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Rhythms of the Brain
Rhythms of the Brain György Buzsáki OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Rhythms of the Brain This page intentionally left blank Rhythms of the Brain György Buzsáki 1 2006 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Buzsáki, G. Rhythms of the brain / György Buzsáki. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-530106-9 ISBN 0-19-530106-4 1. Brain—Physiology. 2. Oscillations. 3. Biological rhythms. [DNLM: 1. Brain—physiology. 2. Cortical Synchronization. 3. Periodicity. WL 300 B992r 2006] I. Title. QP376.B88 2006 612.8'2—dc22 2006003082 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To my loved ones. This page intentionally left blank Prelude If the brain were simple enough for us to understand it, we would be too sim- ple to understand it. -
The Creation of Neuroscience
The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits. -
How Big Is Human Memory, Or on Being Just Useful Enough
Downloaded from learnmem.cshlp.org on September 29, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW Yadin Dudai How Big Is Human Memory, Department of Neur0bi010gy or On Being Just Useful Enough The Weizmann Institute of Science Reh0v0t 76100 Israel We are, in many respects, what we remember. But how much do we do? So far, science has provided only a very partial answer to this riddle. The magical number seven, plus or minus two, seems to constrain the capacity of our immediate memory (Miller 1956). But surely its constraints dissipate when memories settle in long-term stores. Yet how big are these stores? If we combine all of our factual knowledge and personal reminiscence, childhood scenes and memories of the past day, intimate experiences and professional expertisemhow many items are there, that, combined together, mold us into unique individuals? The answer is not simple, and neither is the question. For example, what is an item in long-term memory? And how can we measure it, being sure that we unveil memory capacity and not merely the occasional ability to tap it? Such theoretical and practical difficulties, no doubt, have contributed to the fact that the capacity of human memory is still an enigma. Yet, despite the inherent and undeniable complexities, the issue deserves to be retrieved, once in a while, from the oblivions of the collective memory of the scientific community. (For a selection of earlier discussions of the size of human long-term memory, see Galton 1879; Landauer 1986; Crovitz et al. 1991.) Folk Psychology and When confronted with the issue, many tend to provide an intuitive Early Views estimate of the size of their memory, based either on belief or introspection or both. -
Critical Neuroscience
Choudhury_bindex.indd 391 7/22/2011 4:08:46 AM Critical Neuroscience Choudhury_ffirs.indd i 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM Choudhury_ffirs.indd ii 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM Critical Neuroscience A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience Edited by Suparna Choudhury and Jan Slaby A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Choudhury_ffirs.indd iii 7/22/2011 4:37:11 AM This edition first published 2012 © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Suparna Choudhury and Jan Slaby to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
Jim Crow Racism and the Mexican Americans of San Antonio, Texas
ORAL HISTORY AS A MEANS OF MORAL REPAIR: JIM CROW RACISM AND THE MEXICAN AMERICANS OF SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2018 Copyright by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi, 2017 ii ORAL HISTORY AS A MEANS OF MORAL REPAIR: JIM CROW RACISM AND THE MEXICAN AMERICANS OF SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi This dissertation was prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation advisor, Dr. Sandra Norman, Comparative Studies Program, and has been approved by the members of her supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. SUPERVISORY COMMnTEE: ~~o..... .:i N1~"" Sandra Norman, Ph.D. ~~Susan Love Brown, Ph. 'S:"..,;ae~.~~o~ JosephinBeoku-Betts, Ph.D. Directo , mparative St ilies Pro? MiC11aeliOfSWclD.~-# Dean, Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts andn:ers . 5"", "Zo/g "~~2.~~ ' iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author offers her sincerest thanks and gratitude to members of her committee (past and present-Dr. Robin Fiore, Dr. Marta Cruz-Janzen, Dr. Sandra Norman, Dr. Susan Love Brown, and Dr. Josephine Beoku-Betts) for their guidance, input, and support in bringing this manuscript to fruition. She wishes to especially thank her dissertation advisor, Dr. Sandra Norman, for her patience, advice, and inspiration during the composition of this manuscript. -
Supreme Court, Appellate Division First Department
SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION FIRST DEPARTMENT FEBRUARY 24, 2015 THE COURT ANNOUNCES THE FOLLOWING DECISIONS: Tom, J.P., Friedman, Acosta, Saxe, Kapnick, JJ. 13941 Carla Farrulla, Index 306208/08 Plaintiff-Appellant, -against- Happy Care Ambulette Inc., et al., Defendants-Respondents. _________________________ Melcer Newman PLLC, New York (Roger Rodriguez of counsel), for appellant. Ryan & Conlon, LLP, New York (Michael Couglin of counsel), for respondents. _________________________ Order, Supreme Court, Bronx County (Lucindo Suarez, J.), entered on or about July 15, 2013, which granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, unanimously affirmed, without costs. In this action for personal injuries allegedly sustained by plaintiff while she was a passenger in an ambulette van, defendants established their prima facie entitlement to summary judgment by demonstrating that they had no involvement with the subject accident. In opposition, plaintiff failed to raise a triable issue of fact (see DiPierro v City of New York, 25 AD3d 306, 308 [1st Dept 2006]). Her deposition testimony establishes that the ambulette van in which she was riding when the accident occurred had a black exterior, and that “Action Ambulette” was displayed on the side of the vehicle. Defendants submitted the affidavit of John Colagrande, defendant Happy Care Ambulette Inc.’s (“Happy Care”) vice president in which he asserted that the company never owned ambulettes that were painted black nor was it affiliated with an entity called Action Ambulette. Contrary to plaintiff’s contention, the Workers’ Compensation form and her affidavit fail to demonstrate the existence of a triable issue of fact as to whether Happy Care owned or maintained the vehicle involved in the accident or was legally responsible for the person who allegedly caused her injuries. -
Reflections of Generosity Annual Report of Private Giving
Reflections of Generosity Annual Report of Private Giving For the year ending June 30, 2018 Index Reflections of Generosity In Gratitude for Our Engaged Community ....................................... 6 Collective Visioning .......................................................................... 8 Financial Highlights Supporting Excellence ...................................................................... 12 Collective Generosity A Story Told Together ........................................................................ 16 The Gift of Time: CCS Summer Research Fellowships ...................... 18 Alumni Generosity Leaving Legacies and Living Legends ............................................... 22 Homegrown Support ......................................................................... 24 A Passion for Unconventional Science .............................................. 26 A Video Board to Spark Hoopla......................................................... 28 Faculty Generosity Dear Friends, An Evolving and Rewarding Partnership ........................................... 32 Enduring Influence ............................................................................ 34 As we reflect on philanthropic giving to UC Santa Barbara over the past year, we are overwhelmed and inspired by you — our steadfast supporters — whose vision continues to advance the excellence and diversity of our Friends Generosity great institution. We are tremendously thankful for your generosity and your appreciation for the crucial role of Making -
“Violent Brain”? Does It Make Sense to Speak Of
DRAFT – NOT FOR QUOTATION; COMMENTS INVITED VIOLENCE ON THE BRAIN: A CRITIQUE OF NEUROSCIENCE IN CRIMINAL LAW Amanda C. Pustilnik∗ Abstract Is there such a thing as a criminally “violent brain”? Does it make sense to speak of “the neurobiology of violence” or the “psychopathology of crime”? Is it possible to answer on a physiological level what makes one person engage in criminal violence and another not, under similar circumstances? Current research in law and neuroscience is promising to answer these questions with a “yes.” Some legal scholars working in this area claim that we are close to realizing the “early criminologists’ dream of identifying the biological roots of criminality.” These hopes for a neuroscientific transformation of the criminal law, although based in the newest research, are part of a very old story. Criminal law and neuroscience have been engaged in an ill-fated and sometimes tragic affair for over two hundred years. Three issues have recurred that track those that bedeviled earlier efforts to ground criminal law in brain sciences. First is the claim that the brain is often the most relevant or fundamental level at which to understand criminal conduct. Second is that the various phenomena we call “criminal violence” arise causally from dysfunction within specific locations in the brain (“localization”). Third is the related claim that, because much violent criminality arises from brain dysfunction, people who commit such acts are biologically different from typical people (“alterity” or “otherizing”). This Article first demonstrates parallels between certain current claims about the neurobiology of criminal violence and past movements that were concerned with the law and neuroscience of violence: phrenology, Lombrosian biological criminology, and lobotomy. -
Memory Systems of the Brain
Memory systems of the brain Alvaro Pastor Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications Department, Barcelona, Spain [email protected] January 1, 2020 Abstract Humans have long been fascinated by how memories are formed, how they can be damaged or lost, or still seem vibrant after many years. Thus the search for the locus and organization of memory has had a long history, in which the notion that is is composed of distinct systems developed during the second half of the 20th century. A fundamental dichotomy between conscious and unconscious memory processes was first drawn based on evidences from the study of amnesiac subjects and the systematic experimental work with animals. The use of behavioral and neural measures together with imaging techniques have progressively led researchers to agree in the existence of a variety of neural architectures that support multiple memory systems. This article presents a historical lens with which to contextualize these idea on memory systems, and provides a current account for the multiple memory systems model. Introduction Memory is a quintessential human ability by means of which the nervous system can encode, store, and retrieve a variety of information [1, 2]. It affords the foundation for the adaptive nature of the organism, allowing to use previous experience and make predictions in order to solve the multitude of environmental situations produced by daily interaction. Not only memory allows to recognize familiarity and return to places, but also richly imagine potential future circumstances and assess the consequences of behavior. Therefore, present experience is inexorably interwoven with memories, and the meaning of people, things, and events in the present depends largely on previous experience. -
BOOK REVIEW Defi Ning Right and Wrong in Brain Science: Essential Readings in Neuroethics
BOOK REVIEW Defi ning Right and Wrong in Brain Science: Essential Readings in Neuroethics Edited by: Walter Glannon, Dana Press, 2007 Reviewed by: Chris Kaposy, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow Ethics of Health Research and Policy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. euroethics is a young but very active sub-fi eld of bioethics. techniques. How do we manage incidental fi ndings about brain Several new academic journals and special issues devoted tumours or anomalies that might arise in non-therapeutic brain Nto considering the ethical implications of developments in imaging research studies? Th ere are also concerns about the way neuroscience have emerged since the landmark 2002 conference neuroimaging data are interpreted, since such interpretation is in San Francisco that is widely credited with stoking the interest in inevitably shaped by social and cultural frameworks, and since neuroethics. Walter Glannon’s book, Defi ning Right and Wrong in the brain is the seat of our identity, or the “organ of individuality” Brain Science: Essential Readings in Neuroethics, captures well the as Safi re puts it. debates that have engaged neuroethics and provides a thorough introduction to the fi eld. Th e fascinating section on “Free Will, Moral Reasoning, and Re- sponsibility” (Part IV) contains articles that discuss what neurosci- Th e anthology is comprised of Glannon’s general introduction, 30 ence can tell us about moral reasoning. Th ere are also several key articles organized into six thematic sections with helpful introduc- essays which consider whether knowledge of the deterministic tions to the sections, and an epilogue by Steven Rose. All of the nature of the brain as revealed by neuroscience will cause us to articles have previously been published elsewhere, and many have abandon belief in moral and legal responsibility for our actions. -
Humanity's Capacity to Apprehend Aesthetic Value
Submission Page Humanity’s Capacity to Apprehend Aesthetic Value as an Argument for God’s Existence To Fulfill the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Divinity Liberty University Walter Hurst Davis Sr. Read and Approved by: Chairperson: _ Dr. Dan Mitchell_______________________ Reader: _____Dr. Joseph Wooddell____________________ Reader: ______Dr. Samuel Smith_____________________ Date: ___May 6, 2016_________________ Liberty University Humanity’s Capacity to Apprehend Aesthetic Value as an Argument for God’s Existence A Dissertation Submitted to The Faculty of the Rawlings School of Divinity In Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Divinity by Walter Hurst Davis Sr. Lynchburg, VA May 2016 Copyright Page Copyright © 2016 Walter H. Davis Sr. All Rights Reserved ii Dedication To my faithful wife Dodie Mae Davis, my children and grandchildren, for their faithful endurance. I chose to endure the inconveniences of this process. They did not. iii Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Abstract xiii Introduction 1 Clarifying the Role of Theistic Arguments 6 The Relevance of the Thesis 10 The Argument and Reasoning Methods 11 The Vital Relationship between Theology and Apologetics 12 The Place for this Study in Apologetics 15 The Plan for the Study 20 Chapter 1: A Defense of Abductive Reasoning in Light of Other Reasoning Methods 22 Deductive Reasoning 25 Hesitancy in Using Deductive Reasoning 26 Deciding Against the Use of Deduction 36 Inductive Reasoning 38 The Inductive Nature of the Evidential -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Visual discrimination performance, memory, and medial temporal lobe function Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7wd158fn Author Knutson, Ashley Rose Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Visual Discrimination Performance, Memory, and Medial Temporal Lobe Function A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology by Ashley Rose Knutson Committee in charge: Professor Larry Squire, Chair Professor Jill Leutgeb, Co-Chair Professor Stefan Leutgeb 2012 The Thesis of Ashley Rose Knutson is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………….. iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….… iv List of Figures and Tables………………….………………………………………… v Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………. vi Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. 1 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………. 4 Results……………………………………………………………………………….. 8 Discussion………………………………………………………………………….... 11 Figures and Tables…………………………………………………………………… 16 References……………………………………………………………………………. 23 iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Sample displays……………………………………………………………. 16 Figure 2: Sample display from