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CHAPTER 3 1200–1800 New Asian Empires CHAPTER 3 1200–1800 New Asian Empires In Asia, the period from 1200 to 1800 was a time of great empires and shifts in power. From east of the Mediterranean Sea to India, strong Muslim rulers built large empires. In China a new dynasty sought to revive the traditions neglected under the Mongols, while a military society arose in Japan. Theme The civilizations of Asia have contributed many last- ing achievements in the arts and ideas throughout history. In this chapter, you will learn about the con- tributions of China, Japan, and Muslim empires in Asia in the arts, learning, science, and technology. TIME LINE c. 1300 1392 1501 1526 Osman founds 1368 The Choson 1453 Safavid Mughal CHAPteR the Ottoman China’s Ming dynasty begins Ottomans conquer Empire Empire EVentS state. dynasty begins. in Korea. Constantinople. founded. founded. 1300 1400 1500 WORLD 1279 1347 1492 1517 EVentS Mongols found the Black Death begins to Columbus reaches Protestant Yuan dynasty in China. spread through Europe. the Americas. Reformation begins. 98 CHAPTER 3 History's Impact video program Watch the video to understand the impact of the samurai tradition on Japan today. Reading like a The Taj Mahal in Agra, Historian India, is one of the world’s architectural marvels. The Mughal ruler Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a tomb for his beloved wife. Built between 1632 and 1638, the tomb blends 1603 1644 Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. The main structure Tokugawas gain Manchus found the Qing is a dazzling white marble mausoleum that overlooks power in Japan. dynasty in China. a garden. 1600 Analyzing Visuals What conclusions can you draw 1558 1682 about India’s Mughal Empire from the Taj Mahal? Elizabeth I becomes Peter the Great becomes See Skills Handbook, p. H26 queen of England. czar of Russia. NEW ASian EmPIRES 99 GEOGRAPHY Starting Points Interactive ¡/ ASIAN EMPIRES, c. 1600s ¡ " 5 ¡& - " 4 . 0 "MHJFST 6 The Christian Byzantine / 7JFOOB 5 ¡& " Empire fell to Sunni * / 3PNF 4 & 6 3 0 1 & Muslim Turks called China’s Yuan dynasty fell to . Ottomans in the 1400s. ¡/ F E the Ming dynasty in 1368, 5SJQPMJ J ¡& U F $POTUBOUJOPQMF while in Japan the Heian gov- S S *TUBOCVM B # ernment gave way to military MB O DL ¡& F 4 B F $ dynasties called shogunates. O B " " 4 * " . 6 4 $ 0 " F $ ¡/ B 6 4 / 6 B 5 4 T Q " 5 J " ' 3 * $ " J * B In the early 1500s Shia H / "SBM & S O &EP 5PLZP 4 J V T 4FB 4 Q 3 F Muslims conquered Per- I B 0 +FSVTBMFN S ,ZPUP B Y U " V F sia, while Sunni Muslims N T T 0TBLB #BHIEBE 3 3 V * JW # #FJKJOH S J % took power in India. 0 F W F ( JW F B S F3 S S JM Z / B &TGBIBO :FMMPX ¡/ F .FEJOB 1 3 ) 4FB F S H 3 F T O J S B X E /BOKJOH B F V P JW MM O ) F 4 3 ) ( : &BTU T F .FDDB V JBOH V + B M * H G E O $IJOB O . B FS * 3JWFS D %FMIJ I J 4FB BO " $ H[ G$ O DP "3"#*"/ - B PQJ "HSB " : 5S 1&/*/46-" : ¡& ( " 4 'BUFIQVS BOHFT3 ¡/ 4JLSJ JWFS 4PVUI .JMFT "SBCJBO $IJOB 4FB ,JMPNFUFST #BZPG 4FB ¡/ 5XPQPJOUFRVJEJTUBOUQSPKFDUJPO #FOHBM .JOH%ZOBTUZ D ¡& 4SJ-BOLB ¡& .VHIBM&NQJSF ¡ 0UUPNBO&NQJSF */%*"/ 4BGBWJE&NQJSF 0 $ & " / ¡& 5PLVHBXB4IPHVOBUF NJET ¡& ¡& ¡& $BQJUBM (SFBU8BMM ¡& ¡& Between 1300 and 1. Analyze According to the map, what 1500 several powerful new empires arose in new dynasties took power in China and Listen to History Japan during this period? Asia. The rise of these empires represented Go online to listen to an major shifts in power in Asian society. In Turkey 2. Predict What effects do you think the explanation of the starting and India, for example, power shifted from the changes in government of the 1300s points for this chapter. Christians and Hindus who had previously ruled and 1400s had on Asian societies? Why to new Muslim rulers. In Japan, power shifted do you think these changes took place? go.hrw.com from a strong monarchy to rule by local rulers. Keyword: SHL NAS 100 CHAPTER 3 SECTION 1 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires Take BEFORE YOU READ notes in MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE a graphic organizer like this one to record The Ottoman and Safa- 1. How did the Ottomans build a ghazis key facts about the vid empires flourished powerful empire, and what were Ottomans Ottoman and Safavid under powerful rulers their cultural accomplishments? sultan empires. who expanded the ter- 2. How was the Safavid Empire Janissaries ritory and cultural influ- founded and enlarged, and what Mehmed II Ottoman Safavid ence of their empires. cultural elements did it combine? Suleyman I shah ‘Abbas How might a black powder alter history? For more than 1,000 years, The Fall oF Constantinople had been the capital— the New Rome—of the Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the old Roman Empire. By 1453, though, the once-great NEW ROME empire was crumbling, falling to invaders called Ottomans. The 21-year-old Ottoman ruler, Mehmed II, burned with desire to take Constantinople. But how to break through its massive walls? The answer was an explosive black powder called gunpowder. Invented by the Chinese, gunpowder had slowly spread west. There, the Ottomans were among the first to use gunpowder weapons, such as cannons— weapons that changed warfare and the course of history. Mehmed II surrounded Constantinople and aimed massive cannons at its walls. After some two months of battering, the city fell. Waves of Ottoman soldiers flooded in, killing and enslaving thousands. One witness said the “blood flowed through the streets like rainwater after a sud- den storm.” With Constantinople’s conquest, the Ottoman Empire had become one of the great world powers. Siege of Constantinople, of Siege 1455 The Ottoman Empire The Mongol conquests of the 1200s had ripped apart the Seljuk Turk empire in Anatolia, a region also known as Asia Minor. A number of small, independent Turkish states then formed in the region. In the late 1200s a great chieftain, who was from one of these states, arose and went on to found the powerful Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces use massive cannons in their siege of Constantinople in 1453. NEW AsiAN EmPIRES 101 .JMFT THE OttOMAN EMPIRE, 1300–1683 ,JMPNFUFST "[JNVUIBMFRVBMBSFBQSPKFDUJPO & 6 3 0 1 & ¡/ '3"/$& 7JFOOB "6453*" .PIÈDT " )6/("3: E ¡8 S *5"-: J % 41"*/ B BOVCF3 $BVD $ UJ 7BSOB BTVT B D .PV T 4 #MBDL4FB OUBJ Q F OT J " 4 * " B "ESJBOPQMF B 3PNF $POTUBOUJOPQMF O &EJSOF $IBMEJSBO 4 *TUBOCVM F B ¡ "MHJFST (3&&$& ¡8 ¡/ ¡& "/"50-*" 5JHS 5BCSJ[ "-(&3*" 5VOJT JT OT -FQBOUP "UIFOT 3 J J UB W O . F V F S #BHIEBE P 56/*4*" E . JUF BT SS 4:3*" 1&34*" UM BOF " B O & 4 ¡& %BNBTDVT " ' 3 * $ " 5SJQPMJ FB V ¡& Q IS BUF T3JWFS +FSVTBMFN 1 FS 0UUPNBOMBOET TJ $BJSP BO ( 5FSSJUPSZBEEFE o V &(:15 MG 5FSSJUPSZBEEFE o 4 " ) " 3 " / J MF 3 5FSSJUPSZBEEFE o 3 F .FEJOB J E W F ¡/ #BUUMFPSTJFHFTJUF S 4 "3"#*"/ F B 1&/*/46-" %BUFPGCBUUMF .FDDB GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS ¡& 1. Location Where were the Ottoman lands located in 1300? 2 . Place What three continents did the Ottoman Empire partially control by 1683? Growth of the Empire Anatolia lies at the much of the Balkan Peninsula. Within about strategic intersection of Asia and Europe. In 100 years, the Ottoman state had grown into a the early 1300s, the region was bordered by the true empire and become a European power. declining Christian Byzantine Empire to the The key to the Ottomans’ success was their west and by Muslim empires to the east. To the military. As their empire grew, the Ottomans north, beyond the Black Sea, lay Russia. enslaved Christian boys from conquered areas. The Turks of Anatolia were mainly Muslim. The boys were converted to Islam and trained as A nomadic people with a militaristic society, elite soldiers called Janissaries, who were loyal they saw themselves as ghazis, or “warriors for only to the sultan. Many Christians called this the Islam faith.” One of the ablest ghazi lead- practice a blood tax. In addition, the Ottomans ers was Osman I. By 1300 he had built a strong adopted gunpowder weapons such as cannons. state in Anatolia. Westerners came to refer to The force of these weapons made it possible to Osman and his descendants as the Ottomans. take cities defended by heavy walls. Their power grew quickly, and by the mid-1300s the Ottomans controlled much of Anatolia. Invasion and Decline Despite their Orhan I, Osman’s son, became the second strong military, the Ottomans experienced Ottoman ruler and declared himself sultan, a setback when the great Central Asian con- Arabic for “ruler.” Under Orhan and later sul- queror Timur (TEEM-uhr) attacked. Because of tans, Ottoman forces swept into the Balkans in an old leg injury, Timur was known as Timur southeastern Europe to attack the Byzantine the Lame and in Europe as Tamerlane. At the Empire. In 1361 the Ottomans took Adriano- Battle of Ankara in 1402, his army crushed the ple, the second-most important Byzantine city, Ottoman forces. Timur soon withdrew, but the renamed it Edirne, and made it their capital. Ottoman Empire was left in shambles, its ruler By the early 1400s the Ottomans controlled dead. A bloody power struggle followed, which weakened the empire. 102 CHAPTER 3 Fall of Constantinople Following a period In addition, he improved the court system and of decline, a spectacular phase of expansion legal code and had new laws issued to reduce began with the reign of Mehmed II in the mid- corruption.
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