. 131. Larus capistratus, Bonap. Amer. Om., vol. 4. Common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and California.. I procured a young specimen of this bird at the mouth of the Red Fork of the Arkansas river. Genus SPATULA, Boie. SrATllLA CLYPEATA, Wils.-The Shoveller Duck . .!Jniu clypeata, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 45. Genus PLOTUS, Linn. " " ·Aud.Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 394, p. 293. .!Jnasrubens, Gmel. PLOTUS ANHINGA? Linn.-The American Anhinga . .!Jn1U Mexican11s, Lath. Plotus anhinga, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 420, p. 443. .!Jniu platalea, Vieill. A. Zara., No. 474. Plotus melanogaster, Lath. var. " Very abundant in the lakes· and rivers of the Indian territory, Texu, New Wils. Amer. Om., vol. 9, p. 75. Mexico, and California. The specimen of Plotus brought fromTexas by me, I find, on comparison with apecimens of the P. anhinga, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, differsso materially in size, that I have marked it with a Genus NYROCA, Fleming. question; at the same time, not having but the one specimen, I did not think myself justifiable in describing it until I obtained more specimens of the same NYROCA VALISNERIA, Wils.-The Canvas-back Duck. kind .!Jnas 1iali.meria, Wils. Amer., Orn., vol. 8, p. 103. These birds I found breeding on the Rio San Felipe, in Texas, early in the Fuligula1ialimeria, Aud.Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 6, pl. 395, p. 299. month of May. We procured a number of these fine ducks in a laguna near Santa Isabella, California, where they are quite common. NYROCA FERINA, Linn.-The Pochard, or Red-headed Duck. Genus PELECANUS, Linn. .!Jnasferina, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. 8, p. 110 . .!JnM rufa, Gmel. PELECANus TRACHYRHYNCHus, Lath.-The American White Pelican . .!Jnas rujicollis, Scop. Pelecanus erythrorhyncus, Gmel. Fuligulaferina, Aud.Birds of Amer., 8vo. 6, pl. 396, p. 311. Peltcanus onocrotalus, Bonap. Very common in California. Pelecanus brachydactylus, Licht. Peltcanus .!Jmericanus, Aud. Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 7, pl. 422, p. 20. These birds I have frequently observed in the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Genus PODILYMBUS, Less. Colorado rivi;rs. Common in the Indian territory, Texas, New Mexico, and C&lifornia. PomLYMBus CAROLINENs1s, Lath.-The Red-billed Grebe. Podictps Carolinemis, Bonap. Syn., p. 418. " " Aud.Birds of Amer., 8vo., vol. 7, pl. 483, p. 324. Colymbus podiceps, Linn. Colymbus ludo1'icianus, Gmel. pl. en!., 943. Common in the Indian °territory, Texas, and New Mexioo. ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS. 107 range; the other has been observed only in the Mississippi and its tributary REPTILES. ■trearns. There are three species of Clielonians proJ>er, one of Sphargis and one of .!llligator, which has been erroneously stated by European naturalists to exist throughout the whole exwnt of the United States, having never beenfound BY EDWARD HALLOWELL, M. D. north uf lat. 350. According to Prof. Holbrook, nine-tenths of the territory belongingto the United StateB east of the Rocky mountains is uninhabited by this animal. Several new species of Crotaphytus, Holbrook, have recently been The recent government expeditions for the purpose of determining its bound described by Professors Baird and Girard, in the Proceedings of ·the Academy aries have advanced greatly our knowledge of the natural productions of the of Natural Sciences, one only having before been known, viz: the .Agama collaru regions explored. of Say. Of Phrynosoma four well-known species inhabit North America, viz: Of the species of reptiles hitherto described as inhabiting the United States, eornutum, coronatum, Douglassii, and orbicular, of ,veigmann; to these I have the number does not exceed one hundred and fifty, nearly the whole of which added a fourth-Phryn. planiceps-which closely resembles the co,·nutum, but have been for the first time determined and figured by Professor Holbrook, of differs from it in having smooth scales upon the abdomen. There are also the Charleston, South Carolina. Of these there has yet been discovered but one Phryn. modestum and platyrhynos of Girard. These remarkable animals are testudo-the Test. polyphemus, or gopher, which is found only in the south, its exclusively American, and are confinedto the western and southern portions of most northern limit being the western border of South Carolina-and two box our country. The new genus .!lnota is closely allied to them, but differs in hav tortoises, the Cistuda Carolina and Blandigii. Of Emydes, or fresh-waterturtles, ing its ears concealed by the integument. Several new species of Cnemidophorw Professor Holbrook has figured seventeen species. Another has recently been have been added by 1:'rofessor Baird to the one already known (.!lmeiva se:r:li described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, by Professors Mata,) an exclusive inhabitant of the southern States, and also a new Plestiodon, Baird and C. Girard, from Oregon. It is very remarkable that no specimen of & genus never observed in the north." The Lygosoma lateralis has been found fresh-water turtle was captured by Dr. Woodhouse during his recent exploration only in the south and west. That remarkable animal, the Ophisaurus ventralis, of Texas and New Mexico. The remaining species of Chelonians are four, viz: or glass-snake, also exclusively American, although found in the norfti as far Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum, Sternothrerusocloratus, Chelonura serpentinaor snap aaMichigan, is much more abundant in the south and west. -q'he number of per, and Chelonura Temminckii,making twenty-fiveChelonians; of these twenty Saurians known to inhabit the United States appears to have been comparatively five, but three may be considered as land animals, viz: Test. Polyphemus, Cistuda few, not more than fourteen species being enumerated and figured by Professor Carolina, and Cistuda Blandigii. The Cistuda Carolina is found from one end of Holbrook ; but more recently, numerous additions have been made by Profee the Union to the other; the Blandigii has as yet been discovered only in Illinois, ■ors Baird and Girard, not less than nineteen new species having been pub Wisconsin, and Massachusetts. Of the Emydes, serrata, reticulata, Flor-idana, lished by them, as found in the recent exploration of Col. Graham, more than Mob-ilensis,and concinna, are exclusively southern; the Mulenbergii, rubriventris, allformerly known to exist in the whole United Slaws. The most remarkable of picta, guttata, te1·rapin, or palustris, are more or less common in the north, but those recently discovered is the new genus Holbrookia, or Cophoscmrus of Tro only two of them exclusively, viz: Mulenbergiiand rubriventris, and these, accord achel, characterized chiefly by its concealed ears. ing to Dr. Holbrook, have a very limited range, the first having,been foundonly Of the Ophidians there are four genera of poisonous serpents, including ten in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania; the latter, neither north of the river 1pecies, to which must be added the Crotalus Lecontti described in the following Delaware nor south of Chesapeake bay; picta, guttala, and ttrmpin have a very paper. Of the poisonous species there are seven rattlesnakes, four Crotali wide range, the first having been observed from Maine to Georgia; the second, proper, and three Crotalophori, three species of Trigonoc,phalus, including the according to Major Leconte, over the whole of the United States. lnsculptais a water-moccasin and the copperhead, and one species of Elaps. The Crotalus northern animal, while geographica, pseudo geographica, h-ieroglyphica, Cumber durissus, the most common of the rattlesnakes, is found in nearly all parts of landensis, Troostii, and Oregonicnsis, are found in our western States, but not in theUnited States; the adamanteus and Oregonus have a very limited range, the the south, and the first only in the north (Lake Erie.) The Kinostcrnon Penn one being a southern animal, not found north of Carolina; the other having yet sylvanicum is not seen north of lat. 410, but is abundant in the west. Sternothreru1 been observed only on the banks of the Oregon and Columbia rivers. The odoratus is found from Maine to Florida, and probably in all our western States. .Crotalofhorus tergeminus is found near the sources of the Missouri; the kirt Chelonura serpentina exists in nearly all parts of the Union; while Temminckii is landii only in the States of Ohio and Michigan. The water-moccasin has not confined to the Mississippi and its tributaries, and to some of the rivers of Ala been found north of the Pedee river, in North Carolina; it has been observed in bama that enter into the Gulf of Mexico. Two species of soft-shell turtle have Tennessee. The Trigonocephalus contortri:r:, or copperhead, is one of our most been as yet described, the Triony:r:fero:r: and muticus. The first has a very wide • I have recently found a specimen or Platiodlmquinqu.Z.imalum in New Jene7. 108 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUAI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 109 eommen venomous serpents, being foundfrom Now England to Middle Florida, inclusive, and from the Atlantic to the Alleghanies. The atro-fusws has as yet Order SA URIA. been seen only in Tennessee: the Elaps fulvius inhabits the southwestern and western States, but is not seen in the north. Of the non-venomous serpents, Genus SCELOPORUS, Weigmann. thirty-seven species are described and figured by Professor Holbrook, to which numerous others have been added recently. Of these, two arc water-snakes, to GEN. CHAR.-Head short, subtriangular, rounded in front, which Tropidonotus rhombifer, transversus, some parietalis of Say, concinnus, and covered with small plates; no palatine teeth; tongue ob and others, are to be added. The Coluber Cooperi has a very limited range, tuse in front, slightly notched1 covered with minute papilloo; having been found by Mr. Cooper" only in the dry pine-hills south of the Alta lips furnished with a double series of oblong plates; nostrile hama, never having being met with in the low grounds even of the same vicinity," open in a single plate, surrounded by smaller scales; tympa while the eximius and punctatus are distributed over a large part of the Union. num depressed in the meatus, which has its anterior border The gultatus is a southern animal; the obsoletus and testaceus are found on the more or less denticulated; neck below smooth, but with an borders of the Rocky mountains. The constrictor or common black snake is seen oblique depression on each side; body short, depressed, and in nearly all parts of the United States, and "may be regarded as tho most covered with large carinated and imbricated scales above, common of our serpents." The Coluber vernalis is exclusively a northern ani and with smooth plates upon the abdomen; tail very long, mal; Psammophis flagelli-for111is, or the coachwhip snake, exclusively southern. large, and depressed at its base, rounded toward its tip; neither Of the Batrachia, twenty-four species are figured, of which seven belong to the dorsal nor caudal crest; there are femoral, but no anal, pores. genus Rana, two to Cystignathus, one to Scaphiopus (Holbrook,) five to Hyla, three to Hylodes, five to Bufo, and one to Eng,Jstoma. This number will have l3cELOPoaus DEL1CAT1SS1Mus, Hallowell. been considerably increased by species described by Prof. Baird and Girard, and by one � the following paper: SP. cnAa.-Four plates behind the rostral and between the nostrils, the two Of the Salamand,-idre there are figured twenty-three species, includ\ng five of firstmuch smaller than the latt.,r-nine upon the frontal region, in two rows, the genus Triton. Of those remarkable genera, .llmphiuma, .Menopoma, Siren, (four in front and fiveposteriorly;) behind these five plates, without a central pentagonal one ;.snout somewhat obtuse; body mofe slender than that of mar• .Menobranchus, .llmphiuma, .Jlfenopoma, and there are nine species, two of . two of tnoratus; scales bi-punctale posteriorly. three of Siren, and two of .Menobranchus. The .llmphiumaand Siren are exclu sively southern; the .Menopoma and .Menobranchus are found in our western Dtscription.-The head is rounded above, depressed in front; the snout angu waters. The species of reptiles said by M. Schlegel to be common to both North lar, roun°ded anteriorly ; the rostral plate is triangular, much more extended in and South America, do not exist among us.• a transverse than in the opposite direction. The snout and frontalregion are covered with numerous small polygonal scales, of which there are four between the nostrils, or rather between the small plates in contact with them, which are • For the greater part of the information contained in the above remarks, I am indebted to the most remarkable; the posterior of these arc much the larger. The nostrils are Yaluable work of Professor Holbrook, 14 North American Herpetology; or, a Description of the lateral and circular, looking outward and upw�rd, each in a single projecting Reptiles inhabiting the United States." Quarto, Philad., 1842. [Since the above was written, a. BCale, surrounded by other scales, which differ more or less in size and shape. work upon serpents has appeared by Prof. Baird and C. Girard, which contains indications of The nostrils are rather less than a line apart, and are situated just within the many new genera, and descriptions of numeroua species.] border of the supraciliary ridge. Immediately behind the small polygonal platea, upon the frontal region, (nine in number, four in front and five posteriorly,) is a transverse row of three large plates, the· outer ones quadrilateral, and much larger than the intermediate one, which is more or less triangular, the apex of thetriangle pointing backward. The anterior interobitar plates arc pentagonal, broader anteriorly, and much more extended in the a.ntero-posterior than in the transverse direction. The posterior interobitar is indistinctly hexagonal, longer than broad, and single. The occipital plate is quite large, pointed in front, truncate behind; it is surrounded with scales, of which those in front are much the larger. There are six or eight hexagonal scales, constituting the supra. eiliary ridge ; they are bordered internally with a single row of small scales, and uternally with a double row of the same dimensions, and similar Bhape. The 110 REPORT OF AN EXPEDITION DOWN THE ZUNI AND COLORADO RIVERS, 111 eyelids are covered with small granular scales. The upper jaw is margined in a semicircular row; behind this row are five, with on� in the centre, which is with ten narrow transverse plates, and the lower with an equal number. The pentagonal. The posterior interorbiter is single, and is more or less pentagonal auditory apertures are very distinct, semi lunar, bordered in front with a row or in shape. Five distinct plates may be counted upon the supraciliary ridge; / elender pointed scales. those plates are bordered above and below with small plates of irregular size. The neck.-There is no gular fold, but a well-marked fold exists on each side The eyelids are covered with small granular scales. The occipital plate is large ofthe neck, between the foramen auditorium and the scapula; scales upon the and pentagonal; eight scales, more or less, quadrilateral, border it anteriorly, and chin and throat smooth-those upon the throat rounded posteriorly; scales upon upon its sides; seven narrow oblong plates margin the upper jaw on each side, the 1tbdomen smooth, rhomboidal-those_ upon the under part of the tail pointed and fiveare observed upon the lower. The mental plate is small and triangular; posteriorly, and strongly carinated, except towards the anus; two large and immediately behind it are two plates of about equal dimensions, their external emooth scales a short distance in front ofthe vent, and two smaller ones ; scalC!I and posterior angle terminating in a point. The aural appertures a.reoval, pre upon the under surface of the extremitielJsmooth-those upon the abdomen also senting several small scales along their anterior border. Scales upon the back smooth, pointed posteriorly ; scales upon the back ofthe neck, dorsum, and upper carinated, the carinre extending slightly beyond the extremities of the scales, part of the tail, strongly carinated, the points of the carinre projecting slightly which present two minute dcnticulations posteriorly. The scales upon the neck beyondth� scales--theposterior margins bi-punctate; scales upon the back much a.re smaller than those upon the back; those at the' base of the tail are the larger than those upon the sides; upper surface of extremities covered with largest; scales of the extremities carrinated upon their upper surface. Ten or carinated scales; palms of the anterior and posterior extremities protected by eleven pores may be counted upon each thigh, not extending beyond it. small carinated and rhomboidal ones--those of the fingers transverse ; ten dis Coloralion.-Olive-green above, with a row ofindistinct dark-colored spots on tinct pores may be counted upon each thigh-none in frontof the anus. each side of the back and upper part ofthe tail; a narrow band oflight-blue on Coloralion.-General color above bluish-gray, with a series of dark-colored each side ofthe back and neck, extending from the temples as far as the root of spots on each" side ; a bluish colored vitta extending on each side of the neck the tail; a black longitudinal blotch along the sides of the body, reaching from and along the back ; an oval space of a bluish color upon each side of the the anterior to the posterior extremities, coalescing with a narrow band of the abdomen, margined with black, the marginations extending from the groins to same color upon the abdomen; these bands are separated from each other upon the axille, and upon the flanks; upper part ofthe tail grayish ; throat and under the belly by a thin strip of white; the enclosed space on each side i.ight olive eurface ofextremities bluish; under part oftail_ white. green; chin light azure; throat and under part of neck silvery white; under Di1nen,ions.-Length of head, 6 lines; greatest breadth, 4 lines , length of pa.rt of extremities and tail white. neck and body to vent, I inch 5 lines; of tail, 3 inches 2 lines; of anterior ex Dimensions.-Length of head, 61 lines; greatest breadth, 4 lines; length of tremities, IO lines; ofposterior, I inch 4,l lines; total length, 5 inches"} line. neck and body, I inch 4,\ lines; length of tail, 2 inches IO lines; length of pos Habilat.-San Antonio, Texas. terior extremities, 9 lines; of anterior, 9 Jines; total length 4 inches 9 lines. Habitat.-San Antonio, Texas. ScELOPoaus MARMORATus, Hallowell. Ge�s PLESTIODON, Dumeril and Bibron, SP. CnAR.-Two small plates behind the rostral and between the nostrils,'the two first more or less linear; six plates upon the frontal region ; behind these five plates, surrounding one which is pentagonal ; posterior to these, midway GEN. CHAR.-Nostrils opening in the middle, or almost the between the supraciliary ridges, a single large hexagonal plate, (interobitar ;) middle of the nasal plate ; two supero-nasal plates ; palate snout rather pointed, more narrow than in delicatissimus; body slender, scale■ with a median groove, enlarged at its anterior extremity ; bi-punctate posteriorly. pterygoid teeth ; scales smooth. Descripl·ion.-The head of this species is more depressed than that of the PLESTIODON oesoLETUM, Baird and Gira.rd. preceding, and the snout is longer and more pointed; there is also a marked difference in the form and arrangement ofthe scales upon the frontal portion of SP. CHAR.-Head of moderate size, slightly swollen at the temples; a freno it; the rostral plate is triangular and narrow, broad at its base; immediately nasal plate ; ears oval in shape, vertical, with three small scales upon their ante rior margin; the upper surface of the head, body, extremities, and tail, dun or behind it are two small, narrow, oblong plates, in contact with which posteriorly fawn-color; the scales tipped with black posteriorly; under surface silvery white. are two other broader polygonal ones, situated between the small plates, in con tact with the nostrils. The nostrils a.re small and circular, looking upward and Description.-The head is ofmoderate size, but slightly swollen at the templC!I, outward, and backward. Behind these fourinternasal plates are fourwhich differ aomewhat depressed above; the rostral plate is heptagonal, its general appear in size and s'liape ; the two anterior are the smallest. These plates are arranged ance resembling that of a triangle, rather more extended transversely than