View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE

provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning... LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

no. Q>G - ^^

SURVEY

The Literature of Associated with Alfalfa

1. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SPOTTED ALFALFA

Therioaphis maculata (Buckton) (Homoptera: Aphidae)

D. W. DAVIS, Utah State University

M. P. NICHOLS E. J. ARMBRUST

A

Biological Notes No. 87

ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY URBANA, ILLINOIS — FEBRUARY, 1974

STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION

Xm&i : :

This paper is a contribution of Principal Investigators of the Alfalfa Subproject supported by an International Biological Program (IBP) sponsored grant, NSF Grant No. GB-34718, "The Strategies, Principles, and Tactics of Pest Population and Regulation in Major Crop Eco- systems."

Subproject Director: E. J. Armbrust Principal Investigators:

Ilhnois: E. J. Armbrust and W. G. Ruesink Utah: D.W.Davis Nebraska D. G. Hanway and E. A. Dickason New York R. G. Helgesen Kentucky: B. C. Pass Virginia: R. L. Pienkowski California: V. M. Stern

The authors are grateful for the assistance of Dr. Mervin Nielson, USDA, ARS, Tucson, Arizona, who loaned us his personal bibliography. The illustrations used in the cover design of this booklet were provided by Dr. G. F. Knowlton, Utah State University.

Distribution of Spotted Alfalfa Aphid

Thrri„a,il:,s marulala The Literature of Arthropods Associated with Alfalfa

I. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SPOTTED ALFALFA APHID

Therioaphis maculata (Buckton) (Homoptera: Aphidoe)

D. W. Davis, M. P. Nichols, and E. J. Armbrust

The alfalfa ecosystem is unique among field-crop Mexico, but it required only a couple of years for the systems in that it represents a relatively long-lasting, well- aphid to spread throughout the southwestern part of the established, perennial system that exists nationally over United States. Shortly thereafter it was widely distrib- a variety of climatic, geographical, and edaphic condi- uted through most of the country. It is still considered tions. Because of these many subsystems, the interactions essentially a warm-climate best adapted to the with other specific agroecosystems or natural systems are southern tier of states. It has the ability, however, to equally as varied. Alfalfa supports a wide variety of spread rapidly on wind currents, so by mid- or late . These include destructive insects, pollinating in- season, it often spreads well into the colder areas of the sects, species that inhabit the fields because of the lush Rocky Mountains and Midwest. habitat but have little effect on the crop, and many other The spotted alfalfa aphid is much smaller than the associated predators and parasites. Because of the peren- pea aphid and can be readily distinguished both by size nial growth habits of alfalfa, many pest and beneficial and color. It is yellowish with dark spots. It also pro- insect species of other crops ovei^winter or build up in duces much more honeydew and can usually be recog- alfalfa before migrating to neighboring crops systems. nized by the sticky mess. When disturbed, these Considerable laboratoiy and field data dealing with actively jump from the plants. Summer winged forms chemical, biological, and cultural methods of controlling are produced in much larger numbers than the pea alfalfa insects are available. These data need to be closely aphid. interpreted with respect to their implications for inte- Damage to the alfalfa plant is of several types. The grated control and then applied in integrated pest man- possibility of virus transmission has been discussed by agement programs in the field. The breadth and depth several authors, but has never been verified. Many work- of research on alfalfa insect control and alfalfa produc- ers belie\e that the aphid is capable of producing a toxin tion in general have been sufficiently productive to im- which is injected into the alfalfa plants, helping to pro- plement some programs now. duce symptoms. Young plants of susceptible varieties can To facilitate better use of e.xisting literature in devel- tolerate very few aphids without being killed. The tre- oping pest management systems, bibliographies of the mendous amounts of honeydew produced ha\e created key pest species on alfalfa are being prepared in coopera- problems such as clogging of harvesting equipment. Mold tion with the Soybean Insect Research and Information growing on this honeydew reduces livestock acceptance Center fSIRIC) at the Illinois Natural Ilistoiy Survey of the alfalfa. Stunted plants, poor seed set, and short and University of Illinois. SIRIC has de\eloped a set stand life are typical symptoms. of computer programs for the IBM/360 at the Univer- The spotted alfalfa aphid is a one-host-plant aphid. sity of Illinois, which makes possible the retrie\al of liter- It has a continuous life cycle on alfalfa and normally ature citations associated with a subject or combination does not produce se.xual forms in the fall. This means of subjects. The bibliographies of the key alfalfa pests, that the best sur\ival of the aphid occurs in areas where starting with Therioaphis maculata have been stored on there is alfalfa grovs th during the entire year. The adult magnetic tape and are retrievable using the SIRIC ajjhids often crawl down around the base of the plant system. where they are capable of suniving during the winter

Damage from the spotted alfalfa njjhid was first recog- unless the climate is too severe. In cold areas, there nized in the United States during 1954. When it was may be complete mortality. This is the basic reason that first reported, most of the workers believed that it was a the spotted alfalfa aphid is a problem primarily in form of the yellow clover aphid which had become warmer climates. Starting about 3 years after its initial adapted to alfalfa. Within a couple of years it was found introduction into the United States, a few sexual forms that this was not the case. The spotted alfalfa aphid was were noted during the fall of the year. These sexual apparently a new introduction into the United States forms ha\c never become numerous, but they are a pre- from the Near East. The first reports were from New lude to egg laying on alfalfa stems. There is evidence that the s])olted a])hid populations in the northern areas, This paper, in the Biological Notes scries, is piiblislicd ivith special project funds. Dr. D. W. Davis is a Professor of Entomology at Utah State Univer- such as South Dakota and Minnesota, have been gradu- sity. M. P. Nichols is a Research Associate. International Programs and Studies, University of Illinois. Dr. E. J. Armbrust is an Associate Entomol- ally selecting for larger numbers of these sexual forms. ogist at the Illinois Natural History Survey and Associate Professor of Ag- ricultural Entomolog>-, Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. Even with these fall egg-laying aphids, Medicago spp. remain as the only hosts on which the insect can com- Rose and Mr. Rax-mond A. Kotek tv-ped the manuscript, plete its full cycle. Occasional collections have been and O. F. Glissendorf edited it. Their collaboration is made from other legumes. The aphids multiply ex- gratefully acknowledged. tremely rapidly during the summer, producing a large number of winged forms. These winged forms are car- ried by wind currents very readily and have been picked BIBLIOGRAPHY up at high elevations by aircraft. This summer distribu- !. Anonvmols. 1956. Control spotted alfalfa aphids with tion of winged forms can take place over several hun- malathion. American Cyanamid Co. Leaf). 14 p. illus. dred miles. maps.

Control measures have taken three major pathways. 2. 1956. The newest threat to alfalfa; Spotted The first and probably most important of these has been alfalfa aphid. Utah Agr. Ext. Serv. Leaf!. 8. [8 p.] illus. the development of resistant alfalfa varieties. The resis- 3. 1959. New Kansas alfalfa resists spotted aphid. tant varieties are tolerant to the toxin of as well as the Crops Soils Mag. 12(2) :21. illus. feeding damage by the aphids. Several very successful 4. 1961. Field crop varieties for Arizona 1960. Ariz. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. .\-A. 16 parasites have been introduced into the United States p. illus. maps. and unquestionably these have been instrumental in 5. 1970. Soybean virus disease veaors. Miss. Agr. reducing the spotted alfalfa aphid damage in south- Forest. Exp. Sta. Annu. Rep. 83:33. western areas. In addition to the introduction of para- 6. Allen, W. .\., M. L. Bobb, J. M. Grayson, J. E. Rob- sites, quite a native number of the predators also aid erts, Sr., W. H. Robinson, and J. .\. AVeidh.\.\s. 1972. in biological control. The third major approach has been 1972 Virginia insect control guide. \'a. Polytcch. Inst. Ext. Div. Contr. Ser. 141. 118 illus. maps. with insecticides. Initially, most of the work involved p. 7. Ang.alet, G. \V. 1970. Population, parasites, and materials like parathion, but more recent chemical con- damage of the spotted alfalfa aphid in New Jersey, Delaware, trol has centered on the systemic insecticides. and the eastern shore of Mar\Iand. J. Econ. Entomol. An important aspect of the spotted alfalfa aphid biol- 63(1) :313-315. illus. refs. ogy is the rapidity in which it develops new biotypes or 8. B..\KER, W. A. 1955. The yellow clover aphid on alfalfa. localized forms. These biotypes have developed in re- Agr. Chem. 10(9) :60, 62, 122-123. sponse both to insecticides and to overcoming the resis- 9. Ball, H. J. 1958. The effect of visible spectrum irradi- ation on growth and de\elopmcnt in se\eral species tance of alfalfa varieties. In some of the areas, for of insects. Econ Entomol. 51(5): 573-578. illus. refs. example in Arizona, the location of these biotypes has J. 10. Barnes, O. L. 1960. Establishment of imported para- been mapped, but in areas further north, which are sites of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Arizona. J. Econ. reinfested by flights from the south, there has been con- Entomol. 53(6): 1094-1096. illus. refs. siderable confusion. The aphids, which are blown north- 11. 1963. Resistance of Moapa alfalfa to the ward to establish annual populations, do not always spotted alfalfa aphid in commercial-size fields in south- originate from the same source; thus the type of insec- central Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 56(l):84-85. illus. refs. ticidal resistance varies considerably from year to year. 12. Bartlett, B. R. 1958. Laborator)' studies on selective Sources for the entries listed in this bibliography were aphicides favoring natural enemies of the spotted alfalfa Index to the Literature of American Economic Entomol- aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 51(3^:374-378. illus. refs. ogy, Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, Science fl3. Ber.vtliek, Z. p. 1969. Combaterea microbiologica a Citation Index, Zoological Record, Agricultural Index, inscctclor daunatnare din agricultura. Probl, .\ex. 21 and references cited in the articles. All entries were (10):65-76. examined by workers, either at Utah State University 14. Bieberdorf, G. a., and D. E. Bryan. 1956. Research on the spotted alfalfa aphid. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. B- or the University of Illinois, except those preceded by 469. 12 p. illus. refs. the symbol #. The references are listed alphabetically 15. ^, and 1956. The sported alfalfa aphid by author(s) and consecutively. numbered A subject and possible control. Seed \Vorld 79{2): 15-16. table containing the reference numbers appears on page 16. Blshop, J. L., and C. C. BiRKn.\Ri>T. 1959. Effects of 13. References are arranged according to subject and malathion and parathion on ejection of young from period of publication. The table is intended as a quick gra\id female spotted alfalfa aphids. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 32(1 ):35-36. illus. refs. subject index to the references in the bibliography. Moie

17. , and 1959. Seed treatment with sys- in-deplh indexing was done for the SIRIC system, and temic insecticides for control of spotted alfalfa aphids is available to researchers. under Kansas conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(4): References to Therioaphis maculata foimd in the 714-719. illus. refs.

USDA Cooperative Economic Insect Report, 1954—1972 18. , and D. Crockett. 1961. The spotted alfalfa are included as an appendix following the numbered aphid in \'irginia. \'a. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 153. 22 p. illus. refs. references. Abbreviations and complete titles of the 19. BrRKMARnr, C. C. 1957. Chemical control of the sources which appear in the bibliographic entries are to spotted alfalfa aphid. Proc. N. Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc. be found in a listing at the end of the [xiper. Amer. 12:72-73.

Debra Lissak provided technical assistance, Man L. 20. 1959. Effects of heavy fall infestations of spotted alfalfa aphids on subsequent spring growth of 43. Dietrick, E. J., E. I. Schlincer, and M. J. Garber. alfalfa in Kansas. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(4) :642-643. 1960. Vacuum cleaner principle applied in sampling illus. refs. insect populations in alfalfa fields by new machine methods. Calif. Agr. illus. #21. , and D. E. Gates. 1956. Control of spotted 14(1):9-11. alfalfa aphid pea aphid in alfalfa. and Kans. Agr. Exp. 44. , , and R. van den Bosch. 1959. A Sta. Mimeo. Ser. new method for sampling arthropods using a suction 22. Butler, G. D., Jr. 1968. Sugar for the survival of Lygus collecting machine and modified Berlese funnel sepa-

rator. Econ. Entomol. : 1085-1091. illus. refs. hesperus on alfalfa. J. Econ. Entomol. 61 (3) : 854-835. J. 52(6) illus. refs. 45. DoBsoN, R. C. 1958. The effect of spotted alfalfa aphid #23. Cauble, F. 1956. Spotted aphids must go. ADM Archer protection by systemic insecticides and varieties on al- 9(6):28-29. falfa production the year following seedling protection. Econ. Entomol. 51 :457-458. illus. refs. 24. Clausen, C. P. 1955. Yellow clover aphid on alfalfa — J. (4) biological control. Calif. Agr. 9(7) :4. 46. 1958. Granulated systemic insecticides on established stands of alfalfa for control of the spotted 25. CoNR.\D, M. S., and J. T. Medler. 1965. The spotted alfalfa aphid. : alfalfa J. Econ. Entomol. 51(2) 122-125. illus. aphid in Wisconsin. J. Econ. Entomol. 58(1): refs. 180-181. illus. refs. 47. _, and J. G. Watts. 1957. Spotted alfalfa aphid 26. Craig, AV. S., J. L. Huggans, L. L. Peters, and G. \V. occurrence on seedling alfalfa as induenced by systemic Thomas. 1972. 1972 Missouri insect control recommen- insecticides and varieties. Econ. Entomol. 132- dations for use in 1972 only. Univ. Mo. Coop. Ext. Serv. J. 50(2): 135. illus. Handb. 153 p. illus. 48. DoGOER, R., and T. G. Bowery. 1958. of 27. Daniels, N. E. 1956. Studies on the control of the J. A study residues of some commonly used insecticides on alfalfa. .spotted alfalfa aphid in the Texas Panhandle. Tex. Agr. Econ. Entomol. 51 (3) : 392-394. illus. refs. Exp. Sta. Progr. Rep. 1908. 4 p. illus. refs. J. 49. EssiG, E. O., R. C. Dickson, R. F. Smith, and E. 28. Davis, C. S., et al. 1957. The spotted alfalfa aphid and J. Swift. 1955. The spotted alfalfa aphid and other com- its control in California. Calif. Agr. Ext. Serv. Manu- mon aphids found in alfalfa and clovers in California. script. 44 p. illus. refs. maps. Calif. Agr. Ext. Sen.'. Iden. Sheet. 3 p. illus. 29. Davts, D. W. 1955. The yellow clover aphid and its 50. Fenton, F. a., and D. E. Howell. 1957. comparison relation to the bee industry. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Mimeo. A of five methods of sampling alfalfa fields for Ser. 418. 3 p. populations. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 50(6) :606-61 1. 30. Deal, A. S., R. C. Dickson, and H. T. Reynolds. 1954. illus. refs. Yellow clover aphid in state. Calif. Agr. 8(9) :5. illus. 51. Finney, G. L., B. Puttler, and L. Dawson. 1960. #31. DeBach, p. 1969. Uniparental, sibling and semi-species Rearing of three spotted alfalfa aphid hymenopterous in relation to and biological control. Israel J. parasites for mass release. Econ. Entomol. 53(4) :655- Entomol. 4(1): 11-28. J. 659. refs. 32. Dennis, R. E., et al. 1961. Alfalfa for forage production 52. Force, D. C, and P. S. Messenger. 1964. Duration of in Arizona. Ariz. Coop. Ext. Sen-. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. development, generation time, and longevity of three A- 16. 36 p. illus. maps. hymenopterous parasites of Therioaphis maculata, reared 33. 1966. Alfalfa for forage production in Ari- at various constant temperatures. Ann. Entomol. Soc. zona. Ariz. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. A-16 Amer. 57(4) :405-413. illus. refs. (Rev.). 40 p. illus. maps. 53. , and 1964. Fecundity, reproductive 34. DePew, L. J. 1961. Field tests with insecticides to con- rates, and innate capacity for increase of three parasites trol spotted alfalfa aphid in southwestern Kansas, 1955- of Therioaphis maculata (Buckton). Ecology 45(4) :706-

1960. J. Econ. Entomol. 54(6) : 1 144-1 147. illus. refs. 715. illus. refs. 35. Diokson, R. C. 1959. Aphid dispersal over southern 54. . , and . 1965. Laboratory studies on California deserts. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 52(4): competition among three parasites of the spotted alfalfa 368-372. illus. refs. aphid Therioaphis maculata (Buckton). Ecology 46(6): 36. 1959. On the identity of the spotted alfalfa 853-859. illus. refs. aphid in North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 55. . , and 1968. The use of laboratory 52(l):63-68. illus. refs. studies of three hymenopterous parasites to evaluate

37. , E. F. Laird, and 1958. their field Jr., M. M. Johnson. potential. J. Econ. Entomol. 61 (5) : 1374-1378. Sexuales and eggs of the spotted alfalfa aphid. Ann. illus. refs. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 51 (4) :346-350. illus. refs. 56. Franz, J. 1958. Bibliographic iibcr biologische Bekiimp-

38. , , and G. R. Pesho. 1955. The fung. Bibliographic conccrnant la hitte biologique. Bibli- spotted alfalfa aphid. (Yellow clover aphid on alfalfa). ography of biological control. III. Entomophaga 3(4): Hilgardia 24(5) : 93- 118. illus. refs. 333-364. refs. 39. II. , and T. Reynolds. 1955. The spotted al- 57. Georchiou, G. P. 1963. Comparative susceptibility to falfa aphid can damage your alfalfa crop. Calif. Agr. insecticides of two green peach aphid populations, col- Exp. Sta. Ext. Serv. Lcafl. 52. [6 p.] illus. lected 16 years apart. J. Econ. Entomol. 56(5) : 655-657.

40. , and 1955. Yellow clover aphid on illus. refs. alfalfa. Calif. Agr. 9(7) :4, 15. illus. 58. GooDARZY, K. 1957. Biology of the spotted alfalfa aphid

41. , and E. M. Russell. 1956. The spotted alfalfa Therioaphis maculata (Buckton) in Utah with emphasis aphid and related species. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. En- on its predators and parasites. Ph.D. Diss., Utah State tomol. (Montreal) 1:327. University. 74 p. illus. refs. 42. S. Diehl, G., and R. M. Chatfers. 1956. Studies on 59. , and D. W. Davis. 1958. Natural enemies of the mechanics of feeding of the spotted alfalfa aphid on the alfalfa spotted aphid in Utah. J. Econ. Entomol. alfalfa. J. Econ. Entomol. 49(5) :589-591. illus. refs. 51(5):6I2-616. illus. refs. 60. Graham, H. M. 1959. Effects of temperature and hu- 81. , , E. L. .Sorf.vsen, R. H. P.mnter, midity on the biology of Therioaphis maculata (Buck- E. E. Ort.man, and D. C. Pf.tf.rs. 1960. The devclop>- ton). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 16(2):47-80. illus. ment and performance of Cody alfalfa, a spotted alfalfa refs. aphid resistant variety. Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. #61. Graumann, H. O. 1956. Breeding for spotted alfalfa 1 14. 27 p. illus. refs. maps. aphid resistance. .S. Pasture Forage Crop Iniprov. Conf. 82. Hiile Ris Lambers, D., and R. va.n den Bosch. 19&4. Rep. 13:21-22. On the genus Therioaphis \Valker, 1870, with descrip- 62. Gros.s, C. 1957. Alfalfa attacks aphids. Farm Manage. tions of new species (Homoptera, ). Zool. 6(7): 30-31. illus. \'erh. Rijksnius. Natuur. Hist. Leiden 68. 47 p. refs. 63. H.\c.KEROTT, H. L., and T. L. Harvey. 1959. Effect of 83. HiNTZ, S. D. 1964. Correlation between insect popula- temperature on spotted alfalfa aphid reaction to resis- tions, damage and yield for the spotted alfalfa aphid. Proc. N. Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 19:35-37. refs. tance in alfalfa. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(5) : 949-953. illus. refs. 84. 1966. The effect of photoperiod on Therio- aphis maculata. Proc. N. 64. , , E. L. SoRENSEN, and R. II. Cent. Br. Entomol. Sec. Amer. Painter. 1958. Varietal difTerences in survival of alfalfa 21:132-133. refs.

seedlings infested with spotted alfalfa aphids. Agron. J. #85. Howe, W. L. 1957. Selection and testing for resistance in 50(3): 139-141. illus. refs. alfalfa to the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis macu- lata). Proc. Forage Insect Res. 65. , E. L. SoRENSEN, T. L. Harvey, E. E. Ort- Conf. 7:12-13. man, and R. H. Painter. 1963. Reactions of alfalfa 86. 1958. Entomological problems associated with varieties to pea aphids in the field and greenhouse. Crop breeding alfalfa for resistance to the spotted alfalfa Sci. 3 (4): 298-301. illus. refs. aphid. Rep. Alfalfa Impr. Conf. 16:99-103. illus. refs.

66. K. S., K. F. E. Skinner, and Hagen, J. HoLLOWAY, 87. , W. R. Kehr, and C. O. Calkins. 1965. Ap- G. L. Finney. 1958. Aphid parasites established. Calif. praisal for combined pea aphid and spotted alfalfa aphid Agr. 12(2): 3, 15. maps. resistance in alfalfa. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 221.31 illus. refs. 67. , and R. F. Smith. 1958. Chemical and bio- p. logical methods of pest control. Agr. :30- Chem. 13(7) 88. , , M. E. McKnight, and G. R. Man- 32, 89-92. illus. refs. GLiTZ. 1963. Studies of the mechanisms and sources of spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in Ranger alfalfa. Xebr. 68. Hall, I. M., and E. J. Dietrick. 1955. Fungi on spotted alfalfa aphid. Calif. Agr. 9(12) :5, 16. illus" Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 210. 22 p. illus. refs. maps.

89. , and G. R. Pesho. 1960. Influence of 69. , and P. H. Dunn. 1957. Entomophthorous plant fungi parasitic on the spotted alfalfa aphid. Hilgardia age on the survival of alfalfa varieties differing in re- sistance to the spotted alfalfa aphid. 27(4) : 159-181. ilhi.s. refs. J. Econ. Entomol. 53(1):142-144. illus. refs. 70. , and 1957. Fungi on spotted alfalfa

90. , and 1960. Spotted alfalfa aphid aphid. Calif. Agr. 11(2) : 5, 14. illus. resistance in mature growth of alfalfa \arietics. J. Econ. 71. , and 1958. Artificial dissemination of Entomol. 53(2) : 234-238. illus. refs. entomophthorous fungi pathogenic to the spotted alfalfa

91. , and O. F. Smfth. 1956. Some characteristics aphid in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 51 (3 ) :341-344. illus. refs. of resistance in alfalfa to the spotted alfalfa aphid. Rep. Alfalfa Impr. Conf. 15:40-42. illu.s. refs. 72. ^, and 1959. The effect of certain in- 92. 1957. Resistance secticides and fungicides on fungi pathogenic to the , and to the spotted alfalfa aphid in Lahontan alfalfa. Econ. Entomol. spotted alfalfa aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(l):28-29. J. 50(3):320-324. illus. refs. illus. refs. ^• 93. Hi BER, R. T., and J- Osmin. 1966. Insects and 73. _, and J. C. Halfhill. 1959. The germination other arthropods of importance in of resting spores of Entomophlhora vindenia Hall and economic Indiana during 1966. Proc. Indiana .\cad. Sci. 76:291-307. illus. Dunn. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(l):30-35. illus. refs. 94. Hunt, O. R N. Pe.\den, M. VV. Nifi.son, and C. H. 74. Hanson, C. H. 1961. Moapa alfalfa pays ofT. Crops J- Hanson. 1971. Development of two alfalfa [wpulations Soils Mag. 13(7): 11-12. illus. with resistance to insect pests, nematodes, and diseases.

75. . - 1969. Registration of alfalfa germplasm. In: I. /\phid resistance. Crop Sci. 11(1): 73-75. illus. refs. Registration of selected germplasm. Crop Sci. 9(4) :52('>- 95. IsAAK, A. 1964. Pea aphid and spotted alfalfa aphid 527. illus. refs. resistance in alfalfa under various tcnipei-ature regimes. 76. Harpaz, I. 1955. Bionomics of Thcrioapliis maculata Proc. N. Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 19:65-66." (Buckton) in Israel. J. Ecou. Entomol. 48(6) :668-67 1. 96. , E. L. SoRFNSEN, and E. E. Ortman. 1963. illus. refs. Influence of temperature and humidity on resistance in 77. Harper, A. M., and C. E. Lii.i.v. 1966. Effects of the alfalfa to alfalfa the spotted aphid and pea aphid. J. pea aphid on alfalfa in southern .Mberta. ). Econ. En- Econ. Entomol. 56(l):53-57. illus. refs. tomol. 59(6): 1426-1427. illu,s. refs. 97. , , and R. H. Painter. 1965. Stability 78. Harper, R. W. 1956. Spotted alfalfa aphid. .V^r. Chem. of resistance to pea aphid and spotted alfalfa aphid in 11(6): 44-45, 133. illus. several alfalfa clones under various tcmjxTatiirc regimes.

'1". 79. Harvey, L., and H. L. Il.MiKi.KOTr. 1956. Apparent J. Econ. Entomol. 58( 1) : 140-143. illus. refs. resistance to the spotted alfalfa aphid selected from 98. Jasiknska-Obrkbska, E. 1964. VVystepowanie mszyc na seedlings of susceptible alfalfa \arieties. J. Econ. En- luccmie w swictlc badan wlasnych. [The appearance of tomol. 49(3) :2a9-291. illus. refs. aphids on alfalfa plantations.] Biul. Inst. Ochr. Rosl. 26:35-18. illus. refs. BO. . _. , and 1958. Spotted alfalf.i .ipliid reaction and injury to resistant and susceptible alfalfa 99. joNKs, B. F., E. L. SorEnsen, and R. H. Painter. 1968. clones reciprocally grafted. J. Econ. Entomol. 51(6): Tolerance of alfalfa clones to the spotted alfalfa aphid. 760-762. illus. refs. J. Econ. Entomol. 61 (4) : 1046-1050. illus. refs. Kantack, B. H., and VV. L. Berndt. 1972. 1972 South 119. , and K. Goodarzy. 1956. The spotted alfalfa Dakota insecticide recommendations. S. Dak. State Univ. aphid in Utah — 1956. Utah Agr. Ext. Serv. Mimeo. Coop. Ext. Serv-. Plandb. EC-683. 119 p. illus. Ser. 155. 7 p. maps. Keiir, W. R., G. R. Manclitz, and R. L. Ocden. 1968. 120. LiNDQuisT, R. K., and E. L. Sorensen. 1970. Inter- Dawson alfalfa — A new variety resistant to aphids and relationships among aphids, tarnished plant bugs, and bacterial wilt. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. SB-'l97. 23 alfalfas. p. J. Econ. Entomol. 63( 1 ): 192-195. illus. ref.s. illus. refs. 121. LocKwooD, S. 1956. Special insect pest control prob- KiNDLER, D., VV. L. 1961. and Howk. The comparative lems. Calif. Dep. Agr. Quart. Bull. 45(2) : 160-162. feeding behavior of the spotted alfalfa aphid on resistant 122. 1957. Special insect pest control problems. and susceptible alfalfa seedlings. Proc. N. Cent. Br. Calif. Dep. Agr. Quart. Bull. 46(2) : 153-155. illus. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 16:52. 123. LoPER, G. M. 1968. Effect of aphid infestation on coume- KiNDLER, S. D., R. Kehr, and R. L. Ogden. 1971. W. strol content of alfalfa varieties differing in aphid resis- Influence of pea aphids and spotted alfalfa aphids on the tance. Crop Sci. 8(1) : 101-106. illus. refs. stand, yield of dry matter, and chemical composition of #124. Luginbill, 1969. Developing resistant plants — resistant p., Jr. and susceptible varieties of alfalfa. J. Boon. The ideal method of controlling insects. U.S. Dep. Agr. Entomol. 64(3) : 653-657. illus. refs. Agr. Res. Serv. Prod. Res. Rep. 111.

, and R. Staples. 1968. Lack of cytoplasmic 125. McBride, D. K. 1972. North Dakota insect control guide inheritance of alfalfa resistance to the spotted alfalfa for .safe u.se of pesticides. North Dakota .State University aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 61(5) : 1455-1456. illus. refs. Cooperative Extension Service, Fargo. 68 p. illus. , and 1969. Behavior of the spotted alfalfa 126. McMuRTRY, J. A. 1962. Resistance of alfalfa to spotted aphid on resistant and susceptible alfalfas. J. alfalfa aphid in relation to environmental factors. Hil- Econ. Entomol. 62(2) :474-478. illus. refs. gardia 32(12) :501-539. illus. refs. and _. 1970. The influence of fluctu- 127. 1960. ating and constant temperatures, photoperiod, and soil , and E. H. Stanford. Obser\'ations of moisture on the resistance of alfalfa to the spotted al- feeding habits of the spotted alfalfa aphid on resistant and susceptible alfalfa plants. Econ. Entomol. 53(5): falfa aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 63(4) : 1 198-1201. illus. J. refs. 714-717. illus. refs. 128. Manglitz, G. R., P. W. Bergman, W. L. Howe, and , and 1970. Nutrients and the reac- tion of two alfalfa clones to the spotted alfalfa aphid. C. O. Calkins. 1962. Overwintering in the egg stage bv the spotted alfalfa aphid in Nebraska. Econ. J. Econ. Entomol. 63(3) :938-940. illus. refs. J.

Entomol. : 292-294. illus. refs. Kircher, H. W., and F. V. Lieberman. 1967. Toxicity 55(3) 129. of tobacco smoke to the spotted alfalfa aphid Therio- , C. O. Calkins, R. J. Walsthom, S. D. aphis maculata (Buckton). Nature 215(5096) :97-98. HiNTZ, S. D. KiNDLER, and L. L. Peters. 1966. Holo- refs. cyclic strain of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Nebra.ska and

adjacent states. J. Econ. Entomol. 59(3) :636-639. illus. , R. L. MisioROwsKi, and F. V. Lieberman. refs. maps. 1970. Resistance of alfalfa to the spotted alfalfa aphid. 130. J. Econ. Entomol. 63(3) : 964-969. illus. refs. , A. N. KisHABA, and C. O. Calkins. 1962. Sexuales in spotted alfalfa KiSHABA, A. N., and G. R. Manglitz. 1965. Non-prefer- the aphid and the overwinter- ing of the species in Nebraska. Proc. Cent. Br. ence as a mechanism of sweetclo\cr and alfalfa resistance N. En- tomol. Soc. Amer. 17:98-99. to the sweetclover aphid and the spotted alfalfa aphid.

J. Econ. Entomol. 58(3) :566-569. illus. refs. 131. _, and J. M. Schalk. 1968. Parasites of legume aphids, Therioaphis species. Proc. N. Cent. Br. Entomol. , and 1968. Substances from alfalfa Soc. Amer. :40-41. biologically active against the spotted alfalfa aphid. U.S. 23(1) 132. Dep. Agr. ARS 33-126. 12 p. illus. refs. Marble, V. L., J. C. Meldeen, H. C. Murr.-w, and F. P. ZscHEii.E. 1959. Studies on free amino acids in Klement, W. J., and N. M. Randolph. 1960. The the spotted alfalfa aphid, its honeydew, al- evaluation of resistance of seedling alfalfa \aricties and and several falfa selections, in relation to resistance. Agron. strains to the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis macu- aphid J. 51(12) : 740-743. illu.s. refs. lata. J. Econ. Entomol. 53(4) : 667-669. illus. refs. 133. S. B., R. P. Srivastava. Klett, W. 1964. Integrierter und praktischer Pflanzen- Mathur, and 1966. Study of entomogenous fungus aphidis schutz. [Integrated and practical plant protection.] Mitt. Entomophthora Hoffman (Entomophthoracae, Entomophthorales) Biol. Bundesanst. Land- Forstwirtsch. Berlin-Dahlem. parasitic on the

spotted alfalfa aphid. Indian ) : 1 19-120. 115:4t. J. Entomol. 28( 1 refs. Knee, AV. J., and J. W. Apple. 1968. Biological observa- 131. Maxwell, F. G., and R. H. Painter. 1959. Factors tions on and distribution of the spotted alfalfa aphid in affecting rate of honeydew deposition by Therioaphis VVisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61 (6) : 1627-1620. maculata (Buck.) and Tnxoptcra iiramiinim (Rond.). illus. refs. maps. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(3) :368-373. illus. refs. Knowlton, G. F. 1955. The spotted alfalfa aphid in

135. , and 1962. Auxin content of extracts Utah— 19.55. Utah Agr. Ext. Serv. Mimeo. Scr. 113. of certain tolerant and susceptible host plants of Toxop- 4 p. maps. tera gratninum, Macrosiphum jiisi, and Therioaphis 1955. The yellow clover aphid in Utah. LItah rclalion maculata and to host plant resistance. J. Econ. Agr. Ext. Serv. Mimco. Scr. 146. 2 p. Entomol. 55( 1 ) : 46-56. illus. refs. 1959. Alfalfa aphids — Control them. Utah 136. , and 1962. Auxins in honeydew of Ext. Leaf!. 57. [6 p.] illus. Toxoptera graminum, Therioaphis maculata, and Mac-

. 1966. Spotted alfalfa aphid. What can \vc do rosiphum pisi, and their relation to degree of tolerance about it? Utah Agr. Ext. Scr\'. KiUfimol. Minico Scr. in host plants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 55(2) :229-233. 117. 3 p. illus. illus. refs. aphids \'. 1970. 137. Medler, J. T., and A. K. Ghosh. 1968. Apterous , W. F. Lehman, and L. M.\rble. A in water, wind, and suction traps. J. Econ. Entomol. new severe strain of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Cali- 61(l):267-270. illus. refs. fornia. J. Econ. Entomol. 63(5) : 1489-1491. illus. refs.

138. Messencer, p. S. 1964. The influence of rhythmically 156. , and M. H. Sciionhorst. 1965. Screening al- fluctuating temperatures on the development and repro- falfas for resistance to some common insect pests in

1 : 147-150. illus. rcfs. duction of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Thcrioaphis macu- Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 58( j

lata. Econ. Entomol. 57(1) : 7 1-76. illus. rcfs. J. , , and H. Don. 1969. .Arizona alfalfas 139. 1964. The use of life tables in a bio-climatic resist new strain of the spotted alfalfa aphid. Progr. study of an experimental aphid-braconid wasp host- Agr. Ariz. 21 (3): 18-20. illus. parasite system. Ecology ): 119-131. illus. refs. 45(1 158. , , , W. F. Lehman, and 140. 1968. Bioclimatic studies of the aphid para- V. L. Marble. 1971. Resistance in alfalfa to four bio-

site Praon exsoletum. 1. Eff^ects of temperature on the types of the spotted alfalfa aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. functional response of females to varying host densities. 64(2):506-5I0. illus. refs. Can. Entomol. 100(7) :728-741. illus. refs. 159. Obrtel, R. 1961. Ucinky dvou insekticidu na msicomara 141. 1969. Bioclimatic studies of the aphid para- Aphidius ervi Hal. (Hym.: Braconidae). Effects of two site Praon exsoletum. 2. Thermal limits to development insecticides on Aphidius cni Hal. (Hym.: Braconidae). and effects of temperature on rate of development and an internal parasite ol Acyrthosiphon onobrychis (Beyer).

occurrence of diapause. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62 Zool. Listy 24(1 ) : 1-8. illus. refs. (5): 1026-1031. illus. refs. 160. Okuno, T. 1967. On the syrphid lar\'ae attacking the host- 142. , and D. C. Force. 1963. An experimental aphids in Japan (Diptera). Mushi 41(10) :123-1 41. rcfs. inaculata (Buckton) — parasite system: Thcrioaphis 161. Ort.man, E. E., E. L. Sorensen, T. L. Harvey, and (Homoptera: Aphididae-Hy- Praon palitans Muesebeck H. L. Hackerott. 1961. The development of aphid n--

: 532-540. illus. menoptera: Braconidae). Ecology 44(3) sistance. Proc. N. Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc. ,\mcr. 16:53- refs. 54. illus.

143. Meyer, R. W., and J. V. Osmund. 1970. Insects and 162. OsMUN, J. V. 1957. Insects and other arthropods of importance in Indiana other arthropods of economic economic importance in Indiana in 1957. Proc. Indiana Indiana .^cad. Sci. 80:286-298. refs. during 1970. Proc. Acad. Sci. 67:150-154. maps. 163. 1958. Insects and other arthropods of economic 1961. compari- 144. MiTTi.EK, T. E., and E. S. Sylvester. A importance in Indiana in 1958. Proc. Indiana .Vcad. Sci. son of the injury to alfalfa by the aphids, Therioaphis 68:190-195. maculala and Macrosiphum pisi. Econ. Entomol. J. 164. 1959. Insects and other arthropods of eco- 54(4): 615-622. illus. refs. nomic importance in Indiana in 1959. Proc. Indiana F. 1956. para.sites of the 145. MuESEBiiCK, C. W. Two new Acad. Sci. 69:167-174. yellow clover aphid and the spotted alfalfa aphid (Hy- 165. Padilla, a. R.. and AV. R. Yovnc. 1958. El pulgon menoptera: Braconidae). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. manchado de la alfalfa en Mexico, Therioaphis [Ptcro- 51 (l):25-28. illus. callidium) viaculata (Buckton). Mex. Seer. .'\crr. Ganad. 146. Nickel, L., and E. S. Sylvester. 1959. Influence of J. Ofic. Estud. Espec. Foil. Tec. 25. 32 p. illus. refs. maps feeding time, stylet penetration, and developmental in- 166. , and 1958-1959. Parasites del pul- star on the toxic effect of the spotted alfalfa aphid. J. gon manchado de la alfalfa. .Agr. Tec. Mex. 1(7) :5, 42. Econ. Entomol. 52(2) : 249-254. illus. refs. illus. refs. 147. NiELsoN, M. W. 1957. Sampling technique studies on and 1959-1960. Insecticidas sclcc- :385- the spotted alfalfa aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 50(4) tivos para el combate del pulg6n manchado de la alfalfa. 389. illus. refs. .\gr. Tec. Mex. 1 (9) : 36-39. illus. refs. 148. 1958. Reaction of .seedling alfalfa to the Painter, R. H. 1956. The study of resistance to aphids spotted alfalfa aphid in southern Arizona. J. Econ. in crop plants. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Entomol. (Nlon- Entomol. 51 (5) :601-603. illus. rcfs. treal) 3:451-458. illus. refs.

149. , and O. L. B.\rnes. 1957. Life history and 169. 1958. Resistance of plants to insect.*. .\imu. abundance of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Arizona. J. Rev. Entomol. 3:267-290. illus. refs. Econ. Entomol. .50(6) :805-807. illus. refs.

170. , E. L. Sorensen, T. L. Harvey, and H. L. 150. , and 1961. Population studies of the resistance in spotted alfalfa aphid in Arizona in relation to tempera- H.sckerott. 1964. Selection for combined aphid. ture and rainfall. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 54(3) :441- alfalfa, .\fedica!;n saliva L.. to pea Acxrihosiphon alfalfa aphid. Therioaphis 448. illus. refs. pisum (Harris) and spotted

inaculata (Buckton). Proc. 1 2th Int. Congr. Entomol. 151. , and W . E. Curie. 19,59. Effect of alfalfa va- (London), p. 531. refs. riety on the biology of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Parker. R. \'., V. E. Burton, and R. F. SMrrn. 1956. Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(5) : 1023-1024. illus. refs. Aphid damage to alfalfa hay. Calif. Agr. 10(3) :5, 12. 152. , and 1960. Biology of the conver- illus. gent lady beetle when fed a spotted alfalfa aphid diet. illus. 172. Paschke. D. 1959. Production of the agamic alatc J. Econ. Entomol. 53(2) : 257-2,59. refs. J. form of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculala . 153. . ^, H. Don, M. H. Sciionhorst, W. F. Eeii- (Buckton) (Homoptera: .\phidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. MAN, and V. L. Marble. 1970. Biotypes of the spotted Entomol. 16(4) : 125-180. illus. refs. maps. alfalfa aphid in western United States. J. Econ. Entomol.

63(6):1822-1825. illus. refs. 173. , and E. S. Sylvester. 1957. Laboratory studies on the toxic effects of Thcrioaphis maculala (Buckton). 154. , and J. A, Henderson. 1959. Biolog)- of Col- Econ. Entomol. ,50(6) : 742-748. illus. refs. lops vitlatus (Say) in Arizona, and feeding habits of J. 1957. Spotted alfalfa aphid — Alfalfa's seven predators of the spotted alfalfa aphid. J. Econ. 174. Peebler, R. W illus. Entomol. 52(1) : 159-162. illus. rcfs. No. 1 killer! Capper's Farmer 68(3) :47, 60, 62, 64. Pesho, G. R., F. V. LiEBERMAN, and \V. F. Lehman. 196. Sancwan, H. S. 1963. Varietal susceptibility of lucem 1960. A biotype of the spotted alfalfa aphid on alfalfa. [Medicago sativa Linn.) to spotted alfalfa aphid Therio- 146-150. illu.s. refs. maciilata (Buckton) infestations. Indian En- J. Econ. Entomol. 53(1 ): aphis J. Peters, D. C, and R. H. Painter. 1957. A general tomol. 25(3) : 264-266. illus. fac- classification of available small seeded legumes as hosts 197. Schai.k, J. M. 1970. Biological and environmental for three aphids of the "yellow clover aphid complex." tors influencing the production of .sexuales of Therio- :231-235. illus. refs. aphis maculata (Buckton) and T. riehmi (Bomer). J. Econ. Entomol. 50(3) Ph.D. Diss., University of Nebraska. 78 p. illus. refs. , and 1958. Studies on the biologies of three related legume aphids in relation to their host 198. 1971. Comparison of biology of anholocyclic plants. Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 93. 44 p. illus. and holocyclic strains of the spotted alfalfa aphid in

refs. Nebraska. J. Econ. Entomol. 64(6) : 1549-1550. illus. Pettv, H. B. 1957. Keep out spotted alfalfa aphid. refs.

Hoard's Dairyman 102(11) :585, 592. illus. 199. , S. D. KiNDLER, and G. R. Mangi.itz. 1968. Pierce, R. L. 1956. Alfalfa's destructive "softy." Crops Spotted alfalfa aphid plant preference vs. temperature. Proc. Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc. Amer. :41. SoilsMag. 9(3): 14-15. illus. N. 23(1) 1969. Temperature Pr.att, R. 1971. Materials for insect control in Montana 200. , , and the spotted alfalfa aphid for re- 1971. Mont. .State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Leaf!. 101 and the preference of sistant and susceptible alfalfa plants. Econ. Entomol. (Rev.). 33 p. J. 62(5):1000-!003. illus. refs. R.ACE, S. R., and R. C. Dobson. 1958. A method for 201. R. Manglitz. 1969. Migration of an studying the microenvironment of the spotted alfalfa , and G. anholocyclic strain of the spotted alfalfa aphid into Ne- aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 51 (3) :397-400. illus. braska. Econ. Entomol. 62(4) :946-947. illus. refs. Rama.seshiah, G., and P. R. Dharmadiiikari. 1969. J. 202. 1972. Influence of light and .'\phelinid parasites of aphids in India. Cominonw. Inst. , and the production of sexuales of Therio- Biol. Contr. Tech. Bull. 11:156-164. illus. refs. temperature on aphis maculata and T. riehmi. Environ. Entomol. 1(2): Randolph, N. M. 1956. Control of the spotted alfalfa 209-213. illus. refs. aphid. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Progr. Rep. 1872. 5 p. illus. 203. ScHLiNGER, E. I., and E. Dietrick. 1960. Biological 1957. Control of the spotted alfalfa aphid on J. control of insect pests aided by strip-farming alfalfa in alfalfa. Econ. Entomol. 50(2) : 124-126. illus. refs. J. experimental program. Calif. Agr. 14(1) :8-9, 15. illus. Ray, S. K. 1967. Observations on the natural predators synopsis of the biol- 204. , and J. C. Hall. 1959. A of the aphid pests in the Ranchi District with special ogies of three imported parasites of the spotted alfalfa reference to Chilnmcnes scxmaculata Fabr. Indian Agr. aphid. Econ. Entomol. 52(1) : 154-157. refs. 11:117-120. J.

205. , and 1960. Biological notes on Pa- 186. Remaudier, G., and F. Leclant. 1968. Therioaphis Un cific Coast aphid parasites, and lists of California para- nouveau sud de la (Hom. Aphididae). Ann. du France sites (Aphidiinae) and their aphid hosts (Hymenoptera: Soc. Entomol. Fr. 4(3) :671-678. illus. refs. Braconidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 53(3) :404-415. 187. Reynolds, H. T. 1960. Establishing levels of insecticide refs. resistance with standardized laboratory detection meth- 206. , and 1960. Tlie biology, behavior, ods in agricultural arthropod pests. Misc. Publ. Entomol. and morphology of Praon palitans Muesebeck, an in- .Soc. Amer. 2(1): 103-1 11. refs. ternal parasite of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis

188. , and L. D. Anderson. 1955. Control of the maculata (Buckton) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphi-

spotted alfalfa aphid on alfalfa in southern California. diinae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 53(2) : 141-160. illus. refs. J. Econ. Entomol. 48(6) :671-675. illus. refs.

207. , and 1961. The biology, behavior, 189. , and R. C. Dickson. 1955. Yellow clover aphid on alfalfa — Chemical control. Calif. Agr. 9(7) :5, and morphology of Trioxys [Trioxys) utilis, an internal 15. illus. parasite of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis macu- lata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Ann. En- 190. , T. R. Fukuto, R. L. Metcalf, and R. B. tomol. Soc. Amer. 54 ( ) : 34-45. illus. refs. March. 1957. Seed treatment of field crops with .sys- 1 208. Shaw, B. T. 1956. Statement of B. T. Sh:iw, Adminis- temic insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 50(5) :527-539. Agricultural Service, before a special illus. refs. trator, Research Commodity Subcommittee of the House Couunittre on

, R. F. Smith, and E. Swift. 1956. Insecti- J. Agriculture. Topic: Spotted alfalfa aplud. House Com- cides for alfalfa aphid. Calif. Agr. 10(5) : 1 1-12. illus. mittee on Agriculture, Washington. 8 p. Rodcers, B. J., and D. E. Bryan. 1962. Control of the #209. Sifuentes, J. A. 1967. Seleccion dc fuentes de resis- spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculala (Buckton) tencia a la conchnela del frijol, pulgon manchado dc la by seed treatment methods. Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Pro- alfalfa y cogollero del maiz, en cl in\eniadero. Folia cessed Ser. P—10!. 16 illus. refs. p. Entomol. Mex. 15-16:34-35. Rogers, H. 1955. Alfalfa growers dig in for new aphid 210. , and T. R. Garza. 1966. Difeicncias dc resi.s- attack. Farm Manage. 4(11) : 22-24. illus. tencia al pulgon manchado envariedades y clones dc al- Roth, 'V. D. 1959. Alfalfa seed treatments for spotted falfa en Cdiidiciones dc campo e inveniadero. [Differ-

alfalfa aphid control in southwestern Arizona. J. Econ. ences in the resistance to the spotted alfalfa aphid among

Entomol. 52(4) : 654-658. illus. refs. varieties and clones of alfalfa in field and greenhouse conditions.] Agr. Tec. Mcx. 2(6) :274-276. illus. Sandmever, E. E., O. J. Hunt, VV. H. Arnett, and C. R. Heisler. 1971. Relative resistance of six selected 211. and W. R. Young. 1959-1960. El pulgon alfalfa clones to the pea aphid and spotted alfalfa aphid. manchado dc la alfalfa y su combate en el Vallc del 18-22. J. Econ. Entomol. 64(1 ): 155-162. illus. refs. Yaqui. Agr. Tec. Mex. 1(9): illus. refs. 1

212. Simpson, R. G., and C. C. Burkh.\ri)t. 1960. Biology southern California. J. Econ. Entomol. 51(3) :312-316. and evaluation of certain predators of Therioaphis macu- illus. refs.

lata (Buckton). J. Econ. Entomol. 53(l):89-94. illus. 234. , R. F. Smith, R. van den Bosch, and K. S. refs. H.AGAN. 1959. The integration of chemical and bio- 213. , and 1960. A three-year overwinter- logical control of the spotted alfalfa aphid. The inte- ing alfalfa study of the spotted aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. grated control concept. Hilgardia 29(2) :81-101. illus. .')3(2):220-222. illus. refs. refs. maps.

214. , , F. G. MA.\\vtLL, and E. E. Ort- 235. , and R. van den Bosch. 1959. TTie integra- MAN. 1959. A chalcid parasitizing spotted alfalfa aphids tion of chemical and biological control of the spotted and greenbugs in Kansas. J. Econ. Entomol. 52(3) :537- alfalfa aphid. Part II. Field experiments on the cflect.- 538. refs. of insecticides. Hilgardia 29(2 ;: 103-130. illus. refs. 21.'"). Smith, O. F. 1958. Lahontan alfalfa, Nev. Agr. Exp. maps. Sta. Circ. 14. 6 p. illus. 236. , , and D. Born. 1958. New control for alfalfa 216. , R. N. Peaden, and R. K. Petersen. 1958. aphid. Calif. Agr. 12(1) :4-5,^ 13. illus. Moapa alfalfa. Nev. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 15. 6 illus. p. 237. , , and W. R. Bowen. 1962. Candi- 217. Smith, R. F. 1959. The spread of the spotted alfalfa date materials to replace heptachlor as a selective con- aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton), in California. trol for the Egyptian alfalfa weevil in southern Cali- fonn'a. Hilgardia 28(21 ) :647-695. illus. refs. maps. J. Econ. Entomol. 55(5) :713-718. illus. refs. 238. 218. , and K. S. Hagen. 1956. Enemies of spotted , , and H. T. Reynolds. 1960. Effects alfalfa aphid. Calif. Agr. 10(4):8-10. illus. of Dylox and other insecticides on entomophagous in- sects attacking field crop pests in California. Econ. 219. , and 1959. The integration of chemi- J.

Entomol. .53( 1 : : 67-72. illus. cal and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid. refs.

Part III. Impact of commercial insecticide treatments. 239. Tamaki, G., J. E. H^lfhill. and J. C. ^t.^^rLEN. 1969.

Hilgardia 29(2) : 131-154. illus. refs. The influence of UC-21149 and the aphidiid parasite Aphidius smilhi on populations of 220. E. the pea aphid. J. , J. SwiET, and J. Dibble. 1956. Rapid Econ. Entomol. 62(3) : 678-682. illus. refs. spread of alfalfa pest. Calif. Agr. 10(2) :5, 15. illus. maps. 240. Tanasijevic, N., and \'. F. Eastop. 1963. .\phid records from Yugoslavia. Entomologist 96(1206^:265-269. refs. 221. .Sorokina, .\. P. 1970. Structure and development of the reproductive organs and potential fecundity in the fe- 241. Thoizon, G. 1970. Specificite du parasitisme des aphides les males of some aphid parasites (Hymenoptera, .'\phi- par entomophthorales. .Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 6(3^ : diidae). Entomol. Rev. 49(1):27-31. illus. refs. 517-562. illus. refs.

222. Sprague, G. F., and R. G. Dahms. 1972. Development 242. Thom.as, J. G., and E. L. Sorensen. 1971. Effect of excision duration on spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in of crop resistance to insects. J. Environ. Qual. 1(1) :28- 34. illus. refs. alfalfa cuttings. J. Econ. Entomol. 64(3) : 700-704. illus. refs. 223. Stanford, E. H. 1955. Yellow clover aphid on alfalfa —

243. , , and R. H. P.unter. 1966. .Attached Resistant plants. Calif. Agr. 9(7) :5. vs. excised trifoliolates for e\aluation of resistance in 224. 1956. Aphid resistant alfalfa plants. Calif. alfalfa to the spotted alfalfa aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. Agr. 10(7) :3. illus. 59(2):444-448. illus. refs.

225. , and J. A. McMiirtrv. 1059. Indications of 244. Toba, H. H., J. D. Paschke, and S. Friedman. 1967. biotypes of the spotted alfalfa aphid, .\gron. 51(7^: J. Crowding as the primary factor in the production of the 430-431. illus. refs. agamic alate form of Therioaphis maculata (Honiop- 226. Stary, p. 1964. The foci of aphid parasites (Hymenop- tera: Aphididac. J. Insect Physiol. 13(3) :381-396. illus. tera, Aphidiidac) in nature. Ekol. Pol. ,Ser. A. 12(30): refs. 529-554. illus. refs. 245. Tuttle, D. M. 1956. Ihe spotted alfalfa aphid. {A 227. 1968. The creation of artificial foci of para- progress report!. .Ariz. .Agr. Exp. Sta. Miineo. Rep. 131. sites A new method of aphid parasite release. Acta 3 p.^illus.

Entomol. Bohcmoslov. 65 ( 6-77. refs. \". 246. ^ , O. L. B.vRNEs, M. ^V. NiELsoN. D. Roth. 228. 1968. Population dynamics of alfalfa pest andai M. H. Schonhorst. 1958. The spotted alfalfa aphid

aphids (Hom., Aphidoidea) in Czechoslovakia. Boll. in .Arizona. Ariz. .Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 294. 1 1 p. illus. Lab. Entomol. Agr. Tilippo SiKestri' 26:271-292. illus. 247. ^ , and G. D. Butler, Jr. 1954. The yellow refs. maps. clover alfalfa aphid — .A new pest in the Southwest. J.

229. Stern, V. M. 1961. Further studies of integrated coiUrol Econ. Entomol. 47(6) : 1 157. illus. refs. methods against the Egyptian alfalfa wee\il in Cali- 2-18. University of .Arizona Cooper.\tive Extension Ser- fornia. J. Econ. Entomol. 54(l):50-55. illus. refs. vice and .Agrici-i.ti-r.\l Experiment St.vtion. 1971/ 230. 1962. Increased resistance to organophos- 1972. Insect control in alfalfa and Ijcrmudagrass 1971- phorus insecticides in the parthenogenetic spotted alfalfa 72. Ariz. Coop. Ext. Serv. Acr. Exp. Sta. Fold. 147.

aphid, Therioaphis maculata. in California. ]. Econ. 2 p.

Entomol. 55(6) : 900-904. ilhis. refs. 219. USDA. 1955. The vellow clover aphid on alfalfa. I'.S. Dep. .Agr. ARS-33-11.6p. 231. - -. , and H. T. Revnoi.os. 1957. .\phicl lesislaucc to parathion. Calif. Agr. 11{2):4, 14. illus. 250. 1957. The spotted alfalfa aphid. l.S, IVp 232. Agr. ARS 22-39. 8 p. illus. maps , and . 1957. Developments in chemi- cal control of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Califonii;i. 251. 1957. The spotted alfalfa aphid. How to con- 19,55-56. J. Econ. Entomol, 50(6) :817-821. illus. refs, trol it. U.S. Dep. Agr. Ix-all. 422. 8 p. illus.

233. , and 1958. Resistance of the spotted . 1959. The spotted alfalfa aphid. How to con- alfalfa aphid to certain organophosphonis insecticides in trol it. U.S. Dep. Agr. Lcafl. 422 (Rev.). 8 p. illus.

10 253. 1965. The spotted alfalfa aphid. How to con- Appendix — USDA Cooperative trol it. U..S. Dcp. Agr. Leaf!. 422 (Rev.). 8 p. illus. Economic Insect Reports 254. 1968. The spotted alfalfa aphid. How- to con- trol it. U.S. Dep. Agr. Leaf!. 422 (Rev.). 8 p. illus. 1954. Vol. 4(24) :504; (25):534; (26):570; (27):596; (29) 255. USDA AoRicLi.TURAi. Resiarch Service and Forest 653; (30):685; (31):714; (34):784; (37):848; (42) Service. 1967. Suggested guide for the use of insecticides 933; (43):959; (44):965; (48): 1041; (50): 1079 to control insects afTecting crops, livestock, households, (51): 1097. stored products, forests, and forest products— 1967. 1955. Vol. 5(1) :3; (2):23; (4):61; (5):90; (6):107; (7): U.S. Dep. Agr. Agr. Handb. 33 1.2/3 p. 131. (8):153; (10):186; (11):223; (12):250; (13): 256. 1968. Suggested guide for the use of insecti- 279; (14):291; (15):318, 328; (16):335; (I8):381; to control insects afTecting crops, livestock, cides house- (19):405; (20) :429; (21):356, 456; (22) : 483, 500; holds, stored products, forests, and forest products (23):510; (24):539; (25) :569; (26) :594, 612; (27): — 1968. U.S. Dep. Agr. Agr. Handb. 331 (Rev.). 273 p. 621, 622; (28):647; (29):673, 674; (30):707; (31): 257. VAN DEN Bosch, R. 1956. Parasites of alfalfa aphid. 737; (33):793; (35):839; (36):861; (37):884, 903, Calif.Agr. 10(10) :7, 15. illu,s. 904; (41):957; (42):974; (43):987, 997; (44):1004, (45):1026, 1027; (46) 1032 1033; (47):1049, 258 1957. The spotted alfalfa aphid and its para- : l^fj054; (48):10/0; (49):1081; (.50) 1093; (51):1111, sites in the Mediterranean region, Middle East, and East : 1113, 1114, 1116. Africa. J. Econ. Entomol. 50(3; : 352-356. refs. '956. Vol. 6(1) :3, 11, 15, 22; (2):20, 22, 28; (3):37; (4) 259 , H. T. Rev.n'olds, and E. J. Dietrick. 1956. Toxicity of widely used in.secticides to beneficial insects 53, 60, 66, 68; (5):75, 79; (6) :93; (7):114; (8):141 (9):170, 178; (10):192; (11):221, 231; (12):245 in California cotton and alfalfa fields, J. Econ. Entomol. 49(3) :359-363. illus. refs. (13):266, 267; (14):280; (15):303, 304; (I6):324; (17):343,344, 360; (18):367, 368,378,379; (19):391 -*^"-960 _____ ^-E I ScHLiNGER audE T DuTRtcK 1957 —,' 406; (20):413, 414; (21):447, 448; (22):481; T^ \ }u,^l' ^^'y(^ 'Iui^\\io (23); Imported parasues established. Cal.f. Agr. 11 (7): 11-12. gjg. (24):561; (25) -.576, 594; (26):608; (27):652 '"^P^- (28):660, 672; (29):688; (30):721; (31):753, 770,

261- , , k. ,S. Hagen, and K. , J. (32):784, 785; (33):814; (34):847; (35):869, 870. HoLi.owAY. 1959. The colonization and establishment of ggj. (35) :889; (37):906 907; (38) :925 926 935 936 parasites imported of the spotted alfalfa aphid in Cali- (39):946 947'- (40):96'l 962 970- ('41):'978 979. fomia. Econ. Entomol. 136-141. illus. refs. J. 52( 1 ): (42) :993' 994,999; (43) :io08ri009,'l015; (44)': 1024 "laps- 1025; (45):1039, 1044; (46): 1055, 1061; (47): 1067:

262. , , , and I. M. Hall. 1959. 1068; (48): 1079, 1084, 1088; (49): 1095; (50): 1107 The role of imported parasites in the biological control 1114; (51):1125, 1132; (52):1141.

?L*i'^'?.°"^'',?"'*"^''P.o^'^,^'^fn'l'!^'''^,,^^^^^^^^ " 1957. Vol. 7(1):3; (2):15, 19; (3):31, 36, 38, 40; (4):55 Econ. Entomol. 142-154. illus. refs. 1957. 52(1) : J. (5).75_ 79^ 80^ 82; (6):93, 97, 98, 101, 103, 104; (7) 263. , , , J. C. Uai-l, and B. 113, 116; (8): 141, 145, 146; (9): 153, 158, 161, 165 PuTTLER. 1964. Studies on succession, distribution, and (10):171; (11):191, 192, 204; (12):211, 217; (13) phenolo,gy of imported parasites of Therioaphis trifnlii 231,238,240,241; (14):251; (15):269; (16):304, 311 (Monell) in southern California. Ecology 45(3):602- (17):320; (19) :337, 353; (20):394; (21):406; (22) 621.illus. refs. maps. 418; (23) :437, 452; (24):462; (25) : 486, 498; (26)

264. , and V. M. Stern. 1962. The integration of 506, 521; (27):530; (29) :570; (30) :596; (31):618 chemical and biological control of arthropod pe.sts. 630; (32):638; (33):661, 675; (34):681, 696; (35- Annu. Rev. Entomol.^: 367-386. refs. 704; (36):723; (37):741; (38):756, 764; (39):765 '^5; (40):791, 797; (41):809, 817; (42) :824; (43) 265. Warren, L. O., H. P. Boles, J. E. Roberts, and C. Lincoln. 1956. The spotted alfalfa aphid. Arkansas ^^^^' ^^;:^it*^' o^of \ *-?^ A^f%P.^^= io^^U^.l^L^.*' ^ FarmRes.5(2):4.map.s. 890; (48):895; (49) :907; (51):929; (52):941. 1958. Vol. :3; :29; :53; :89: 266. Wecorek, W., and T. Grel.v 1968. Virus diseases 8(1) (2) : 15; (3) (4) (5) :72; (6) transmission of legume forage plants of aphids. (In (7):104; (9):144; (10):165; (11):18:); (12):210: Polish-English sunimary). Pr Nauk. Inst. Ochr. Rosl. (13):234; (14):257; (16):294; (17):318; (18):339; 10(2) :29-51. illus. refs. (19):363; (20):383; (22):447; (23):479; (25):535:

,,,.- • (26):5,59; , ^,f » ,nco T (27):582; (28):607; (29):630; (30):650: ^'^' ='"d M RuszKitwicz. 1968. Investigations 31):671; 32 :691; 33 :715 34 :738 35 :758: upon theT' aphids fauna of legume forage plants. (In (36):780; (37):798; 38 :813; 39):831; 40 :847 ^'- N^"''- ^"''- O*^'^""- ^°^'- 9 (41):862; (42):878; (43):891; (45):928; (46):939 fniut/j:/-_/.iiiiis.?o? 'u '"'^f^'y^-rcis. maps. (47):953; (48):963; (49):980; (50):993; (51): 1007 268. Wilson, M. L., H. \. Melton, and C. E. Watson. 1959. (52) : 1021. Zia alfalfa. N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 43.5. 14 p. illus. 1959 Vol. 9(2):9; (3):13, 19; (5):47; (6):65; (7):85 269. Young, W. R., and R. A. Padilla. 1957. The spotted (8):I05; (9):131; (10):149; (11):168; (12):191 alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis (Plcrocallidium) maculata (13):214; (14):234; (15):257- (16):281' (17):306 in Entomol. (Buckton) Mexico. Bull. Soc. Amer. 3(3): (18):328; (19):348'; (20):375; (21)404;' (22) :453 31-32. (23):481; (24):505; (25):538; (26):571; (27):600 270. Zettler, F. W. 1967. Winged aphids caught on traps (28):621; (29):644; (30):672; (31):700; (32):727

in bean fields in central New York. J. Econ. Eniomol. (33):748; (34):772; (35):799; (36):824; (37):843 60(5):1320-1323. illu.s. refs. (38):863; (39):878; (40):895; (41):914; (42):930 *°°^ 271. and R. E. Wilkinson. 1965. Intrascasonal lfo|=?*^i 'tlli^^^i = (48): 101/; 1030;j'^^^^?^°?,/n^'^)i^?^'o^.1;^^(.,0):10i2; 1049. abundance of aphid species trapped in an area where (19): (51): .spread of bean common mosaic virus occurs. Phyto- 1960. Vol. 10(1):3; (2):13; (3):25; (4):41; (5):53; (6): pathology 55(10): 1085. 71; (8):95; (9):115; (10):131; (11):155; (12):183;

11 ):43; I TABLE OF REFERENCES BY SUBJECT AND PERIOD OF PUBLICATION

SUBJECT - —„,____^ PERIODICAL ABBREVIATIONS

Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. — Acta Entomologica Bohemoslo- Mitteilungen aus der biologischen Bundesanstalt fuer Land- vaca. und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem. Agr. Chem. — Agricultural Chemicals. Mont. State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Leafl. — Montana State Agr. Tec. Mex. — Agricultura Tecnica en Mexico. University Cooperative Extension Service Leaflet. N. Mex. ."Xgr. Exp. Sta. Bull. — New Mexico Agricultural Ex- Agron. J. — Agronomy Journal. periment Station Bulletin. American Cyanamid Co. Leafl. — American Cyanamid Com- pany Leaflet. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. — Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. — Annals of the Entomologica! So- ciety of America. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. — Nebraska Agricultural Exper- iment Station Research Bulletin. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. — Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France. Nev. AgT. Exp. Sta. Circ. — Nevada -Agricultural Experiment Station Circular. Annu. Rev. Entomol. — Annual Review of Entomology. Okla. .Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. — Oklahoma Agricultural Experi- Ariz. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. — Arizona Agricultural Experiment ment Station Bulletin. Station Bulletin. Okla. .Agr. Exp. Sta. Processed Ser. — Oklahoma Agricultural Ariz. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mimeo. Rep. — Arizona Agricultural Exper- Experiment Station Processed Series. iment Station Mimeographed Report. Pr. Nauk. Inst. Ochr. Rosl. — Prace Naukowe Instytutu Och- Ariz. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. — Arizona Coopera- rony Roslin. tive Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin. Probl. Agr. — Probleme .-\gricole. Ariz. Coop. Ext. Serv. Agr. Exp. Sta. Fold. — Arizona Coopera- Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Entomol. (Montreal) — Proceedings of tive Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment Station the 10th International Congress of Entomology (Montreal). Folder. Proc. 12th Int. Congr. Entomol. (London) — Proceedings of Arkansas Farm Res. — Arkansas Farm Research. the 12th International Congress of Entomology (London). Insect Res. Conf. Proceedings of the Biul. Inst. Ochr. Rosl. — Biuletyn Instytutu Ochrony Roslin. Proc. Forage — Forage Insect Research Conference. Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agr. 'Filippo Silvestri' — Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri'. Proc. Indiana .-Acad. Sci. — Proceedings of the Indiana .Acad- emy of Science. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. — Bulletin of the Brooklyn En- tomological Society. Proc. N. Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc. .-Amer. — Proceedings of the North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. — Bulletin of the Entomological So- ciety of America. Progr. .Agr. Ariz. — Progressive Agriculture in .Arizona. Rep. Alfalfa Impr. Conf. .Alfalfa Calif. Agr. — California Agriculture. — Report of the Improvement Conference. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ext. Serv. Leafl. — California Agricultural Experiment Station Extension Service Leaflet. S. Dak. State Univ. Coop. Ext. Ser\'. Handb. — South Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service Handbook. Calif. Agr. Ext. Serv. Iden. Sheet — California Agricultural Ex- tension Service Identification Sheet. S. Pasture Forage Crop Improv. Conf. Rep. — Southern Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conference Report. Calif. Agr. Ext. Serv. Manuscript — California Agricultural Ex- tension Service Manuscript. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Progr. Rep. — Texas .Agricultural Experi- ment Station Progress Report. Calif. Dep. Agr. Quart. Bull. — California Department of .-Agri- culture Quarterly Bulletin. U.S. Dep. .Agr. .Agr. Handb. — United States Department of Can. Entomol. — Canadian Entomologist. Agriculture, .-\griculture Handbook. LT.S. Dep. .-\gr. .Agr. Res. Serv. Prod, Res. Rep. United States Commonvi'. Inst. Biol. Contr. Tech. Bull. — Technical Bulletin — of .Agriculture. Service. of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. Department .Agricultural Research Production Research Report. Crop Sci. — Crop Science. LI.S. Dep. .-\,gr. .-VRS 22 L'nited States Department of .Agri- Crops Soils Mag. — Crops and Soils Magazine. culture. .'\gricultural Research Ser\ice ^22 Series. Ekol. Pol. Ser. A. — Ekologia Polska-Seria A. U.S. Dep. .Agr. .-ARS 33 L^nited States Department of .Agri- Entomol. Rev. — Entomological Review. culture, .Agricultural Research Ser\-ice ^33 Scries. Environ. Entomol. — Environmental Entomology. Dep. .Agr. Leafl. LTnited Department of .Agricul- Farm Manage. — Farm Management. U.S. — States ture Leaflet. Folia Entomol. Mex. — Folia Entomologica Mexicana. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. — University of California Publica- Indian Agr. — Indian Agriculturist. tions in Entomology. Indian J. Entomol. — Indian Journal of Entomology. Univ. Mo. Coop. Ext. Scr\-. Handb. — University of Missouri Israel Entomol. — Israel Journal of Entomology. J. Cooperative Extension Service Handbook. J. Econ. Entomol. — Journal of Economic Entomology. LItah .Agr. Exp. Sta. Mimeo. Ser. — Lftali .Agricultural Experi- Environ. Qual. —-Journal of Environmental Quality. J. ment Station Mimeograph Series. J. Insect Physiol. — Journal of Insert Physiology. Utah .Agr. Ext. Sen-. Entomol. Mimeo Ser. — Utah .Agricul- Kans. Entomol. Soc. — Journal of the Kansas Entomological J. tural Extension Service, Entomology Mimeo Series. Society. Utah .-Vgr. Ext. Serv. Leaf!. — Utah Agricultural Extension Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mimeo. Ser. — Kansas .\gricultural Exper- Ser\-ice Leaflet. iment Station Mimeograph Series. LTtah .Agr. Ext. Sen-. Mimeo. Ser. — Utah .Agricultural Exten- Kans. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. — Kansas Agricultural Exper- sion Service Series. iment Station Technical Bulletin. Mimeograph Utah Ext. Leafl. Utah Extension Leaflet. Mex. Seer. Agr. Ganad. Ofic. Estud. Espec. Foil. Tec. — Mexico —

Secretaria de \gricultura y Ganaderia, Oficina de Estudios Va. .Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. —- Virginia .-Agricultural Experi- Espccialcs, Folleto Tccnico. ment Station Technical Bulletin. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. — Miscellaneous Publications Va. Polytcch. Inst. Ext. Div. Contr. Ser. — Virginia Polytechnic of the Entomological Society of America. Institute Extension Division Control Series. Miss. Agr. Forest. Exp. Sta. Annu. Rep. — Mississippi .\gricul- Zool. Listy — Zoologicke Listy. tural and Forestry Experiment Station Annual Report. Zool. Verb. Rijksnius. Natmir. Hist. Leiden — Zoologischc \'cr- Mitt. Biol. Bundcsanst. Land- Forstwirtsch. Berlin-Dahlcni — handelingen Rijk.smuscum van Natuurlijke Historie Leiden.

14

(26745—4000—2-74) US ISSN 0073-490X