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IBM Global Business Services Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 Market opening: comparison of the rail markets of the Member States of the European Union, Switzerland and Norway A study conducted by IBM Deutschland GmbH in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. h.c. Christian Kirchner, Humboldt-University, Berlin Brussels, 20 April 2011 IBM Global Business Services English translation – in case of doubts German version shall apply. Third edition of the Rail Liberalisation Index study published for the first time on 18 December 2002 Date of issue of the second edition: 10 May 2004 Date of issue of the third edition: 17 October 2007 Date of issue of the fourth edition: 20 April 2011 The complete study, the summary and the annexes are available at: www.deutschebahn.com/liberalisierungsindex (German) www.deutschebahn.com/liberalisation-index (English) You will find the IBM homepage under www.ibm.com IBM and the IBM logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States other countries, or both. Other company, product and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. © Copyright IBM Corporation 2011 2 Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 IBM Global Business Services Contents 1. Management Summary 9 2. Introduction 16 2.1. Goals 16 2.1.1. Initial Theses 16 2.1.2. The European Union Single Market Programme 17 2.1.3. Two components of the objective 18 2.2. Instruments of market opening 18 2.2.1. Access to infrastructure as a prerequisite for opening the railway markets 18 2.2.2. Opening access to infrastructure in railway markets by way of sector-specifi¬c regulation 19 2.2.3. Different national liberalisation concepts in regulatory competition 20 2.3. Effects of liberalisation 21 2.4. Goals and Methodology 21 2.5. LEX Index, ACCESS Index and COM Index 23 2.5.1. LEX Index 23 2.5.2. ACCESS Index 24 2.5.3. COM Index 25 2.5.4. Weighting 26 2.6. Important findings 26 3. Retrospective view of the Rail Liberalisation Index 2007 27 4. Concept of the Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 30 4.1. Object of the study and survey method 30 4.2. Conceptual adjustments with respect to the Rail Liberalisation Index 2007 32 4.3. Legal framework conditions 36 4.4. The structure of the Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 39 4.4.1. The LEX Index 41 4.4.2. The ACCESS Index 42 4.5. The COM Index 45 4.6. Method of calculation used in the Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 47 5. Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 – Results 48 5.1. LIB Index results 48 5.1.1. LEX Index results 52 Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 3 IBM Global Business Services 5.1.2. ACCESS Index results 57 5.2. COM Index results 62 5.3. LIB Index Results - Rail Freight Transport 65 5.4. LIB Index Results – Rail Passenger Transport 67 6. Country Reports 71 6.1. AT – Austria 71 6.2. BE – Belgium 77 6.3. BG – Bulgaria 83 6.4. CH – Switzerland 88 6.5. CZ – Czech Republic 94 6.6. DE – Germany 99 6.7. DK – Denmark 105 6.8. EE – Estonia 110 6.9. ES – Spain 115 6.10. FI – Finland 120 6.11. FR – France 124 6.12. GB – Great Britain 129 6.13. GR – Greece 135 6.14. HU – Ungarn 139 6.15. IE – Ireland 144 6.16. IT – Italy 148 6.17. LT – Lithuania 154 6.18. LU – Luxembourg 158 6.19. LV – Lettland 162 6.20. NL – Netherlands 166 6.21. NO – Norway 172 6.22. PL – Poland 177 6.23. PT – Portugal 182 6.24. RO – Romania 187 6.25. SE – Sweden 192 6.26. SI – Slowenien 198 6.27. SK – Slovakia 203 7. Multi-Country Sources 208 8. Glossary 209 9. IBM Contacts 210 4 Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 IBM Global Business Services Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 5 IBM Global Business Services Figures Figure 1: Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 (rail freight and passenger transport) 12 Figure 2: COM Index 2011 (rail freight and passenger transport) 15 Figure 3: LIB Index 2007 (rail freight and rail passenger transport) 28 Figure 4: Structure of the Rail Liberalisation Index 39 Figure 5: LIB Index consolidation levels 40 Figure 6: LIB Index 2011 (rail freight and rail passenger transport) 50 Figure 7: LEX Index 2011 (rail freight and rail passenger transport) 52 Figure 8: Separation models of infrastructure managers in Europe 54 Figure 9: Purely commercial rail passenger services in Europe 55 Figure 10: Models of regulatory bodies in Europe 57 Figure 11: ACCESS Index 2011 (rail freight and rail passenger transport) 59 Figure 12: COM Index 2011 (rail freight and passenger transport) 63 Figure 13: Comparison of models of regulatory bodies and infrastructure managers in Europe 65 Figure 14: LIB Index 2011 (rail freight transport) 66 Figure 15: LIB Index 2011 (rail passenger transport) 69 Figure 16: Comparison of the LIB Index 2011 for rail passenger transport with the LIB Index 2011 for rail freight transport (sorted on the basis of rail freight transport) 70 6 Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 IBM Global Business Services Tables Table 1: Comparison of market opening categories of the LIB Indices 2002/2004 and 2007/2011 10 Table 2: Key content of the sub-indices of the LIB Index and the COM Index 39 Table 3: Subject areas and determinants of the LEX Index 42 Table 4: Subject areas and determinants of the LEX Index 45 Table 5: Subject areas and determinants of the COM Index 46 Table 6: Market opening categories in the LIB Indices 2002/2004 and 2007/2011 compared 48 Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 7 IBM Global Business Services Annex I. LEX Index questionnaire II. ACCESS Index questionnaire III. COM Index questionnaire IV. Weightings and range of answers V. Country results in detail (answers) VI. Country results in detail (points) 8 Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 IBM Global Business Services 1. Management Summary Continuing liberalisation of the European rail market has resulted in the need for a new edition of the Rail Liberalisation Index (or LIB Index for short). The present study is the fourth edition of the Rail Liberalisation Index and, as was the case with the first three editions for 2002, 2004 and 2007, has been conducted by IBM Global Business Services in collaboration with Professor Christian Kirchner, Humboldt University, Berlin. The new regulatory framework for international rail passenger transport (Directive 2007/58/EC), Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 on public passenger transport services by rail and by road, Directive 2007/59/EC for the recognition of the European train driver's licence, the Interoperability Directive 2008/57/EC for the recognition of vehicle approvals and the infringement proceedings against several EC member states by the European Commission alleging inadequate implementation of Directive 2001/14/EC were the occa- sion for updating the Rail Liberalisation Index between October 2010 and March 2011. In addition, in 2010, the European Commission submitted proposed legislation for a revision of the first railway package ("recast"). The recast is aimed at increasing competition in the rail transport market by eliminating technical, administrative and legal obstacles to market access. Lastly, the new Transport White Paper for 2010-2020 announces new legislation for further liberalisation of rail passenger transport for 2012. In light of these facts, the updated LIB Index is intended to provide facts and figures for the ongoing EU discussions about further opening of the market. The study was presented to the public on April 20, 2011 in Brussels. The LIB Index compares the status of the relative degree of market opening in the Euro- pean rail transport markets within the European Union, including Norway and Switzer- land, in January 2011. The study is a benchmark of the legal and de facto barriers to market access from the perspective of an external railway undertaking (RU 1 ) seeking access. Legal access conditions, such as the powers of the regulatory body and the market ac- cess regime, are contained in the LEX sub-index (law in the books). The de facto access conditions, such as barriers to information, administrative and operational barriers, and the share of the market that is accessible to external RUs, are included by the ACCESS sub-index (law in action). The results included in the LEX Index account for 20 percent of the LIB Index, with 80 percent accounted for by the results included in the ACCESS In- dex. A separate index, which is not included in the LIB Index, the COM Index, indicates the competitive dynamics reflected in rail’s modal split and in the intramodal market share and number of external RUs active in addition to the incumbent. As the access require- ments for rail passenger and freight transport differ, in addition to the indices mentioned, separate liberalisation indices are provided for each of these segments. Per country, a total of 250 items of data (6750 in total) were collected, analysed, verified, consolidated and if deemed necessary, broken down into passenger transport services provided under a public service contract or on a purely commercial basis, plus freight 1 For explanations of terms, see Chapter 8 Glossary on page 209 Rail Liberalisation Index 2011 9 IBM Global Business Services transport. In just 2.1 percent of the questions it was not possible to obtain a qualified an- swer. The data were obtained and verified from regulatory bodies, transport ministries, incumbents, external RUs, rolling stock manufacturers and infrastructure managers by means of interviews and questionnaires. The information-gathering process also encom- passed the analysis of secondary materials such as legislative texts, network statements, websites of the relevant undertakings and institutions or other existing studies.
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