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Rhythms of the Brain
Rhythms of the Brain György Buzsáki OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Rhythms of the Brain This page intentionally left blank Rhythms of the Brain György Buzsáki 1 2006 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Buzsáki, G. Rhythms of the brain / György Buzsáki. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 978-0-19-530106-9 ISBN 0-19-530106-4 1. Brain—Physiology. 2. Oscillations. 3. Biological rhythms. [DNLM: 1. Brain—physiology. 2. Cortical Synchronization. 3. Periodicity. WL 300 B992r 2006] I. Title. QP376.B88 2006 612.8'2—dc22 2006003082 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To my loved ones. This page intentionally left blank Prelude If the brain were simple enough for us to understand it, we would be too sim- ple to understand it. -
Imaging the Genetics of Brain Structure and Function Biological Psychology
Biological Psychology 79 (2008) 1–8 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biopsycho Editorial Imaging the genetics of brain structure and function ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Imaging genetics combines brain imaging and genetics to detect genetic variation in brain structure and Available online 11 April 2008 function related to behavioral traits, including psychiatric endpoints, cognition, and affective regulation. This special issue features extensive reviews of the current state-of-the-art of the field and adds new findings from twin and candidate gene studies on functional MRI. Here we present a brief overview and discuss a number of desirable future developments which include more specific a priori hypotheses, more standardization of MRI measurements within and across laboratories, and larger sample sizes that allows testing of multiple genes and their interactions up to a scale that allows genetic whole genome association studies. Based on the overall tenet of the contributions to this special issue we predict that imaging genetics will increasingly impact on the classification systems for psychiatric disorders and the early detection and treatment of vulnerable individuals. ß 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Biological Psychology, quite literally, deals with the connection 1. Imaging genetics between the body and the mind. In the past two decades two specific instances of body-mind connections have captured the What exactly is imaging genetics? In the -
The Creation of Neuroscience
The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits. -
Sparse Deep Neural Networks on Imaging Genetics for Schizophrenia Case-Control Classification
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128975; this version posted June 12, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Sparse Deep Neural Networks on Imaging Genetics for Schizophrenia Case-Control Classification Jiayu Chen1,*, Xiang Li2,*, Vince D. Calhoun1,2,3, Jessica A. Turner1,3, Theo G. M. van Erp4,5, Lei Wang6, Ole A. Andreassen7, Ingrid Agartz7,8,9, Lars T. Westlye7,10 , Erik Jönsson7,9, Judith M. Ford11,12, Daniel H. Mathalon11,12, Fabio Macciardi4, Daniel S. O’Leary13, Jingyu Liu1,2, †, Shihao Ji2, † 1Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS): (Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University), Atlanta, GA, USA; 2Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; 3Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; 4Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; 5Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; 6Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; 7Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University -
How Big Is Human Memory, Or on Being Just Useful Enough
Downloaded from learnmem.cshlp.org on September 29, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW Yadin Dudai How Big Is Human Memory, Department of Neur0bi010gy or On Being Just Useful Enough The Weizmann Institute of Science Reh0v0t 76100 Israel We are, in many respects, what we remember. But how much do we do? So far, science has provided only a very partial answer to this riddle. The magical number seven, plus or minus two, seems to constrain the capacity of our immediate memory (Miller 1956). But surely its constraints dissipate when memories settle in long-term stores. Yet how big are these stores? If we combine all of our factual knowledge and personal reminiscence, childhood scenes and memories of the past day, intimate experiences and professional expertisemhow many items are there, that, combined together, mold us into unique individuals? The answer is not simple, and neither is the question. For example, what is an item in long-term memory? And how can we measure it, being sure that we unveil memory capacity and not merely the occasional ability to tap it? Such theoretical and practical difficulties, no doubt, have contributed to the fact that the capacity of human memory is still an enigma. Yet, despite the inherent and undeniable complexities, the issue deserves to be retrieved, once in a while, from the oblivions of the collective memory of the scientific community. (For a selection of earlier discussions of the size of human long-term memory, see Galton 1879; Landauer 1986; Crovitz et al. 1991.) Folk Psychology and When confronted with the issue, many tend to provide an intuitive Early Views estimate of the size of their memory, based either on belief or introspection or both. -
Imaging Genetics Approach to Parkinson's Disease and Its
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Imaging genetics approach to Parkinson’s disease and its correlation with clinical score Received: 07 November 2016 Mansu Kim1,2, Jonghoon Kim1,2, Seung-Hak Lee1,2 & Hyunjin Park2,3 Accepted: 24 March 2017 Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with both underlying Published: 21 April 2017 genetic factors and neuroimaging findings. Existing neuroimaging studies related to the genome in PD have mostly focused on certain candidate genes. The aim of our study was to construct a linear regression model using both genetic and neuroimaging features to better predict clinical scores compared to conventional approaches. We obtained neuroimaging and DNA genotyping data from a research database. Connectivity analysis was applied to identify neuroimaging features that could differentiate between healthy control (HC) and PD groups. A joint analysis of genetic and imaging information known as imaging genetics was applied to investigate genetic variants. We then compared the utility of combining different genetic variants and neuroimaging features for predicting the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS) in a regression framework. The associative cortex, motor cortex, thalamus, and pallidum showed significantly different connectivity between the HC and PD groups. Imaging genetics analysis identified PARK2, PARK7, HtrA2, GIGYRF2, and SNCA as genetic variants that are significantly associated with imaging phenotypes. A linear regression model combining genetic and neuroimaging features predicted the MDS-UPDRS with lower error and higher correlation with the actual MDS-UPDRS compared to other models using only genetic or neuroimaging information alone. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, resting trem- ors, rigidity, and difficulty with voluntary movement1. -
The Emerging Spectrum of Allelic Variation in Schizophrenia
Molecular Psychiatry (2013) 18, 38 -- 52 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1359-4184/13 www.nature.com/mp EXPERT REVIEW The emerging spectrum of allelic variation in schizophrenia: current evidence and strategies for the identification and functional characterization of common and rare variants BJ Mowry1,2 and J Gratten1 After decades of halting progress, recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are finally shining light on the genetic architecture of schizophrenia. The picture emerging is one of sobering complexity, involving large numbers of risk alleles across the entire allelic spectrum. The aims of this article are to summarize the key genetic findings to date and to compare and contrast methods for identifying additional risk alleles, including GWAS, targeted genotyping and sequencing. A further aim is to consider the challenges and opportunities involved in determining the functional basis of genetic associations, for instance using functional genomics, cellular models, animal models and imaging genetics. We conclude that diverse approaches will be required to identify and functionally characterize the full spectrum of risk variants for schizophrenia. These efforts should adhere to the stringent standards of statistical association developed for GWAS and are likely to entail very large sample sizes. Nonetheless, now more than any previous time, there are reasons for optimism and the ultimate goal of personalized interventions and therapeutics, although still distant, no longer seems unattainable. Molecular Psychiatry (2013) 18, 38--52; doi:10.1038/mp.2012.34; published online 1 May 2012 Keywords: CNV; functional genomics; GWAS; schizophrenia; sequencing; SNP THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM complications (obesity, nicotine dependence, metabolic syndrome 13 Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by and premature mortality), low employment and substantial 14 delusional beliefs, auditory hallucinations, disorganized thought homelessness. -
CHIMGEN: a Chinese Imaging Genetics Cohort to Enhance Cross-Ethnic and Cross-Geographic Brain Research
Molecular Psychiatry (2020) 25:517–529 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0627-6 PERSPECTIVE CHIMGEN: a Chinese imaging genetics cohort to enhance cross- ethnic and cross-geographic brain research 1 1 2 3,4 5 6 7 Qiang Xu ● Lining Guo ● Jingliang Cheng ● Meiyun Wang ● Zuojun Geng ● Wenzhen Zhu ● Bing Zhang ● 8,9 10 11 12 13 14 15,16 Weihua Liao ● Shijun Qiu ● Hui Zhang ● Xiaojun Xu ● Yongqiang Yu ● Bo Gao ● Tong Han ● 17 18 1 1 1 19 20 Zhenwei Yao ● Guangbin Cui ● Feng Liu ● Wen Qin ● Quan Zhang ● Mulin Jun Li ● Meng Liang ● 21 22 23 24 25,26 27 28 Feng Chen ● Junfang Xian ● Jiance Li ● Jing Zhang ● Xi-Nian Zuo ● Dawei Wang ● Wen Shen ● 29 30 31,32 33,34 35,36 37 38 Yanwei Miao ● Fei Yuan ● Su Lui ● Xiaochu Zhang ● Kai Xu ● Long Jiang Zhang ● Zhaoxiang Ye ● 1,39 Chunshui Yu ● for the CHIMGEN Consortium Received: 26 September 2018 / Revised: 21 November 2019 / Accepted: 27 November 2019 / Published online: 11 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract The Chinese Imaging Genetics (CHIMGEN) study establishes the largest Chinese neuroimaging genetics cohort and aims to identify genetic and environmental factors and their interactions that are associated with neuroimaging and behavioral 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: phenotypes. This study prospectively collected genomic, neuroimaging, environmental, and behavioral data from more than 7000 healthy Chinese Han participants aged 18–30 years. As a pioneer of large-sample neuroimaging genetics cohorts of non-Caucasian populations, this cohort can provide new insights into ethnic differences in genetic-neuroimaging associations by being compared with Caucasian cohorts. -
Introduction to Imaging Genetics Half Day Morning Course / 8:00-12:00
Introduction to Imaging Genetics Half Day Morning Course / 8:00-12:00 Organizers: Jason Stein, PhD, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States This course will introduce the fundamentals of “Imaging Genetics,” the process of modeling and understanding how genetic variation influences the structure and function of the human brain as measured through brain imaging. The course begins with a brief history of imaging genetics, including discussion on replicability and significance thresholds. Then, we will review recent findings in neuropsychiatric disease risk, what neuroimaging genetics can learn from neuropsychiatric genetics, and how neuroimaging genetics can be used to explain missing mechanisms in neuropsychiatric genetics. We will cover datasets and methods for conducting common and rare variant associations, as well as bioinformatic tools to interpret findings in the context of gene regulation. Overall this course will provide the neuroimager who is not familiar with genetics techniques an understanding of the current state genetics field when exploring neuroimaging phenotypes. Course Schedule: 8:00-8:45 A brief history of imaging genetics Jason Stein, PhD, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States 8:45-9:30 The genetic influences on neuropsychiatric disease risk Sven Cichon, Dr. rer. nat., Universitat Basel, Switzerland 9:30-10:15 The effect of common genetic variation on human brain structure Paul Thompson, Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, United States 10:15-10:30 Break 10:30-11:15 The effect of rare variation on human brain structure Carrie Bearden, University of California, Los Angeles, United States 11:15-12:00 Connecting genetic variation to gene regulation Bernard Ng, PhD, University of British Columbia, Canada . -
Latinos: HCHS/SOL Results Neil Schneiderman10 Diabetes Care 2018;41:1501–1509 |
Diabetes Care Volume 41, July 2018 1501 Hector M. Gonzalez,´ 1 Wassim Tarraf,2 Metabolic Syndrome and Priscilla Vasquez,´ 1 Ashley H. Sanderlin,3 Natalya I. Rosenberg,4 Sonia Davis,5 Neurocognition Among Diverse Carlos J. Rodr´ıguez,6 Linda C. Gallo,7 Bharat Thyagarajan,8 Martha Daviglus,4 Middle-Aged and Older Hispanics/ Tasneem Khambaty,9 Jianwen Cai,5 and Latinos: HCHS/SOL Results Neil Schneiderman10 Diabetes Care 2018;41:1501–1509 | https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1896 OBJECTIVE Hispanics/Latinos have the highest risks for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the U.S. and are also at increased risk for Alzheimer disease. In this study, we exam- ined associations among neurocognitive function, MetS, and inflammation 1Department of Neurosciences and Shiley- ’ among diverse middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. Marcos Alzheimer s Disease Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 2Institute of Gerontology and Department of RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Cross-sectional data (2008–2011) from theHispanic Community Health Study/Study Detroit, MI of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) were analyzed to examine associations between neuro- 3Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, cognition and MetS among diverse Hispanics/Latinos (N = 9,136; aged 45–74 years). Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 4Institute for Minority Health Research, College RESULTS of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, MetS status was associated with lower global neurocognition, mental status, verbal Chicago, IL learning and memory, verbal fluency, and executive function. Age significantly 5Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, De- modified the associations between MetS and learning and memory measures. -
3Rd Annual Meeting of Women in Cognitive Science – Canada Wednesday July 4, 2018, at 3:00 Pm
CSBBCS & EPS 2018 Meeting July 4-7 2018 St. John’s, NL Table of Contents Welcome ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Statement of Inclusion .............................................................................................................................. 3 General Information ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Hotel Maps ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Pre-Conference Information ......................................................................................................................... 6 Sponsors ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 CSBBCS 2018 Award Information.................................................................................................................. 8 2018 Donald O. Hebb Distinguished Contribution Award Winner ........................................................... 8 2018 CSBBCS Vincent Di Lollo Early Career Award Winner .................................................................... 10 2017 CSBBCS/CPA CJEP Best Article Award Winner ............................................................................... 11 2018 Richard Tees Distinguished -
Memory Systems of the Brain
Memory systems of the brain Alvaro Pastor Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications Department, Barcelona, Spain [email protected] January 1, 2020 Abstract Humans have long been fascinated by how memories are formed, how they can be damaged or lost, or still seem vibrant after many years. Thus the search for the locus and organization of memory has had a long history, in which the notion that is is composed of distinct systems developed during the second half of the 20th century. A fundamental dichotomy between conscious and unconscious memory processes was first drawn based on evidences from the study of amnesiac subjects and the systematic experimental work with animals. The use of behavioral and neural measures together with imaging techniques have progressively led researchers to agree in the existence of a variety of neural architectures that support multiple memory systems. This article presents a historical lens with which to contextualize these idea on memory systems, and provides a current account for the multiple memory systems model. Introduction Memory is a quintessential human ability by means of which the nervous system can encode, store, and retrieve a variety of information [1, 2]. It affords the foundation for the adaptive nature of the organism, allowing to use previous experience and make predictions in order to solve the multitude of environmental situations produced by daily interaction. Not only memory allows to recognize familiarity and return to places, but also richly imagine potential future circumstances and assess the consequences of behavior. Therefore, present experience is inexorably interwoven with memories, and the meaning of people, things, and events in the present depends largely on previous experience.