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Factors Influencing Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum Padi L.) Feeding Behavior and Fitness

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Factors Influencing Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum Padi L.) Feeding Behavior and Fitness FACTORS INFLUENCING BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID (RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI L.) FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND FITNESS By DAYNA-PAULINE RILEY COLLETT Bachelor of Arts in Biology Adrian College Adrian, MI 2006 Master of Science in Entomology and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 2009 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2017 FACTORS INFLUENCING BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID (RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI L.) FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND FITNESS Dissertation Approved: Kris L. Giles Dissertation Adviser Astri C. Wayadande Robert M. Hunger Brett F. Carver Mark E. Payton ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my committee, I would like to thank each of you for your guidance and assistance throughout my time here at Oklahoma State University. Special thank you to my advisor Dr. Kris Giles for providing me the opportunity to do this research and for not giving up on this project, to Dr. Mark Payton for his endless patience with my statistical analyses, and to Dr. Astri Wayadande for her devotion to her students, all of the extra hours put in to help me with my research, and for her mentorship throughout the duration of my time here. To my friends and family near and far, thank you for your unwavering support throughout the ups and downs of my research (and life in general over the past 4.5 years). Special thank you to my parents for their constant cheerleading from afar, to Drs. Casi and Will Jessie for their help with my research and for being companions on this crazy ride. I don’t think I could have made it through this without them. To my husband Corey, and my children, Kai and Quinn, I am convinced you all deserve an award for putting up with me during my pursuit of this degree! Your constant encouragement and support kept me going, even when I was ready to quit. I never would have succeeded in this endeavor without you. This degree is just as much yours as it is mine. We did it! iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: DAYNA-PAULINE RILEY COLLETT Date of Degree: DECEMBER, 2017 Title of Study: FACTORS INFLUENCING BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID (RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI L.) FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND FITNESS Major Field: ENTOMOLOGY Abstract: The first objective of this dissertation was to determine if increasingly complex host plant habitats resulted in the most fit Rhopalosiphum padi. I hypothesized that the addition of suitable host plant species to R. padi rearing cages, in an effort to mimic heterogeneous agroecosystems, would increase aphid fitness. By comparing the weight and number of R. padi produced between treatments, the primary hypothesis that the availability/utilization of additional suitable host plants to aphid rearing cages would increase fitness was rejected. Conversely, the data revealed a potentially antagonistic relationship between host plants when grown in close proximity and resulted in a negative effect on aphid fitness. Factors including natal experience effects, plant-plant interactions, lack of host plant conditioning, and/or host plant composition effects may have impacted R. padi fitness in this study. The second objective of this study was to quantify host-plant feeding behaviors for R. padi reared under different conditions. Results from the first objective indicated that experimental R. padi reared uncrowded on wheat, under ideal environmental conditions, were larger. In comparison, R. padi from the source colony were substantially smaller and would be predicted to be less fit, and thus cause less plant injury. I hypothesized that differences in rearing conditions had the potential to influence R. padi feeding behavior. Behaviors were quantified using salivary sheath staining and electropenetrography techniques. Results supported the hypothesis that differences in rearing conditions of R. padi impact feeding behaviors, as significant differences were revealed for typical feeding behaviors between the two aphid rearing conditions. Results indicated that the most “fit” experimental colony aphids (i.e. larger and with higher fitness) may not be the best for plant injury evaluations, but because of their propensity to initiate more feeding attempts, may be highly beneficial in barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmission study evaluations. Alternatively, the “stressed” source colony, reared under crowded, less optimal environmental conditions, appear more likely to feed for extended periods of time and induce plant injury. These differences should be considered when evaluating the impact of aphid feeding on host plants during screening of resistant plant sources. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 References ................................................................................................................4 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................7 Wheat Production in the United States and Southern Great Plains .........................7 Barley Production in the United States and Southern Great Plains .........................8 Important Pathogens and Arthropod Pests on Cereal Crops ....................................8 Aphid Biology and Ecology...................................................................................12 Rhopalosiphum padi Biology and Ecology ...........................................................15 Host Plant Selection and Aphid Feeding Behavior................................................17 Electropenetrography .............................................................................................20 Plant Resistance and Rhopalosiphum padi Management ......................................29 References ..............................................................................................................35 III. HOST PLANT COMPOSITION EFFECTS ON BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID (RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI L.) FITNESS ............................................................67 Introduction ............................................................................................................67 Methods for Evaluating Effects of Habitat Complexity on Rhopalosiphum padi fitness .....................................................................................................................70 Host Plant Composition Evaluation .......................................................................71 Results ....................................................................................................................73 Discussion ..............................................................................................................75 Conclusion .............................................................................................................78 References ..............................................................................................................79 v Chapter Page IV. ASSESSMENT OF SALIVARY SHEATH COUNTS AND ELECTROPENETROGRAPHY TO EVALUATE BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID (RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI L.) PROBING ACTIVITY ON WHEAT ...91 Introduction ............................................................................................................91 Methodology ..........................................................................................................94 Results ....................................................................................................................98 Discussion ............................................................................................................101 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................105 References ............................................................................................................107 V. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................131 APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................133 Appendix A: Statistical analysis outputs for Chapter 3 evaluations ....................133 Appendix B: Statistical analysis outputs for Chapter 4 evaluations ....................159 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Greenhouse study of individual host plant effect on R. padi weight ..................84 3.2 Greenhouse study of individual host plant effect on R. padi weight ..................84 3.3 Greenhouse study of individual host plant effect on R. padi weight ..................85 4.1 Morphological measurements of aphids from each R. padi colony evaluated in the salivary sheath study and the EPG study ................................................116 4.2 EPG waveforms and their feeding behavior correlations .................................116 4.3 Mean±SE comparisons of EPG parameters correlated to the onset of probing, intracellular stylet pathway activities (potential drops), phloem contact, and phloem ingestion ...............................................................................................117 4.4 Mean±SE comparisons of major numerical EPG parameters: total number of probes, total number of potential drops, and total number of E1 events ......117 4.5 Mean±SE comparisons of additional EPG parameters .....................................118 4.6 Raw data of individual aphid EPG
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