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Laufenberg, D. and C. Woodward. 2010 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 21: 611–614, 2010 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society PARENTAL CARE AND NESTLING DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEAUTIFUL JAY (CYANOLYCA PULCHRA) IN NORTHWESTERN ECUADOR David A. Laufenberg¹ & Catherine Woodward² ¹Institute for Cross-College Biology Education, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. E-mail: [email protected] ²Ceiba Foundation for Tropical Conservation, 1202 Williamson St., Madison, WI 53703, USA. Cuidado parental y desarrollo de pinchones de la Urraca Hermosa (Cyanolyca pulchra) en el noroeste del Ecuador. Key words: Beautiful Jay, Cyanolyca pulchra, Ecuador, Andes, parental care, nestling. INTRODUCTION faced population declines since the 1970s due to habitat loss (Birdlife International 2008). The Beautiful Jay (Cyanolyca pulchra) is a rare We monitored the nest of a Beautiful Jay and local species found on the Pacific slope from 12–27 April 2009, from hatching to of the Andes in Colombia and northern fledging within secondary montane forest Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). The habitat. We recorded rates of food delivery, genus Cyanolyca (family Corvidae) is com- fecal sac removal, time spent at the nest, and prised of nine species, all found in Central proximity to anthropogenic disturbances. and South America (Sibley & Monroe 1990, This report is the first detailed description of Madge & Burn 1994, Dickinson 2003). The the Beautiful Jay’s parental behavior and nest- range of the Beautiful Jay overlaps with that ling development; detailed information on the of the more common Turquoise Jay (Cyanolyca characteristics of the nest and eggs is being turcosa), to which it is closely related (Madge & published elsewhere (Solano-Ugalde et al. in Burn 1994). Notably, recent phylogenetic prep.). research has indicated that C. pulchra is most closely related to the Azure-hooded Jay METHODS (Cyanolyca cucullata) from Central America (Bonaccorso 2009). The conservation status The cup-shaped nest was situated in the sub- of the Beautiful Jay is near-threatened and has canopy of a forested garden at the El Pahuma 611 LAUFENBERG & WOODWARD Orchid Reserve (1900 m a.s.l.; 0º1.5218’N, could open their eyes and approximately 75% 78º37.9573’W), Pichincha Province, Ecua- of their bodies were covered with light-col- dor. The El Pahuma Orchid Reserve is a pri- ored crown feathers. Both adults attended the vately-owned tropical montane forest that has nest for the duration of the study, and gener- been protected since 2000 by a conservation ally foraged within visual range of the easement with the Ceiba Foundation (Meisel observer (within 15–100 m). We observed a & Woodward 2005). The garden area is com- total of 86 feeding events over the course of prised of secondary forest that has been selec- 18.28 h of observation (mean = 4.77 feeding tively thinned to accommodate trails and events/h, SD = 1.50, Range = 2.77–6.67, n = botanical displays. The canopy height is 8). The two nestlings were fed alternately so approximately 12 m, and most trees are that each received a similar amount of food. thickly covered with epiphytes (e.g., mosses, Throughout the monitoring period, each lichens, liverworts, orchids, etc.). nestling reacted to the presence of an adult by The Beautiful Jay is regularly observed in consistently raising its head and begging until the reserve from 1900–2400 m a.s.l., foraging it was fed. Insects in the order Orthoptera in small groups (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). (e.g., crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids), Reserve staff have observed the Beautiful Jay Odonata (e.g., dragonflies and damselflies), nesting in the same general area for the past and Lepidoptera (e.g., moths and butterflies) three years. The Turquoise Jay is also present were observed being fed to the chicks, but the in the reserve. contribution of insects to the chick’s total diet D. Laufenberg compiled monitoring data could not be ascertained with certainty. collected by volunteers who observed the Although fruit was not observed being fed to nest for 24 days; from hatching (12 April the nestlings, many times the adults would 2009) through fledging (27 April 2009). Over regurgitate unknown foods directly into the a five day period (17–18 and 20–22 April), nestling's mouths. DL collected 18.3 hours of data on nesting At least one adult was present at the behavior (observation was not continuous, nest 35% of the time; however, the adults but represented all hours between dawn and spent more time at the nest when it was dusk). The nest was located approximately 2.5 raining (52%) than when it was not raining m high in a Clusia crenata tree, in clear view (22%). At most, two adults were observed from a second story window of the visitor simultaneously at the nest (32 occasions aver- center about 8 m away, 25 m from a primary aging less than a minute each time, represent- road and 20 m from a stream. DL recorded ing 4% of the total time the nest was the frequency of feeding events (adults observed). returning to the nest with food for the nest- DL observed adults carrying fecal sacs lings), the duration that an adult was present away from the nest 16 times over the five days at the nest (in contact with the nest), and, of observation. Occasionally, an adult aided a when possible, the removal of fecal sacs and nestling by physically probing and pulling the the types of food that were brought to the fecal sac from the cloaca. Sometimes the fecal nest. sac was carried away from the nest and pre- sumably dropped while at other times it was RESULTS apparently eaten. The adults did not alarm call when reserve At the start of intensive data collection on 17 staff or researchers were within 10 m of the April (five days after hatching), both chicks nest, but did alarm call when novel humans 612 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS were within 10 m of the nest. The birds did below the nest, and vehicles traveled on the not appear to be negatively affected by auto- nearby road. If the resistance to disturbance mobile traffic; we estimated that at least one seen in this pair is characteristic of the species car per minute passed on the road approxi- as a whole, it carries positive implications for mately 25 m from the nest during the obser- the conservation of the Beautiful Jay in vation periods. increasingly fragmented and populated habi- tats. DISCUSSION The Beautiful Jay is observed within the El Pahuma Reserve as early as January and This is the first detailed study of nesting may be a year-round resident of the reserve. behavior of the Beautiful Jay. Based on the The species has been observed nesting in the behavior of this single nesting pair, the Beau- garden area in previous years, and a pair of tiful Jay appears to share many attributes of adults nested in the same tree again in April nesting behavior with other Cyanolyca species. 2010 since this study was conducted. Banding The pair we observed successfully reared two of the Beautiful Jays is required to assess chicks that fledged 24 days after hatching. site fidelity and to determine if the same indi- This is similar to other tropical jays, such as viduals return to nest in the same site each the Azure-hooded Jay, which was observed to year. fledge after at least 20 days (Winnett-Murray et al. 1988). Our study indicates that adult ACKNOWLEDGMENTS activity (feeding and nest-tending) is affected by weather, with reduced foraging activity on We would like to thank the Ceiba Foundation rainy days. The rate of fecal sac removal we for logistical and intellectual support for this observed (0.88 removal events per h) was sim- study; Carl Hutter for taking photos of the ilar to another member of the family Cor- nest and nestlings; the El Pahuma Orchid vidae, the Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma c. Reserve for their cooperation and for anec- coerulescens; 0.91 removal events per h) dotal information on Beautiful jays in the (McGowan 1995). area; and Kevin Ellison for assistance in edit- Although colonial and communal sociality ing the manuscript. Photographs of adults, are present among some of the New World nestlings, and nest can be found at jays, particularly in the tropics (Brown 1974), www.ceiba.org/cpulchra.htm. we observed only two adults simultaneously at and around the nest, and detected no other REFERENCES Beautiful Jay nests nearby. If the parents had additional helpers, they were not present BirdLife International 2008. Cyanolyca pulchra. during the days of observation. Our observa- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version tions suggest that the Beautiful Jay either does 2009.2. Downloaded on 5 December 2009 not employ a colonial or communal nesting from www.iucnredlist.org. strategy, or that helpers do not assist until Bonaccorso, E. 2009. Historical biogeography and speciation in the Neotropical highlands: Molec- after the nestlings have fledged. Additional ular phylogenetics of the jay genus Cyanolyca. J. research on the sociality of Beautiful jays is Mol. Evol. 50: 618–632. needed. Brown, J. 1974. Alternate routes to sociality in jays The observed nest was successful despite – with a theory for the evolution of altruism daily interaction with humans. Staff and tour- and communal breeding. Integr. Comp. Biol. ists regularly walked in the immediate area 14: 63–80. 613 LAUFENBERG & WOODWARD Dickinson, E. C. 2003. The Howard & Moore case study from Ecuador. Selbyana 26: 49–57. complete checklist of the birds of the world. 3rd Ridgely, R. S., & J. P. Greenfield. 2001. The birds of ed. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jer- Ecuador field guide. Cornell Univ. Press, Ith- sey. aca, New York. Madge, S., & H.
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