COL UMB I A UNI VERSI T Y SLA VONI C S TUDI ES

O L I V .

EARLY JUGOSLAV LITE RATURE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS SALES AGENTS

N E W Y O RK LEM C KE BUECHNER — 3 0 3 2 EA ST 2 0TH STRE E T

L ONDO N HUM PHREY M I LF ORD

AMEN CO RNE R , E . C .

SHANGHA I

SO NS L TD . EDWAR D EVANS 8: . 3 0 NO RTH SZE CHUE N R O AD EARLY JUGOSLAV L IT ERAT URE ( 1 000- 1 800)

I OY S STANOYEVI CH PH D M I L V . , . .

fish) 90th COLUMB IA UNIVERS ITY PRESS 1 92 2

All rights res erved C 1 22 opyright , 9

By COL UMB I A UNI VE RSI TY PRESS

nt d fro m t e . Publ shed anuar 1 2 2 Pri e yp i J y . 9 C O NT ENT S

CHAPT E R PAGE

vu— viii

FI RST PERIOD

THE ORIGINS

I Old Slavonic Language

e I I . Old Slavonic Literatur

SECOND PERIOD

THE AGE O F RENAI SSANCE

i D and the I I I . Republ c of ubrovnik Renaissance

h h 1 h IV . T e Poets of t e st Century

L ric s D he 1 6 V . y and rama of t th Century

’ nd lic: 1 h VI . Gu u and his Times ( 7t Century)

TH I RD PERIO D

THE AGE O F DECLI NE

h VI I . T e Acade mies and Societies

Th n VI I I . e Moralists a d M inot Authors

IX . Epilogue

PREFACE

Th e the e e e e e the e e obj ct of pr s nt tr atis , as indicat d by titl

fi ien l e h it ee s uf c t e e . t e given to , may s m y compr h nsiv I n small space allotted to me i t has o nly been possibl e to cover the main facts of the subj ect W ithout professing to b e ex

h u s tive . I e e e e e e a But trust that v n th s outlin s , scanty as th y are e u s e e e the e , will b of as giving som id a of historical cours of I e e e e literary evolution , and hop that at som futur tim they

The may be more adequately filled out . actual facts presented

m h The here have been c hiefly drawn fro t e original source s .

e n the o ld MSS . and publish d works of i dividual authors , in

e m e l e fo rm the larg r European and A rican ibrari s , basis upon

I e e e e . e e I e W hich hav r li d in pr paring this study How v r , hav also made u s e of much of what has already been writte n in the monogra phs of many Slavo nic historians and in several Jugo i slaV publications indicated n the footnotes and bibliography . With respect to the orthography and transliteration of the '

u s e e e e the e e the Slavonic words , is mad h r of syst m adopt d by J u gos lovens ka A kademija Z nanos ti i Umetnosti (The Jugoslav

e e e m e : Acad my of Sci nc s and Arts) , na ly

C— é ti oh e t for English or in tune , lit ra ure

(5- 6 tc h ts h tc tc wa h, di h

s s i s h s si fis h pa on ,

— 2 Si zh si z e Vi on , a ur

D — d di d d e d e y uk , un

— lli l lli l e L l y mi on , fai ur N— n n n n ni n g y mig on , pi o C— d d e e g g g bri g , stag

I o we much more than is apparent in these pages to the

e e ee e e D . e kindn ss of my st m d friends Prof ssors J . Princ and

. B . F e e U e e e e J l tch r , of Columbia niv rsity , who hav sugg st d to me verbally at some length many valuable hints as to the EARLY JUGOSLAV L I TE M TURE

n i ge neral treatme t of the subj ect . Withou t th eir u nflagg ng in terest and encouragem e nt this volume wou ld not have bee n

a d ue . C . A . wri tten . My gratitude is lso to Dr Manning for e e e the his sp cial t chnical h lp , and to librarians of Columbia , Y e and the the New Y Harvard , al Slavonic Division of ork

e e e me e Public Library , who hav nabl d , in almost all cas s , to

- write from a firs t hand acqu aintance with the lite rature .

M . S . S . EARL Y J UG O SL AV L I T ERAT URE

I N T ROD UCT I O N

The history of a language is the history of the people who speak i t or have spoken it. Virtually it is the history of many

f e e e ee . e h tribes , di f r nt in origin , mann rs , and sp ch Wh n t e people of anothe r powerful race succeeded in crushing these e e e the e e trib s , th y usually took poss ssion of conqu r d land , and allowed the othe rs to live only on condition of being quie t and

he . e e e doing all t work I t is to th s conqu sts , kept up through

h e e the out t e M iddl Ag s , that maj ority of European nations o we their ge ographical limits and even their present names . Their establishmen t has been mainly the result of greed and

e e e military power . N w soci ties have b en formed out of the

he e e e e e e wrecks of t old r on s which w re viol ntly d stroy d , but in the work of reconstruction they have always retained some thing of their previous existence in their internal constitution and especially in their language .

n e e e e e La guag s , lik nations , hav th ir p riods of growth , ma tu rit e e e -ten the y , and d cay , but whil nin ths of vocabulary of a

in t rat r ee he e pe ople lives the li e u e and sp ch of t cultur d classes , the remainder has a robust life in the daily usage of the sons of

e e e the toil . This limited but mor p rsist nt portion of national speech neve r fails to include the names of those obj ects which

h e e . a re are the most familiar and t e most b lov d Such , for

e he e e e e e e instance , the nam s of t n ar st r lativ s , fath r , moth r ,

ee the ne e l e brother , two or thr of commo r m ta s , tools , w apons ,

the e the cereals , domestic animals ; hous and most striking features in the landscape ; the mountain peaks and ranges ; the the the n the the valleys , lakes and rivers ; sun , moo , stars , sky

A e e e e the and the clouds . t all tim s and in v ry r gion of

e e the e e e -defined world , these nam s hav had sam cl ar and w ll meanings ; their visible forms stand as a sort of material lexi

h e e con , explaining t e mor archaic forms of living languag s that have ceased to b e vernacular . 2 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

n e e e e Many natio s hav l ft no writt n r cords , and their history

b e e e s o e e n o t a would a blank volum , or n arly , w r it th t in the ‘ places where they have soj ourned they have left traces of their migrations s u ffic iently clea r to enable u s to reconstruct the

ne e . T he the e outli s of th ir history hills , vall ys , and the rivers are the o nly writing-tablets on which u nl e ttered nations have

ee e n e e nn a nd e e b n abl to i scrib th ir a als , th s may be read in the e the e e n nam s that still cling to sit s , and oft n co tain the records of a class of even ts about which written history is for the most part silent . These connotations which originally had a

e e e e the d scriptiv import , r f rring mostly to physical features of the e e en the n e e the m n n land , hav v adva tag ov r com o ames of ’ a nation s speech of being less subj ect to the process of phone tic

e e e e d ecay . They se m to b poss ss d of an inherent and i nde s tru c tible vitality which makes them survive invasions and catastrophes . Wars can trample down or extirpate whatever

e e e n a n h grows upon a soil , xc pting only its nativ pla ts d t e names of those sites upon which man has established his domi m . e e cile S ldo is a people utterly xterminated , for the proud conqu eror has n eed of some at l east of the natives to till the

ne . e e en e e soil a w Th s slav d outcasts , though th y may hand ' em the e ee the n e e down no m ory of spl ndid d ds of ation s h ro s , yet re tai n a most tenacious recollection of the names of the

e w n e haml ts hich their proge itors inhabit d , and n ear to which

a their fathers were interred . Ethnogr phical nomenclature and national tradition are therefore an important factor in all ’ e n that conc rns a nation s early history , and they often fur ish

f e n most e f ctual aid in the solution of li guistic problems .

I f e e he e e , th n , w would trace t Slavonic languag s to th ir

e the e e e e e . The sourc s , cours to b pursu d is cl arly mark d out

e e e e e e e subj ct , which cov rs a wid rang of int r sting studi s ,

e firs t the a e involv s , of all , a critical inquiry into origin , char ct r ,

he e - U n and distribution of t Slavonic rac Russians , krai ians ,

Cec ho s lovak s P e . At Bulgars , Jugoslavs , , and ol s various epochs these nations have fou nd their way into central a nd

new southeastern Europe and created th ere new religions , m F he ne n e e e . t idio s , and w oral a d writt n lit ratur s rom com

lexit the e e e e are p y of subj ct , it is obvious that all th s d tails ’ no t the n n the e fruit of a y o e man s learning , but r sult of long INTRODUCTION 3

e e in e e pati nt labors of many sp cialists ach of th se branches . Availing ourselves of the latest researches of the distinguished . e e we e e scholars whos nam s quot as our authoriti s , and whose

e e e ee e acknowl dg d l arning and accuracy n d no comm ndation , we e e e e e e e h r pr s nt a comparativ dig st of th ir substance , so arranged as to be neither reduced to the skeleto n of a mere

e e he u e abridgment , nor ext nd d to t h g dimensions of a learned

the e e b e work . Supposing r ad r to familiar with at least the

ne e we outli s of Slavonic lit rary history , will not treat it e the f e e in its ntire ty or i n all di f r nt branches . We will rathe r dwell o n the early literature of o ne branch— the

e n a re South r Slavs or Jugoslavs , who mainly composed of

ee e e the e e : e an thr p opl s of sam rac S rbs , Croats d Slovenes . In the course of time common i n terests drew these people to ge ther a nd brought about a corresponding fusion of their

Th e e idioms . e trac s of th ir language and literature are still so clearly marked that they easily i ndicate the degree of powe r and adherence to national speech and customs which was displayed by each branch in their present u nific atio n and amalgamation . The term J ugo-Slav (South -Slav) as no w used by most

e e e e s i nifi a i n Europ an p opl s , has a wid r g c t o than that which it

T he origi nally bore . Southern Slavs call themselves J u go

’ ' s lovem e J u os lam a . , and th ir land g j This is composed of several

' the e n h l provinces . I n b ginni g of t e as t c entu ry o ne of these ] province s (Serbia) gave birth to a few military l eade rs who ’ e e e the e the e b cam formidabl to invad rs of nation s liberti s ,

eed a re in h and their d s known the West . T e nam e was then extended so as to include the whole people and country which

e the e n m is call d Jugoslavia , j ust as trib of A gles , though nu e r ic all e the e e e y inf rior to Saxons , gav th ir nam to England and h n t e e en e . the e all that t rm E glish now d ot s As Angl s , Saxons

e e e in o ne i e e and the e and Jut s m rg d Brit sh p opl , dial cts of

N e a nd e e ne e orthumbria , M rcia W ss x in o English tongu ,

the n e so in Jugoslavia i habitants of S rbia , Croatia , and

e en e o ne e e Slov nia bl d d in J ugoslav p opl , and their kindred

o ne e n idioms practically in S rbian or Croatian la guage , which

e e n e n e in n is also , for b tt r u d rsta ding , call d Slavo ic philology e - S rbo Croatian . 4 EARLY JUGO SLAV LI TERATURE

The Jugoslav writers of the 1 7th and 1 8th centuries : Antun Kanii lié Emerik Pavié Mati a Re k o vi an e , , j l é d specially ' D o rdi6 er nim Kavari in and K i si Ignat , ] o , Andra acic M o é , very

ten e he I liria I lir I liricfki e of m ntion t words , and . Th y thought

e e e e Ill ri s that th s Latin d rivativ s (Illyria , Illyrius and y c u )

e e the e J u os lam a u oslawn corr spond d to m aning of g j , J g e and

u o ov n kiw he e e the l h J g s l e s t t rms created lat r on in gt century . Nevertheless the old Illyria known from the remote ages of the Greeks and Romans has nothing but a part of its territory in The e common with the Jugoslavs . conqu st of Illyria by the h Serbs and Croats began early in t e seventh century . I n their pene tration from Galicia and the Carpathian Mountains to the

e the e e the e e South and Southw st , S rbs occupi d ast rn half of Illyria while the Croats and Slovenes settled in the western

F e e e e e the a n part . orming p rman nt s ttl m nts in Balk n Pe in sula the Slavs have profoundly mo dified the ethnical characte r h and the usages of t e Illyrians . No t long after this migration

e he had taken plac , t aboriginal indigenous I llyrian tribe s were scattered all over the peninsula . Many have been

z e e absorbed and Slavoni ed , and thos that have b en able to resist the Slavic civilization and language are now represe nted by the Albanians . When the Southern Slavs came to the Balkans they brought

e e e ze with th m th ir primitiv tribal institutions , organi d on a

zadru a an basis partly patriarchal ( g , family community) , d

' fzu a e e za r s e partly political ( p , county) . S v ral d uga form d a

l eme . lemena n e e e e n e p (plur p , cla s) , and s v ral clans w r u it d into z éu ani a e the a military organi ation known as p j (shir ) , of which

e e e éu an e e knez e military l ad r was call d p (som tim s , Chi ftain or

e e i anias e e e e prince) . Th s up w re originally ind pend nt of ach

e firs t n e e an e e e . oth r , and did not at ack owl dg y ali n sov r ign In the course of time those Slavonic clans that settled in the extreme west gradually passed under Roman and those in the - he th east and south east u nder Byzantine influenc e . In t 9 century almost all the Jugoslavs abandoned their old paganism

n h n e e a d adopted Christianity . As t e ew r ligion cam from

m e and ee e e e e e e Ro Gr c , two mpir s living in p rman nt disput s , the firs t Jugoslav literature of religious characte r appears as a constant struggle be tween native and exotic elements . I t is INTRODUCTIO N 5 diffic ult for a foreigne r to be attracted by these early rudiments of literature which have more historical and linguistic than

v e e th lite rary alu , and which compris in this study e epoch

' h n from the l o th until t e e d of the 1 4th c entury . This literature

h fl ri h was written in t e Old Slavonic language , o u s ed in the

e e e e he e great unit d S rbian Stat , and vanish d with t conqu st of that State by the Turks The second period may j ustly b e called the period of re nais h a h n he h sance . I t embraces t e ge from t e e d of t 1 4th to t e e e middle of the 1 7th century . This lit ratur was no longe r written in the old Slavonic dialects but in the pure Serbo

Croatian vernacular . I t has no relation with the lite rature of the ancient period but relies rathe r on classical models a nd

e he h z grew up und r t shadow of t e earlier civili ation of I taly .

The third period prese nted here is the ag e of decline . I t started after the earthquake in Dalmatia and lasted to the close of the 1 8th century . This literature was mostly

e . G cultivat d in Croatia , Dalmatia and Slove nia Roman atho

nflu enc e e e er f r lic i pr vail d ev ywhere , and only ew authors a e to be found of any importance . The Jugoslav literature of the new era ( l g th to 2 oth

e in ludin h e e e e c ntury) c g t e folklore , is more d v lop d , and by Virtu e e e e of xtraordinary richn ss and vari ty of its forms , occupi s a large r space in a literary history of the Jugoslavs than the

’ e m lit rature of any preceding period of the s a e duration . I t is

e e e e e the quit mod rn and poss ss s a p culiar fascination , but for presen t it does not ente r into our conside ration .

FI RST — PE RI O D

T H E O R I G I NS

CHAPTER I

OLD SLAVO NI C LANGUAGE

The Old Slavonic language belongs to the I ndo -Euro pean h n family . The parentage of t e tongu e with othe r Arya languages stands out clearly if o ne compares the oldest exam ples of its original literature with Pale o -Greek or ancien t h - Gothic . I n the continuous development of t e Indo European

th f e e e e em e he stock , e di f r nt languag s s parated th selv s by t ordinary processes of dialectic differentiation and formed dis

e e e new e tinct branch s which gav birth , in th ir turn , to phas s , j ust as if each branch contain ed in itself the ge rms of an en tire

So group of organisms Which were later developed . was par tic ularized the branch to which a re attached the Germano

- he e firs t Balto Slavonic group . I n this grouping t G rmanic

e e e the e an e div rg d : th n Lithuanian , L ttic d Slavonic , ach

T h finall taking on an independent existence . e Slavonic y

e e n e e its lf produc d an entirely ew series of tongu s , dial cts

- and sub dialects .

I

By the middle of the 9th century the biblical and liturgical

e the books had been translated by Cyril and M thodius , “ ” e the e Apostl s to Slavs , into a Slavonic dial ct which probably

e e e was spok n in Macedonia and the hint rland of Th ssalonica ,

e or Salonika , where these missionaries were born and liv d in

e The e e e e e th ir boyhood . Slavs , lik all primitiv p opl s , practic d divination at firs t with Zrtami i rézami (marks and cuts) on 1 wood . Later the Southern Slavs used an alphabe t called

” Z n No vak o vxc See apis ka mniha Hrab ra o s lo vima s lo vens kim i S . , ’ ’ Primerz k ri ii - 20 evno sti i jezik a s taro ga i s rps k o s lo vens k o ga p . 4 . 8 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

Gla olic a la ol e e e Glagolitic ( g , from g g , a word , l tt r , v rb) , which has survived as a liturgical script in certain parts of 2 h northe rn Dalmatia . After their baptism t e Slavs were compelled to write the Slavonic tongue with Greek and Latin

e e . e script , W ithout any prop r rul Constantin , named Cyril

e h firs e e in monastic lif , was t e t t ach r who made them an

e 8 e e e e the e i rilic a alphab t of 3 l tt rs , h nc nam Cyrillic (C ) . The e the question , into which Slavonic dial ct church books were

e u e e . The e e translat d , is still ns ttl d old r G rman savants ,

r m nn L k i n Schleicher , B ug a , Schmidt and es e , asserted that this 3 e the e . T he e dial ct was Old Bulgarian languag S rbian scholars , 4 ari Kara ié Danici e the So l é , g é and som of Russian historians ,

e Se e the e beli ved that this was Old rbian , whil not d Slavonic

Ko itar Mikl osié V a a ié philologists p , , ondr k and J g , main tained that Old Slavonic was identical with Old Slovene ' (o f the Pannonic Slavs) as it was spoken in the province of n th th e . e e o Pannonia , in e 9 c ntury But th r is doubt that in such decisions much was due to racial and local patriotism or 5 e political s ntiments . e th As the liturgical lit rary organ of e church , the Proto

e e e Slavonic dialect compl t ly outgr w its original domain . I t spread gradually from province to province whe reve r divine

he e se rvice was carried on in t Slavonic tongu . I t penetrated to

3 n k a e nac der He k n des a s c en Cf. V. Vo dra Zur Fr g h r u ft gl goliti h Alpha ”

s A rc hiv f s av . P l . 1 1 1 6 . bet , . l hilo XVI I I 5 4 17 , XIX 7 17 “ I n the meantime if this was really Old B ulgarian how would o ne c all he an a s k en the B u a s e e e ave een S av n zed t l gu ge po by lg r b for th y h b l o i , as k s T Ma e in his k Slaveni u Davmml the S avs in An . r tic wor ( l tiquity) , p .

1 02 f the sa me n n s P . D . P nc e en he e es s ve O opi io i rof J . ri , wh xpr i ly “ dec la es a C c h S av n c is no t Old B a an s m s in a r th t hur l o i ulg ri , but i ply tood ve ry c los e relations hip to the Slavonic dialec t adopted by the No n-Slavonic ” “ ” B a s S his A a e ld S av n e s man a in Pro ulg r . ee artic le r r O l o ic r ligiou u l

c eedin s the Ame c an P s . So c . LV n . . . g of ri hilo 5 , p 35 9

’ 4 Ac c ording to So larié the Old Slavonic is stan s rps ki dialekat (old

Se an d a ec . N. An Rad . aka d . CL . 1 . rbi i l t) , quot by dric , jug p 5 3 It is natura l to c onj ec ture that the Proto-Slavonic dialec t whi c h was n an ns he c e was the used by Cyril and Methodius i their tr slatio of t S riptur , n e the Mac ed n an S avs ve e een the P n s and the to gu of o i l , who li d b tw i du n H s h Rh d e C . C ns . recek Ges c hic ht der Serbe e o op . f o t Ji , e ( i tory of t “ ns k h 2 1 6 and S. No vak ovié Prv o s no vi Serbia ) , b . I I I , c . , p . 7 , i ” s lovens ke kfiii evnos ti medu balk ans k im Slo venima p. 1 28 .

I O EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE hrvats koga jezika (the sparkling crown of the Croatian lan h m 6 e e D . guag ) , and say that was a Slav from al atia Howeve r , modern linguistics and the publication of Slavonic docu

e the Geitler So b o levs k i Sreznevs k i m nts by philologists , , j, j, and

V a e e e . ondr k , hav thrown mor light on this qu stion I t was discovered that the Glagolitic originated in South Dalmatia (Dio c lea) in the time of Constan ti ne (Cyril) and that i t was no t much olde r than the Cyrillic script . The old strife c o n fined itself after these discoveries o nly to provincial and 7 nationalistic disputes . The sway of Church Slavonic as the m edieval literary speech

e n I n of all the Orthodox Slavs last d many ce turies . Russia

e he me Pe e the e n it obtain d until t ti of t r Gr at , and amo g the

n he en the n Serbs and Bulgars u til t d of 1 8th ce tury . Pe te r the Great put the firs t obstacle in the way of the monopoly of

he e Church Slavonic as t Russian lit rary speech . He ordained

new m e ze e e e n e D a form , a kind of od rni d l tt r adopt d u d r utch influenc e and e the v e ra édans ka a , call d this ci il alphab t (g j

’ azou ka m éda nka the e e , or simply g ) in opposition to ccl siastic

T he e s u erfl u o u s l me e e e alphabe t . hith rto p y orna nt d l tt rs and characters of the abbreviated words and expressions were kept

the in reserve for church u s e . Thus Old Slavonic was limited only to liturgical purposes . Even the ology and c hurch oratory and administration we re henceforth carried on

the ne n n e e in he in w Russia la guag , which was us d t church se rvice only o n special occasions .

m h e n the Ser A ong t e Orthodox South r Slavs , particularly

n e bia s , a mixtur of Church Slavonic in its Russian form with a popular rendering was in vogu e to the end of the 1 8th century . Vu k Stefano vié Karagié was the firs t reforme r to shake o ff the remnants of this a rtific ial dial ect and to institute a phone tic

T h ee he e e e m e orthography . e pure sp ch of t S rbian p opl ca i nto its own as the common organ of o ffic ialdo m and literature . T he influenc e of Vuk Karagié in Bulgaria arrived somewhat n e late r and more tardily . So eve today all Orthodox Slavs hav o ne he e e e and t sam e church languag , which is ss ntially

5 “ 6 Z s v o ro ima a ing ak ad . . 2 . Se v St r . e i ot et g a J e l . j ug I p 3 7 h n S rac he ar . See V . a ié E n s tehun s es c hic hte der kirc hens l avis c e J g , t g g p , p 6- 2 s 4 47 , pp . 43 qq. O L D SLAVONIC LANGUAGE I I

T h restricted to church uses . e limits of its em ployment a re much narrowe r than those allowed to Lati n in the 8 Catholic church . I I

the n e en As to a ci nt monum ts in Old Slavonic , they were

e e e e mostly writt n by cl rgym n of all ranks , and v ry often by

the e e e e e e e monarchs th ms lv s , who ith r chos or w re forced

e e the e e e the m to r nounc thron and nt r onastic life . These scribes generally wrote th eir books in the peaceful retreat of a

e : Z e D e cloist r at Chilandar , ograf , Stud nica , cani , Rilo , and

e n e the n P m many anoth r mo ast ry in Balka eninsula . I itati ng

ee e e W e em Gr k lit ratur , hich was v ry handy to th and extre mely

e rich in content , th y borrowed its spirit , its models a nd its 9 . h e e Ne e e i . e . t e e th m s xt to th ology com s hagiography , , lit ra

re the the the e the tu of acts of martyrs and liv s of saints , which n the Slavs cultivated with great co sci entiousn ess . All othe r

e e e kinds of pros writing on g ography , philosophy , rh toric and th e e e e m e t chnical sci nc s , w re co paratively n eglected . Such works are of valu e for the most part on ly in so far as they m preserve and interpre t old aterial . There have been col le ted e e he c up to now manuscripts , which r pr sent t pro

n e e n n n ductio of old lit ratur commo to all Slavo ic natio s , but it

e ffirm e re m n finis h cannot b a ed that th re a as a y ed works . The translation of the Scriptures by the two brothers Cyril — 8 n h im (82 7 86 9) a nd M ethodius (d . 8 5 ) was o e of t e most B portant monuments in the history of Slavonic literature . y ” their prodigious work a barbarian tongu e was raised to the n dignity of a literary language . I t is not k own exactly how

the e the n e n e much of Scriptur s Slavo ic apostl s tra slat d , but i t seems probable that the whole of the Gospels was rendered

8 Leroy-Bea ulie u mak es the Old Slavon ic as the liturgic al language

s ns h m n h R s s an an a e Ou he re po ible for t e t ardy develop e t of t e u i l gu g . t

e and he n s a the an a e C and Me d s in oth r h , poi t out th t l gu g of yril tho iu , s e c a a e a ns has ved a firm b nd b e een O d Sla pit of lo l lt r tio , pro o tw rtho ox v n e s K rie El eis on e e s n in the R s s an C c ns ead o ic p ople . I f y w r u g u i hur h i t Gos odi P omil u e m neve ave b een s c a n as Pans la v of p y , th re ight r h u h thi g ” — is m The E m ire o the Ts ars and the Russians 2 . 6 . . p f , I II , pp 75 7 9 C M as e I c hes ter Lec tures on Greeko-Sl avonic Literature f. . G t r , l pp . I o fi. I 2 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

e into Slavonic by the m . Some hav asserted that the Old

e e n e e e T stam nt was also tra slat d , but this app ars unlik ly , since no ancient codex of it exists or has eve r been proved to have

he 1 1 h e h P e existed . In t t c ntury t e rov rbs of Solomon c er

ainl e e t y w re to b found in Slavonic versions . The Book of Wis e e the P e e dom , Eccl siast s , roph ts and Job , wer translated dur h ing the 1 3th century in Serbia . Towards t e close of the 1 sth century the whole Bible was already d one into Pale o

. n D o b ro vs k the f e en Slavonic Accordi g to y, di f r t parts of it e e e e e 1 88 he C w r not coll ct d till aft r 4 , when t ech Bible of

Prague was printed . e the e e Aft r d ath of Cyril and M thodius , Christiani ty and

e e firmer e Slavdom b gan to tak a hold upon S rbia , Bulgaria ,

. the the R n e and Russia Counting Orthodox , ussia s cts , Uniats

la o litic s e 1 00 m n h and G g , ov r million e today listen to t e

h he text of t e Word of t Lord , as it was translated and inter

ret d the e n e p e by two broth rs from Salo ica , mor than a thou 1 0 e he e e e sand years ago . Aft r t d ceas of M thodius his numer

e e e e e e e e e in ous discipl s w r forc d to l av Moravia , to s ek sh lt r

e e Serbia and Bulgaria , and som of th m went as far as Dalma

e tia . Whereve r th se missionaries soj ourned they left traces of

e e e n their literary activiti s ith r as translators or origi al authors . To the m have been ascribed the biographi es or legends of the

' ' apostles : o ne is Vita, Constantim Philos ophi or Zitie Konstam na “ a Methodii Zitie se . el odic Filos ofa a e Vit . , and noth r S or M .

1 0 nd n n h On Cyril a Methodius there is a exte s ive literature . T e mos t m n n a ar o r s k rill a nd M hod des a en a m s e : . D b o v C et Sl v i port t o ogr ph J y, y ,

k l o la M Ra k Ve i de va fie se. iri i etodo I 1 8 A os tel F . C p c i , ( , 5 7 ; I I ,

Kirill 12 M hodi 2 s 1 86 8 A lferdin V . Bilba s o v et v . . H , j , ol ( i g , ' O Ki rill e i Methodie C m e e W k s I 2 L Le e C rille et ( o pl t or , , 99 . g r , y

M éthod A ze es c hic hte d r l av na os tel rill a nd Method e J . . Gin l , G e S e p Cy ’ M é hod A D n Ki i! A d Avril St. C rille et St. t e . . V v r . , y oro o ,

’ ‘ ‘’ z Methodz i is i dl is to rii s Kirilla Me h dia j; Glavné js e to c n ki ja v. i t o ’ F Pas rnek D é ini s l ovans k c h a oftolit C rill a a Methoda . t , j j p , y 11 TO the legends of Cyril and Methodius have b een given the na me of

Pann n c M av an Se b an B a an a an etc . ac c d n the o i , or i , r i , ulg ri , It li , , or i g to n T h s e s c ountry from whic h th ey a re s uppos ed to have s pru g . e b e t t xt of

' - Vita ons tantim La n and Se S av n c are b s ed b E . D mmler C , ti rbo l o i , pu li h y ii

r r A kad mi s his to r and F . Mik lo sié in D enks c h iften der Wiene e e; Philo . . — n M thodi/i K as se 20 2 8 . c c a ed Vita s anc ti e l , XIX 3 4 A riti l itio of , ‘’ L n R s - c is F Mik lo s ié V enna a and s S a n e . ti u o l vo i t xt , by ( i , O LD SLAVO NIC LANGUAGE I 3

e e e n The real author of th s biographi s is o t exactly known .

e n e e They a re to b fou d in a gr at numb r of works , which have a

e are e e e e high historical value . Th y gath r d tog th r in a book

e V A . il i e ° B bas o v K rill i and translat d into mod rn Russian by , M ethodij ( 1 86 8 The Lives of Cyril and M e th o dius ’ e en n e e tempted many a writ r s p , and i spir d a gr at quantity of

m T he works signed by the ost e mi nen t critics . study of

e e e e n e e e n in sourc s , particularly , has r c iv d co sid rabl att ntio

ne m m e n ha s our days . O might al ost say that no od rn historia n n n n failed to contribute somethi g co cer i g these two brothe rs .

‘ e the firs t- D o b ro vs k The research s of class savants , such as y,

arik Miklo sié a ié ze Bilbas o v V n Saf , Racki , , J g , Gin l , , oro ov ,

n an im and Pas trnek , called forth ew studi es d gave renewed m n pulse to future philologists and e of le tters . Other valuable documen ts in the o ld Jugoslav lite ra ture which have come down to u s a re the Slovenian B riéins ki

' S omemki the Freis in en en F e p ( g Monum ts) found in r ising ,

e a re e e e Bavaria . Th y compos d of a conf ssion , a s rmon and a in n n h The S . a e t e prayer . M is Lati script d dat s from e y ar m h e . Th e c . 1 t e e 000 , but co position is old r languag is an

n T he e n adaptation of a n old Slavonic translatio . old st Croatia Glagolitic monumen t is an i nscription on the B a§éans ka Plo éa

‘’ e n m 1 1 00 le the e e n (Baska Tabl t) dati g fro , whi old st S rbia Cyrillic docum en t is the F ovela B ana Ku lina (Covenant of Ban

K e e 1 1 8 e ee K ulin) a tr aty mad in 9 b tw n ulin , Ban of Bosnia ,

‘’ and Krvas K nee P e e P n e the e , ( r sid nt or ri c ) of R public of

F e e a nd Ragusa . a r more stately works than thes fragm nts

are the e e the e e n inscriptions , old codic s and chronicl s , b st xta t

- specimens of the Paleo Slavonic language and history . Most of them had been written in the period from the e leve nth to thir

e e re teenth century . From the eleven th century hav b en p

' served : P s a lterzu m Sinaitic u m (glagolitic) edited by L .

i l r 1 8 od Ma ria nu s * u atu or E van elioru m Ge t e , 83 ; C ex (Q g , ' ' a ed . V . a ié 1 88 Gla olzta Clozeanu s la ed . V . V J g , 3 ; g (g g ) , ondr k ,

V . 1 8 Sawina K ni a ed . 93 ; and g (Book of Sava , cyrillic) , by

i F he e en are : Codex S u ras li gce k n 1 0 . t p , 9 3 rom tw lfth c tury p en is e r a v 1 0 E van eliu m Z o ra hensi' s s ed . S . Sev o j n , 9 4 ; g g p i o el o firos lav c d ed . V . a é 1 8 G s Jl by J g , 79; p f (cyrillic) , “

u b . 1 8 Gos el o Rheims e e d u e L Stojanovic , 97 ; p f or T xt Sacr I 4 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATU RE

e . L . e 1 8 ro i l l . and d e Ch n c e o P b r (g ag L g r , 99; f res yte

o us n Gla . n Di c le (origi ally g , transcriptio s in ed . Ivan 12 T h e e h Kuk ulevié . e valuabl monum nts of t e fourteen th c en ‘ ‘’ A l o iSato ac . Mik a re : os to u s g v e e F . lo s ié tury p f (cyr ) dit d by , Ni D l o ko a ed . . D i 1 8 Gos e ani é 1 6 . 5 3 ; and p f l by c , 8 4 These monuments possess not only paleographic but high

e n e e are the firs t e e historic valu , si c th y att mpt to xpress in a

e e e ee e Slavonic languag id as which hav b n hith rto foreign . B esides they are the firs t a ttempt to show an appreciation of e h n e the poe tic capabiliti s of t at la guag , which can hardly b e too highly estimated . I t is not too much to say that some of these codices possess literary grace a nd style which were not surpassed in any Slavo nic prose for more than five or six cen turies after they were written .

‘2 kiv z s i u s l n k N A r ve n c u o o ve s u . w a po j g , I pp e e dition

' b van Crncié Pa a D u k anina L eto zs La n and C a an Kra evic a y I , p l p ( ti ro ti ) , l ,

1 874 . CHAPTER I I

O LD SLAVONIC LITERATURE I

Of enduring importance in the Jugoslav lite rature of the

e are e n n the n Middle Ag s po try and worship , culmi ati g in so gs

e e e e of the church . Thes songs minist r d far mor copiously to the e e edific a tio n e e purpos s of d votion and than archit ctur ,

e . ne e painting and sculptur Employing word and to , th y spoke more directly to the spirit than the plastic arts and gave more adequate expression to the whole wealth of the world of

a e . f the e e e e thought nd motion O various sp ci s of sacr d po try , the hymn was the earliest and most important The hymn “ The was defined as a lyrical discourse to the feelings . Chris tian Church in all periods of its existen ce has been accustomed

T e re to u se psalms and chants in public worship . h psalms a

n the P D e e e ed portio s of salms of avid , and th y hav s rv as a model for composition of the hymns in the Orthodox Church . As the Greek text of the Psalms of David had no regular metric al s tru c tu re the e e the e , arli r church hymns of East rn e Church likewise were composed in a peculiar form . Th y usually begin with a strophe which forms the pattern of the

eed n e e e n e hirmos succ i g on s , and is call d in t chnical la guag

e e e e he e e it. T he ee (s ri s) , b caus i t draws t oth rs aft r succ ding

e are e tro a ria e e . e stroph s call d p (v rsicl s) A numb r of troparia ,

es h from three to twenty or more form an ode (O . Slav . p )

e e which corresponds to the Latin sequ ence . Eight od s (som

e a c anon e e e the e ef tim s nine) form , which r pr s nts high st fort of

Orthodox hymnody . Another form of sacred anthe ms similar to the canon is the akathis t or ascription of praise to the Mother of

T hi e a re e God . he strophes of which the ak at s t is compos d call d

k onta ia ikos z . k . c anti c u m . . k ondak (Lat , O Slav ) , and (stan a)

T he and kontakion is essen tially the same as the troparion , it

e he e e is usually follow d by t ikos , which is som what long r than the preceding strophe . 1 6 EARL Y J UGO SLAV L ITERATURE

e e e e e e All th s chants , what v r th ir nam may be , have no

e . e a re e e e s tic hera e rhym s Th y divisibl into v rs s ( ) , or claus s

e e e e the with r gulat d ca suras , but print d in books as pr o se

e e e . e e e ee e s nt nc s Each s nt nc has two to thirt n syllabl s , and

e e a re e e e e re i r th s in a continuous s ri s , uniform , alt rnat or c p o T e . he e e e no t e e e cal m tr b ing always syllabic , do s d p nd on th e the fi quantity of vow ls or position of consonants , but on a xed

e e r proportion of accents . Thos stich ra that a e not related in

e e e in the are e idiomela any way to oth r v rs s hymns , call d , and those which serve as the metrical and musical patterns of

au m a Of e e e e e others are to el . l ss fr qu nt occurr nc in Old

i m r Slavonic hymnody a re kalisma and k atavasia . Ka t s a a e

e e e e etwee the e k a vas i r e e int rcalat d v rs s b n od s , and ta a a e r p i i ns he h t t o of t hirmos of t e odes . The vast mass of texts exhibiting these various kinds of

‘ re h enea he c to o anthems a to be found in t e M and t O ec h s , and 1 above all in the liturgical books of the Orthodox Church .

The e r h n texts themselv s a e for t e most part a onymous , but a considerable number of them a re the work of the most cele - Th b ra ted hymn writers . e custom of writing hymns was so

e e the e e g n ral and popular in M iddl Ag s that bishops , patri

e e th e e e e . the archs , and v n e mp rors , wrot th m Thus to Empe ror Justinian (5 2 7— 5 6 5 ) is ascribed a stirring troparion

' J edinorodm Sine (The Only B egotten Son) which is now found The e in the Liturgies of St. Mark and St. Chrysostom . m di 2 eval legends regarded Justinian as a Slav of Macedonia . He is the originator of the greatest code of laws that has ever

ee e the e e e the ma nific ent b n fram d , and is r n w r of g Orthodox e e e e cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinopl which lat r s rv d e as the standard of the church Byzantine style . B ing a

e e e e e e e he dilig nt stud nt and a p rson of som lit rary pr t nsions ,

1 T es e s c es are s emen ed Kanomlk a c ec n the Old h our uppl t by , oll tio of n n s Slavonic c anons edited many times by s evera l notab le me . O e of th e e

c ec ns s P Ev raf Lo v a in B o osl u éebn e K o non izdanie oll tio i by rof . g j g , g y y,

' v and an e A Mal z A ndac hts bu c h Kanomk der toro oth r by . t ew, ( )

d - l s h n K d s n and s de s u nd s av s c Ortho ox Kato i c e irc he e Morge l e , ut c h l i h

2 C P . Sa fa ri k Sl awi c he Alterthumer vo l . ar. 2 . A s . f. . J , s , I I , p 9 l o J d F T ze His toric al R . an H . B c e The E n lis h eview 6 . ry , g , I I 5 7 f , o r ,

Researc hes in the Hi hlands o Tarke 0 s . g f y , I I 37 q

1 8 EARLY J UGO SLAV LITERA TURE

“ e a e e e e e gold n g of S rbian lit rary activity , w r characteri zed by an output of historical prose writings . Such are the legends and the stories whose origin must also be sought in

The z n ne ne the Greek sources . By a ti s k w all legends coming

the e the e e e e from Ori nt or Occid nt , that pric l ss mat rial from n n which lite rature drew unsti ti gly . Through them many of these legends reached the Jugoslavs .

e e e e The B ook o A lexa nder To this cat gory b long , for xampl , f , the epopee assigned to the Pseudo -Callis thenes which gave rise to a whole cycle of heroic romances and of which the

- e e f n Paleo Slavonic literatur possess s three di fere t recensions . The oldest text of this story of Alexander the Great is in a manuscript of the 1 6 th cen tury containing the translation of the e Malalas e e the n chronicl of , which is m r ly copy of a ma u

The n e e script dating from 1 2 6 1 . translatio its lf is unqu stion

e n n ably from a period still more remote . This ditio and o e

e e e e e e e the 1 8 oth r , of S rb r c nsion , w r curr n t in Russia until th 5 e e en the Tro ans ki at century . Anoth r l g dary history is j R

e e ee c u rr n af r (Trojan War) . Lik oth r Gr k myths it was e t te the l o th cen tury ; and was mostly known through the chronicle of Malalas ; o ne edition of it c an b e found in the Vatican in a Bulgarian translation of Constantine Manasses ( 1 4th

k z in f e . A . s o v e e e e en c n tury) Vo to r cogni s this work , so v ry di f r t from the celebrated narratives of Dares the Phrygian and

Dik t s e e l n . He e e e y of Cr t , a distinct popu ar inspiratio b li v s that it has been a more or less accurate translation from the New n n e e e e . origi al Lati , which cam from w st rn Europ

e the e n e e ee e e Glagolitic t xts of sam roma c hav b n discov r d , in which it is diffic u l t to de tect any touches of the old Bulgarian

’ ' i e rieo rendering . J ag c: has concluded that this leg nd (p ) in th firs t n e Glagolitic text was writte in Bosnia or Dalmatia , “ where Latin models most easily made their appearance .

5 T h e s b k has b een s ed in the Starine . aka . e t xt of thi oo publi h , jug d I I I , ’

1 8 1 the Gl as nik 0de e r1e v . 1 8 8 and in o ther Slavo n ic b c a ns . 7 , I I 1 , IX , 7 , pu li tio 6 i His tori a k fii fevnosti V . . The G a c V . a é J g , j , 3 , p 97 f l goliti “ ” ’ e T an War in his P rimem s taro hrvats k o a e zik a t xt of roj g j , I I ’ — and the C c in A rkzv za oves nic u u o s love ns k u 1 2 1 1 6 . yrilli p j g , IX 3 ha s pub lis hed the text with Latin trans lation ac c ording to the — n n n rin k . 1 1 88 . ma u s c ript of Ma as s es i Sta e j ug . a ad . I I I pp 47 OLD SLA VONIC LITERATURE 1 9

From the 1 1 th cen tury date the lege nds of B a rlaam a nd

osa ha t o ne the and e d e e J p , of most popular wid ly iss minat d of

n e n e the medieval roma c s , fou d d on biography of Buddha , and

' e e Ste hanit and I c hmlat e the celebrat d tal s of p , borrow d from “ the Indian fables of Pancatantra . Both of these romances

f e e e e have been di fus d throughout w st rn Europ , not without having und ergone serious m o dific atio ns . The Slavonic text of

h a h e th 1 the form er is of the 1 st nd t e latt r of e 3th century . To this group of tales belongs also the Physiologus (Naturalist) a

n e e n m e collectio of stori s , d scribi g ani als r al or fabulous and h giving each an allegorical in terpre tation . Thus t e story is told of the lion whose cubs are born dead and rece ive life when

e e e n e and th the old lion (fath r) br ath s upo th m , of e phoenix which burns itself to death and rises on the third day from the Th i ashes ; both are taken as types of Christ . e u nicorn ( norog) also which only permits itself to b e captured in the lap of a pure virgin is a type of the Incarnation ; the pelican that sheds its own blood in ord e r to sprinkle therewith its dead

n e e a n e h you g , so that th y may liv ag i , is a typ of t e salvation 7 n h he of manki d by t e d eath of Christ on t Cross . This book origi nated in the cities on the easte rn and southern coast of the M editerranean Sea among the write rs of the Al exan drian school . That school was generally known with its taste

e he n n for symbolism . I t was writt n in t seco d ce tury and in the M iddle Ages formed the basis of n umerous bestiaries and

7 O e an ma s are e a e es en e e e ns anc e th c a a s th r i l qu lly r pr t d h r , for i t , e h r driu kal adrinon a es a n ec ve ea s c k Th ( ) , b ird pr gi g r o ry or d th of i people . e owl or n ik r x s da k n s s nd d h n k t o a ve e a s e . T e ea e e s its y , lo r olitu gl r ew youth by s n n Th o u ac u light a d bathing in a founta in . e hoopoe (p p n ) redeems its a n s m h h a p re t fro t e ills of old ag e . T e viper ( spida) is born at the c os t of both ’ its a n s d a Th s n m1 a i n n p re t e th . e erpe t (z j ) puts as ide ts ve om be fore dri k in is a a d man in a s a e n d i s ad nd a and n h g , fr i of t t of u ity , hides t he a b o s t e

es i s d . Th lis d n h r t of t bo y e fox ( te ) c at c hes birds by s imul ati g death . T e

an e a es its e b s ee d and s ee s ee a s a e mea s . p th r llur pr y ! y w t o or l p for thr d y ft r l

' The a d e arebi c a a es e s s The b eave k as to p rtri g (j ) h t c h gg of oth er b ird . r ( r)

’ ves its s s n d Th n d a id n h gi up te te whe purs ue . e otter (e y m or v ra) e t ers t e ’ ' c c d e s m k it T he - rltc a ak o n ns ro o il outh to ill . turtle dove (g ) t es b ut e c o ort in s The s a las tc wic a n n in it life . w llow ( ) bri gs forth b ut o c e ( Aris totle : “

H s . m h n n n c e An al . T e e a sl on e s a a ak twi , i t i V, el ph t ( ) c o c ive ft er p rt i g mand ak e and n n h a Th i n of r , bri gs forth i t e w ter . e hyena s a hermaphrodite .

The d am nd nd n nd a a ns all dan i o fou by ight , a powerful g i t ger . 2 0 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

e influenc e e e lapidari s , which d a gr at numb r of authors . Cer 8 a e D e e an t in passag s in ant , Chauc r d Shakespeare would be unintelligible without some knowledge of these medieval text

b z o . e e the ooks of o logy How v r , with rapid progress of the natural sciences the Physiologu s was abandon ed by scholars a nd left to take i ts chances among the tales and traditions of

h e s mb o ls e t e uneducat d masses . I ts v found th ir way into the

e e he e rising lit ratur of t vulgar tongu s , and helped to quicken the fancy of the artists employed upon church buildings and furniture ; The Jugoslav texts of the Physiologu s exist only in h fif n h late MSS . of t e tee t century which have been consider 9 n ably changed from the Greek and Syriac originals . O e must not omit mentioning among documents whose Jugoslav origin

e the the is absolutely c rtain , fantastic story of Empe ror Solo

n nd itovras mo a K , which is so well known even u nto our day from the Russian manuscripts . There is a whole cycle of

e e d e e in th l gends abou t this king , to whos wis om , r nown d e

e e — s r l fi Orien t , was attributed a magic pow r ov r souls u e v a t 10 subj ect for the western e pic of the M iddle Ages . In some of the above mentioned legends we can easily de tect

e he influenc e the e trac s of t of Bogomils , a mystic s ct which

e e a e arti u poss ssed many adher nts in Bulgari , S rbia and p c la rl n w e e e e e l e F ata f eh i y in Bos ia , h r th y w r ca l d or

8 R D nt nd he A nimal Kin dom m a C . . T . H k a e a t . C b f olbroo , g olu i

n ve s P es s See in a c a c a e s : the n e h . U i r ity r p rti ul r h pt r IX ( lio ) , the the an e V the b eave V the e XI I ( fox) , XI I I ( p th r) , XX I ( r) , XX I I ( ott r) ,

the e e an the ea e LV the s e en s etc . XXVI I I ( l ph t) , XXXIX ( gl ) , I I I ( rp t ) , 9 - k The Serbo Slavonic texts of the Phys iol ogu s were publis hed b y A . Ale “ dr v Fi iolo Kaz n 1 an No va k o vié S v 0 vestih ho destih s an o z a 8 d S . , g , , 93 , , lo o men a in h s letestih Starine . a k ad . 1 8 1 . and a i i , j ug , XI fi, fr g t ry

'

Primert Knii evno sti zik ed . 8 2 c c s m s ee G . i je a , 3 5 417 For riti i “ ” P vk a Ges e des P s s in den s lavis c hen L e a en oli , Zur c hic ht hy iologu it r tur ,

Arc hie s av P XI 2 X f. l . hilol . V 374 17 ; V XVI I I

' a k man ans a n n es and 5 23 fi. A c ritic l Gree text with Ger tr l tio , ot

mm n a s was d d F La r Ges c hic hte des Ph siolo u s c o e t rie , e ite by . uc he t , y g ,

S as sb 1 88 . tr urg , 9 1 ° The narratives of Solomon and Kito vras are familiar to us from the

R s s an nd n s h 1 th en T e ave een e c c a ed u i re eri g of t e s c tury . h y h b wid ly ir ul t

n in an nd R s s an b linas . i popular poetry , Serb i lore a u i y

11 h av n d o omil B o Go d mil dea a ve Go d is T e Sl o ic wor B g ( g r , lo r of )

n h e k Th o hilos h se -la da e m Ca a equival e t to t e Gr e e p . T e lf u tory t r of th ri OLD' SLAVO NIC L ITERATURE 2 1

I n Bosnia and Hum (Hercegovina) they had some special

e e K n privileges and were prot ct d by Ban uli , who was himself

e e e n a converted Bogomil . This h r sy b gan to spread amo g the

Southern Slavs at the same time as Christianity . I t prob

e e the e n ably came from Asia M inor , and was r lat d to East r n dualistic system of philosophy . In common with oth er ew

n e e the e e th Armenian and Ma ich an s cts , Bogomils acc pt d e

the e e e : the ers o nified dualism of cr ativ principl good p in God ,

rs nifie davo e ne e e e the the evil pe o d in (d vil) , o r pr s nting invisi

l the e the e . e b e and spiritual , oth r physical and tangibl Th y

h he the e the wanted t e abolition of t mass , sacram nts and

e e e veneration of the saints . In state politics th y w r against Th e . e e ca pita l punishment , armam nt and war spiritual ting of their doctrine made them adverse to marriage from which

F n e their priests abstained totally . rom a similar poi t of vi w

a e e e e vi a ve etari we can explain noth r of th ir moral pr c pts . , g

nis m n e the e- d a , which was fou d d not on natur worship of Bu d ’ his m e the , or on Tolstoy s humanitarian nthusiasm , bu t on h i abhorrence of t e flesh and every thing begotten by t. Being a monotheistic sect they preferred the Mohamm edan

the e the e ed Allah to Christian Trinity , and wh n Turks conqu r h t e Balkans most of them embraced Islam . There was a closer similarity be tween that religion and Bogomilism than between n h the latter a d eithe r t e Eastern or Western Churches . This view is supported by the fact that in Bosnia and H ercegovina there are more Serbs of the Mohammedan religion (conve rted h l 12 from t e Bogomils) than in any other Jugos av province . The teachi ng of the Bogomils exercised particular attraction upon the fertile imagination of the Slavic masses and fostered

hen e P ans as s B n pure , c urit umed by thos e ogomils i wes t ern Europe a n d h n n w s c o verte by t e Germa s i to the generic t erm of Ketzer or heretic .

The a an d B u iardo t.e. a and the enc B ou re B oul re It li wor g , , li r , Fr h g or g ,

t. e. e are as n es m n es the e e in B a an ve ac , rogu , l ti g t ti o i of r put whic h ulg ri r ity , deservedly or undeservedly was held ; no t to mention other s imila r epithet s de ved m the s am ri fro e root . 12 “ m e the B m ls and he d c ne s ee F . RaEki Bo o mili i For or of ogo i t ir o tri , , g ” Patareni Rad a ka 1 I I 8 1 2 1 X 1 6 0 , j ug . d . 870 : V ( 4 VI I I ( ( C ir E k s h h l ar n h h e e Ge c ic r B u e H s B a s o . . J , te de g ( i tory of t e ulg r ) , “ 1 P a 8 6 nd E n Th H s h d ne . . 1 a . G b e t e ec IX , pp 5 5 f r g , 7 , ib o , i tory of li ” nd h m n m a a t e R a E ire c d . . B . B v . VI . 0 s . f ll of o p , by J ury , pp 5 4 q 2 2 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE the growth of a n extensive popular poe tic literature which has long been neglected and condemned by the o ffic ial Church .

Of are the a e such writings pocrypha , som of which are most obscure and some of which actually did i nspire the Old or the

New e en o ne e z T stam t ; portion cam from By antium , but an

e e m oth r doubtl ss had a Bulgarian or Bogo il origin . The apocryphal books (la éne kfiige) fall in to different categories : works relating to certain personages or eve nts in the Old or New Testamen ts which a re not contained in the Christian canon ; late r works inspired by traditions and conceptions

e the and finall a antipath tic to Church ; y books of m gic , incan

ta tio ns e . The are and sorc ry apocryphal writings , which by

e en if e th ir origin Ori tal , e , strictly sp aking apocryphal , b e came diffused throughout all Christian cou n tri es in the Middle Ages in spite of the condemnations and anathemas of the

e e e b e n F n e n Ger Church . Th y w r to fou d in ra c , E gland and

. T he e e e many , just as in Ethiopia and Syria M iddl Ag s add d an e e e e e e oth r l m nt to this lit ratur , through its contribution of

z n numerous legends and superstitions . By anti e literature especially was rich in apocryphal writings and the Southern n h Slavs bei g neighbors to t e Greeks borrowed from them . h Slightly known until very recently , t e Slavonic docu

e e e e u s m nts of this natur , in original or in translation , r v al to a vast amou n t of the religious and popular poetry of the Orthodox

e e es tru c Slavs . Many more Russian manuscripts have scap d d

e e the e en e een the tion than S rbian , and th y up to pr s t hav b

The chief source for the study of this most precious material . Jugoslav origin of many apocryphal texts is now proved with

a e n w e e e e out doubt , and this c rtai ty ill b com mor pronounc d when there have bee n collected and publish ed these manu

F r scripts which have hitherto been but little studied . o a number of these apocrypha we have the originals ; for a num ber of others the texts belong to the 1 3th a nd even to the 1 2 th

e e e n n the e the P e - c n tury , absolut ly r tai i g pur form of al o Sla

n e e the em e vo ic charact ristic of this p riod , most r ot of Jugo slav literature . The notice of the Church was early attracted to these writ

ee th e the e ings , and to k p e faithful from rror Church mad up an index known under the name of a collection of canonical O LD SLAVONIC LITERA TURE 2 3

The n and apocryphal books . most a cient text of the canonical books is that of the Pal eo -Slavo nic Nomoc anon (K rméija or

' ana ramlo m e the e in Z ah p ) , co pil d by S rbian Archbishop Sava 13 e the e e the 1 3th century , whil pat rnity of num rous apocryphal

e e e e . books was attribut d to J r miah , a Bulgarian pri st The apocrypha a re divided into two categories : those of the

he firs r h Old and those of the New Testament . Among t t a e t e

N rra iv o A dam n e e n t e a t es f , which contai c rtain d tails o includ d

' in the Bible concerning the life of Adam and Eve in the Gar

e e the e e e den of Paradise , th ir xpulsion , p nit nc of Adam , his

f e the e — n e su f rings , and his pact with d vil all mi gl d with sym m 14 bols an nouncing in advance the co ing of the Savior . Next 15 in e e he B oo k o E noc h e e e ord r com s t f , pr s rv d in a manuscript “ of the 1 6 th century u nder the n ame of the Slavo nic En och ; 16 n h Narrative o A braham o e of t e s f , his revelations and his death (in a manuscript of the 1 sth ce ntury) ; and the legends h A l e n e e e . I n t e oc a s e r lating to Solomo , alr ady m ntion d p yp ’ o B aru c h e e e e e e f is pr s nt d Baruch s voyag to h av n , with

e e d n e he po tic d scriptions of awn , twilight a d oth r natural p l 7 he r nomema . Among t apocrypha most widely circulated a e 1 8 be the Parali omena o erenftiah the de ~ to found p f J , a story of ’ n e e I saiah s Vision structio of J rusal m , and , both in a manu h 1 script of t e 4th century .

e e e the Ne e en Apocryphal lit ratur r lating to w T stam t is , in h t e e h s: h os e o t. main , compos d of t e following work t e G p l f S 1 9 Thomas e the e the , which tr ats of lif of Christ (a manuscript of

1 3 M Mu rk o es hi ht r See . G c c e de alteren s u dsl avis c hen Literatu ren , , IX , ‘’ ’ d N M s K c z a . 1 an . a rm s avins ka ada 1 88 . 3 , p 49 il , j , Z r , 4 1 4 - a n nd L n Se rbo Sl vo ic a ati t ext with c ommentaries publis h ed by V . “ ” ’ a i c Die a ltk irc hens lavis c hen T e e des Ada mb u c hes D enks c hrt ten J g , xt , f der Wi ner A kademie P s -his o r K — e t . L L 1 1 0 . ; hilo . , X I I 4 15 “ No va k o é o k r n h S . A if E o u r n I 6 6 vi Sta i e . k ad . XV , p o , jug a

s . An En s ans a n R M rfill ook o he Sec rets o b W . o The B q gli h tr l tio y . . , f t f Enoc h e R H , dit . . . Charles ‘6 C . C mmen s and e b G P vka Die a o k r his c h Erzahl u n f o t t xt y . oli , p yp e g ” vo m T e A — a ams A rc hie s av . P 1 2 . od br h , f. l hilol . XVI I I 1 1 2 5 1 7 “ ' ” Ed d S No v k e . k d . a ovié Otkriveri e Varu ho vo Starine . a a it by , , j ug 2 0 XVI I I pp . 3 17. 1 3 ' Ed ed b G . P vk a c a roro k a eremi e leneri u erus alima it y oli , Fri p J j o p J , Starin k a X e . a d . XI 2 2 1 j ug sq. ‘ 1 9 Ed ed b P. A . Lav v A ok ri fes kie teks it y ro , p fi ty 24 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

1 th e the Gos el o Nic odemu s h f s c ntury) ; p f , on t e su ferings

e the he h and d ath of our Savior ( original from t st and MS .

' from the 1 sth and 1 6 th centuries) ; the P rotevangeltu m of

J ames e St. a e the e the e h , ascrib d to J m s L ss , broth r of t e Lord , contai ning the oldest story of the Co nce ption of the Virgin

n the e Zac ha riu s in h exte ding to d ath of , written t e second he n century , of W hich t Slavo ic MS . dates from the 1 sth c en ’ A b a r s E is tles e e e he m tury ; g p , a l g nd d scribing how t E peror Abg ar of Edessa wrote a le tter to J esus Christ and received 21 e the A c ts o the A os tles : Pe e P from Him a r ply ; f p t r , aul ,

Andrew , Mathew , Thomas and John . Then there is a long series of miraculous revelations which are not recognized among the canonical books : the Qu es tions of the A pos tle B a rtholomew addressed to the Savior afte r His descent to hell and His resur

he o a e o the Vir in in ad s rection ; t V y g f g H e , a very poe tic narrative of a voyage which Mary made to the infernal regions

r e h fis m n e S and he interv ntion in favor of t e her e (S rbian M . from the 1 2 th century) ; the Qu es ti ons of J ohn B ogos lov di

r he t. e ec ted to t Lord on M Tabor , and to Abraham conc rning the future life ; the Voyage of the A pos tle Pau l to the i nfernal

“ regions ; and the Dis c u ssions of the Patriarc h Methodius about

he e e e e e the o ne of the t pagan mpir in r c nt tim s , latter most 22 widely circulated pieces of ancient Jugoslav literature . Sc ientific study of the apocryphal books has recently led to curious discoveries about medieval Christian superstitions .

T he he e e ee e e maj ority of t spurious docum nts hav b n discov r d , but s c ientific analyses of the m are far from being complete . We can affirm that from this time on we shall become better acquainted with the Slavs of the se primitive times and that they will furnish u s with surprising facts conce rning the ancient 23 popular and poetic literature of the East and the West .

“ ” 2° N k dimo vo D aniEi arin k d I evande e i o c d . é St e . a a . V J l , by , jug

’ ‘’ l s t L 1 0 s A s b ub . S an v G a m k s . u E. d s . pp . 3 q. l o y L toj o ic , p ru t XI I I

8 d s c s o n s s e P vk a in as o is m s a pp . 9 f . A i our e thi Go p l is b y oli , é p u e Ees kého LXIV ( 1 890) and LXV 21 h k i n X T e e S . No va o v é Stari e . ak a . VI . t xt by , j ug d 5 7 fi 22 M s h n n ho nravo v o t of t e las t me tio ed a po c rypha are pub lis hed by N. Ti .

’ P am atmki o treéeno rus s k o literatur to m j j j y , I I 23 e b k ma e a s o n a a e a e in ene a s ee For furth r ul y t ri l poc ryph l lit r tur g r l ,

’ L A k k M S rans k i P A av v okrz es e s Pe 1 8 N. e . . ro , p fié ie t ty , trograd , 99; p j,

2 6 EARLY JUGOSLAV LI TERATURE

e e he t rs of cultur , attracting t Jugoslavs whose activi ty main tained e e e e e e S rbian ind p ndenc for s v ral ce nturies . I n additio n

‘’ the e e Ziéa Miles e va D e to Chilandar , monast ri s of , , cani , Peé , D u rdevi Stub o vi and Banska must b e mentioned . These ' were built by Nemari a himself or by the membe rs of his

e e e dynasty . Th y w r foci of religious culture and in the dark

e e e e e the 28 days b cam hav ns of r fug for national traditions .

T he e o ne work of Sava was continu d by of his disciples , a 29 n Do menti an e L ava Chila dar monk , j , who wrot a ife of St. S

i o imeo n Th ( 1 2 4 1 ) and a L fe f St. S e forme r was re h 1 n i 30 vised in t e 4th ce tury by a certain T eo d o s je . To Arch m e e the e an bishop Danilo , who ad inist r d S rbi church from

1 2 — 1 8 e e e e e : 3 3 33 , a whol s ri s of liv s of S rbian kings is attributed

‘’ V U e ee e en D Radoslav , ladislav , ros and his wif Qu n H l a , ragu

Milu tin e D eeans k i. e n e tin , and St fan This coll ctio , known lat r ' ’ under the title of Caros tavm k (Tsars Chronicle) or Rodoslov

e e o verfl o ws e e (G n alogy) , with such a w alth of nthusiasm that

ffe . h firs t its historical value su rs I n t e copies , which always

e the e the Rodoslov e the en b ar nam of Danilo , is carri d to d of 31 T he Li e o te a n D efans ki the 1 8th century . f f S f was written by

C m la k Sam lak T s am lak 1 6 e Gregory a b ( b or b , 3 4 a nam which is met again in Russian history and which is a living

he e e e een proof of t lit rary unity which exist d b tw Russia ,

e . e Bulgaria , S rbia , and Rumania Both Bulgarian and S rbian

e n versions of this biography a re extant . I t is b yo d doubt that the author himself endeavored to write in the true Pal e o 32 Slavonic or eccl esiastical style .

‘’ e e P. Sa farik pre tends that Serbian lite rature shows a gr at r T he n e originality and taste the more ancien t it is . arrativ

28 s A Gav v c m ns ve m n a St. Sava ee . For a ore ext e i o ogr ph of , rilo i ,

veti ava Be a 1 00 . S S . ogr d , 9 29 ' vo s v Si u na se Save na isao Do menti an . Ed . b D . DaniEié . Zi t . me t . , p j y B d 1 86 eogra , 5 . 3° ot v to a S ave and as c ed its I n 1 86 0 D . DaniEié pub lis hed Ziv s e g rib

s i authors hip by mis tak e to Do mentijan ins tead of to T eo do je . ' 31 D niEé Zivoti k ra eva i arhie is ko a s r s kth. Na isao Publis hed by a i , t p p p p

rhi i k D an d a eb 1 86 6 . a ep s O p ilo i rugi , Z gr ,

’ 32 Ku k u ié B a an ve s n in A rkzv za o ve s nic u Ed . b y I van lev ( ulg ri r io ) p ‘’ ’ — ik S b ve s n in Gl as m k u o s lovenk s u I V 1 2 and . gafa r e j g , 9, J ( r r io ) ‘’ s r s k o uEeno drustva s . p g g , XI 35 q OL D SLAVONI C LITERATURE 2 7

“ by Do mentijan in particular appears to him to be a witness o f the striking intelligence and the broad culture of this write r ; i t is o ne of the most precious j ewels of the entire earlier Slav ” 33 He e e the e m literature . plac s it far abov r vision ade by ‘’ T s i e gafarik dis fi u red D m n eo do j , who , according to , has g o e ti ’ ani i e e e the e j an s work . D c é how v r has mad obs rvation when

the two e e be e publishing , that th r is to notic d no great dif e e a ié e the - f renc , and J g maintain d that spun out narrative of Do mentijan is actually more lacking in facts than the biog m n i D m n i raphy of Ne ana by Stefan Prvo ve éan . o e t jan is a garrulous monk who turned into rhythmic phrases the narra

e S e the e Teo do s i e o ne e tiv of t fan ; r vision of j , if studi s it with e e e e e e e car , b ars witn ss to a great r d gr e of tast , and he varies m 34 e e the e e Do enti an . l ss oft n from account of St fan , than do s j the e e e Among works not produc d in monast ri s , and of

the e b e n e e e which subj ct may co sid r d mor truly national , it is

a re e well to note two , which highly inter sting and unique in

’ e Z akon Vinodols kt the V n th ir way , ( Law of inodol) a d

'

ak om tefana. D u §ana h e D s Z k S (t e Cod of Stefan u an) . The

V was e 1 2 88 N Law of inodol writt n in in ovi , a city on the 35 e e a e Croatian seacoast . I t is a coll ction of old r st tut s and

ze e m characteri s well those peopl for who it was composed . ‘’ The Codex of Stefan Dusan was accepted by the two Parlia

e Sabor e 1 1 . e m nts ( , Congr ss) of 349 and 35 4 Lik a great number of other legislative documen ts of the M iddle Ages the

' Zakomk is not a product of a single thought ; the entire na h e t e e e e it. tion , at l ast ntir political nation , collaborat d in

‘’ The Code of Dusan established the authority of law and put an

n h . e d to the arbitrary power of t e nobles However , its main importance lies in the fact that it permits u s an insight into the

“ 33 E n d r Hau zi d n d s ammten e n s lavis c h n L a i e e pt er e er ge alt r e iter tur .

' h n Literatur A 1 2 0 P safarik Ges c hic hte der s erbts c e t. . ( . J . , , b , 3 f , 34 His ori a k fi n stt c h VI s ec — See V. a ié t iéev o . . . J g , j , , 3 4 35 ' Vinodol in the 1 3th c entury was a dis tric t b etween Se ri (Zengg) and

Rek a me ed b the C a an nc es Frank o ans . The Z akon (Fiu ) , rul y ro ti pri p ‘’ V o k n d n A Ma z r nic K ol a in dols i was s ed c b . u a publi h with i tro u tio y , , I I I and Fr R i n h Monumenta his to ric o -iuridi a Sla o m by . aEk i t e c v ru meridio nalu m IV An e e R s s an ve s n is b V , oth r t xt with u i r io y .

ié P 1 8 0 n a s a n L a l otda Vinodol is b s a e a 8 . A e c n e J g , trogr d , Fr h tr l tio , , y Jul P e Pa s 1 8 r ux , ri , 97 . 2 8 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE life and the degree of ci vilizatio n to which the Southern Slavs

th e e of that time , e most brilliant of th ir whol history , had

e e the P ravda attain d , som what as Russian of Jaroslav shows h 36 the degree of civiliz ation of t e Eastern Slavs .

‘’ ’ 35 h n s d s m h n D u san s Codex as bee publi he everal ti es . T e bes t editio s

' s L e te aml D u fam and k é ar F Mik lo ié x S b S . No va o vi e by . , f y ,

' d 1 8 8 T h n n h Z akomk te ana D u fana 2 e . . e e e a s t C de are S f , 9 i t rpr t tio of e o

' Kr l as mk s r s k O no dr s I I I 1 8 and N. stié G uEe u tva V V by , p g g , ( 5 5 ) “ ‘' C ireEek Das Ges e zb c des s e s c en Ca en S e a n D san A rc hiv . J , t u h rbi h r t ph u , — P . 1 2 1 . s av . . f. l hilol XXI I pp 44 4 SEC O N D PE RI O D

T H E A G E O F RE NA I S SA N C E

CHAPTER I I I

REPUBLIC OF DUB ROVNIK A ND THE RENAI S SANCE

While the Orthodox Serb writers were following the paths

the e e and the laid out by arli r authors , among Croatians

he e n n of t W st , Glagolitic literature was becomi g domi ated

e m e e e u h mor and or by Catholicism , th r grew p , among t e Serbo-Croats of the Adriatic littoral toward the close of the 1 sth century a literary movement which is uniqu e in early F Slavonic literature . orm ed by particular historic circum

e e he e stanc s , a po tical school of t most r markable talent budded

e e D forth , with its c nt r at ubrovnik (Ragusa) and its language 1 the pure popular dialect . D uring more than two centuries ( 1 5 th— 1 7th) this new e n e the e mov me t thr w its bright rays towards north , ast and

h he f south . T e history of t South Slav world does not o fer anything to compare in intellectual intensity with this phe Th m no meno n . e Serbs or Croats from Dal atia took up their residence at Venice and there we re a number of ancient Slavic

e e e e . P e e and famili s in that c l brated r public olitics , comm rc

n e e e e religio drew these two countries tog th r , and mad op nings

the Rinas c imento en e . The e e for I talian to wid its scop sci nc ,

n and e e faith , art , institutio s , customs usag s of a polish d and

e refined socie ty gai ned a rapid triumph . T he results moreov r were so rich in co n ten t that there gradually started unde r the Lati n influenc e a well maintained and steady curren t of

n the e a production . This moveme t known in history as R viv l

1 Th d D u b nik d its mean n bab m du b o ak e wor rov erives i g pro ly fro ( ) , or du brava (o ak -wood) whic h at one time c overed the hills where the pres ent “ ” is s a d L L r La R e de Ra u s e Revue des s c i c e C . . e e b ity itu t . f g , épu liqu g , n liti u L 2 nd W k ns n D almatia and e c es o es X a Sir . G . p q , p . 4 , J il i o , M ont n r h 2 e e o c . V . . g , I , p 77 30 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

e fir of Learning or Renaissanc , ed to a high pitch the little

e e e the e r public , which b cam M cca of J ugoslav intell ectual

e . T he e the ree e h lif asy communication among f r publics , and t e commerce which had developed the wealth of the country and n the e th e larged m ntal capacity of e population , were in direct contrast to the dire despotism and the civil wars from which 2 Serbia was suffering at the time of the Turkish invasion .

I

e e n the e D Situat d on a craggy p ni sula , t rritory of ubrovnik was too small and in part too sterile to provide s uffic ien t food stuffs for the population . Consequently it was upon trade and industry that the citizens had to de pend for their means

- e . e s ea e e d e e e of liv lihood Trad , both born and ov rlan , r c iv d a great additional impetus from the extension of Ve netian traffic

h e z h and from t e incr asing civili ation of t e Slavonic States . At

Ve e F e e e an e e e e he Ragusa , nic , lor nc , Rom , d ls wh r in I taly , t aristocracy as well as the middl e classes were interested in

We hn e e the e e the trade . d m mb rs of all nobl famili s in

e e in e Ragusan s ttlem nts S rbia , Bosnia and Albania , and no nobleman disdained to travel overseas with his own goods . M embers of noble families engaged in trade were constantly e e e e e e making voyag s on th ir own ships , and lat r th y w r ’ ' 3 n c ribcm u h e mployed as s c mbcmt . No o e could be a s s unless e belonged to the Ragusan nobility . The Ragusan vessels were found in every part of the

F th e M editerranean Sea . rom e comm rcial provisions con

in in h n e e ta ed t e various treaties be tween Ragusa a d Venic , w

2 The City (later Republic ) of Ragus a was founded in the 7th c entury

E n D n h 1 en by re fugees from pidaurum ( o w Captat) . uri g t e 3th c a d ad and a d mac ds ve a tury it c q uire through tr e c r fty iplo y , lor hip o r

e s me 0 s a e m es e en n m the s es the B k a t rritory of o 75 qu r il , xt di g fro hor of o

K s k the m th N e nc d n the ne b n s ands . otor a to outh of e e r tva , i lu i g igh ori g i l

ma n a ned its nde endenc e n 1 808 en the es Da ma a It i t i i p u til , wh , with r t of l ti , h n s s s s n I n 1 8 1 it was annexed to t e Illyrian Kingdom (as a Fre c h po e io ) . 4 as s ed A s a and in 1 1 8 was n ed its m e c n it p to u tri , 9 u it with oth r ou try , Jugo

’ s Cvi ié L a P nins ul B alkam ue v e c a . V av a . See . e e l i J j , q li r I I , h p I I I , - . and L . V n v Pad D u brovnika I a e 1 08 . p 35 9, oj o ic , , I I , Z gr b , 9 3 Sc ribanus (Se rb : pi s ar) is an o fli c er employed b y the nob leman (vlaste n ti ) or magis trate . DUB ROVNIK AND THE RENA ISSANCE 3 1

learn that the former traded with all parts of the Eastern

m n Em ire n Ro a p , Syria , Egypt , Tunis , Barbary , I taly a d 4 A e the e e Spain . t Constantinopl , privil g granted by the Comneni were renewed by the Lati n Emperors Baldwin I and

he Ra u s ans e e the e r . T e H n y g trad d sp cially with M orea , and

h e Kla rentza e e . enz t e f udal duchy of (Cyll n , I tal Chiar a) or 5 akin Cla renc e; bringing silk to Ancona (Slav . J ) and other

At the e e e e e e parts of I taly . sam tim th y k pt up th ir conn ction with the Greek princes who held sway over the fragments

he z e e e the e N e of t By antin Empir , nam ly , Emp rors of ica a and 6 e Trebiz ond and the despots of Epirus . When th Byzantine

e re-e 1 2 6 1 he Empir was stablished in , all t exe mptions and

e e e e re-c o nfirmed firs t e P e privil g s w r , by M icha l ala ologus , 7 e 1 2 2 n . and lat r , in 3 , by A dronicus I I Other countries with which D ubrovnik had commercial

e e e e e . int rcours w r Bulgaria , S rbia , Bosnia and Hungary I n

h he e e 1 2 th e t e early days of t s cond Bulgarian Empir ( c ntury) ,

h Ve e e it e e t e n tians could not trad with , as th y support d the Latin Empire at Constantinople in withstanding the

Th e e e e ff e Bulgarian invasions . e Geno se w r qually cut o b

cause the Vene tians excluded them from the Bosporus . The field therefore lay open to the Rag u sans alon e and they were favorably received by the Tsar Assen I I ( 1 2 1 8 who “ ” 3 called them his trusted beloved guests . With Bosnia

Mi o xc an s an s se s a a h a h C. at v a Se b e t e t e j , r i hi tori , a rt th t ft r f ll of

Se an S vi in h 1 and 1 8 n s Ra s a ad d rbi tate , a , t e 7th th c e turie , gu tr e with

Ame c a and a s me its c zens c a me e and infl uenc e in S a n ri , th t o of iti to pow r p i

’ ‘’ d M Gl as mk u 2 26 n See s r . . s . . . a exic o . p E dru XXXI I I p 5 h h En s D n a Whenc e t e title of t e gli h uk e of Clare c e w s derived . See

-M n Nouv au dic ionnatr d eo ra hi u nivers e V. de Sa n a e t e c lle i t rti , e g g p , I P 749 6 A e th c a C ns an n th sa s E s c n n d ft r e pture of o t ti ople by e c ru der , piru o ti ue

a a ns e a ms and was ed the des s M c ae to hold out g i t th ir r , rul by pot i h l I (who died in Man uel ( 1 2 1 4 and Mic hael I I ( 1 24 1 a ll

m n s h s n L of who gra ted val uable privilege to t e Rag u a s . See G . . F . Ta fel “ n M T mas r s na - k nden zur s s a d G . . G ec c e O Ge c c de ho , i hi h rigi l Ur u hi hte ” e s aa s n h t u n b ri h n k W s s en e Ra sa i t e St z s e c te der W e . A a . der Fr i t t gu , g i d i - s c al en Ph s s . K as s e Bd . VI B l t. I V 0 s . h t ; ilo . hi t l , , 5 7 q “ ” 7 W H m L n - . e H s e d u c me c e d u eva a u m en a e yd , i toir o r t oy g , I

P0 475

' 3 Vseverm t u bovm o te S Fr M kl s m n a a l i g s . ee . i o ié , Monu e t s erbi c

VI I . . , p 3 32 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

e h D and S rbia t e almatian trade b ecame extremely active . In

1 1 e C e the e e e 35 according to C rva ( r vic) , S rbian mp ror , Dusan , e D H stablished an embassy at ubrovnik . e founded there a

e fille ee larg library d with Gr k and Latin books , and sent cap le m en e ° ab young to study lit rary and humanistic sciences . 1 0 e e D s e Thre years lat r u an hims lf Visited Dubrovnik , and granted to the Rag u s ans concessions to exploit Serbian mines which were a source of considerable revenue to the T he m e e e State . in s of Illyria w r we ll known even in the

e h Roman tim s . They were abandoned during t e barbarian

the 1 2 h 1 inroads , and it was not until t and 3th centuries , at

he e the e the e e he r t tim of ris of S rb Stat s , that t industry e

e e e e vived . Wond rful tal s w r told by medieval travelers of the n n n h golde sple dor a d richness of t e Balkan mines and cities .

e 1 the z e Krito b o ulo s As lat as 45 3 By antin historian of Imbros , speaking about the expedition of the Sultan Mohammed I I

e e e h B r nk vi (whos s cr tary e was) against George a o é , asserted that Serbia was a very fertile land and had all kinds of produc

h e s tion in abundance . But t e charact ristic in which he surpassed othe r countries was her plentiful possession of gold and silver ; eve rywhere o ne could dig he found large deposits of the pre c io u s me tals in great quantities and even be tter than those in 11 n T he e U s 1 2 — 1 2 6 the I dies . S rbian kings Stefan ro I ( 43 7 )

ario t ad i aru u u n Prim s e l tter m s t dio aptiores s uae gentis j ve es . Cit. by ié Rad V . a . ak a . . 2 06 . J g , j ug d IX p 1 ° Sir G W k ns n D m i and Mont ro . 1 Le l J . . il i o , al at a eneg , p 3 4 . opo d ‘’ Rank e ass mes a D san v s ed Ra s a in 1 e e he was ec e ved u th t u i it gu 347 , wh r r i

’ mmtltc h E ean h n s a nd wa n d ed as its ec . Sd e with urop o or , s ac k owl e g prot tor k Bd L — L 0 Wer e . . 1 . , X I I I X IV p

11 L r i r eh a terre Se b e) y es t res fe rtil e et c a pab l e de tout produi e , ’ n n E e a a s s des ea ab n a c e a s s en e c a es en a b es . o d , u i bi éré l q u r r ll u i troup ux , ’ c e s -a-d e des b e s des c s des vac es et de ea c eva en ande t ir r bi , por , h b ux h ux gr ’ a n anc e et b ea c d a utres a n ma man ea es et es a v s s bo d , u oup i ux g bl util , ppri oi é ’ et s a uvages ; elle en offre d es rac es dis tinguées et produit tout c c q u il fa ut

n s i o n s an en et c c ar pour leur ourriture . Ma i c e qu forme s plu gr d bi p quoi ’ ’ e e s as se d ea c es les a es e es c es e e f e c mme ll urp e b u oup tout utr t rr , t q u ll o fr , o ’ ' ' ' d ne n a ne de et de a en et a o nl o n c e se s e s en en u fo t i , l or l rg t , p rtout r u pré t t ’ ' des ec ns d o r et a en eu and n mb e et es b e es me e es éj tio d rg t gr o r tr ll , ill ur

m n s Crito b o u l o s de Mahomet II v e ar . 0 me u c es de . ie é q e ell I ( , V li r I I , p 3 i m n hun historiem h Monu e ta . 1 a ar l D r. . D th ro 3 , tr duit p e P . A é e , g Sc ri to res B a-Pes p , XXI , ud t ,

34 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

In B rs k o vo as well as in other mining districts the Rag u s ans A had their colonies or se ttlements . t the head of the colony th e were e consul and two j udg s , usually noblemen appointed

At the k by the Republic . Royal Court in S o ple (then the Serbian capital) resided an ambassador in whose charge we re all the Ragusan se ttlements in Serbia . Communication betwee n Ra gusa and the settlements in “ h e e t e interior was carri d on by m ans of couriers . These couriers carried o ffic ial correspondence from the Republic to the e e ambassadors and consuls , and l gal notic s , writs , reports h ee etc . t e . of j udicial proc dings , , to Ragusan traders They

e e e e e e n e e w r not allow d to conv y privat corr spo d nc , which was

e n the h usually s nt by carava , or in case of t e chief merchants h 15 e e e e e e t e e o u rne . by th ir own sp cial m ss ng rs , sav on r turn j y The time employed by these caravans and messengers was

ten Sk o e e e ee h usually days from Ragusa to pl , s v nt n to So a ,

' - T i and twenty hy e to Constantinople . he o ffic al c o rres po n dence to the various representatives in the Near East is pre th e n i 1 8 n h served in e archiv s of Dubrov ik n 3 volumes , u der t e

’ heading of L ettere e Commis sioml dt L eva nte.

I I

The tra ffi e e the z n c and trad carri d on with By antine , I talia and Slavonic Sta tes proved to b e a source of great public and private wealth . The Ra gusan me rchants succeeded in maki ng

s s a d n n a d e e is no a All e ns m i s ued uc h e u c i tory c r e t c le r . S rb c oi of that ti e

h fii h k n n n ns ns h b ea r t e e gies of t e Serbian i gs a d Serbia i c riptio . T e dis c rimination of thes e gros s i o ne may s ee in the fig ures given b y Philalethes

' ’ ’ h n n Al ht r l h o d 2 n in is ans a D a te e i s t ic e mé ie . and i tr l tio of g Gbt C p 47 , ‘’ ' the c e n o ld Se b an c ns b ank fa rik Gl as m k s r s k oll c tio of r i oi y J o Sa , p og ‘’ u eno dru s tva . 1 1 s . E g , I I I pp 9 q ‘ ’ 14 m fii ono L c u rs ores I ori rt is tonol e kfiié c i k fe. at. , t. c e , Serb . l , or g 5 1 The Ragusan c a ravans (tu rma) c ons i s ted c hiefly of hors es and were

nde h e a d v s T s V ac s R mans the Bal u r t e c harg of Vl c h ro er . he e l h or u of k an n ll s s nd -d v s ma k ed n mad s were early a h epherd a c attle ro er , with r ly o ic

s T e ar a d an d s nc v ac es em e n no w in hab it . h re e h r ly y i ti ti e tr of th to b fou d

Da ma a s ave in the nam e M ac c Maurovlac hs ven the S avs l ti , orl hi ( ) gi to l M d n a eve ene a b n an a ans the c as ns . I n ac e g r lly y ig or t It li of o t tow o i , how r ,

' ’ - m r n Th the K s ac s inc ari T in sart Zinza a e me s . e ut o Vl h (C , s t , or ) u rou ir language belongs to the Neo -Latin group and th ey s till ply the trade of

- wande n m an s nd inn k s C ireEek o cit. . 6 0 ri g erc h t a eeper . ( f . J , p. pp DUB ROVNIK AND THE RENA ISSANCE 35

the ir port a real emporium of Eastern commerce . They

e e e e e e accumulat d larg fortun s by int llig nt manag ment , sa Th gac ity and indefatigable industry . e proceeds obtained from their trade and industry were used for the promotion of fi literature and the arts of re nement. The lite rary treasures of ancient Greece and Rome were collected in libraries for

T he ifi public u s e . city itself was beau t ed by the erection of m nific ent : e e ag buildings church s , mus ums , and picture galleries which still attract visitors from every land . Most of

e dific es e e the z e e thes e w r built in By antin and Gothic styl s , but many of the m also have original Slavonic features . As the Dalmatians of the maritime cities came into contact with the

e e e e e firs nations of East rn and W st rn Europ , th y imitated t

Byzanc e and late r I taly and Spain . The Byzantine influ

e e nce in Ragusa and notably in S rbia , Macedonia and Croa tia can be traced in art and literature as late as the 1 2 th 16 e e h z cen tury . Aft r that tim t e Latin civili ation prevailed not

e e only in lit ratur but also in architecture , painting , and sculp 7 tu re J

I t is not diffic u lt to explain why the Latin civilization mas Y D h tered Ragusa . oung almatians went to t e neighboring

finis h e e e e peninsula to th ir studi s , and an sp cially large num

h f ber were gathered at t e University of Padua . To I taly pene trate the e e e the d w st rn Europ an customs , and works which

h en the e e . e e marked t e d of M iddl Ag s Latin lit ratur , which

e e e the e the e p rsist d in spit of prot st of church and its doctrin s , had already been cultivated with some success in Dalmatia

e e z . where it had b come , so to sp ak , naturali ed There Proven c al poe try had bee n also known for some time— that cult of “ love songs and admiration for women or divine worship of ” 1 8 An f e the e he beauty . e f ct of Renaissance was to r instate t ancients and to create the inspiration for the study of the

15 “ ’ C M. D m ev L Arc hitehture e e s e en V e e Serbie et em f. i itrij ic , r ligi u i ill Ma d n L a s l 1 c e e . revue ave . . oi , I p 4 f 1 7 m h See T . G . a k s n D al atia I I 2 0 a s is a e c . . c J o , , p 4 f ; l o rti l ” an C A n o h av Mon m n s M I Se b c c ec e i S ut Sl u e ed . . . r i hur h r hit tur t , by P n v upi , . I p . 7 s q. 1 3 On the s ubj ec t of ideali zation of women in the period of the Renais

sa nc e s ee the s d P . . B . e c e The Reli ion o B eaut in , tu y of rof J Fl t h r , g f y Woman N w 1 , e York , 1 91 . 36 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

the e classical works . In a word , lit rary and s c ientific influ enc es e e a e e e which op rat d in I t ly , w r r ally transferred to the oth er side of the Adriatic . What Cicero once said about Greek

e e artissimo vinc u lo c oniu u ntu r and Latin lit ratur , g atqu e as s oc iantu r b e e e e h , may said v n mor truly of t e I talian and

Ragusan literatures . This parallelism between I talian and Dalmatian l etters lasted as long as the Dalmatian literature itself endured ; it commenced by considering the works of the

n en the e n a ci ts , r ligion of classical a tiquity , and admiration for Boccaccio and Pe trarch ; it finished by imitating Giambattista D Guarini and M e tastasio . almatian writers were successful in all the directions towards which the Renaissance had

n : e and h 1 9 incli ed I taly epic po try , lyrics t e drama . I t was no t o nly exterior conditions of literary development which

e e the provoked curious liken ss s , but social position of the

e writers as well . Authors w re accustomed to exercise a c er

e e tain authority , gath ring around th m a little group of friends and disciples to i nspire with their spirit . This fl owering was in fact a very peculiar and exceedingly A odd event . little republic whose population did not surpass

z n e a few do en thousands of i habitants , produc d from the end of the 1 sth century a relatively prodigious number of writers

e and savants , and a gr at maj ority of them of superior merit .

n e and the e e be Ma y stat s , not l ast pow rful , would incapable of producing illuminated books such as these authors illus

trated . the e Although position which this cultur occupied , halfway between I taly and Byzanc e was without doubt a very

e o ne s u ffic e e favorabl , that would not to xplain fully such a

n m m e e e h brillia t ove ent , and it is n c ssary to r ckon with t e latent fund of national forces which this literature kept in

The e e e e reserve . Renaissanc mor ov r did not com from I taly

T h n e the e alone . e Greeks co tributed a larg part to R vival of i n . n n in l n 1 B z n Learni g After the fall of Co sta t o p e 45 3 , many y a

i e e we e e e e e t n s sought r fuge in st rn countri s , and som r tir d to

l n l s E Maru l u s D e D Cha c o d a . ubrovnik . Th re lived emetrius y , ,

1 9 An es sa he Ra s an d ama i s s c es and m a ns was made y of t gu r , t our i it tio , und h n n s n A Pa vié His tori a du brovaéke drama er t e i tellige t c ruti y of . , j “ - is he D ama in Dal See a s W . reizenac h Das s e c ro at c l o C , rbo r - ma en in his k es c hic h e des neue n D ramas . 06 26 . ti wor G t re , I I pp 5 5 DUB ROVNIK A ND THE RENAI S SANCE 37

ris e e e e e e e J . Lasc a , and s v ral oth rs , c l brat d ov r all Europe for 20 e e h their learning . Aft r th ir arrival , schools for t e study of f the ancients were established and carried o n . O those Dalma tian students who flocked to the courses of study offered at the e e he e n n schools and univ rsiti s of t n ighbori g pe insula , many later became known outside of their country and obtained

F D e n St k ~ European reputations . rom ubrovnik cam Iva o j o vié ( 1 395 o ne of the most celebrated theologians of 21 h 1 e e e 1 6 t e 5 th c ntury , and I lij a Cr vic or C rva ( 4 3 a 22 - e th 2 2 n crowned poet laureat at e Q uirinal in his d year . I n the the e e annals of art nam of Dubrovnik was not l ss glorious , and it would be easy to draw up a long roll of celebrities . T D e h 1 he list of almatian po ts since t e 5 th century is lengthy .

A e b een e e e in small part of th ir work has publish d , ith r past centuries or in our own day , and that only since interest has arisen in this history . M ention of the manuscripts is

a e e D e the sc tt r d through various almatian biographi s , and in W great colle ctions of different European states . e shall only

a r stop to consider the best known authors , who e regarded in 23 Jugoslav literature as classical .

2° “ Vid . Talvi H s c a V e the Lan a es and L e a e the , i tori l i w of gu g it r tur of ” S a l vic Nations p . 1 2 8 . 21 “ C P Ma k vi Prilo zi k tr o vaEk o - o liti c k o his to ri i e b k e f. . t o c , g p j j r pu li ”

k VI I . 2 . dub rovaEk e Rad . a a . , jug d p 35 32 See C . ireEek A c hiv f. s av . P e . . J , r l hilologi , XIX pp 45 17 23 For the s ourc es of information regarding the Ragus an Rena is s anc e “ and fl mans k i Nac io nalno s ti itali ans k a a e n in uenc es s ee V . La for ig , j, j j i ' ” s lav ans k a a v o litiEes k o m literaturno m o tno seni ah F . Raéki j j p i j , “ Prilo zi za o ves t hu manizma ena s s anc e D ubro vnik u Rad L V p i r i u , , XXI “ P hi ro v k hrva s k k nii evn os ti A . avié , Prilog k sto riji d ub aE e t e , “ ' ” bid h me D u ro a ni Mletizani I . S . b O o dnosa a b XXXI Lu ic , j du i , “ Ibid V I v. Kas umovié Ute Ekih rims k ih es nik a na . , c aj gr i p ” dub ro vaEk u liriEk u o ezi u I bid. I CC CCI CC 1 1 p j , I I I ( 9 4) “ CCV M Kor lin Rann i al ans k i umanizm e o is to rio rafia . e , yj t j j g i g g j i M n rva ke k ri nos i Dalmac i i D ub rovnik u . Medi i , F aves t h ts iéev t u j i , vo l I a 1 02 . , Z greb , 9 . CHAPTER IV

THE POETS OF THE 1 5 1 11 CENTURY I

One of the precursors of the Ragusan poets was Sisko Menéetié ( 1 45 7 He had an especial talent for compos ing those love songs which the troubadours and their jo glars brought to the world . The Provencal school had declined since the en the 1 e influen e e d of 3th c ntury , but its c r igned for a long he e V n time in t palace of Alphons at M ilan , where that ki g P h spent his exile . In I taly e trarch was t e most illustrious

e e e en he repr s ntativ of this conv tional lyricism , and had many

e imitators . As has b en pointed out , Rag usa had too extended a commerce and too intimate relationships with distant coun n tries to remain u touched by foreign customs and civilizations . P n i rovencal poetry was not slow in pene trati g there . Jag é by a comparison of the poems of Pe trarch and his disciples (Petrarchists) with those of the Dalmatian writers has shown the influenc e which the poetic theory of love has exerted upon

h D he e h Pr t e ubrovnik school , t theory as conc ived by t e o 1 h n ié vengal singers . In t e writings of Me Eet love is a subj ect

P s ni uvezne e which occurs again and again , and his e L (Lov “ ” z e h P Poems) form a veritable Slavonic Can onier , in t e roven

- - The e e gal I talo Castilian style . pr vailing charact ristics of these poems are exaggeration and hyperbolism in emotion and expression. The poe t some times re peats the same idea varied

e e em - by allusions and wit , giving to his v rs s a g like form , as Th an acrostic of his name or the names of his he roines . e ’ c hans ons d amou r a r e Pe motifs of his e tak n from trarch , whom h ne find e z e greatly admired , and very often o can entir stan as e e translated from him . The verse is Alexandrin , with rhym

' the aes u ra an e e e . on c , d contains tw lv syllabl s The contemporary and coadj utor of MenEetié was D ore

D i i e e e e e r é (d . Subsequ ent writ rs h ld th s two po ts in

1 “ See V. a ié Trub aduri na s tari i h va s k c Rad . aka . J g , i j j r t i liri i , j ug d , 2 1 IX pp . 5 s q. THE POETS O F THE 1 5 1 11 CENTURY 39

h D . D rdi high e steem and regard them as t e ioscuri Ignat o é ,

e e e Pe a Dalmatian biograph r , compar d th m to trarch and Boc

e e ee the firs t e caccio . Ranina prais d th m for having b n to mak n kn own the poetry of their cou try . Although they knew n t e fil I talian very well , the y did o wish to work in a for ign e d

e n already overdone . They wrot in their own natio al language

he ei e e . e e and became t glory of th r p opl In th ir works , it is tru , there is nothing which recalls actual life ; but in I taly this sort of poetry was as artific ial and conventional ; it was me rely a 2 N e e e the e e the kind of writing exercise . ev rth l ss gr at m rit of poets from Ragusa lay in their e fforts to develop the J ugoslav m language . Each of their works akes a step in advance in the

s he e e en no b u e of t S rbian or Croatian dial ct , purifying and ’ 3 R rl in n e he e e li ng it. a a re d red t sonorous Slav languag s th ir d u e by stating that they offered n o less poten tialities than

F e e e I talian and Latin . urth rmor it s ems that real popular h poetry was not held in contempt by t e early writers . In some

ne fin s e e e e of their poems o d among oth r things , c rtain v rs s

e e the en e e e which by th ir charact r and s tim nt which th y inspir ,

r he es ma a e singularly like t national p (song) , if indeed it is not F n that . rom this poi t of View there is a remarkable progress

- from MenEetié D ri ié and their immediate successors . They

e e e e e took a r al int r st in popular po try , in s arching for and 4 imitating authentic creative works .

I I

A short time afte r the above mentioned amorists came Han

He e e nibal Lucic also wrot lov songs , but

e e e Kahiha e- the e e mor sp cially a drama , (Slav girl) , th m of

e he n h which was tak n from t Croatian wars agai st t e Turks .

2 As people fell in love b y fas hion so they c ompos ed s ongs whic h did not “ a s s nd n Mi i l a c e e ea ee s . C . van lEet é O o s lanic a ma w y orr po to th ir r l f li g f I , p ” dub ro vaEk o -dalmatins ko e d hrvat s ke e a u j p rio i lit r ture p . 5 4 . 3 Se n r e i f a. 4 The ms MenEe ic and D ri ié ave een ed ed e t b V . a c Stan po of h b it y J g i , '

is c z hrvats ki v . a d ac c n es e s s s p , I I For goo ou t of th two lyric i t , ee “ ” a so V. a ié Die Ac ro s i ha i M nE ié u D ri Ar l J g , t c b e e et . ié , c hie f. s lav . Phil . V “ ‘ ” C . ir k D r R D 8 s . Ee e a s . c M n i I e e S. e cfet é bid 7 q ; J , gu i ht r , . XIX — “ ” . 2 2 8 and Be a e zu r ra u sanis c hen L e a es c c pp 9, itr g g it r turg hi hte , d - I . I b d 2 . i . XXI pp . 399 5 4 40 EARLY J UGOSLAV LITERATURE

One of the most curious of his songs is that which was com posed U pohval u gradu D u brovniku (I n hon or of the city of e h Ragusa) , and which puls s with t e sincere and emotional respect which this free Republic inspired abroad :

' ' Moj pis m zbrojiti nikakor m mo éi

s've k ra e Eestiti D u b ovnik d o éi j , r g i p .

K roz o e k oz l u e a svit sv m g r , r g , p u ej iEe

' trgovc e brez dru ge zabc we m prtlfe;

a s t anak ke leda s u nc no dale e p r , g e é ,

11 ko e rik reda t s redom ke eEe j p p ,

sve tr e rima u mim o ke donos g p j , i ,

’ ' i he om da u on mim o odnost j , ;

’ o Ee o tko hodi a smtu nas O t p j § p , t J

’ ' svak da kako odt m s o ime a o v t . , g p j

i da s ov'idi he ov remda m e p g , p j e,

’ a ka svak vidi dobro a u dt z ne g sv je.

' D os tojcm je svudt ovi grad da s l ave o B u d va la do g og i l i zda b goslove.

My s ongs c a nnot enumerate all the lands h n with whic h t e famous Ragusa c ommu ic ates .

Ove m n a ns and h es s all the d ve r ou t i t rough for t , worl o r , does s he s end merc hants without let or hi ndranc e ;

T an s e e the s un s nes m a a hrough l d wh r hi fro f r, where it burns moderately and bla zes overmuc h ;

All ec e ve the a es c e eac e n r i w r whi h th y p fully bri g , nd a v s h ea c a s a a a wh t they gi e , e p c efully rrie w y ;

And s till there are in the world thos e who endeavor

all an a her name by me s to appropri te ,

And dec a e her e o wn c s he is no t l r th ir ity , though ,

for everybody k nows that good is good everywh ere .

Worthy is the c ity that s he s hould everywhere b e praised h that Go d and men s hould bless er.

h e e However , t e patriotism of this po t did not limit its lf to e the walls of D ubrovnik . I t was a true Slavic soul which b at

42 EARLY J UGOSLAV LITERA TURE

' dra i mo sinEe du fzc e avena O g j , l ,

’ ’ gizdamjelenée 0d l uga zelenc l

tko mi t us la§i i s ma kow razd li e p j ie ,

’ §to ma ku ne u ta éi da razna ne c m l j , g e i ?

’ rle zlato erz kamo s i oletil ? O p , p §to majc i zaperi u s ree jadan s tril ?

’ P au ne ozlatan k u d za de o tram p , j p ?

’ ' u tr t dan da ma k j r ve je e t j u os tam.

' ' Mo s im s okol mitara rilte i j e, p p ,

§to ma c i na ole s rda Ec roc ie i j p e p p , ' ’ ' Kra u be izdam rec i mi B o a radz g j g , g

’ ' u koj s z du brow l ove éi os tao s ad? ’ ' ' Tko mi c e tu btti tue lic e pribtlo

’ i tebe bl udtti vazamfi na kril o?

m c e s ed s o n m e e - e ved O y h ri h , y littl w ll b lo , my bea utiful little deer of the green fores t ! ’ Who as ee a a m m e a -fri hten d h t th w y fro thy oth r g , why dids t thou no t c ons ole mother from grim sobbing? M den- n e ea e e e as flo wn ? y gol wi g d gl , wh r h t thou why pierc ed the h eart of mother with pois oned arrow?

M den e c k h as dden in as s y gol p a oc , w ere h t thou hi gr ,

nd o d is hy ll n a n w three ays t mother l eft a alo e . M o wn a a c n m namen ed nes n y gr y f l o , y or t tli g , as o m h a sa k en m e why h t thou t t e h e rt of for oth r ,

M ed d n e me in the nam Go d y gild b ir li g , t ll e of , into what fores t wert thou lured by the c has e ? Who will for me k is s thy white fac e

and k ee h r s m m ande n s o n . t a e th to e bo o , oh y w ri g

m I o e . Abra . V (P w t ,

There is also a poem by Vetrani c called Remeta (The Hermit) in which he describes with a charming grace the lone

D The some life on his almatian island of St. Andrews . diction

e e n e a a nd e . is v ry vivid and r alistic , with ma y m t phors imag s

’ n e n P u tm k The P m Vetranié In his stra g compositio ( ilgri ) ,

a e th e e h the the t k s e read r ov r t e mountains , valleys and

e D fills e soli tary plac s of almatia , and in his d scriptions with

e e historic narratives . This entire poem is a medl y , a strang

n e re re tissue of the most u related subj ects . I t is an all gory p

en n ee : e en n and n s ti g man in thr stages in sin , in r p ta ce in om i ’ “ ” e e D n D e e sci nc , somewhat similar to a te s ivin Com dy and ’ “ ” e P u tnik Ko mens ky s Labyrinth of the World . B esid s , h Vetranié has several other poems wit didactic motifs . CHAPTER V

LYRICS A ND DRAMA O F THE I 6 TH CE NTURY

I n the 1 6 th century the Ragusan literature continued as in

en e the e e the preceding period . Tak as a whol lit ratur of this er e ze e e e e : a reach s its nith , sp cially in r gard to po try lyric ,

e e e e e e e e pic and dramatic . But b sid s th s forms of po try th r is

n w ne os lanic e e e e e a e o , p (rhym d l tt rs) , usually writt n by I n e e new o ne friend to another . addition , th r is a form of

e asti r ke i re . dramatic po try , p s g (pastoral plays , I tal Tragic as well as comic plays (§a]ive igre) rece ived d u e atten

e e tion . The poe ts who have ta ken the lead in this cr ativ move ’ r r n i N esk o vié D Ra ri ina ment a e Andra Cu b a o v é , ikola Nal , inko ,

r i Dinko Zla tarié and Marin D i é .

I i fl D u b rano v é . e Andra C ( a nativ of ubrovnik , was n a Dalmatian poe t who did not belong to the obility . Like

he he t I talian artist B envenuto Cellini , was originally a gold

e e e e e e smith , but lat r d s rt d this craft and b took hims lf to that

T e e of the muses . he most distinctiv and b st known of his ” he du ka h works is t J e p (literally t e Egyptian , Gypsy Woman) published for the firs t time in Venice ( 1 5 99) and later in D u

ro vnik . in b I t is composed of seven parts or cantos , which the Romany woman makes diverse prediction s to six you ng ladies in the familiar fashion by telling them their secre ts .

e e e e e Cr vic (C rva) , a not d Ragusan historian and critic d scrib s the production of the J edupka in this wise : The author o ne n the e was on occasion followi g a young lady , obj ct of

ffe e e e s he his a ctions , and urging his addr ss s , wh n turned round and said scornfully : Quid porro Egyptiu s is te? (What does that gypsy want with me) . The despised poe t and love r 1 he h took up t word of reproach and e wrote this poem . To the firs t five ladies the disguised gypsy predicts the usual good

L e Start is c i hrvats ki V . vi n d Quot . by . Zor , p , I I I p , I tro . EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

’ fo r une dobru s rec u the i s h t ( ) , but to s xth e expresses love a nd ad miratio n the i , although fair patrician is far removed n station “ ” - above her fortun e teller . I t seems very likely that Cu b rano w c wrote his J edupka for n s Th ca r ival féte . e I talian carnival was n ever h eld without s e e e e e th n om sp cial po try , or small pi c s for e theatre bei g com 2 e S m e n posed . Th se portive custo s w re to b e fou d also o n the A n m eastern shores of the Adriatic . umbe r of Dal atian writ

r ié m m e s Cu b rano v e e e e e e . , a ong oth rs , wrot th s asqu rad s

Th edu ka n e J p is certainly o e of this sort . We know for a fact

e e e in D n 1 2 that this piec was r cit d public at ubrov ik in 5 7 .

Cub rano vié e e e e e he is v ry sup rior to his pr d c ssors , notably in t

he purity of his language and t po etic charm of his narrative .

e a r z His vers s e light and vivid , and characteri ed by rare rhymes and many archa isms which a re really ornamentatio ns

e . Safafik the J edu ka e of his po try According to , p is a spl ndid

fl h e ower in the garden of t e Jugoslav muses . I t was v ry pop

me e e e e be ular in its ti , and was imitat d by oth r writ rs , p rhaps cause it was based on the happy idea of declari ng love in

F r ee e e m m e . o two e allusions or thr c nturi s this po was i itat d , 3 but none of the imitatio ns equalled the origi nal .

‘’ Of N Na es k o vié 1 1 0 e D ikola l ( 5 a nativ of ubrovnik , it he no t e s c ien is known that was only an author and po t , but a

i ene e z he e the t s t as well . I t is not g rally r ali ed that attack d 4 e e n and e e me system of Galil o , but his lov so gs sp cially his co ’ e he e in en di s and pastorals , which had p rformed his fri ds m n e o n the e e e hi . a d hous s or public stag , liv aft r His bucolics “ ” a re he the his commedie erudite imitations of t I talian , with exception that his vilas (a kind of mischievous sprite) replace

' H the firs t the m nfe (nymphs) of the I talian writers . e was who really gave a tru ly dramatic character to his composi n n e tio s . The critics disti guish two kinds of pastorals , thos of

2 Es ec a as s d n in the d s the Med c en m c m e p i lly w thi o e ay of i i , wh u h or

’ attention was pa id to the mas c hemte or ballz in mas c hera (m as k ed balls ) than in modern times . 3 One of the b est s tudi es o n Cub ranovxc and his J edupka is to b e found “ ” Cu rano viéa Rad V . in L . ed u c i Andri e b Zore , O J p j , , XX I I pp 5 3 “ 6 8 M n u rano vi und s ne B ez e n en z u der ein . See al s o M . edi i , C b é ei i hu g ” — P . 6 1 06 . m u nd der a n L e a A rc hie . s av . e . e . f h i it li it r tur , l hil XXI I 9 “ d ” n h k D s a s a d l m n . Ven c e 1 . I is wor ialogo ull fer e o o i , 5 79 LYRICS AND DRAMA OF THE 1 6 1 11 CENTURY 45

n Dubrovnik and those of the Isla d of Hvar . In both types the

e the e e e theme is the sam , that of lov of a sh ph rd for a vile ;

re e e e e e . yet some a idyls , som com di s , and som farc s His writ ings are strongly heighten ed with pastoral and Renaissan ce

e e n e . fanci s , but som what la guorous and ov rwrought They m bea r e vide nt marks of unequal work anship , curtness alter n n e e e e e 5 ati g with redundanc , and car l ssn ss with laboration .

e e 0 e e B ut his rhymed l tt rs (about 4 in all) , dir ct d to Ragusan

e e e a re e an nota biliti s and hi s cont mporari s , motional d full of 6 melancholy tenderness . The re is no doubt that Nalesk ovié influ enc ed his successors . Some of his poems and works have

n r a re bee lost ; others a e fragmentary , and many more or less dis fig u red by corruptions and disarrangement . Thus the res ’ to ratio n and interpre tation of this poet s works is o ne of pe c u liar delicacy and diffic ulty .

11

Anothe r remarkable poet of the sixtee nth cen tury is D inko Ra nina ( 1 5 5 6 He was born of a well -to -do Ra gusan

U e e e e he family . pon r turning hom from for ign countri s , took

f He e e e h part in public a fairs . was mad pr sid nt of t e republic

e e me e e e e e 0 s v n ti s , and wrot xt nsiv ly in S rbian (about 45 poems) and I talian (about He is the firs t of the Ragusan poets to introduce eclogu es and elegies ; y et love songs a re the

T h e most importa nt part of his work . e charact r of Ranina is reflec ted in his poems . He was a man of generous impulses

ns lfis h . n and a gentle , u e disposition His tender ess and Platonic love are enhanced by a refinement and delica cy which a re rare among his predecessors of the 1 5 th cen tury . If he re fers to the “ ” h n shrewish Latin girl Livia , e does it by way of warni g and not in any pe tty spirit of triumph or revenge . Although he

5 ‘’ I n the Englis h lit erature Nales ko vm has s ome c ommon features with

A . P e P as to als and The Ra e o the L oc k in a an i A . Tas s n op ( r p f ) , It li w th o i

’

L a seac hta ra ita in enc N. B ea L e l u t in and G es s e ( p ) , Fr h with oil u ( r ) J . r t

' Lu tmn vivant and L iéc l e as toral ( e s p ) .

R m d s L s tol s anic h n e e e at. e i ae S av. o l e ad i Ra sa e a ve hy l tt r ( p , l p ) gu r l ti

T e va de ended n h s ns m nd literary va lue . h ir lue p upo t e per o by who a to

m n s n h n e e e e as e a t e s b ec e e . t . va who th y w r writt , w ll upo u j t th r of I Mi lEetié o . c i . , p t p . 4 . 46 EARLY J UGOSLAV LITERATURE

e ee e e e e h may hav b n tr at d cru lly by his lov , e does not invoke ’ r He e N e he e . e a curs s upon h ad go s oft n to his ik s grave , which

wet e is hung with garlands and with t ars , and bemoans his fate

the e e e . to r mains th r Apart from his original poems , ’ Ranina s contribution to posterity includes translations P e V from rop rtius , Tibullus , Catullus , irgil and many good

e e the ee e : e Mas hu s P v rs s from Gr k po ts Th ocritus , c , hilemon 7 and others . The ground covered by Ranma in reference to lyrics was later exte nded by D i nko Zlataric ( 1 5 5 8 He was born

D finis hed e the U e at ubrovnik , his studi s at niv rsity of Padua , a nd e e e e - e whil still v ry young , b ing only tw nty thr e , was appointed rector of the University gymnasium (Almo e Uni

' ' versitatis philosophoru m et medic ara m Patamm gymnasii rec tor di ni u e g s sim s) . Aft r having remained for some time in various

e e he e e . for ign countri s , r turned hom The poems of Zlatarié consist of those published in Venice

1 P s ni u mrt P 5 97 , e S ( oems to Death) , mostly epitaphs to his

e Pes ni Razlik e V P e e e h fri nds , and ( arious o ms) , d dicat d to t e

e e Z z rié Ragusan po t ss , u o , a woman of singular beauty and h Z varied accomplishments . I n t e society of this lady , lataric found the intellectual sympathy and encouragement which were essential for the development of his powers . His poems give a very clear image of the social life of Dubrovnik . They record the difierent stages of passion through which the poe t

e the ee he f e e . pass d , and show strong f lings with which was a f ct d

Z the Re turn ing to his birthplace from agreb , capital of

e the men the e e Croatia , he lived as an qual with of gr at st

fi m the e i ntell ectual activity and re ne ent, as well as of high st social a nd political eminence . ’ Among his other works Zlataric twice translated Tasso s “ ” celebrated pastoral play Aminta to which he gave the

e he n e the E lec tra Slavonic name La hmi r . Lat r also tra slat d ’ 8 e a nd P ramus and This be . D of Sophocl s , Ovid s y idactic

' 7 For various details o n Ra nma s trans lations from Latin and Greek Ma ne Prievo di Rari ine D nka d e made r . c las s ic s referenc e s houl b to F ix r , i ” - XX 1 6 22 2 . iz la ins k ih rEkih k las ik a Rad . aka . L t i g , j ug d 9 t‘ Metamor hoses IV Tak en from p ( , 5 5 LYRICS AND D RAMA O F THE 1 6 1 11 CENTURY 47 poe try occupied a large place in his writings as i t did in 9 that of Ranina . One of the greatest names among the Ra gusan dramatists in

e D ri i 1 — the period o f the Renaissanc is Marin é (c . 5 1 8 1 5 6 7) e who was born of a pleb ian family in Dubrovnik . In Jugoslav

e literature thi s author is compar d with Moliere . We a re not

e ne e e The B ook o directly conc r d h r with his dramas , f J es u s

r H Hec u ba a e e e . e and , which r ligious and antiquat d is more

T r na D u ke Kr eta attractive in his i e and p , two allegorical plays

u bav Venere he glorifying love . In his L reminds u s of ’ “ Shakespeare s Venus and Adonis . To anothe r genre belong the e e Novela 0d Stanc a The e Stanac com di s ( Tal of ) , a sympa ers ifie thetic v d story with much local coloring , and D u ndo fi - D Mara e ve e e e . Kika j , a act com dy writt n in pros undo or

e Maro e e (uncl ) j is fath r of a prodigal son , Maro , who spends his youthful days in luxurious Rome with a courtezan of the ' e the e e the s e upper class . Wh n fath r com s to city to e his son s m e the e e e e . the e e the busin ss , latt r d c iv s him I n m anti father plays a trick upon the son and ta kes his borrowed merchandise back home with him . Characteristic comedies a re

nd the Sha Avaru s Ma e and particularly p ( ) , which was an “ ” ’ the Au l u laria P the e imitation of of lautus , mod l of Moliere s

e e finis hed are the A rku lin R markabl but not , ’ “ ”

Pomet P emn . T he o ne e e , and j last is a com dy of rrors and “ ” “ ” was based on the M e naechmi of Plautus and the Andria of 1 0 Terence .

9 The renderings of Zlat aric from Tas s o are more s uc c es s ful than thos e

m S c es a even e e he is be a in S av n z n the fro opho l , lthough h r too li r l l o i i g

h s n a an names and c an n t e e s e s . It li proper h gi g of whole ver es . Cf “ A . Pav e P k his to ri i d ubro vaEk e hrva s ke Rad . i , rilog j t j ug

ak ad . 1 8 . . XXXI p 4 f ‘’ ’ 1 ° I n e a d the n and c a ac e Drzié s amas e e enc e c an r g r to origi h r t r of dr , r f r “ ” k M ri ma Plau o vo Au l ulari i Rad e mad M g e S u . D iéa e b e to . r pel , p pr t j j , , “

B udmam P rin M D ri éa I bid. C LV C 1 8 . P. e . i X IX 5 fi; , j , X I I I “

k a D Ge z n Ra s a A rc hie f. d 1 s . G . P v er e . 5 q ; oli , i ig i gu ,

m d n n S a en und Li . B n e 1 88 S e e e c t a s c 8 . tudiu . u r pr h ( r u hw ig , , pp 433 I “

V. a ic Die Aul u laria des P a s in e ne s ds lav ma e n a us der J g , l utu i r ii . U rb itu g ” M e des X I ahrh Fes ts c hri t nn n h 6 1 V . a es Va le c . itt J ( f Joh h , XXXI I I , pp. 5 “ ‘’ ” s Be n P Po o vié M Drz M I k fiiéetmostz qq. rli , . p , . ié i oliere , z ,

Be a 1 06 ogr d , 9 . EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

I I I

” Among the po e tae min ores of the 1 5 th and 1 6 th centuries re ference must be made to Marko Ma ru lié ( 1 45 0— 1 5 24) and Pe tar Hek to ro vié ( 1 487 The former left two religious e J u dith o ne the firs t pics , of printed books in Jugoslav

' e e S u sanna e e a o lit ratur , , and s v ral translations (C t ms Dis ’ tic hia Moralis M . Belc ari s St. Panu zio the , , latter wrote a e Ribafie F n a n e ne he po m , ( ishi g) , d gav w stamina to t old Jugoslav literature by including certain national songs

bu a r tic e h m ( g 8 ) , which e heard fro popular bards . Stepan ’ m Gu Eetic: fl . 1 2 e D ermli 0 e e ( 5 5 ) co pos d a parody , , of 5 s stin s , 1 1 ’ m Dimi r a asterpiece of airiness and ingenuity . Nikola t o vic:

s v n P 1 (d . 1 5 5 3) gave u Se e enitential Ps alms ( 5 49) and several

e e P ni D u ovn r ligious od s called es h e (Spiritual Songs ) . ‘ His P ric ic e (Epigrams) and his rhymed epistles from Alexan dria a re characteristic because of their Vigorous and realistic P Z i 1 8— 1 style . e tar o ra n é ( 5 0 5 5 0) is mentioned with his

Planine The n Gaz revi pastoral , ( Mou tains) , and Marin a é — c . 1 80 1 6 2 u bic a ( 5 3) with his dramas , L , a pastoral play , and P i fi B ' 12 r ic Fau ino t im lic i a brat e. kaza e se . eatr e s t S , p j j J uraj

B a rak o vié 1 8— 1 6 2 8 e Vila lovinka ee ( 5 4 ) wrot S in thirt n cantos , “ ” n i cluding a folk song Mother Margare ta . We have from Erne (Barne or B ernando) Ka rnaru tié ( 1 5 5 3— 1 600)

Vazet e Si eta rada T z h the firs t j g G ( he Capture of S ige t t e City) , 13 e e in e e c e e pic po m Croatian lit ratur , and from his onfr r ,

n n h Razbo 0d Tu raka The De A tu Sasin (d . t e epic , j (

T e o struction of the Turks) . he latter wrot also tw pastoral

Filida Flora n e Mo lo kh a the plays , and , and o e farc , , all in 14 B o ba evié styl e and tone of the comedy of the time . Savo l

1 1 ‘' A end n Safa ik Ku k u vr a nd gurmin as c e s em pp i i , r , le c rib thi po to

M d n and P. P v u E I M Re a M . e G etié e . A KaznaEié e , whil . , . s t r , i i , opo ic b elieve that its authoris Stepan D o rdié (fl . 12 P b s s av Ac ad m in Start is c i hrvats ki u li hed by Jugo l e y p , XX 2 1 —2 pp . 9 37 n in 1 8 e m The firs t edition of this epic was pub lis hed at Ve ic e 5 4 . V li ir Gaj publis h ed a new edition with introduc tion and tu ma é (glos sa ry) at

a e 1 866 . Z gr b , “ ” 1‘ X v ka Glas Vid . P. P v An n Sas n dub ro vaEki es nik VI e opo ic , tu i p , — s sk akad mi XC . 1 6 . rp e e je , pp 7

CHAPTER VI

GUNDUL I é AND HI S TIMES

In the succeeding ( 1 7th) ce ntury the Ragusan literature

e e e . attained its gr at st h ight Lyrics , drama and epics a re

e e e e the e e en e mor d v lop d than in pr c ding c tury , specially epic poe try . The drama becomes ampler in quantity and more

The e e re fined . pastorals and com di s almost entirely dis ap h he e pear . Classicism is t e basis of t lit rature of this time . I t is interesting to note that poe try changes even in its external form ; in the previ ous two cen turies the verse was mostly of Th twelve syllables and here it is of eight . e classic repres en ta tives e are Gu ndulié u ni e Palm tié of this p riod Ivan , J j o , and Ivan Bunic . I

Ivan Gu nd ul ic ( 1 5 88— 1 6 38) is the greate st epic poe t of the Jugoslav littoral and was no t unj ustly styled rex I llyric i c ar minis e h the e e e e e th e a e , sinc e was b st r pr s ntativ of e gold n g of

Ragusan lite rature . He was born in Dubrovnik on the 8th of

1 88 e e . e January , 5 , of a promin nt cultur d family His fath r was presiden t of the Republic and gave him an excelle nt ed u 1 6 h h cation . In 09 e e ntered t e civil service and later occupied

he e e high positions in t Republic as commission r , j ustic and

H 1 6 2 8 a n ne se nator . e was married in d had three sons o of

n li uze na whom was also a poe t . In 1 6 2 2 Gu du é published S Si

Raz no a T he e e the met g ( he Tears of t Prodigal Son) , an l gy on

e - e e and 1 6 2 8 w ll known biblical th m , in his most original play ,

D u bravka e a e e . , was act d at R gusa with gr at succ ss With this beautiful pastoral Gu nd ulié became the poet of freedom

i nifi n a re e a nd patriotism . Of no less s g c a c e his still xtant

: A riadna P ros er ina Dianna A rmida a nd dramas , p , , , his

’

e e u bavnik Srameé v The h e . The m trical tal , L h ( Bas ful Lov r) las t o ne is his only amatory poem and tells the old story of the timid lover who sent his declaration to his swee theart in a bil

- Y e e let doux . et his principal claim for notic by post rity is his ' GUNDULI CZ AND m s TIME S 5 1

an e e e e e e e im Osm , a mast rpi c which his cont mporari s d clar d

e the e mortal , and which r mains today honor of Jugoslav lit ra th ture and the most remarkable work of e Ragusan period .

i e Gu ndul é , i t seems , sought a subj ct which , lending itself

h e the e e e to t e art of po try , would glorify Slavonic rac and sp

i e e . ee e ro lifi c ally his b loved fath rland Ind d , what mor p c and richly endowed motif could he have chosen than that of

1 6 2 1 ee P e h the war of betw n oland and Turk y , in which t e Moslems received such a severe check in their invasion of Europe ! His e pos is composed in the I talian style of that h time . I t is clear that e wished to take for his models Ariosto

the e . e e e and Tasso , particularly latt r Oth r passag s prov that

e V e e the writer was inspir d by irgil , Horac , Ovid and Hom r . The inevitable errors of the pseudo -classicism of the ce ntury

are e . e e e e e vident But l aving asid som oth r cold r imitations ,

n u li h firs the work of Gu d é is full of beauties of t e t order . He carefully studied the eve nts of which he wrote and the geog r n h a phy of the cou try through which e was to take his reader . P He knew the history , not only of oland and Dalmatia , but of

he e e the e h e all t Slavs and sp cially of South rn Slavs , t e richn ss H of whose literature inspired in him an eloqu ent pride . e felt

the fi res e himself to be a Slav , and all b of his b ing trembled at the thought of the decisive struggle in which Christians were

e h h engaged against Mohamm dans , and t e Slavs against t e

e ma nifi barbarians . This patriotism found its expr ssion in g

e e the e e K c nt d scriptions of romantic Balkan sc n ry at osovo , D e . f h h Marica , Smed revo , and ubrovnik O t e latter city e sings

Ah da bi at 71th akna s ade , j

‘ éimo mimn 13slobodan

D u br vni i r o Ee, biel g ade,

’ v a n sla an swet , nebu ugoda l

J o § s red us ta uta ma a ! a j ,

i nokata biesna. lava , ’ oko tebe s oba kmja slovins ka e sva dréc wa j .

Rabaml s vo i s s di u t j u a , te §ke site swim gospode;

' tee vladmie samo stedt

n na b ris t l u ad slobode. 5 2 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

Oh ma s ve as now d , y t thou li thou os t , a- ne eed m eac e n tu with fr o , p ful tow , ' c as e e eaven s s thou tl whit , thou h tru t ,

D b vn k c en n u ro i , ity of r ow !

’ T s n the a n s m hough till withi dr go outh , to fierc e and fiery lions a mate yet round th ee s preads from north to s outh

th all- e ad n S av e p rv i g l ic s tat e .

Nei hb ors ee the b nds men ar g to th , o e , oppres s ive V iolenc e grinds the m all b eyond great powers near or far ’ r n thou a t our freedom s s e es c hal .

Can V W . ( to I I I ,

e ze the e - e the Osman To r ali poch making charact r of , it must be remembered that i t was the firs t epic an ticipating the u nifi a i c t o n of the Southern Slavs . I t sings of the kings

’ the Nemari a m the of fa ily , bans of Bosnia and Croatia , with h t e same e nthusiasm as it glo rifies the patrons of Dubrovnik .

‘’ The e ze the e . po t apostrophi s h roism of M ilos Obilic , Marko

Kra i an H r nifi s lev é d Herceg Ste pan . e pe s o e Ge orge Branko “ ” vio h with his twelve sons as t e Jugoslav Laocoon . Accord ing to his poe tic imagination even Alexander the Great is a

’ Serbian (S rbl am n) because he ruled Macedo nia which late r on was i nherited and governed by the Serbians

U pjes an s e s tow? odavna 0d Les andm S rbl anina

vrh wih c drd c dra sl avna .

It was written in the song long ago of Alexander the Serb ian

s a glorious emperor above all empe ror .

Can 111 W . 6 6 ( to ,

As Gu nd uli c did no t keep aloof from political life he was

h e e e profoundly moved in t e sphere of gov rnm nt , r ligion , morals and human feelings which were then changing the

n he the world . I n utteri g the e nthusiasm of t hour , and all n n i e he ew se sibil ties that were stirring in his own h art , had divined at the decisive turn of Slavdom what the future would the e disclose . He had more sympathy for national id als

e T f than any of the earlier Jugoslav writ rs . he e fort of h n rano vié Vetra nié t e precedi g generation (Cu b , , Sasin) to GUNDUL I é AND HI S TIME S 5 3 attain a mastery of form and of artistic execution had

e n an failed . I t was left for this po t to bring dictio d rhythm to as high a pitch of artistic perfectio n as had ever been attained

e the Os man e before him . The structur and diction of is a larg m n and varied instrume nt . The supremacy of this poe t a o g all the poetic artists of his country is in that subtle fusion of the music and the meaning of language which touches the m ost

H e e h e n e e secre t springs of emotion . e vok s t e motio s of r v r

n e e and the e e ence and of year ing for a high r spiritual lif , s ns of

e e e nobleness in human affairs . Th se and oth r qualiti s of his genius make him by universal acknowledgmen t the greatest 1 literary artist which D ubrovnik produced .

11

The contemporary of Gu ndu lié was J u nije Palmo ti c ( 1 6 06 who was also descended from a n oble family of D ubrov

e e e nik . In his youth he began to compos v rs s in Latin , but

li He Gu ndu é persuaded him to give up such sterile work .

B e then started to study with ardor the Jugoslav language .

’ Gundulic: een k s c e ven d amas wrote eight wor , of whi h le were r .

M s em e s e d n he ea ak e and fire 1 6 6 His Os man o t of th p ri h d uri g t rthqu of 7 . in 2 0 c antos (in s tanza s of four lines of eight feet) was printed for the firs t me in Ra sa in 1 82 6 u an s XI — X ar i n a b t c V V e s . s e e ti gu , two to ( ) lo t It g r lly b elieved that the Ragus an Senate s uppres s ed them from c ons ideration for the S an the ec the Re b c tho s e two s n s av n b een ult , prot tor of pu li , . o g h i g v en an -T k s T e e a d a e fin m ns P iol tly ti ur i h . h y were r pl c e l t r by e c o pos itio of . ‘’ — So rk oc evié ( 1 749 1 82 8) and I van Mai uranié ( 1 8 1 4 The b es t edition of the c omplete work s of Gundulié was publis hed by the J ugos l av Ac ademy Sc enc es and A s Start is c i hrvats ki vo l a eb m an of i rt ( p , . IX , Z gr , I port t c ontributions to biography and textua l c ritic is m o n Gu nd u lié are c ontai ned “ in the n ea s es : F M A end n Mem a s a v a e s followi g tr ti . . pp i i , ori ull it ugli s c di G an anc es c Go nd a Ra s a 1 82 A ens en Gu nduli é u nd ritti i Fr o ol , gu , 7 ; . J , “ ” s ein s man 1 00 M Ban n n las O . 0 va Gu d uliéu G s s k e ak ade , 9 ; , I u , rp m I — “ ” e V . 1 2 A . Pavié O k o m o zic i i Gu nd u liéeva Os mana ij , pp 3 ; , p j , “ Ra k d d . a a . 1 0 i L . e O k o m o zic i i Gu nd u li j ug XXXI I 4 fl ; Zor , p j “ éeva Os mana I bid 1 1 Al ori nd i o , . , XXXI X 5 fi. ; eg je u Gu u l éev j ” “ Os manidi I dem I bid 1 Mark o i k a . C V F . vié Es tet é , , X I 99 , ” c c ena Gundulié va s m na I bid LV L L LI R e O a . V I 1 8 . , X I , X I I , , ( 79 “ ” B and I s to rik o -literaturm az em I Gund uliéa Os mana K ev r t , ] r bor po i . , i , ‘’ “ ' ” 1 88 M R M n . ese a Die e k Gu dulié A r h e XX 9; t r , tri s , c i f. s l av. Philol . V “ 2 0 i Os s Mak owe Be a e z d n n n i s 5 fl ; ip j, itr g u e Q uelle des Gu d ul é c en Os man I bid - . V 1 1 00 h , XX I 7 . 54 EARLY JUGOSLAV LI TERATURE cause at Dubrovnik the national dialect was changed by its e he mixtur with I talian , went to Bosnia where the Slav spirit

e h had been kept most pure . Th re e applied his cleve r talent h to many different things . But e did not prove himself capable

e the e of gr at originality in choic of hi s subj ects , although he n h ro lific e h was o e of t e most p writ rs in t e Ragusan period .

F are Pavlimir Danic a our of his important dramas , ,

' B is erm c a and Captislava . Narratives connected with the founding of Dubrovnik inspired his Pavlimir . This is a sort “ ” e e Pavlimir n of Ragusan A n id , correspondi g to Aeneas . He

e the D com s from abroad , founds city of ubrovnik , marries h e he t e beautiful Margar ta , whom discovers there , and become s otac s lovens kog naroda (the father of the Slavo nic ’ T he D anic a z people) . is a dramati ed episode from Ario s to s “ ” F IV— VI e z Orlando urioso ( ) , transplant d and acclimati ed to h the Bosnian and Ragusan soil . Danica is t e enslaved dau gh

ter the . Sh e he of Bosnian king , Ostoja e was sav d by t Ragu

Mati as e e the san knight j , who lat r becam ban of Croatia . ’ Some motifs of this play a re akin to Shakespeare s comedy “ ” Much Ado About Nothing . Captis lava is less historic and more fantastic ; the chief ré les a re played by ghosts and

a is la : T i nymphs . C pt va (read sapt slava) is the daughter of

m She the King of Captat (Tsaptat or Epidau ru ) . is in love

the e Gradimir the e her with Hungarian princ , , bu t fath r wants

e e . A e her to marry a S rbian princ nymph h lps in this cabal ,

s he e e the e e her e and lop s with Hungarian princ , whil sist r mar 2 ' h B n . ries the Serbian prince . T e is erm c a is still more fa tastic

the he a tislc wa I t is virtually continuation of t C p , and almost

’ all important rfiles a re played by vilem c e (nymphs) and

' vilem c i (dragons) . a e e Palmo tié e e In ddition to th s four dramas , in which c l b rat h e e he e e e a ed t e exploits of Slavic h ro s , wrot s v r l imita

the m e tions based on Latin and I talian sources . Thus at rial

A léina e the A rmida for his was tak n from Ariosto , and for

A alanta from Tasso . The mythological play t is based on ’ “ ” ' k X an the Natec afie ato z e e b . Ovid s M tamorphos s ( ) , d Uj

2 On the e s d ama s ee the a c e R. B and P n s k tek s tu t xt of thi r , rti l of r t , ri o ” ‘’ Palmo tié ve Ca tisl ave in the rada za o ves t k fiizevno sti hrvats ke I V e p , G p ,

pp . GUNDULI é AND HI S TIMES 5 5

Ulisa (The Raci ng of Ajax and Ulysses) on the same work

k . o e e the e e e (b . XI I I) H w v r , Ovid was mod l not only for th s Elena U rab ena The two dramas , but for a third , g t ( Raped Helen) His L avi nia and D o§as tje 0d E nee k A nkizu (T he Com ing of Aeneas to Anchises) a re two dramatic compositions of ’ “ ” - n which the subj ect matter was borrowed from Virgil s Ae eid .

e th A c hilles To this category of dramas b long also e , following “ ” - H h A hill is f P. th e si le t e c e o Statius , and e tragi com dy , yp py , “ ” in h Ar n i relating to episodes t e g o au t c a of V . Flac c u s .

he e Palmo tié e e Upon t whol , was unqu stionably a po tic and

e he as e e dramatic creative forc , but w not a g nius who was abl

H man to rej ect the traditional form and create a new o ne . e aged to g et more from the old materials than any o ne else b e e in e e he e e e e for him , and c rtain dir ctions v n add d som thing

e he e im ro vis new. His biograph rs say that was a marv llous p e the e e the Ser ator , and a mast r of all r sourc s of harmonious

n an e e e e the e bian language . His so gs d satir s w r quit rag in

e . e o ne e e e he soci ty Whil p rson was singing a v rs , was com

n e e en e n . e e posing a oth r , mor t rtaini g and gay His arly duca m tion had left deep traces on hi . Religious feeling inspired ada n The his earliest work Chris ti a d most o f his lyric poems . n - Chris tiada was printed in 1 6 70 . I t is a epic of twenty four e cantos . I ts cont nt is a mixture of Christian traditions and

e an remnants of Gr ek , Latin d Slavic mythology . I t was pat ently remodelled on the similar work of Marco Vida (an I talian

’ poet of the sixteenth cen tury) with a large number of remam e m n e ts or rehandlings . I n Jugoslav lette rs this poem has ’ “ ” about the same claim as Klopstock s M essias in German ’ “ ” n 3 a d M ilton s Paradise Lost in English literature . One of the best Ragusan lyric poe ts of the 1 7 th century is

e e a r n Ivan Bunic (d . Th r e few documents deali g with his life . I t is known that he was a nobleman who occupied

3 The c omplete work s of Palmotié~ have b een edited by the Jugos lav

Ac ad m Star is rv s k — XI V a 1 882— e t c i h at i v s . eb y ( p , ol XI I , XIX , Z gr , 4 , A s ummary bearing on the text and interpretation of his dramas and poems “ ’ is n M R s ve . e e a Te k k von Palmotié s D amen A rc hie gi by t r , Zur xt riti r , “ f. s av P XV 1 A h l . hilol . 38 17. Zur ers ten us gab e des C ris tias des J . ” “ ” Palmo ié I d I bid t . . V 20 2 A . Pavié uni e Palmo tié , XXI 9 17 ; , J j , “ Rad u o s l . ak ad . L V LXX van Kas u mo vié zv j g X I I I I , I ori ” mo i h Pal t éevi ama I s i ile A kita Ibid CLV . 1 dr p p i , . I pp 35 f . 5 6 EARLY J UGOSLAV LITERATURE

' a n e e h e high positio in public s rvic , and e r ceived the title of

Vir mu ltara m a rti u m et c ons u mati u dic ii j . He wrote a c o llec

e e e P landovafia tion of lov songs n titl d (Otiosities) , several e e Pastirs ki Raz ovori P e n clogu s , g ( astoral Conv rsations) , o e

’ e P es m D u hovne book of sacred po ms , (Spiritual Songs) n n e Manda ena Pokornic a a d o e e e the Pe n . pic , l (Magdal n nite t) The lyrics of B u nié a re in more perfect form than the h 1 H poe try of his predecessors of t e 6 th ce ntury . e was able to

e e a nd finenes s e e n combin with spiritual d licacy of p rf ctio ,

humanitas e e he that , which is so ss ntial to t poets of the “ e a r h Renaissance . His eclogu s e modelled on t e Idyls of

e the e the e e u bd ra n Th ocritus , but nam s of p rsonag s (L g , L i k i m l Ra l a Za rk Z . r Rad o c o o etc a e . bica , , , g , orka , ) J ugoslav

e e n the e e the e me Th s pastoral so gs , for most part , xpr ss s nti nt inspired by the beauty of human relationships and the world

e . e e he D the e e at larg Th y sugg st t charm of almatia , fr sh lif

the R the e e e the e and of agusan spring , d licat hu s of wild flow rs the quie t beauty of the pastures and orchards of his native

S i ritu al P ems are reflec tio ns district . His p o mostly on God ,

e . e a re e e . man and lif Th y pl asing , philosophical , and sublim Magdalene the P enitent is the same Mary Magdalene who was 4 ” mentioned by the Evangelists as the sinner out of whom “ ” n u lié e he seven devils were go e forth . As G nd u divid d t ‘ T a r o the P rodi a l on n ee lac a e n e s f g S i to thr p (b waili gs) , so ’ The Bunio divided his poem into three evil erta (wailings) .

firs n h e e e the t o e sings of t e entranc of Magdal n to church ,

e she e a nd e n ee e her n wh re s es Christ b gi s to w p , conf ssing si s

e and anointing his fee t . In the second wailing Mary go s to the e ne n e e s he finds e e e hous of o Simo , wh r again J sus , and wh r s he ee her e an e e he r moistens his f t with t ars , d wip s th m with

e he r : Tebi resi s u o ro§teni er Si mno o hair , and J sus says to g p , j g

u bila ee a re e e l (Unto th thy sins forgiv n , for thou hast lov d m s h ee ruc ified uch) . In the third canto e s s Christ c , assists at

the e e e e e e on . At s he ntombm nt , and witn ss s his r surr cti last

The e e e has a vision , and talks with Him . po m includ s som splendid lyric passages full of the purest religious fervor .

4 The New Tes tamen L ke VI I 6 — 0 V 1 — X n t, u , , 3 5 ; II I , 3 ; , 39; Joh , XI , M h XV V Ma k XI V 2 2 1 1 1 6 att . , 5 , 3 ; XI I , 3 ; XXI I , , ; , , 39; XX I , 7 ; r , , X I 1 3 ; V , .

5 8 EARL Y JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

The new of Ragusan learning . only literary phenomenon of

he e the e n t p riod was ris of a school of history , chro ology and

. T he e ee e e biography ight nth c ntury b ars a peculiar stamp .

he e e I t is t century of compilations , r s arches , copying and com m n in the e n h e t g upon manuscripts , coll cti g t e materials and preservi ng them for future generatio ns . Fo r literary and s c ientific purposes there were founded “ at Dubrovnik in the 1 8th century seve ral societies or ac ade ”

e . e e o e e e e e e e e mi s As indicat d abov , n of th s soci ti s xist d ven

' h 1 6 e the A kademz a Sloémh N in t e th c ntury , j ow there

’ ne he A ade t a an were four more societies . O was t k m j D gu bmh

e Otio s o ru m e the e the 1 a n (Acad mia ) , found d at nd of 7 th d n co n tinued in the 1 8 th ce tury . I ts president or director was

e e D o rdié a nd e D for a c rtain tim Ignat , its found r ura Mati ’ 2 n The e h jevic: ( 1 6 6 9 li guist and satirist . m mbers of t e i Academy were : Ivan Alet é Natali (d . lexicographer ;

’ ’

Ste c: d . P etar A leksievic e po Rusi ( author of , an pic glorifying the reforms of Pe te r the Great a nd Russia at large ;

’ Ig rrat Gradié ( 1 6 5 5 author of the Plam Severs ki

N e e the ( orth rn Glow) , also an apoth osis of Russia and “ ” h n z ri e n e t. e . Pe e t e e e Zu o é north r h ro , , t r Gr at ; B r ardo ( 1 6 83 a J esuit orator who left u s B es ede D u hovne m (Spiritual Ser o ns) ; Fran o Lalic (d . who wrote

B estu anstvo n e e é (I dol nc ) , a philosophical and didactic com ’ 3 position ; Viéentije Pe trovic: ( 1 6 77 a lyrist ; Ivan r in 1 6 6 2 e 1 1 2 e e Bunic , J . , born , di d in 7 , who was s v ral

e e the e m m e e times pr sid nt of R public , and fro who r main d only a few translatio ns of the Latin poets .

' Another socie ty was the A kademija Pokladm h (Academy

n definitel n . of the Bacchanals) . I ts m embership is o t y know More important than this was the A kademija 0d Stu raka

e the e e 1 1 (Acad my of Crick ts) , found d in 7 9 in opposition to

e e F n Getaldié the Academy of the Otio s i. I ts pr sid nt was ra o

n . Ko ntis ti . fl . 1 6 0 the n e Gledevié a d P é ( 5 ) and fou d rs , Antun This academy did not have such a reputa tion as the Academia

' Some of Matijevié s poems have the following titles : Women in the

s n s A ains rldl L ov P re e t Times ; A Little P oem in P rais e of Shrew ; g t Wo y e.

his b a and s me his La n ems s ee D a Kerbler Rad For iogr phy o of ti po , ur , kad a 1 86 . 1 8 j ug . . , lib . pp 5 THE A CA DEMIES AND SOCIETIES 5 9

Otio s o ru m neither because of its works nor because of its mem

- — e the the . The bers . At tim s i t was laughing stock of town A kademija Slovens kog J ezika (Accademia della Lingua Slava) e e e was also a lit rary soci ty , with its s at not in Ragusa the but in the e ternal city of Rome . I ts main goal was cultiva tion of the Slavonic languages and literature . I t appears that the m embers of that society were in correspondence with the

i s i Academy of the Ot o .

11

e e the e e the e the Otio s i As said b for , pr sid nt of Acad my of

’ was Ig r1at D o rdié ( 1 6 75 His name however was not known so much in connection with that position as through n his poems , his religious compositio s and his historica l writings .

e he e e e Whil still a youth studi d rh toric , po try and philosophy ,

erf tin n e e ee F . p ec g his philologic k owl dg of Gr k , Latin and rench

e the e we e e he the Ent ring gr at council in his t nti th y ar , had

e he the e e e int ntion of marrying , as was last mal d sc ndant of n n his family . Later he cha ged his mind and we t to Rome where he e ntered the J esuit order and remained about eight

. 1 06 years Returning home he lived as a man of le tters . In 7 he e e e the e e e e firs t n e nt r d B n dictin ord r , changing his am from

e m he e e e e Nikola to Ignat . Aft r that ti e trav lled s v ral tim s to

N e P an Ve e s c ientific and e I taly ( apl s , adua d nic ) for lit rary

e e e . One Vitae et Ca rmina r s arch s of his works is in Latin , nonnu lloru m illu s triu m c iviu m Ra u sinoru m e e the g , dit d by Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts I t is o ne of the best sources for the biographies of the Ragusan authors .

e a re e n n n e e e Oth r works in S rbia , but u fortu at ly som of th m

e e e m e e the e hav r main d in manuscript for , sp cially lov songs , written before he en tered the order of J esuits . Like his pre e e n he e E c lo u es e e e d c ssor Bu ic , wrot g , but with som what b tt r

H x l e the e . e eft e e zdasi succ ss than latt r two pic po ms , U

’ Mandatene Pokorm c e (Sighs of Magdale ne the Pe niten t) and

Pri oves 0d K ra a S elimim The K Selimir e p l ( Story of ing ) , o n ’ Ma rz mko t Pavic o the ee ié s parody , , written in style o f Gu t “ ” s n udith finis h e o e J ed . He e the D rvi , and drama , (not ) mad

' e e e n the P m Salttr b st and most compl t tra slation of sal s ,

Slovens ki The ( Slavonic Psalter) . He turn ed into Serbian 6 0 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

’ v m e e the e St. Razl e e rs pray rs of Tho as Aquinas , ik P s m ’ “ ” D u hozme V V ( arious Spiritual Songs) , irgil s Ae neid (firs t

and e . book) , works of som I talian writers Oi all these writings the most important is the Sighs of

Ma dalene the P end ent e 1 0 an g , compos d about 7 5 d published in

1 2 8 T D r i 7 . he material which o d é took for his Magdal ene is a ’ 4 little diffe rent from B u nié s . His poem is based on a legend h which took root in t e Latin Church during the M iddle Ages .

e e e n e According to this tradition , Mary Magdal n b lo g d to a wealthy family at Magdala and B ethany ; s he abused all her

e e e e h admirabl gifts to t mpt oth rs to sin , and aft r t e Ascension s he remained at B ethany till the disciples we re scattered by persecution which followed the martyrdom of Stephen .

her e and her e z Mary , sist r Martha , broth r La arus , with some other companions were placed in a boat by their persecutors and were providen tially carried without oars or sails

e e e to Mars ill s , where by their preaching and miracl s they

e e the e n . z e w e conv rt d h athe La arus was mad bishop , hil

e e e her e e the e e e Mary , r m mb ring sins , r tir d to wild rn ss and liv d

F s he a life of extreme asceticism for thirty years . inally was 5 T he carried up to heaven in the arms of ascending angels . story is extended and dilated by D o rdié into eight cantos or

Th e uzdisafia (the sighs) with 6 8 1 strophes . e metrical structur

e e the of this po m is not always r gular , but diction is vivid

e e e e fi u res . and light , with ampl antith s s and rh torica l g I t is not without s ig nific a nc e that o ne of his contemporaries pro n n m re o u c ed it the best poem of its time . Fo r o than two ' centuries no real attempt has been made to supplant it— with 6 few attempts to correct or add to it even a line .

u a See s pr . “ ” 5 m n h A ta Sanc to u m Vid . De 5 Ma a M d na a d Mas s ilia i t e c . ri ag ale pu , r ,

ulii V 1 88 J , s q. 3 ' M A Vido v é ans a ed s e c n a an Sos tri di Maddalena . . i tr l t thi pi i to It li , p penitente Of the Italian a uthors who c ultivated the s ame theme are An n A mann o r A amann his c med L a ra res entazione to io le i ( l o) with o y , pp della c onversione di S anta Maria Maddalena and Eras mo da Valva

' s ne 1 2 — 1 his e c em La n me di santa Marta Madda o ( 5 3 5 93) with pi po , g l a n n h s m s ec the en . Oi moder European plays deali g with t e a e ubj t ’ mos t popular are Pa ul Heys e s Maria won Magdala ( 1 899) and Ma uric e ’ ’ Maeterlinc k s Marie Magdaletne CHAPTER VI I I

THE MORALISTS AND MINOR AUTHORS I

The faint flame of J ugoslav literature flic k ered out before

the 1 8 e e e e . e e th c ntury had r ach d its clos Int ll ctually , it was ’ ’ certainly not a glorious century in I llyria s (Jugoslavia s)

e e e et e e ee e e d v lopm nt , and y th r had b n som g rms of Vitality and elements of promise in it. What might have happened had the nation been spared the desolation of the Turkish

b e diffi ult e he inroads , it would c to say , bu t it is c rtain that t general unrest produced by the wars re tarded the growth of n h literature . The mai fact is that t e Jugoslav people fell into m h a slavish i itation of t e customs and ideas of foreign countries .

T he e he the e n Croatians imitat d t I talians , Slov nia s both the

the e n the e e I talians and G rma s , and S rbs , Orthodox in r ligion , imitated the Russians . That this period of imitation and assimilation lasted so l ong was du e to the untoward political and social conditions . However , som e indications of a revival

e e e b e e of int ll ctual lif could found in a p riod of romanticism , n which was soon followed by a ratio alistic movement . This

' e e e firs t the e e how v r agitat d at surfac of national lif , and its real s ignific anc e was perceived only in the succeeding

e . T he e e e e e e e e c ntury principal r pr s ntativ s of th s mov m nts ,

a re the a e e the firs r who at s m tim t Jugoslav moralists , a e

Kaéié D s i i i Andra and o t je Ob rado v é .

‘’ Andra KaEié Mio s ié ( 1 702 — 1 76 0) is the Jugoslav Percy

fir H D the s t . e and national bard was born in Brist , almatia ,

en e th and as son of a country g tl man , had to g o to e monastery

Z firs of aostrog for his t education . Late r on he studied

n - philosophy a d theology at Bu da Pest . Re turning home he e e e h b cam l cturer on t e same subj ects in the city of éibenik . e e e e in - B ing int r st d Jugoslav folklore , as a public spirited man he travelled in his spare tim e from town to town and took

e n I n he e az o o not s of natio al traditions . this way wrot his R g v r Ugodni Naroda Slovens koga (Pleasant Talk of the Slavonic

’ Pe e 2 60 e P es mamc a The opl ) , a book of po ms , or ( Book of 62 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

1 e . e Ra o Songs) , as it was popularly call d Th se zg vors a re not

e n e e r al folk songs , but o ly historical narrativ s , coll cted and written in the ballad -style of the medieval minstrels and o Russian k bza rs . In addition to almost eve ry o ne of his ballads the author gives commentaries o n the Slavonic n e and e e cou tri s , r cords in pros by chronological order the

He heroes they produced . strengthen ed the Jugoslav idea of n e and e n ational consciousn ss , his work soon b came o e of the m n m 2 ost popular amo g the asses . His main characteristics a re e e 1 6 purity of languag and simplicity o f styl , I n 7 4 his

’ Pes ma mc a n e n n D es c ri tio S olu ta was tra slat d i to Lati , p , by ‘’ m i Mi s i Emerico di Budua (E er k Pavié) . o é wrote other books

' K b a P ri a eti a . 1 m El emento e t c 2 o zc . ( p , pub 75 , l , pub but they a re of less literary value .

’ Associated with Mio sic: as moralist and popular writer was the philosopher D o s itije Ob rad ovié ( 1 742 the founder H n of the rationalistic school in Serbian literature . e was bor A fi h ak v he s n e . t rs in C o o , Banat , t o of a furri r t e

e e e e ee e th was appr ntic d to a trad , bu t lat r proc d d to e 3 h e H vo . e e e e e monast ry of o po , Syrmia H r sp nt consid rabl e e a nd e e m m e D m tim , b cam a onk , changing his original na i i

n a e n trij e i n to D o s itije . Showi g more ptitud for learni g than

e the he e e the e cons cration to Church , scap d from cloist r and

e D e e ee e and visit d Croatia , almatia , Mont n gro , Corfu , Gr c ;

H a n . e e d ee Asia Minor learn d Latin , I talian Gr k , and studi ed the moral a nd philosophical sci ences which flourished at that time among the Greeks . Still wishing to study and

n e e he e e F n e acti g as a privat teach r , visit d G rmany , ra c and

and e the e e l e and England , mad acquaintanc of th ir anguag s 4 1 806 O ra vié e e e e no w th literatures . In b do r turn d to B lgrad , e

h e e capi tal of J ugoslavia , where e end d his days as an ducator

1 was firs t b s ed in Ve nic e 1 6 ten ea s the c a n I t pu li h , 75 , y r prior to publi tio ’ of the famous Perc y s Reliques of A nc ient E nglis h P oetry 2 '’ ’ P Solarié s ee m m c a ed him na veéi iliri c es kt es motvor ac the . . ( f ) ll j t (

a s s av e a h neve a d ned him s n s k avet gre te t Jugo l po t) , lthough e r p r o for u i g j ds ns ead d s c hic wt t a. La n s in S v n C c e or e ( i , ti letter la o ic wor ) i t of yrilli . Q uot

N Andri Rad k d li 1 0 . 1 6 . by . é , j ug . a a . , b . 5 p 3 3 ' ’ See T Os Dosite Obradomc u Ho ovu . toj ic , j p 4 D n his s a in En and he e ens ve ead Sw P e and A d uri g t y gl xt i ly r ift , op d i o n at n V s on o M a n m his e e s he ave s (Spec t or a d i i f irz ) . I s o e of l tt r g good THE MORA LI STS A ND MINOR A UTHORS 63

e e e n m he and man of l tt rs , much as Em rso , with who has

M . some points in common , did at Concord , ass

ra vié e e e e — e The life of Ob do is an xampl of a r al s lf mad man , o ne of those noble spirits who begi n with n othi ng and succeed

He e n by their extraordinary perseverance . tak s rank amo g the foremost Jugoslav writers who mastered the philosophical

1 8 n . He e e e rationalism of the th ce tury l ft s v ral works .

firs he fines t o ne The t and perhaps t is his autobiography ,

‘ Zivot i P rik u rfeni a e e e e the t j (Lif and Adv ntur s) , writt n in n vernacular as spoken in Serbian tow s . I t was published in 1 783 and is full of didactic eloquence and abiding enthusiasm

n Th n e e e for letters and scie ces . e work abou ds in v h m nt

e the n e the e e the prot sts against ignora c and idl n ss of monks ,

e which he had experienced p rsonally , and which destroyed o ne of the most cherished ideals of his youth . I t imme diatel e e m e e e y mad a gr at i pr ssion on his cont mporari s , and

' soon was followed by the publicationof the Savett Zdravoga Kazu ma (Counsels of Pure Reason) and especially by his

' Fa bles of A es op a nd Other Writers T he Savett a re a collection of essays which rise into the region of moral and

n . T h ho m e religious meditatio e fables ( ) , of which some a re

e P e e F e a re ac m tak n from ha drus , L ssing and La ontain , c o

' panied by long origi nal commentaries or namvou femja

(morals) , written in a lively and interesting manne r for the

e h practical life of his readers . To him b longs t e credit of being the firs t who introduced fable-writi ng not only into 5 Serbian but into Slavonic literature in general . I n 1 803 he

e E thic s o r Moral Philoso h o ne the remarka publish d p y , of most ac c ount s of the lit erary and s oc ial life of England in the eighties of the eigh t n h c n He had es ec a - nd d O n ns o n n ee t e tury . p i lly well fou e pi io E glis h women and s c a ac e z n em as e eme ea c ea es rekm s na girl , h r t ri i g th xtr ly b utiful r tur (p s a H a s h tvoreri . e s r e : 1 ad a s and e es no ) y fu th r If thou y , I would t b e

ed k n at em a tho us ands ears ! The n k h n tir loo i g th for y lo ger you loo , t e ha d s m a ea D e e . o s b e s a e o s a o n o r th y pp r to you you wi h to f , g tr ight your

wa do no t anc e at em n a s e s a ds m n y , gl th , for if you o ly r i your eye tow r the a d ' k dn loo , you c oul t proc eed fa rther ; you will remain there forever .

' Zivot i rik u éem a Dimitrz a Obradoméa 1 8 1 06— S s k ( p l j j , I I , 93, p . rp a ' k ri ii vna za a n e drug , . 5 I n this way Ob rado vxc was the forerunner of the illus trious Ru s s ian a s K v s e a les a ea ed a fift ea s a f buli t , rylo , who f b pp r bout y y r l ter . 64 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

ble of his speculative works . His compositions P ervenac

F Mezimac are ( irst Essay) and (Last Essay) of no high merit . The writings of Ob rado vié enj oyed an excessive popularity

th e e at e tim of his d ath , but since then they have undergone e m appar nt di inution , and will probably continue to decrease in popularity . This eminent philosophical reformer and rowettte e e e was e e — p } ( nlight n r) a v ry hon st man no sophist ,

no e . e e e rh torician In a lucid , int lligibl and convincing styl , he placed before Jugoslav readers Views of an advanced

e the e h charact r , with valu of which e was sincerely impressed .

e e the he e How v r , as to durability of his books , is f rvid with

e n e n e e out b i g xhilarati g , h artf lt without being convincing .

e e e n e Sk ptical , pr cis and plai , his books inspir respect , but 6 e n unfortunat ly do not attract ew generations of admirers . I I

I n the 1 7th and 1 8th centuries literature was cultivated in the Southern Slav provinces by a great many persons who

e e e h have no plac at all , or but a s condary plac , in t e history

he e e e e . e of t d v lopm nt of styl Th y must not , however , b e

e e ntirely overlook d , and for practical purposes they may be

ee e . Fi e e e e e divided into thr class s rstly , th r w r thos who m e e e e e e e . e continu d to i itat th ir pr d c ssors in po try S condly , there were those who had some thi ng to say about s c ientific

5 h k s r d vx n v a m s T e c omplet e wor of Ob a o c have bee publis hed s e er l ti e .

h firs ed n is Vo zarev é in 1 0 s B ad -Kra va 1 T e t itio by G . i , vol . , eogr guj e c , 833

1 8 6 s ec nd ed n em n 1 8 0 h c d Naro dna Biblio tek a B a e 3 ; o itio , Z u , 5 ; t ird . by r c — k o vano viéa PanEevo 1 88 2 1 88 S a e ed . . S erlié Be a J , , 4 ; fourth t t by J , ogr d ,

h h s k s s k a k niZ a za 1 91 1 . T e s el ec tions of i wor were publis hed by Srp evn ' d a Be ade as s Zivot i P rik u bem a I - B as ne rug of lgr follow t j , I I ,

' I I I D omaéa Pismo I zbar iz P ou Emh Sastava T here are in Jugos lav and foreign languages many ac c es s ible es s ays b earing on the life and work s of Ob rado vié ; s ome of the bes t of thes e are ’ ‘’ And Gav v D ositt e Obradovi é k ri izevne ras rave n v rilo zi m s . rilo ic , j , p , o i p , i li i ‘’ b el s k e Be ad 1 00 K . RadEenk o Serb s k i is atel Do s ite Ob rado vié e , ogr , 9 ; , p j

i r rna a a no s K 1 I bid E n e Beme k n en e l te atu de tel t ev 8 . i j go j j , i , 97 ; i ig r u g ’ ” r das L en und die a s c Th ti k eit Do s ithe Ob radovié s fib e eb liter ri h e a g j , M ié i h a f s P . ev D os t eu Obr A rc hie . av . . . S s l . hilol XXI I pp 5 94 fi; , dovié ein s e b s c e Au fklarer des V a n e s Le z 1 8 , r i h r X I I I J hrhu d rt , ip ig, 99; “ van ge c e O Dos ite u Obrado viéu Rad . ak ad . . 1 1 6 1 I r r , j , j ug , lib 34 8 L Le e La ena ssanc e intelec tuelle de la na n s e e : ean Raitc h 1 9; . g r , r i tio rb J ” — Dos i h rado vi h J ournal des savants Se . Oc t. 1 1 1 . et t ée Ob tc , , pt 9

66 EARL Y JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

e e In pros composition , as in po try , the national spirit is n marked by an abunda t output . Among the historians most

e e d s rving of notice is Mavro Orbin (d . whose I l Regno ' ' 9 de lt lam n n g S is a mo ume tal work . I t is distinguished by clearness of exposition and is the firs t attempt to deal with the h m 1 0 history of t e Slavs as a co prehensive whole . Other his to rians are Ivan Valvaz o r ( 1 64 1 who dealt with the

e e an Kri g ography and cultural history of Slov nia , d Juraj

‘’ z n e 1 6 1 the e Panslavis m ves lav n vo a i ( 7 fath r of (S e st ) ,

e e e whos historical and politico conomic writings , don in Russian contain much i n teresti ng information about n l 11 the social life of all Slavo ic pe0p es . George Brankovic 1 6 — 1 1 1 e e e e ( 45 7 ) wrot a chronicl of ov r pag s , which remained in MS . form and was only partially published after

‘’ Krizani he e . e é e his d ath Lik was an ard nt partisan of Russia ,

e the and as such an obj ct of suspicion to Austrian Court . 12 n e n which kept him in priso for many y ars u til he died . With him must be m entioned Jovan Raj ic ( 1 72 6 who wrote the His tor o the Serbs Croats and B u l ars the firs t e y f , g , syst matic

the the Z r i work on past of Jugoslavs , and Hristifor efa o v é

e t mato ra h (d . whos S em g p y for a long time has been h regarded as t e best book on Slavonic heraldry . The works of

as ili Pe r ié 1 0 s other historians , V je t o v ( 7 9 M iho M ili ic ‘’ ( 1 7 1 1 Adam KrEelié ( 1 7 1 5 and Jovan M uska i t ro vié ( 1 743 a re of only local importance . The men of science who deserve to b e remembered a re Marin Getaldié ( 1 5 66 Ruder Boskovic ( I 7 1 1 ?— 1 787) Manojlo J ank o vié ( 1 75 8 and Atanas ije Stoj kovic ( 1 773 Fo r a time Getaldié held the chair of pro fes s o r of mathe matics in the University of Louvain . His

9 The R s s an ans a n s k Is torio ra a o tati a imene u i tr l tio of thi wor , g fij p j ‘

Sl av was made Theo fan Pro k 0 o vit5 and s e in Pe a 1 2 2 . y , by p , publi h d trogr d , 7 1 ° This work was o ne of the princ ipal s ourc es from whic h Gund ulié took s n ma terial for his epic O ma . 11 T he Pans lavis tic t eac hing and adventures of Kri zamc are extens ively

K h s k in his His or o Rus sm 1 2 . 2 . a d V O . lu ev t tre t e b y . c y y f , I I I , , pp 5 5 fi K k n h A r v En s ans a n L nd n s ee a s I V . u u evié i is ki ( gli h tr l tio , o o , l o l — i n X 1 1 . za o ves n c u u o s lo e s k u . p j g v , pp 75 “ ” 12 av k o vi Kri iEki ed na roslo s t S a U ars k o Vid . G rilo Vit é , t pogl p rb u g j,

' ‘’

1 . Glasmk s rpsk og u Eenog dru stva XXVI I I pp. 33 f THE MORAL I STS AND MINOR A UTHO RS 6 7

book P romotus A rc himedis was written in Latin and published H 1 6 0 . e e e in Rome , 3 is said to hav appli d algebra to

e e e D e e e een the firs f geom try b for scart s , and to hav b t to e fect B sk vié equations of the fourth degree . o o was a patte rn of the blended erudition that distinguishes the eightee nth cen tury

h firs scholarship . He is o ne of t e t savants who adopted New ’ he m ton s gravitation theory . Born at Ragusa , studied athe ma tic s and physics at the Collegio Roman o . I n 1 764 he e the the U e P 1 was call d to chair at niv rsity of avia , and in 773 was appointed Director of Optics to the French M inistry of

m are T o a Mari ne at Paris . His most i portant works he ri Phil osophiae Natu ralis ( 1 expou ndi ng the molecular theory

e e e era of matt r as w ll as his philosophical principl s , and Op

P er in n ia ad tic am et A s tronomiam t e t Op , which appeared in

1 785 in hy e volumes quarto . In addition to these he published E lemento Univers ae Mathes eos the substance of the

e e e D e Solis ac L u na cours of study pr par d for his pupils , and e 13 D efec tibu s ( 1 76 0) in lines . Jankovic and Stoj kovic ‘’ e e e he e e n w re cont mporari s of Boskovic , but t int ll ctual dista ce between these men is so great that they seem to belo ng to dif 14 ' T he s u e rfiial Fiziées k ofin n ferent e . c e oe S e ie ag s p ssay ,

’ (Treatise on Physics) of Mano jlo Jankovi c: cannot b e ' compared in any way with the brillian t treatises of Getaldié

‘’ or Boskovic .

3 1 The ec a s las k c mak es n e in s lav p uli rity of thi t wor , whi h it u iqu Jugo s ha is a s n s s m s and na a h literature , i t t it rea o ed y te of philo ophy tur l p e no mena en in La n ve s e and in the s ec a s a n D e Reru m Natu ra , writt ti r , p i l tr i of

b L c e s the e and s c s . The em as a e s s s c y u r tiu , po t phy i i t po whol how u h unrelieved intens ity of thought and feeling c oupled at times with s ombre “ ness a De am e his va in s c s a a e ze as n ns c ve th t l br , ri l phy i , c h r c t ri d it u i tru ti to ” an s n m nd n n n o n s s he a tro o er a u i telligible to a y e e l e . Sourc e for t life of ‘’

B s k v a n in a an enc and En s a c ves . On the c c as n o o ic bou d It li , Fr h gli h r hi o io of his c entenary the Jugos lav Ac ademy devoted three volumes of its m a in organ (Rad) to the memory of the great s c ientis t inc luding the a nd s m hi k s e Z v o c ena b b b a a c c s . S e iogr phy , i liogr phy riti i of wor ( i ot i ' ' ” de a R e a os i a Bo sk oviéa u s o meni y e s o o disri ic e s mrti ne o ve l ud r J p , p pr t g g , Rad k . a ad . v s 8 88 0 a e 1 88 j ug , ol . 7 , , 9 , Z gr b , 7 14 Manojlo J ank o vié was more noted as a philosopher and man of letters an H a B ana a d his c c s as a s c en s . e w s a na ve N vi Sad n th i ti t ti of o , t , riti e a d him as a d s u k Kar ié he e me Se an r g r ru e prec ur or of V ag , t r for r of rbi language . 6 8 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

I I I

Works of a religious tendency were written by the following

‘’ : i B r authors Matija Divk o v é (d . a to lo mej Kas ié ( 1 5 75 T o maé Hren ( 1 5 60 Atanasije GrgiEevié ( 1 5 90 Juraj Habdelié ( 1 609 Matija Kastelec 1 i i i A ( 6 2 3 Pavle Po s lo v é (d . V d ndrijasevié Kanii lié Z 1 (d . Antun of Po ega ( 700 Blai ’ Ku merde 1 8 Viéenti e t: 1 0 j ( 73 j Raki ( 75 Ivan J . Lu Eié Pavlovic -Mak aranin ( 1 75 8 Emerik Pav1c ( 1 7 1 6 ~ ‘’ Tomas Miklo usié ( 1 76 7 and Juraj Jape] ( 1 744 The last is the reputed translator of the whole Bible

he e e vetu Pismu tari a i n No into t Slov nian v rnacular , S S g ( vega) Tes tamenta 1 8 e e e the ( 7 4 B for Jap ], Scripture was

e the e e Prim i translat d by famous Slovenian r form rs , o Trubar 1 08 D ( 5 with many Ge rmanisms , and Juraj almatin ( 1 5 5 0— 1 5 89) who translated it into pmvi s lovens ki jezik (the

r true Slovenian language) . But their translations a e colored ’ e e e the e e by Luth r s t aching , whil popular v rsion of Jap l is h h fir made for t e Catholics . T e works of these s t theologians have many times been the cause of vehement dogmatic contro

e e e e e e e n h v rsi s , which hav n v r c as d in Jugoslavia amo g t e ecclesiastical writers . h e In t e domain of linguistic production , th re were many

e works written during this period , but they show littl origi h nality and much foreign influenc e . Through t e whole 1 8th

e n e he c ntury Serbia was i directly und r t sway of Russia , or 15 h rather of the Russian Orthodox Church . I n t e meantime

e e e e e e Slov nia and Croatia , owing to th ir d p nd nc on Austria

e e the . and Hungary , w r moulded by Roman Catholic Church Of the Jugoslav authors who followed the Russian models it is worth while to mention Zabarija Orfelin ( 1 72 6 Grig o rije T rlajié ( 1 76 6 and Pavle So larié ( 1 78 1 Orfelin

’ 15 n h s - va an a was no t ad He c e t e expres s ion Ru so Sta mo l gu ge , whic h re ily

n e s d h an ea n c and c h the influ u d r too by t e Serbi r di g publi , whi through enc e of the living dialec t b egan lat er to approac h nearer to Serb ian than to - - R s s an nd as a d Slaveno Serbs ki S av Se an . I n the l th u i , a w c lle ( l o rbi ) g c entury this artific ial literary j argon was s uperseded by the modern i Serbian language due to the efforts and reforms of Vuk Karag é . THE MORALI STS AND MINOR AUTHO RS 6 9

the firs t e e Slaveno -S erbs ki was the editor of Jugoslav r vi w , ' “ ” Ma azzn T rla ié the Xe D . g j , Slavonic nophon as Obra ’ he e Fé l n do vic: called him , is t translator of Marcus Aur lius , ne o

and some German authors . So larié was a vi gifted pupil of Ob rad o é . He left several translations from

F and e e Ge rman , rench , I talian English , as w ll as som original 16 linguistic and geographical essays .

e h S r The works of Croatian and Slovenian authors , lik t e e bian, hardly contributed anything towards progress in ling u is

a re Z P tic science and literature . Among them Ivan iga opovic ( 1 705 and Marko Poblin ( 1 735 who wrote e e fo r the e e o u la grammars , dictionari s and oth r books Slov n p p

Th F L vr tion in Carniola and Carinthia . e ranciscan monk , o o

' the Gramatic a L atino-I ll ri c a Lubuski (c . is author of y e a discourse of minor philological value . Of special

B rezo vaéki 1 e e interest is Tito ( 75 4 com dist and po t , a

man endued with an intellect pellucid and brilliant . He wrote ” in Latin as well as in Croatian (erroneously called Slavonian from the province of Slavonia) . Many satirical poems were published in the periodicals of that time . I n both his ribald songs and comedies he applied his rare powers of observation

the e e e e e e e to studying p culiariti s of v ry class of p opl , th ir

e . h n humors , prej udic s and passions To all these e k ew how ‘ Matt alf rabanc i ai to appeal with exquisite proprie ty . His play j G j ‘’ D ale (Matijas the Magic Student) was the firs t Croatian book written in §tokavs ki diale ct— the dialect which later was ac c epted as the literary language in all Jugoslavia .

1“ Ho w muc h So laric was influenc ed by Engli s h literature is diffic ult to s a His ans n Mu dro u bac I di s ki h n n P s s y . tr latio l n j (T e I dia hilo opher) i from “ ' ” a enc h b k L a de v v e e e ans la s c and s is n an Fr oo , rt i r h ur ux d o iété , thi o ly ’ “ ” m h m h s rfil s L s ad e ac t e a s C e te e d e e See N. Andrié R xtr t fro f ou tt r . ,

u . akad . lib 1 0 1 i g , . 5 p. 43 . CHAPTER I X

EPILOGUE

The literature of the Southern Slavs in the period of de cline ( 1 8th century) does not appear much superior in its

enre he e h fir g to t church lit rature of t e s t period . we have seen that in early stages of Serbian socie ty the art of writing

z was monopoli ed by monks and priests . These ecclesiastics

e e the firs t a e e e e w r who att in d a distinct lit rary utt ranc , in their translations of the Scriptures and their chronicles of

e e e e . e e national r ligious d v lopm nt Th ir sacr d books , canons ,

e e e n biographi s , apocrypha and pic rhapsodi s supplied a sta

e e . e e dard of lit rary tast But th s literary monuments , being

e e e the e e e e e e only pal s mblanc s of xt nsiv Gr cian lit ratur , remained sterile and without any wider influ enc e . They were

e e e e e and e e he e e d stitut of id as and s ntim nt , s rv d as t pl asur of m e h a small caste of noble en . Th y did not have t e slightest influenc e either on the people or on the Renaissance writers

e a re r li i of the Adriatic coast . Ther several political and e g o u

e e e e o ne he e caus s for this xclusiv n ss , but of t most evid nt is the dualism of language and orthography . The medieval Serbian literature was written in the Old Slavonic dialect h e h which was not easily intelligible to t e mass s of t e people , as Latin (s ermo u rbanus ) became a sealed book to the n h I talian and French people (who spoke s ermo rus tic u s ) . O t e

e he e e e e oth r hand , t R naissanc lit ratur of Dubrovnik was written with the Latin alphabet and this was not acces

e h e e e e sibl to t e ast rn Jugoslav au thors , who used xclusiv ly the n the 1 8 e e the 1 Cyrillic script , not o ly in th but v n in 9th o n century . These centrifugal forces acted disastrously Jugoslav literature at large and created a tribal particularism and confusion of which traces are still extant . The Slavonic revival of the Ragusan period did not

e Pe e Ro ns ards e . The produc trarchs , Cald rons , , and Chauc rs

e e e e e he a e gisk o MenEetié M chi f r pr s ntativ s of t g , , arin

D ri ié n li lm ié e e e the , Gu du é and Pa o t , w r gr at on human but e e the weak o n the artistic side . They have in full m asur ene he e the ee a re e e rgy , t sinc rity and strong f ling which n c ssary EPILOGUE 7 I

h re e e for t e c ation of a lit rary work , but th y lack the sense of

e e e the form which is requir d to p rf ct artistic conception . I t is not too much to say that no work of magnitude by any writer of the Jugoslav Renaissance is constructed on a prec o n e e c eived plan . Most of th m writ as their mood prompts them ; they give free rein to their e motion and thus becom e its

n e m m slaves i stead of its masters . Th y co pose poe s and dramas

fl uentl e n s u ffic ientl r fin too y and too asily , without havi g y e ed e e the e th ir id as in crucibl of imagination , without having trans

m h r n h uted t e rough o e i to t e gold of poetry . They g o on W e e e e an riting aft r th ir inspiration is xhaust d , d as a rule i i inspiration comes to them only n short passages . I t s n eed m T h less to ultiply instances . e artistic execution of these men e e e e e n h of l tt rs surpass s th ir artistic conc ptio , but it is t e e e e e e x cution of gift d amat urs rath r than of trained artists .

Fo r e ee e all th ir admiration for Gr k po try , our classicists failed

e e e the e e - e n to l arn from th ir mast rs l sson of s lf r strai t , simpli

e e m ci ty , and mod ration , of pati nt and accurate work anship . This failure to realize the classical ideal of literary art was T d u e to the lack of the critical spirit . he Ragusan authors formed practically a literary school amo ng the members of

n e m which existed great personal fri e dship . And w know fro experience that friendship and solidarity are a hindrance to

n m e — m T origi ality ; mutual ad iration is fatal to s lf criticis . o create this spirit of rational criticism was the work of D o s itije

O r i he m e l b ado v c . But ca e too lat ; his spiritual and inte lectual

e The forc was turned in another direction . work of Obra do vié e e e Vu k Kara ié D Da iéié was p rf ct d by g , ura n , and u vi e m n n h L de t Gaj . Th se e brought i to connection t e two branches of the Jugoslav people by employing to a consider able extent both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabe ts . They also used themes drawn from the culture of both divisions of

h e e e m n t e people . In this way Jugoslav lit ratur b ca e ational

the e e e e an e e in spirit , as works of th s r form rs d th ir follow rs

e he w re accepted as classical . B ut to trace t history of that new e e en the e ee e n e e h d v lopm t of nin t nth c ntury , to i v stigat t e various causes which made Jugoslav literature national instead

e n e of provincial , social inst ad of i dividualistic , rational inst ad

n e e he he e e . of imagi ativ , li s beyond t scope of t pr s n t treatise

74 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

s k fi nos h a ic Vatro lav . Htston a t éev ti na da rvats k o a s r s k o k fi I J g , j ro g i p g a, . , R s a d a a 1 86 . s s an v s n M b . eb e Petr vs k i ? t ro o Z gr , 7 ( u i r io , by . o j “ ” - I s to ri a ser s k o ho rvats k o literatu r . Kazan j b j y , “ ” iho s lo van é Slavnik nau én r I — V . 2 8 80 J , j , pp 4 3 . Pra ha 1 86 , 5 .

' ’ n d m k l t aturs tu dz e s en A . Ra u s a eh s sl a s it er e . G 1 8 J , g , y oteborg , 93 .

’ lavi k u l r o h lit atu u nd m to S s k tu c ter r er t nde 3rhu ndradet.

S c k m 1 20 . to hol , 9 ” ih o n a a An a e en M M l va é e . c b . urk P o s o . vk a J (lit r tur ) rti l writt y , J oli ,

’ s m n in Sl ovntk nau tn Ottfiv - and D . 6 6 ur i y ( ) , XI I I pp . 4 3 5 3 . h Lit ra r s c hi h wis c e e tu e c t . Samm n Ka ase k se . Sl a e G s n 2 r , Jo f g lu g o c he ( 77

2 Le z 1 06 . vols . ip ig , 9 K i Z odov n sl ens k a sl ovs tva leinma er ul . i a ov e . Ce v 1 8 y , J j g g lo ec , 87 .

K 1 8 An a a e c n mas c n the S v n an oper , 79. ( lph b ti o o ti o of lo e i literature . ) ” K n nk F Slo venc oEerk is to rii s lo ves no s i R s s k e V . t . u a a b s a lu , i o y , ih j e d . — — M 1 8 I 8 1 20 I I 1 2 6 . s kva . . o , 5 9, , pp 7 ; , pp 95

l u n n d s lav s L t r K k Ein eit i ie i c he i eratu s c h c ht . z e G e . e i e G a 1 d r , r gor g g r , e .

1 8 2 ed . 1 88 . 74 , 7

— K k n L es Sl ovenes avec de c a s . 1 8 . Pa s 1 1 va . e . re , I , ux rt , pp 5 ri , 9 7 ‘’ “ ’ ” ‘ K ri k v P hl d v sk eré li era ur iho s lo vans k i e Vac a . ie e e t t é Cas o is m s a , l y j , p u e

- k a s v Ees k ého . P a a lib . v . 1 v V v . r lo t i r h , XXXI I I , 4 XXXI , 1 — 3

’ ' n k u m tmka u osl ov ns kzh s i K k vxc an Sl ov i e e . Sa l k am u u e v . a v s . l , I j g , 4 ol — a eb 1 8 8 1 86 0 . Z gr , 5

’ 1 6 R n d m A ktv z vini XVI I vek a . a eb 8 . e e r a o v. Z gr , 9 ( pri t fro p jug . —X 1 86 8 IX , l ov v na odovtn a v n k mir ank . S s t e z v s e s uds k i s Le an Gradi . b ( ) , J o g lo i l oli , pp — 1 0 u ana 1 88 . 5 . L bl , 5 ' ’ 1 k iii 1 i s r s ke mé nos tt . 6 is tor e ev Cet e 8 . e ay a . L ekc t e 1 2 L p , J j j p , 9

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l al o k fitéevne oves tt u osl oc ens ke. Rek a b S ma . O ed I Lu ic , i g p j g , I I

M n K t na odovina s l ovens ke a Sta er a . G a a 1 88 1 ac n va . h éev z c . u , I g g j j r d , k r — K ro to k re led sl ovens e lite atu e . 1 1 02 . a eb 1 86 . p g r , pp Z gr , 3

’ m nik M d n M . P ov s hrvats ke k ht éevnos ti D al ac i i i D ub ro v u s ves k a e i i , e t u j ,

1 . a e b 1 02 . Z gr , 9 “ M n L a in his k Serbia o the Serbians w i a o v é ed . Se b a e e b ne j t i , C r i it r tur oo f , — 1 L nd n 1 1 1 . c d . h . . 1 1 0 . e IX , pp 5 7 o o , 9

’ - — B u dt ull a itt ratu ra s b roat 1 1 1 8 ir nz 1 . M v c t s l e er o c a . . e e 0 . S itro i , , pp F , 9 3

“ ” M fi R h h ans nd C s s tmin o r ll W . T e L e a e e Se b a a We s ter , . it r tur of t r i ro t ,

' R m — X . 0 2 e ew C I . , pp 3 3 3 7

l av ni i r u r L n 1 88 I n h s s : T h S o c L te at e. nd . e e e o o , 3 ( t rie D awn of Europea n Literature . ) “ M rk o M n s s h n L n u a as . es e der e d lavis e e a e . , tthi G c hic ht alt r u c it r tur

itera u ren s s t ns Ed A L z 1 08 I n Die L t de O e . bt. e . ( , 5 , ip ig , 9 BI BLI O GRA PHY 75

“ ” Die s ds lavis c hen L n I n Die K ultu r u iterature . ( der Gegen Hinn r — be . B n L z wart vo n P. e I 1 2 e 11 . e g , , 9, pp 94 45 , rli ip ig ,

s i a s r s k B I tar fi nos ti . e ad 1 86 2 N v k o vxc S . e k i o a éev e d . 1 , j p ogr , 7 , 87 1 . R an ve s n ( us s i r io ,

Mali izvod te istort s s k k m éevnosti za VI S U Eens j e rp e , k u sk o l u .

1 6 W s m ns Be ad 8 . Old S av n ec e . ogr , 7 ( ith l o ic p i ) fi n o Do Os T . S r ska k téev os t o d ve k e s e b e do s ite a Ob ra d ovnc a . toj ic , p , li j

Sr Ka v 1 0 . . rlo ci , 9 5

F av s kni s ti hr s za x s k e ri r n P an An n . e t éevno vat k e uc t e av ik e . ec h , tu l p p , pp — d 1 88 ed 1 6 a eb 1 8 8 2 e . . 9 . Z gr , 7 ( 3 , 3

fi no t m d e En a nd Po o vié Pav e . J u osl ovens ka k iéev s . Ca b 1 1 8 p , l g ri g ( gl ) , 9 , 2 d B 1 20 e . elgrade , 9 . “ he Serbians h L e a e . I n A . S ead Serbia b t c . it r tur ( t , y , XXI , pp . 20— 6 L n n 3 33 , o do ,

' P l d r s k k riz ' nos ti k nii evno s t naro dn k nii reg e s p e éev . (Stara ; a ev B d 1 Ek a e a 1 e . 0 2 d . 1 1 n s d ub rova e . o t ; ogr d , 9 9, 9 3 R s s an ve s n ( u i r io , ‘’ ' P n lo v n k k niz vno i L to i a na o vi e s e aE e st . e s matic ri ate van . I s to r e z e j l , I j j j p s r s ke li 2 p , b . 43

P W D S so i z . Is tari a s av ans kih literatu r Pe in A N a w c . ad yp , . . , i . . p j l j ( trogr , — 1 86 zu d ed 1 8 80 enc ans . b E . Den s Pa s 1 88 1 5 , . 79 , Fr h tr y i , ri , ;

ma ans T P L z 1 880 Ger n tr . by . ec h , eip ig ,

Ris r t ra u r r n B n 1 2 — i n b . 1 t é va . Die neue e Li e t de S er e . e 8 . . , Jo rli , 5 pp 47

mi Z P L kc t e is tori e s r s k k fii nos ti B e ad 1 8 0 2 d Si é e e éev . . e , . . j j p ogr , 9 ( . 1 897) imo ni Fr D lo v n h L a I n h c n Die love n S é . ie s e s c e . t e ec S ne , i iter tur oll tio , — vo n s S m n 2 1 2 W n 1 88 1 . Jo ef i u , pp . 1 3 7 . ie , L k k fi vnos tt. B ad 1 1 2 a Sk erlié van . I s tori a n ave s r s e iée e . , Jo j p ogr , 9 ( rge r d n e itio ,

ka k hiéem os t u X VIII v ku . B a 1 0 . Srps e eogr d , 9 9

S i n tionale s uc c i nc es erb s des reat s e an ev c Stano e . Histo re a te d S e C e t t oj i , j ,

des l oven s . Pa s 1 1 8 . S e ri , 9

i s k rat r K i A erki is tori s rbohorvat o lite u . ev 1 8 . Ste o v E . OE e p , j y i , 99

' ‘ m rund zi s d r s d r s e s n L Su otié . Ei e G z e a u e Ge c c e e b c e e a b , J g g hi ht r i h it r tur , — 6 W n 1 8 0 pp . 1 5 . ie , 5 .

” ‘' éa f ik hi ht der s l a s c hen rac he u nd Literatu r na a en ar P. . Ges c c e vi S c , J p h ll

M n n n 1 82 6 2 ed . P a u darte . Ofe , . ( r gue ,

’ r zidsta ts h n Lit ratu r H a s en vo n o s Gesc hic hte de s v c e e . er u gegeb J . — h n ir k a 1 86 . d . 1 Slo v nis s u d a s eEe . P 1 86 . e c e c es J r g , 4 5 E gl goliti h

h lli h s k s h m hrift u m . I ris c e u a c es Sc t Sc t I I . ro ti h Das s b s e Sc htm I I I . er i c h k W S m n D a . Poves t k fli éevnos ti hrvats e i s r s ke . a eb 1 8 8 . ur i , ur p Z gr , 9 ( ith

s a s m nd s illu . , f c i . a port . ) ' ‘' Vulo vié Svetis lav Nauka o k fii éevnos ti izuEavarl e s vens k k nizevno s ti , . i lo ih , — 1 1 Be d 882 . pp . 9. ogra , 1

I N D EX

f A rc hie . s av . P e 8 2 0 2 A ( l hilologi ) , , , 3 , ' A b ar s E is tles 2 2 8 6 g p , 4 . 37 . 39. 44 . 49. 5 3 . 5 5 . 4 . 73 Ab a am 2 1 A e n P e r h , 3, 4 r ti o , i tro , 33 “ ” s Ar o nautic a o i Flac c u s Ac ademies (s oc ietie ) g ( ) , 5 5 ' Dan ub nih 8 A riadne o f Gu cetié g , 5 ( ) , 49 u o s lav 6 6 A riadna of Gundu lié 0 J g . 53 . 5 5 . 5 . 7 ( ) , 5

Po kl adnih 8 A rktv 2a ov . 1 1 8 2 6 6 6 , 5 ( p j ug) , 4 , , ,

' an A rkultn o f D ri ié Serb i . 48. 5 3. 5 9. 73 ( ) , 47

Slo vens k o ez ik a A s 1 g J , 5 9 rio to , 5 , 5 4 “

SloEnih 8 A s e H st An ma . 1 , 49, 5 ri totl ( i i l 9 A c hilles ama A rmida o f Gu nd ulié 0 (dr ) , 5 5 ( ) , 5

Ac ta San to um 6 0 A rmida o i Palmo tié c r , ( ) , 5 4 A c ts o the A ostles 2 A men an s ec 2 1 f p , 4 r i t , Adam 0 Narratives o A s 1 2 6 , . f rt . 5 . 9. 35 . 5 f Ad s n 6 2 A an lan a es di o ry gu g , 7 , 9 Ad a c 2 6 0 As a M n 2 1 6 2 ri ti . 9. 9. 33. 3 . 44 . 7 i i or , , “ ” “

Aene . 60 As as a Ra sa id , 5 4f , p i of gu , 49 A ban a 0 As s en em e 1 l i , 3 I I ( p ror) , 3

A ba n ans A talanta of Palmotié l i , 4 ( ) , 5 4

Al Etna o f Palmotic A tamante as a ( ) , 5 4 (p tor l) , 49

A ek sand v A . 2 0 A s en ns a 2 l ro , , tho (p i ul ) , 5 “ ” Alemani Alamanno A . 6 0 Au lularia o f P a s ( ) , , ( l utu ) , 47

Aletié va n Na a 8 A e s Ma c s 6 , I t li , 5 ur liu , r u , 9

A e an e the G ea 1 8 2 A s a 0 6 6 6 8 l x d r r t , , 5 u tri , 3 , ,

A e an a 1 8 Avarus v. Sha l x dri , 9, 4 , p ’ A e es 1 2 Avr A he d 1 2 ll gori , 9, 4 , 5 3 il , dolp , A ns e V k n 8 lpho ( i g) , 3 Ame c a 1 ri , 3 B

Am n So ni m s e c a P s . c . 8 Bab u v. B ri hilo , , ogo il “ ” Am n a o f Tas s 6 Badalié H i t ( o) , 4 , ugo , 73 Anac e n Ba n m e 1 r o , 49 ldwi 1 (e p ror) , 3 Anc na c 1 Ba kan m nes 2 o ( ity) , 3 l i , 3 “ ” An a of Te enc e Ba kan en ns a 1 1 dri ( r ) , 47 l P i ul , 4 , , And e N k a 8 6 2 6 Ba k an s n 1 rl , i ol , , , 9, 73 l c e ery , 5 Andri asevié Vid 6 8 Ba kan S a s 8 j , , l l v , An n c s em e 1 Ba a s 11 k s n s dro i u I I ( p ror) , 3 ll d , . Fol o g An es Ban Mati a gl , 3 , j , 5 3 A oc al s e o B aruc h 2 Bana 6 2 6 p yp f , 3 t , , 7 A c ha 0 Bafis k a m nas e 2 6 po ryp , 7 ( o t ry) , A ostol us o Sfiatovac 1 Barak o vié a 8 p f , 4 , Jur j , 4

A en n M . 8 Ba b a 1 pp di i , F , 4 , 5 3, 73 r ry , 3 78 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

Ba l me 11. u estions o B a a 1 0 1 2 20 2 6 1 rtho o w , Q f ulg ri , , , , , 3

Ba c h v. A oc al s e o B a an s 1 ru , p yp f ulg ri hi tory , 2 , 66

’

Bas L ve v. u bavm k B a an nvas ns 1 hful o r , L ulg ri i io , 3 ‘ B a§éans ka Plocfa 1 B a an n 2 2 , 3 ulg ri origi ,

Bava a 1 B a an ans a ns 1 8 ri , 3 ulg ri tr l tio ,

Belc ari M . St. 8 B a an 2 1 , 4 ulg ri verac ity ,

B e a e c a a 11. s av a B a an ve s ns 2 6 lgr d ( pit l) , Jugo l i ulg ri r io ,

' B ltzarto d ama 6 B a n e a s 2 8 . 6 6 ( r ) , 5 ulg ri , , f , B es ede D u hovne s e m ns 8 B a -S av n c ( r o ) , 5 ulg ro l o i , 9 B a es and a da es 1 B a n es s s 11. B a a ti ri l pi ri , 9 ulg r ( hort) , ulg ri s ns tvo n en ni n n B estu éa c e 8 B u é B a va 0 . 6 0 (I dol ) , 5 ( o ) , I , 5 , 5 5fl ,

B e l 1 . 2 6 6 8 o B u nié B na van r . 8 ibl , f , 3, 5 , , 7 ( o ) , I , J , 5 - B le amas 1 . B unié B na M ib dr , 4 , 47f ( o ) , iho , 49 ‘’

Bilb aso v V . A . 1 2 1 B ures ié Ma n , , , 3 , ri , 49 B a es 1 2 2 6 6 6 B Ma c m iogr phi . . . 3 . 7 urr , l ol , 73

B isernic a. a B . B . 2 1 (pl y) , 5 4 ury , J , B a vié Sav 8 B za n 2 2 ob e c e . l , o , 4 y , , 35f B c ac c 6 B zan ne Em e 1 o c io , 3 y ti pir , 3 ° ‘ B o atstvo 3 Uboi tvo e c 6 B zan ne infl uenc e g ( pi ) , 5 y ti , 4 , 35 B o danovié Dav B zan ne e a e 2 2 g , id , 73 y ti lit r tur ,

'

B m s 2 0 . B zan ne S a es ogo il , fi y ti t t , 34 B o os u éebn e K o non 1 6 By zan ne s e 1 6 g l y y , ti tyl , s ka 0 Boka Kotor , 3 2 Bos nia . 1 3 . 1 8 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 33. 5 . 5 4 C

B s s 1 Ca e n a h o poru , 3 ld ro ( ut or) , 70 ‘' B s k v van Calisthenes Pse 0 1 8 o o ic , Jo , 73 ( ud o k ié R de 6 6 2 Cam lak e 2 B s ov , u r , 17 b , Gr gory , 6 “ ” “

B ook o Alexander 1 8 Canz n e e v S av n c Can . f , o i r , . l o i B ook o Enoc h 2 Ca tat E idau ru m 0 f , 3 p ( p ) , 3 , 5 4

' B ook o es us o f Dri ié Ca tts lava a f J ( ) , 47 p (pl y) , 5 4

B k S n s 21. Pes maric a Ca n a 6 oo of o g , ri thi , 9 B k s ma c 2 2 Ca n a 6 oo of gi , r iol , 9

B an R man . Carostavnik c n c e 2 6 r dt , o , 5 3f ( hro i l ) , B r nk o a 6 6 Ca a ans a vié , G . ( uthor) , rp thi , 4

B rank ovi des 2 2 Ca c C c 1 1 6 8 é , G . ( pot) , 3 , 5 tholi hur h , 9, ,

' B s v a e 6 1 Catonis Distihia Moralts 8 ri t ( ill g ) , , 4 e es Ca s 6 Britis h p opl , 3 tullu , 4

B r z ns ki om nki 1 Ce n B enven i i Sp i , 3 lli i , uto , 43

B z van Cerva E as L . Crevié a. ro , I , 73 , li , , Ilij

rs k o o m n Ce va Sera hinus v. Crevié Sa B v ( i t) , 33 , 34 r , p , , ro

Bru mann Ka 8 Chalc o nd las Deme s 6 g , rl , y , triu , 3

B c e ames 1 6 C a es R. H. 2 ry , J , h rl , , 3

B a-Pes 6 1 C a c e 2 0 0 ud t , h u r, , 7 “ B s m 2 Ch st rfield Le e s 6 uddhi , 1 e e ( tt r 9

B udmani Pe a C anda m nas e 1 1 2 . , t r , 47 hil r ( o t ry) , , 5f

‘’ a i e v Ba a s s 1 2 1 6 Bug rs t c , . ll d Chri t . 9. 318 . 4 . 47 . 5 IND EX 79

Christiada e c C a an a ec s ( pi ) , 5 5 ro ti di l t , 39

Ch s an an ns 2 2 C a an e e es 1 ri ti c o , ro ti l gi , 4 C an 1 C a an first b k 6 hristi Churc h , 5 ro ti oo , 9

C s an e s 1 C a an first e c 8 hri ti po t , 7 ro ti pi , 4 C s an s e s ns 2 C a an a n a e 1 0 1 hri ti up r titio , 4 ro ti l gu g , 3 , , 4 C s an ad ns C a an e a e 8 hri ti tr itio , 5 5 ro ti lit r tur , 4 C s an T n 2 1 C a an m n men s 1 hri ti ri ity , ro ti o u t , 3 “ ” C s an P nda 1 C a an s n s 1 hri ti i r , 7 ro ti o g , 4 C s an 1 2 2 1 C a an e k s hri ti ity , 4 , , , 5 7 ro ti t xt boo , 9 C n c es 1 1 8 2 6 6 6 0 C a an a s hro i l , 4 , , , 33 , , 7 ro ti w r , 39 6 1 k C a ans . 2 6 6 C c s 8 . 1 hur h boo , f , 7 ro ti , 4 , 9f , 9, ,

C S a n ld S a n c C a - a c hurc h l vo ic , O l vo i ro to Gl goliti , 9

C c e 6 C e 2 . 6 1 i ro , 3 ultur , 5f , 3 , 5 7 , 7 C v za n 2 8 0 8 C s ms 2 8 6 1 i ili tio , 4 , 5 , , 3 , 35 , 3 u to . 3 . 9. 35 . 3 . 44.

C a enc e d c 1 C v. St. C l r ( u hy) , 3 yril , yril

C ass c a dea s 0 C c 8 1 0 o . l i l i l , 7 yrilli , , , 7 f C ass c a m e s l i l od l , 5 C ass c a e s 0 (2 l i l writ r , 37 , 5

C ass s m o Ca k o vo V a e 6 2 c . l i i , s f ( ill g ) , Codex arianas 1 Cas o i s m s ea Ees k ého 2 M , 3 p ( u ) , 4 , 74 Codex S u rashensts 1 Cec B b e B b e p , 4 h i l , i l C d s 1 6 2 Cec ho s lo vak s 2 c e . 1 o i , 3f , , 7 , Colhmbia n ve s 2 0 CrnEié van 1 U i r ity , , I , 4

C m d s 0 6 rano i And a 2 e e . Cub v é o i . 43fi. 47 . 5 . 9 , r , 43fl , 5 C mm 2 e c e . 8 o r , 9fi, 35 , 3 C n Mas s 6 D o c ord ( ) , 3

C n es a D alida a o qu t of Illyri , 4 (pl y) . 49 C n s S a Da ma a 1 2 8 2 e Se b e . 1 . 6 o qu t of r t t , 5 l ti , 9f , , , 91f , 35 , 3 , C ns an n v S 2 1 6 6 e . t. C o t ti , yril 4 . 5 . 5 fi. 5 m n C ns an n 1 6 . 1 6 Dal ati a 6 8 o t ti ople , f , 3 , 34 , 3 , Jur j , C 6 2 D amim d ama 6 orfu , ( r ) , 5

Creiz na h D an a a e c W . 6 ic , , 3 (pl y) , 5 4

Crevié a e Danicié D a 8 1 1 2 6 . 1 , Ilij (po t) , 37 , ur , , 4 , 7 , f , 7 Crevié Sa c c D an a c b s 2 6 , ro ( riti ) , 43, 73 ilo ( r h i hop) , Cri o o o ri o o lo Dan 2 t b ul s v. K t b u s e 0 2 , t , , 33 , 4 C a s a an Da es the P a n 1 8 ro t ( hort) , Cro ti r hrygi ,

C a a 6 Des c a es 6 ro ti , 35 , 4 rt , 7 Bans o f 2 DeEani m nas e 1 1 2 6 , 5 , 5 4 ( o t ry) , , B zan n infl enc De ns ki i e o y ti e u e , 35 Ea , L f f

La n influenc e in 2 De amb e 6 ti , 9 l r , 7

L e a e in Dem? a d 8 it r tur , 5 (p ro y) . 4 . 5 9

Pa s av a Desc ri tio Sol ute s ee P es martc a rt of Jugo l i , 3 p ,

n e A s a D e S olis of 6 U d r u tri , 5 7 ( 7

V s e b Do s iti e 6 2 Dew D nes mn 1 i it d y j , (hy ) , 7

a e c a a o f 6 D a ec s . 2 6 Z gr b , pit l , 4 i l t , 3 , 5 , 7f , 9, 5 4, 9

C a an a s 6 Dianna o f G u ndulié 0 ro ti uthor , 9 ( ) , 5 80 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

D n 6 0 D ic tio , 5 3, ' D o rdi I r1a D C 1 8 é t 8 . i c tes of rete , , g , 39, 5 , 5 9fl ’ D o r dic: G S e an 8 D m ev M . i itrij ic , , 35 ( iorgi) , t p , 4

o i k a 8 D u ho K r eta (play) Dimitr v é , Ni ol , 4 p , 47 D u rdevi Stub ovi m nas e nin ( o t ry) , Dio l u s v. D u k a c e , l “ ” D ne C me 2 ivi o dy , 4 E k o i ati a 6 8 Div v é , M j , Eas e n C c 1 2 1 Do ro s k s e 1 2 t r hur h , 5 , b v y, Jo f , Eas e n E e t r urop , 35 D m n s M n men s oc u e t , o u t Eas e n R man Em e 1 t r o pir , 3 i s D c v. D ulc u ol i , Eas e n S avs 2 8 ’ t r l , 9, o f Dos i i 6 D amaoe Pisma ( t je) , 4 c E logues . 45 . 5 6 . 5 9

Domenti an 2 6 . j , 17 E essa 2 d , 4 Dra in k n 2 6 g ut ( i g) , Ed c a n 2 0 6 1 u tio , 5 , 5 , 5 5 , D amas 6 1 6 r . 3 . 4 . 4317. 5 41i . 5 E gypt . 3 1

Dri ié De za D e 8 . ( r ) , or , 3 17 Elec tra 6 , 4

Dri ié Ma n . 0 , ri , 47f , 7 E e es 1 0 l gi . 4 . 45 . 5 D u bravka as a 0 ' (p tor l) , 5 El emento Peri atettc a 6 2 p , D ubrovnik Ponov en e c 6 t ( pi ) , 5 El emento Universae 6 , 7

D b vn k Ra usa 1 0 El ena U rab ena u ro i ( g ) , 3 , 7 g t , 5 5

Ac a em es o f 8 . Eme s n 6 d i , 5 17 r o , 3

A the ea ak e Em ns 1 0 1 fter rthqu , 5 7 otio , 5 , 4 , 5 3 , 7

A c ec e o f En an 2 2 6 2 . r hit tur , 35 gl d , 3 , , f n s a ves 6 Ce eb es o f E li h rc hi , 7 l riti , 37 g En s s 6 s a e o f gli h girl , 3 City t t , 5 7 ” En lis h His toric al Review 1 6 Dec ne o f g , li , 5 7fi En s e a e 6 a Pad o i 0 gli h lit r tur , 45 , 5 5 , 9 F ll ( ) , 3 En s e 6 2 gli h po try , o u ndatio n o f 0 F , 3 , 5 4 En s n e gli h to gu , 3 G n a e o i 0 olde g , 5 En s ans a ns 2 6 6 gli h tr l tio , 3 , a and 1 It ly , 3 En s men 6 gli h wo , 3 La n c v za n in ti i ili tio , 35 En c B ook o o h , f L e a s c o f 8 1 ( it r ry) hool , 3 , 7 s 0 6 Epic . 43. 5 17. 5 87. 5 L c s and d amas in yri r , 43 m a ta E idauru v. C t p , p Pa s av a 0 ' rt of Jugo l i , 3 ams v PmEic e Epigr , . Pa ns o f 2 tro , 5 E s 1 piru , 3 Re a ns Ame c a 1 l tio with ri , 3 v Po s lanic e Epis tles , . Re a ns Ven c e 0 d ama 6 l tio with i , 3 , 5 7 E rmiona ( r ) , 5

Sa e s e ed in Es s a - 6 6 6 tir fo t r , 49 ys , 4 , 7 , 9

Se b a and 1 f rado v1c 6 r i , 3 Ethic s (o Ob ) , 3

' V s ed b D san 2 a 2 2 i it y u , 3 Ethiopi ,

D u k anin P0 1 d s Pho eniso e l , p , 4 Euripi e 49

Dulc ius D c Sebas a n 1311 1 0 1 2 1 8 . ( ol i) , ti , 73 1 6 . f . 35 . 37

D mm r n n ns u le B . 1 2 ea a 1 , , Europ tio , , 3

D an em 2 2 ean a s 6 0 us ( peror) , 7 , 3 Europ pl y ,

D c influenc e 1 0 Evan eI/ium Zo m hensts 1 ut h , g g p , 3

82 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

nd li nd a n n an Gu u c G va 6 6 6 P s e v. Mudro ubac ( o ol ) , I , 5 , I di hilo oph r, l D ubravka as a 0 n es 2 (p tor l) , 5 I di , 3 Os man e c 1 nd -E ean ( pi ) , 5 I o urop , 7

S mma o f n enc e v. B es tu éans tvo u ry , 5 3 I dol , ’ ka I i s ision 2 G s W man v. J e du s a ah V yp y o , p , 3 s am 2 1 I l , H a an a c ves 6 It li r hi , 7 Habdelié a 6 8 a an a s 6 0 , Jur j , It li uthor , Ha s s 6 a an c a n va b burg , 5 It li r i l , 44 Ha se O a an c v sa n u r , tto , 73 It li i ili tio , 5

Hec u ba o i D ri ié a an e ends 1 2 ( ) , 47 It li l g , Hekto rovié Pe a 8 a an e a e , t r , 4 It li lit r tur , 45 He ena een 2 6 a an na na s m l (qu ) , It li tio li , 37 Hen em e 1 a an e e 0 ry ( p ror) , 3 It li p opl , 7 He a 6 6 a an a wr s r ldry , It li pl y ight , 49 He c e v na Hu m 2 1 a an s c es r go i ( ) , It li our , 5 4

He m v. Remeta a an S a es r it , It li t t , 34 H d a a n 1 e W. 1 s e y , , 3 It li tyl , 5 “ He se Ma a vo n Ma da a 6 0 a an ans a ns 60 y ( ri g l It li tr l tio ,

H f in 1 2 a n il erd A . a s 6 1 g , , It li ,

H s I 2 8 6 . a i tory . f. 9. 37 . 5 . 517 It ly . 5 . 3 1 . 3517. 5 9 ‘’ ’ H s ans 8 1 66 I zbor te P ou c mh S astava 6 i tori , , 3 , 43 , , 4

H b k R. T . 2 0 ol roo , ,

H me 1 o r, 5 J

Ho o o m nas e 6 2 ac k s n T . p v ( o t ry) , j o , . G , 35 H a e 1 a ié Vatro slav 8 1 0 1 1 8 2 or c , 5 J g , , , , 3 , , 3 ,

Hrab r mnih m nk 2 2 2 8 . ( , o ) , 7 5 . 7 . 3 . 3 f . 47 . 74

H en T mai 6 8 ank o é Mano lo 66 . r , o , J vi , j , f H na a a 6 umv. He c e v e 8 , r go i J p l , Jur j ,

H man s m 2 6 a s av v P avda. o u i , 3 , 37 , 5 J ro l , . r f

H n a an nc e J edinorodml Sine h mn 1 6 u g ri pri , 5 4 ( y ) ,

H n a U ars k a 1 6 6 J e du ka o i Cubrano vié . u g ry ( g ) , 3 , p ( ) , 43f Hva s and ens en A ed r (i l ) , 45 J , lfr , 5 3 , 74 H mn e m a B a an es 2 s 1 . e y , 5fl J r i h ( ulg ri pri t) , 3

' ' H s - a P aralt omena o i tle a me e em v. yp p (tr gi c o dy) , 5 5 J r i h , p f

e s a m 2 J ru le , 3

es s I J uit , 5 9

' Ic hnitat s ee S t hamt ire k ns an n K ns an n 8 , ep J Ee , Co t ti ( o t ti ) , , d s 2 I yl . 45 . 5 6 1 . 2 8 . 33f K 2 a 2 ireEek s e . Illyri , 4 , 3 J , Jo f , 5 , 75

an K n d m 0 oka a d ama Illyri i g o ; 3 J st ( r ) , 49

an b es J ou m al des s avants 6 Illyri tri , 4 , 4

ans A ban ans J u dith o f D o rdié Illyri ( l i ) , 4 ( ) , 5 9 l ll ric i c arminis rex 0 J u dith o f Marulié 8 y , 5 ( ) , 4

m a ns m 9 d m 1 1 s av Ac a de . Ac a e es I it tio , , 33 , 44 , 47 , Jugo l y , i

nd an ab es 1 s av a c a 2 I i f l , 9 Jugo l po ryph , 4 I ND EX

s a a s 6 8 0 Ka as ek s e Jugo l v uthor , 4 , , 7 r , Jo f, 74 e 2 Karnaruti B rne 8 Jugoslav c ultur , 5 é , , 4

u os la k e 6 1 Kas e ec Mati a 6 8 J g y fol lor , t l , j , s a ea es e 6 2 Kas u mo vié van Jugo l v gr t t po t , , I , 37 , 5 5 ' a s 2 6 6 Kasi Ba me 8 Jugos l v hi tory , 9, é , rtolo i, 6

fiin a nini er 6 s av ea 6 2 Kava C va . Jugo l id , ( g ) , J 4 , 5

ns ns K zn i n s av b a a aEé va A . 8 Jugo l tri l i titutio , 4 , I , 4

s a n a e Ker ler 8 Jugo l v la gu g , 39, 5 3 b , D ura , 5

’

s av e a e 2 1 1 Ki ill 13Methodt 1 2 . Jugo l lit r tur , 4 , 4 , 5 , 7 r j , f K n C as s c s s in . lei ma er uli l i i t , 37fi y , J j, 74

D ec n o f . K s c k li e , 5 7fi lop to 5 5 n e s Kl h 6 D vis n uc evs k V . O . 6 i io i to p riod , 5 y , , a 0 K n D a s m V nk F . u li of orthogr phy , 7 lu , i o , 74 s n ed b k 8 Kol a o f a e 2 Fir t pri t oo , 4 ( Z gr b) , 7 “ s ev e in 6 K mens k Lab n 2 Fir t r i w , 9 o y ( yri th 4 Mas e ec es in 8 1 Ko ntis ti e a 8 t rpi , 4 , 5 é , P t r , 5

New m vemen 2 . Ko ao nik m ne o t , 9fi p ( i ) , 33 Ra na s m in 6 1 6 Ko itar e ne 8 tio li , , 3 p , J r j , Rem e e d 2 2 Korab o f i 6 2 ot p rio of lic a ( KaEé) , “ n 2 Ko r n s av La c eli Mih . Se . Jugo l o oo , 5 , rg , 37 s av e a s K s v attlefield 1 Jugo l lit r ry hi tory , 5 o o o (b ) , 5

s av a 0 Kra evi a k 2 Jugo l littor l , 5 l é , M r o , 5 s a s 6 Jugo lav m rtyr , KrEelié A am 6 6 5 , d ,

s av m a s s 6 1 . Jugo l or li t , f K ek van r , I , 74 s av m ses Jugo l u , 44 K e ev m ne r s o ( i ) , 33 s av names 6 Jugo l , 5 Kritob o ulo s m s 2 of I bro , 3 s av n 2 2 Jugo l origi , Krii amc a 6 6 , J ur j , s av a s 6 Jugo l p triot , 5 Kr n n 2 métja (Nomoc a o ) , 3 s av e e 6 1 1 Jugo l p opl , 3 , , 7 ' Krmbt a savinska 2 j , 3 s a 6 1 Jugo l v Perc y , Krs tié N k a 2 8 , i ol , s av v nc es 2 1 Jugo l pro i , 3 , Krum ac her Ka 1 b , rl , 7 s a n s s anc e 1 Jugo l v Re ai , 7 ’ Kru ari m ne p ( i ) , 33 s av a 6 1 6 8 Jugo l i , 3 , , K a s 6 rylov (f buli t) , 3 Anc n o f 2 . ie t laws , 7f ‘’ Krii ek Vac av Be a e a a 6 2 , l , 74 lgr d , c pit l of i 2 6 6 Ku k u ev é I v . 1 . Literary language of 6 9 l , , 4, , 5f , 74 K n an 1 uli , B , s avs 2 1 8 2 6 2 8 . 3 Jugo l , 171, , , f

~ Ku v B z rodk o Ci . Gr . 2 s n n 1 6 §ele e b o , , 5 Ju ti ia (emperor) ,

K L

‘’ “ ” La n the W 2 Ka c ié Mio i d ra 6 1 . § é , An , 4 , f byri th of orld , 4 Kana li lli Pe a 6 La n a ne 6 ve é (Canave ) , t r , 5 Fo t i 3

‘’ Kanizlié An n 68 Lalié an 8 , tu , 4 , , Fr o , 5

'

Kano k a ans ki V . m , 1 6 L m j, , 37

Ko non s ee B o osl u éebn e Lan a e o i 6 2 y , g y gu g (purity ) , K i o f 1 ara é Vu k S . 8 1 0 6 Lan a e he 1 g , , , , 7 , 7 1 gu g (t ory ) , , 7 , 4, 84 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

Las c aris an s L he 6 8 , J u , 37 ut r ,

La n a a e o . L c s 6 ti lph b t , 7 f yri . 3 . 4318 . 5 6 La n k s 2 ti boo , 3 La n C 6 0 ti hurc h ,

La n c v za n e ava ti i ili tio , 35 L p . J 74 La n de va ves u bav Vene e ti ri ti , 4 L r , 47

' ’ La n Em e 1 u bavmk rameé zv ti pir , 3 L S l , 5 0 La n infl uenc e 2 u bic a as a 8 ti , 9 L (p tor l) , 4 La n e e s 6 2 ubié S ma ti l tt r , L , i , 37 , 74

’ La n m u bmtr o i Zlatarié 6 ti ythology , 5 5 L ( ) , 4 La n e s 8 b k Lovro 6 ti po t , 5 Lu us i , , 9 La n s c 8 1 ti ript , , 3 “ La n s ti hrewis h girl , 45 M La n ans a n 6 2 Mac ed n a 2 ti tr l tio , o i , 5 L Ma n n a c e F . 2 0 c e a S a s 8 1 6 u h rt , , do i l v , , L avinia o f Palmotié Mac n van ( ) , 5 5 u , I , 74 L Ma n l n av v P. A . 2 . e e c k a a ei e 6 0 ro , , 3f t rli M gd La 6 2 M s 1 . a dalene o f B u nié 6 w , , 7f g ( ) , 5 Leb an Gradimir ank Ma dalene o i o rdié ( ) , J o , 74 g ( D ) , 5 9 M n Le en s 1 2 1 6 1 8 . 2 60 a e F . 6 g d , , , fi, 3, ix r , , 4

Le e L s 1 2 1 2 6 Mak ow s s g r, oui , , 4 , 9, 4 ej, O ip , 5 3

- Le Bea e 1 1 Mol o kh a. a e 8 roy uli u , (f rc ) , 4 Les k ien A s 8 Malalas 1 , ugu t , , 49 , 8 “ L n M l z 6 es s 6 a t ew A . 1 i g ( F 3 , , “ Le e s o f es terfield 6 Manas s s ns an ne 1 8 tt r ( Ch ) , 9 e , Co t ti ,

Le c an a e Mande o i B ri ié tti l gu g , 7 , 9 ( ) , 47 L eto is matic e s r s ke Man c ean s ec s 2 1 p p , 73, 75 i h t ,

' ' Leto ts P a a D u k am na 1 Man e es 1 p p l , 4 u l (d pot) , 3 Levan Maretié T ma 8 t , 34 , o , L e Zivot Ma a e a 8 if , rg r t , 4 , 5 4

Li e o D eéanski 2 6 Ma c a ve 1 f f , ri (ri r) , 5 L n s c s 2 1 0 6 Mark ovié an i gui ti , , , 9 , Fr o , 5 3

L n s s 8 6 8 Ma s e es 6 0 i gui t , 5 , r ill , Ma n v Pa e 2 L e a e 1 . 2 it r tur , 1f , 4 , 35 , 43, 5 7 , rty o , t r , 5 Marulié Ma k 8 e l s av e a e . S e a s o Jugo l lit r tur , r o , 4

L an an an a e Marulus E . 6 ithu i l gu g , 7 , 9 , , 3

L a k s 1 6 Maru nko 13Pavic o a d iturgic l boo , 9, (p ro y) , 5 9

L c a an a e 1 1 Masc hus 6 iturgi l l gu g , , 4 K L a s 8 Matt alf Grabanm a0f D ak 6 iturgic l c ript , j j , 9

L va n 6 6 ati e ié D a 8 ou i , M j v , ur , 5

L ve s n s 8 . 1 6 o o g , 35 , 3 f , 4419, 5 Matk o vié , P. , 37

Lo v a in Ev raf 1 6 a ranié An n 2 j g , g , M i u , tu , 7

" ‘’

L uc ié Han b a . Mazuranié van , i l , 39fi , I , 5 3 “ L c e s De Re m 6 Mec c a 0 u r tiu ( ru 7 , 3

L u Eié van v. Pavlo vié Me c , I , di i , 44

L u karevié an Me n Milo rad 8 , Fr o , 49 di i , , 37 , 44, 4 , 74 INDEX 85

Med e anean Sea 1 0 M c Ado Ab N n it rr , 9, 3 u h out othi g , 5 4 “ ” Menae m o f P a s c h i ( l utu ) , Mudro u bac 1 13613 3 133 6 47 l 3 , 9 ‘’ ‘’ Men e i Menze s k 8 c t é ( ) , Si o , . Murk o M 3 f . 2 , , 3 , 74 MenEetié V ad s av 6 , l i l , 5 Musk atirovié van 6 6 , Jo , M n e ea, 1 6

Me c a r i , 3 “ ” Mes s as o f K s c k i ( lop to ) , 5 5 Na e§k o wc Na e N k a l ( l ) , i ol , 44 17 . ” Metam ses 6 orpho , 4 , 5 4 Na es pl , 5 9 Me as as 6 t t io , 3 Narratives o Abraham 2 f , 3

Me d s v. St. Me s tho iu , thodiu Narratives o Adam 2 f , 3 Mex c 1 i o , 3 Na a van v. Aletic ' t li , I Meztmac of Ob rado v1c 6 ( ) , 4 Natec afie U a éa 13 Ulis a j , 5 4 M c hae es 1 i l I (d pot) , 3 Na na tio l b ard , 6 1 M c ae 11 des 1 i h l ( pot) , 3 Nationa l c us toms M d 2 2 0 , 3 e A es 1 1 1 . 6 i dl g , , 5 , 9f , , 35 , Na na ea s 2 Mi ato vié (Zed 1 tio l id l , 5 j , , 3 , 74 Na na an a e Miklo i 2 1 1 2 8 1 tio l l gu g , 39 s é F . 8 1 8 , , , , 4 , , , 3 Na na e 6 1 Miklo uéi T ma 6 8 tio l lif , é , o s , Na na e a e 1 M an 8 tio l lit r tur , 7 il , 3 N M a N k m 2 a na s n s 8 . S ee al s o il s , i odi , 3 tio l o g , 39, 4

MilEetié va n k s n s and S n s . , I , 39, 45 Fol o g o g ‘’ Miles eva m nas e 26 Na na s eec 1 ( o t ry) , tio l p h , , 3 , 9 ‘’ Milis ié M 66 Na na s 6 , iho , tio l pirit , 6 “ Milton ( Paradis e Los t 5 Na na a n 2 6 1 5 tio l tr ditio , , 9, Mil utin k n 2 6 ( i g) , , 33 Na ns o i 2 tio (theory ) , M nes anc en s av i ( i t Jugo l ) , 33 N a a s v. Fiziol o tur li t , g ‘’ Mio i i ' s é v. Kaé é , Nauc i Katonom ve b s (pro r ) , 49 M s av Gos el o iro l , p f Nea Eas r t , 34

Mi ro ’ t vié B . , , 74 Nemarl a 2 2 . , 5f , 5 M ammed s an 2 oh I I ( ult ) , 3 Neretva v 0 (ri er) , 3 M a m ans 2 1 1 1 oh m ed , , 4 , 5 Neo -La n an a es ti (l gu g ) , 34 Moliere 47 New Tes amen B b e t t , i l M n ene 2 6 2 o t gro , 9, 33 , Ne n 6 wto , 7 M nas e es 1 1 2 . 6 1 . o t ri , 9, , 5f , f N c aea 1 i - idic a 2 i , 3 Monumenta. (histo r c o iur ) , 7 N c em s Gos el o Monum nta s e bi a 1 i od u , p f e r c , 3 N k a Gos el o M n s a m i ol , p f o umenta (s pec t . hi tori ) , 33 K " Nomoc anon s ee Krm (ét a M n men s en 1 1 1 . 0 , j o u t (writt ) , , 3f , 7

M a s s v s lav m a s s N m a or li t , . Jugo or li t orthu bri , 3

M av a 1 2 N a or i , 9, orw y , 33

M av an e en s 1 2 Novak o vié S an . 1 2 0 or i l g d , , toj , 7f , 7 , ,

M ea 1 or , 3 74

Mo rfill 2 Novela 0d Stanc e W . R. 7 , , 3, 74 , 4

M s ms mm dans N v c 2 o le , v. Moha e o i ( ity) , 7 “ ” M a ad 8 N v Sad c 6 other Marg reta (b all ) , 4 o i ( ity) , 7

M n a ns Pl anine N v B d m ne ou t i , o o r o ( i ) , 33 86 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERA TURE

O P am k 2 dt y , 5

‘ ’ Ob c M s 2 m a k Pa tni z 2 . ili , ilo , 5 j , 4f “ ” Ob radovié D o s iti e 6 1 6 1 Pa nEatantra 1 , j , , 9, 7 , 9 P nc a k s o f 6 Pann n a ri ip l wor , 3 o i , 9

Sk e c L e 6 2 Pann n e ends 1 2 t h of if , o ic l g , S mma f nn o 6 Pa n c S avs 8 . u ry , 4 o i l , f

Oc toec hos 1 6 Pans la is 1 6 , v m , 1 , 6

Old B a an 8 Pa a s e a den o i 2 ulg ri r di , G r , 3 “ ” Old s av e a e 1 Pa ad s L s Jugo l lit r tur , 3 r i e o t , 5 5

' Old Se b an 8 Paralz omena o J eremiah 2 r i , p f , 3 Old S av n c c an ns 1 6 Pa s 6 l o i o , ri , 7

Old S av n c mn 1 6 . Pa 8 l o i hy ody , fi rody . 4 . 5 9

' ld S n n O av c a a e . 1 P astir k a ovort 6 l o i l gu g , 5 , 7fi, 7 s i R zg , 5

Old S av n c e a e 1 . Pas a s 2 0 6 l o i lit r tur , 517 tor l , 4319, 5 , 5 ” ld S a n n m n s n O v c m e 1 1 . Pastr ek F . 1 2 l o i o u t , fl , , ld S n m s O ve e 8 Patareni v. B lo , , ogo il

Old Tes amen 11. B b e Pav a 6 t t , i l i , 7

Olim a ama 6 Pa i rnirn 6 . pi (dr ) , 5 v é . A . 3 f . 47 . 5 3 . 5 5 O era of B o ék o ié 6 P i a Emerik 2 p ( v ) , 7 av é (Budu ) , , 4 , 6 , 6 8

O n Mav 6 6 P avli ama rbi , ro , mir (dr ) , 5 4

Orfelin Zabari a 6 8 Pavlovié van . L uEié 6 8 , j , , I j , “ ” O an s Pec an An n rl do Furio o , 5 4 h , tu , 75

O d 1 . 6 8 e a c 2 6 rtho ox Churc h , 9, 5f , P é (p triar hy) ,

O Se b s 2 Pe c 6 1 . rthodox r , 9 r y f

O S avs 1 0 . 2 2 e s a rthodox l , f , P r i , I 7 O a 1 0 0 Pemenae o i Ob radovié 6 rthogr phy , , 7 ( ) , 4

Os man e c 6 6 P esmaric a o f KaEié 6 1 . ( pi ) , ( ) , f

' D c n o f e ma Srbtma 1 i tio , 5 3 P esme sv c i , 7

’ M de e o n Tas s 1 Pesm B ukovna o i B unié 6 o ll d o , 5 ( ) , 5

’ C a ns m 2 es m u ozme oi Dimitro vié 8 it tio fro , 5 P D h ( ) , 4 Os a k n Pesml Duhovne o f D o rdié 6 0 toj ( i g) , 5 4 ( ) , Osto ié Tiho mir 6 2 Res n uv zne o f MenEetié 8 j , , , 7 5 i L e ( ) , 3

' ndovafia n l ke o i Zlatarié 6 O s es v. a s t tio iti , Pl Pe i Raz ( ) , 4 Ov n rt o i Zlatarié 6 id . 46 . 5 1 . 5 4f Pes i u Sm ( ) , 4 é e c 8 Ox ord and o mb. Rev. P tar Aleksievi f C , 73 e ( pi ) , 5 1 0 8 Peter the Great , , 5

P Pe a h 8 0 tr rc , 3 , 7 Pad a c 6 ro i as ili e 66 u ( ity) . 35 . 4 . 5 9 Pet v é , V j , Pa a l s ae 1 r iéenti e V nk 8 l eo ogu , Mic h l , 3 Pet ovié , V j ( i o) , 5

Pa e -G eek P ae s 6 l o r , 7 h dru 3

- Pa e S av n c a n a e 1 2 . 2 2 P em n 6 l o l o i l gu g , f , hil o , 4

Pa e -S av n c e a e 1 8 6 l o l o i lit r tur , Philology . 3 . 5 9. 9

Pa e -S av n c N m c a n n 2 P s s 8 1 0 1 l o l o i o o o , 3 hilologi t , , , 3

- Pa e S a n s e 2 6 P s 1 1 2 1 6 1 . 6 l o l vo ic tyl , hilo ophy , , , f , 7 “ ” Palmo tié ak eta 6 Phoeniss a o f E es , J , 5 e ( uripid ) , 49

Palmotié u ni e 0 . 0 Ph siolo us see Fiziol o , J j , 5 , 5 3fi, 7 y g , g INDEX 87

’ ' P l m s ee P utmk P rotevan eh um o J ames 2 i gri , g f , 4 P nda 1 P -S av n c 8 i r , 7 roto l o i , P n s 8 Proven al e 8 i du , g po try , 35 , 3

’ P emn o i P s i m n 2 j ( 47 roverb (o Solo o ) , 1

Pl am S evers ki e c 8 P ve s o i a ( pi ) , 5 ro rb ( C to) , 49

Pl andovmia o f B n c 6 Prvo venéani S e an ( u i ) , 5 , t f , Pl aning as a 8 Psa ms o f D av 1 8 (p tor l) , 4 l ( id) , 5 , 4 , 5 9 P a n c ve Ps alte ium in c u m 1 l to i lo , 45 r S aiti , 3 P a s Puc ié P zza iéenti e 6 l utu , 47 ( o ) , V j , 5

P0etr v L c s c s and D am s P n i y , . yri , Epi , r a upi , Mic hael I dvo rs k , e ditor of

P b n a k 6 ou th v n s o li , M r o , 9 S Sla M onume t , 35

P an 1 P ans 2 1 ol d , 5 urit ,

’ P es 2 P utmk o f ranic 2 ol , ( Vet ) , 4 P 1 2 1 2 6 6 P in A c s 2 N. 2 oliti , , 9, 4 , 5 , yp , . , 5 , 75 P vk a Ge e 2 0 2 2 P ramus an is be 6 oli , org , 3 , 4 , y d Th , 4

P omet o f D ri ié ( ) , 47 Q P e A e a nde 6 2 uestion o rthol omew 2 op , l x r , 45 , Q s f B a , 4 Po ovié van Z a 6 uestions o o n B o osl ov 2 p , I ig , 9 Q f J h g , 4 P o o vié Pav e . na p , l , 47f , 75 Quiri l , 37 P a 2 opular di lec t , 9

P a e a 2 2 opul r lit r ture , R

P a e 2 0 2 2 . Rad u o slo vens k e aka demi e 8 opul r po try , , , 39fi (j g j ) , , P a e s 6 2 2 1 2 6 8 opul r writ r , . 3 . 37f 44 . 4 f 5 3 . 5 5 . 5 . P a 6 2 6 6 ortug l , 33 . 7 . 9

Po silovi Pav e 6 8 RadEenk o K . 6 é , l , , , 4

Po s lanic e e s es . 8 Ra s av k n 2 6 ( pi tl ) , 43fi, 4 do l ( i g) , ' ‘

P osvetiltfte A b amovo 1 . Raé ki an 1 2 2 1 2 r , 4 f , Fr o , , , 7 , 37 i o s iti e 6 Ra vn k Pon én as tami o D s a v. D b i S ( j ) , 4 gu , u ro i

P ove a B ane Ka tina 1 Ra ié van 6 6 6 l , 3 j , Jo , 4 , Po i e a n 6 8 Rakié i en i e 6 8 g (tow ) , , V é t j ,

P avda of a s av 2 8 Rank e Le d 2 r ( J ro l ) , , opol , 3

P e s 2 Ranna Ra nina D nk . r ux , J ul e , 7 i ( g ) , i o , 39, 45fl

Priéic e e ams 8 Rasc a Se a ( pigr ) , 4 i , rbi Pri ate van Ra na s m 6 1 6 j l , I , 75 tio li , , 3 P r ka a tri e 8 Raz o 0d u aka e c ) 8 i z fle se. B ea c , 4 b j T r ( pi , 4

’

P r i 1 20 o 1 . imeri (k nii . i jez ka) , 7 , 7 , Razgovor Ug dm , 6 f

'

P rimert s taro hrvat. ezik a 1 8 Rek a me 2 ( j ) , (Fiu ) , 7 P nc e n D nele me n Re n 2 2 1 2 2 ri , Joh y y , j udg t of ligio , , 4 , , 9, 35 , 5 “ ” Old S av n an a e 8 Re es o i Pe c 6 2 l o ic l gu g , liqu ( r y) ,

P ri oves 0d K a a Selimira Re k o vié Mati a 6 p r l , 5 9 l , j , 4 , 5

P na c Remeta o i Vetranié 2 risti ( ity) , 33 ( ) , 4

Pro k O o iE Theo fan 6 6 Rena s sa nc e 2 . . 0 p v , , i , 9fl , 35fi, 7

Promotus A i edis 6 Re b c D b vn k 2 . . rc h m , 7 pu li of u ro i , 9fi, 5 7

P e s 6 See als o D vn k . rop rtiu , 4 ubro i

P os e ina. o f nduh 0 Re c e e s 6 r rp ( Gu c ) , 5 publi of l tt r , 5 88 EARLY JUGOSLAV LITERATURE

Re c Ven c e 73. Ven c e St. Bea c e v P k avi o publi of i , i tri , . ri az e f

Re c an eed m 0 0 St. s s m publi fr o , 3 , 4 Chry o to , 1 6

Res ec n v. Us krs nu ée St. C sm s Ma umena 1 urr tio , o o of j , 7 ‘’ Res e a M n S a 8 . t. C 8 1 0 . t r, il , 4 f , 5 3, 5 5 yril , , 17

Revue des 5 6 . oliti ue 2 St. Germanus 1 p q s , 9 , 7 R l mes h L s s 2 evue s ave St. a e , 35 J t e , 4

R e ms os el o St. me h i , G p f Jero , 9 mas s 1 R e c 1 1 . St. n D a c h tori , , 5 9f Joh u , 7 H mn a e R e c a fi u res 6 0 St. s e the 1 h tori l g , Jo ph y ogr ph r , 7 R d e 8 Ma k 1 6 ho op , r ,

Ri o f H o rovxc 8 Ma n V . de 1 bafie ( ek t ) , 4 rti , , 3

d s 1 1 . R c es v. B o atstvo Me h i h , g t o iu , 7 , 17 Ri m nas e 1 1 R man s 1 lo ( o t ry) , o o , 7

Ris l an Sava 1 2 . t c , Jov , 75 , 7 , 517

Robi ria d ama Se s 1 ( r ) , 39 rgiu , 7

’

Radosl av s e arostavmk S me n 1 2 . , e C i o , 7 , 517

R m 0 6 S a c a ed a 1 6 o e . 4 . 3 . 35 . 47 . 5 7 . 5 9. 7 ophi ( th r l) , R man infl uenc e SO hro niu s 1 o , 4f p , 7 R man c s m 6 1 S n ma 6 0 o ti i , tephe ( rtyr) ,

R mans T mas Gos el o o , 4 , 9 ho , p f “ R nd e St as A nas 6 0 omeo a Juli t , 49 . Thom qui ,

R nsa d 0 Sa n ka T es sa n c a 1 2 o r , 7 lo i ( h lo i ) , 7 ,

R dn k m ne So ttir l ovens ki u i ( i ) , 33 S , 5 9

R n a 2 6 m l k v. Camblak uma i , Sa b a ,

R man an n e Sas n An n 8 2 u i to gu , 9 i , tu , 4 , 5 R mans V ac s Sa es 8 6 u ( l h ) , 34 tir . 49. 5 5 . 5 . 9

i o 8 v . Sava Rus é Ste Sava . St , p , 5 ,

R s s a 1 2 1 8 8 66 Savan s v. sc en s s u i , , , 5 , t , i ti t

R s n linas 2 0 Sao Zdr vo a Razuma 6 u s ia by , eti a g , 3

R s s an C c 6 8 Sa ns u i hur h , xo , 3 , 33

R s s an a s 6 S avvina ni a 1 u i f b uli t , 3 K g , 3

R ss n s 6 6 S e A s 8 u ia hi tory , c hleic h r , ugu t ,

s n o rs 6 2 hannes 8 Ru s ia k b za , Sc hmidt , Jo ,

R s s an n a e I o . Sc nc e 2 0 2 6 u i la gu g , f ie , , 9, 5 9, 3 n s 2 2 n s 1 6 6 6 Rus s ia manu s c ript , so1entists (s ava t ) , 3, 3 , 44 ,

s n a s ee P ravda s 11 B b e Rus ia Pravd , Sc ripture , . i l

R s s an c ns ns ed a Eina sa e u i re e io , 9 S am Op ( tir ) , 49

R s s an s ec s 1 2 Selimir k n 21. P ri oves u i t , ( i g) , p

R s s an ans a n 6 6 Sefi en 2 u i tr l tio , (Z gg) . 7 Se s h Se an R s s ans 2 . u i , , 9f rb ( ort) , rbi

Russ ka a bes eda Se a Ras c a 1 2 2 6 , 1 j , 7 4 rbi ( i ) , , 3

- n n R s s S av n c 1 2 1 6 8 B za n ne influe c e i , u o l o i , 9, , y ti 35 a s o f 0 Civil w r , 3

S K n s o f 2 6 2 . i g , , 3 f ’ Sa c n es s 2 ho d s d s c es in 1 2 bor ( o gr ) , 7 Met e i ipl ,

St. And e C e e 1 Pa s av a r w of r t , 7 rt of Jugo l i , 3

90 EARL Y JUGOSLA V LITERATURE

’ S c a e a e 1 éafaiik Pa s e 1 1 6 2 1 o i l lit r tur , 7 , ul Jo f , 3, , 517 , 44 , S c al an za n 8 o i org i tio , 5 7 4 , 75 So fia c Sif kin e V . 1 ( ity) , 34 p , , 3

Solarié Pav e 8 6 2 6 8 . éerc er van 6 , l , , , f , I , 4 S m n 1 2 2 0 2 Sevié M an 6 olo o , , , 3 , il , 4 S n s 1 1 8 6 2 S en o g , 4 17 , 4 , ib ik (c ity) , 6 1 ‘’ S 6 sa o c es S ac v. A os tol us . v opho l , 4 f i to , p f

So rk o Eevié S Pe a g e e M v ( orgo) , t r , 5 3 r p l , ili oj , 47

S n a v s av g rmin e S v . u D a 8 . outh r l , Jugo l , ur , 4 , 74f S a n p i . 3 1 . 35

N. 2 S erans k i M . T p j , , 4 S a s n s 8 6 6 0 Tab M n 2 piritu l o g , 4 , 5 , or ( ou t) , 4 S T a L e c e G . . F . 1 pl t ( ity) , 9 f l , , 3 m n Tal L vo n ak S e n c a e vi T e s e A . . b r bre i ( i ) , 33 ( h re J o ,

S em m a 6 2 Mrs ns n S . R b r ( yr i ) , o i o ) , 37

Sr zn s I . 1 0 Ta s s e ev ki 6 . 1 j, , o , 4 f , 5 . 5 4

S sk a kfiii evna zad a 6 . T as s n A rp rug , 3f o i , . , 45

S ano i Stano e Tears o t od al S on 0 6 t jev é , j , 75 f he Pr ig , 5 , 5

Stari isc i 8 6 Teo do s i e 2 6 . P . 39. 43. 4 . 5 3. 5 5 . 5 j , 17 “ Starine (ju go slo vens k e ak a demije) Terenc e ( Andria 47

1 0 1 8 20 2 . T n s , , , 3f euto ic people , 9 Statius 5 5 T heoc ritus 5 6 - S a e b k s v. T iks t tut oo , yp T e 1 0 . 1 6 1 h ology , f , 7 , S ea A e t d , lfr d , 75 T e ans 6 8 h ologi , 37 , Stemmato ra h 6 6 g p y, Theo a l os o hiae 6 ri Phi p , 7 S e an He c e 2 t p , r g , 5 T ma 1 s G . M . ho , , 3 ’ Ste hanit and Ic hmlat 1 p , 9 T b s 6 i ullu , ’ 4 nik Ste ovib Andro , 75 p , ih n S 2 T o ra ov N. . . v , , 4f

Sto ano i b m 1 2 ° j v é , Lu o ir, 3 , 4 Tirena oi D ri ié ( ) , 47

Sto k o i anas i e 6 6 . j v é , At j , f T s Leo 2 1 ol toy , , Sto k ovi Stoic us van j é ( ) , I , 37 T z F 1 6 o er H. . , n n 1 1 2 , Stude ic a (mo as tery) , , 5

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6 6 6 8 . 59f. , , f S e a 8 8 6 2 . tyl (liter ry) , 3 , 4 , fi T ans van a Sub otié van r yl i , 33 , Jo , 75 T e z n 1 S n i a 8 r bi o d , 3 usa na (o M ruho) , 4 Trla ié Gri o r e 6 8 f ni 1 j , g n , Sus anna (o Vetra é) , 4 Tro a s k Rat 1 8 Suze n R no a 0 n i , Si a azmet g , 5 j

S na han 6 2 T b a s 8 . wift , Jo t , rou dour , 3 f S m s m 2 T b a Primoi 6 8 y boli , 1 9, 3 ru r , ,

S a 2 2 Tsamblak v. Gamb ak yri , , 3 1 , l

S ac na s 2 0 T n s 1 yri origi l , u i , 3 m T k e 1 S a v. S m yr i , re ur y , 5 T k s n es ur i h c o qu t , 5

k n ads 1 S Tur is h i ro , 6

Safafik ank 2 6 T k s k e 1 , J o , , 34 ur i h yo , 4 INDEX 91

T k s 2 1 8 Vulovié Svetis lav 2 ur . . 391i . 4 . 5 7 , , 5 , 75 T ik s s a e-b k s 2 Vzbrano Voevode mn 1 yp ( t tut oo ) , 5 j (hy ) , 7

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0 Wes n e 1 8 . n ve s es 20 6 6 . e E U i r iti , , 35 , 37 , 4 , f t r urop , f , 35

k n 2 6 2 . Westminster Review Uros I ( i g) , , 3 f , 74 i tin k n n 2 n M lu W s . 2 11 k 0. . G Uro§ ( i g) , il i o , J , 9, 3 Us krs nuée Is ukrstovo 1 W men 8 6 , 4 o . 49. 5 . 3

° ' ormc e Ug dan Mandal ene Pok , 5 9 Z

V a a am c mm n Z drug (f ily o u ity) , 4 Valvas ne E as m da 6 0 a eb c a a C a a o , r o , Z gr ( pit l) , ro ti Valvazo r van 66 Z akonu avila s ee KrmEi a , I , pr , j Va c an 1 8 a s m nas e 6 1 ti , Z o trog ( o t ry) , Vazet e Si eta G ada 8 Z bornik za is o ri u j g r , 4 ( t j ) , 73

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' VidOV ié M A . 6 0 Z o l d ama 6 . , rts ava ( r ) , 5 V enna 6 i , 5 ns k Pe a 6 Zri i , t r , 5 V 16 5 1018 s e c 8 ( pi ) . 4 Zu zo rié Zuzzeri B e na d 8 3 1 ( ) , r r o , 5 ’ V? m d ZSkl' Zakon c e 2 ( od ) , 7 Zu o i Z z ri eta 6 z r c: ( u z e ) , Cv , 4 , 49 Vl l' l l 6 1 g , 4 ! 5 0 5 5 Z OI’ II Ik m ne V ( i ) , 33 V n a 2 irgi , M ry , 1 7 , 4 a Zitte V v. it , Z V e mina itae t Car , 5 9 Zefaro i H s 6 6 v é , ri tifor , Vi ezovi Pav e 6 t é , l , 5 ‘’ Z a m nas e 2 6 ic ( o t ry) , itk ovi av 6 6 V é , G rilo , Ziti n ina Ftl os o a e Konsta t f , Vla s av k n 2 6 di l ( i g) , ' Zi Metodza 1 2 tte s v. V n v L 0 , oj o ic , ujo , 3 ' Zivoti k ra evo s r s kth 2 6 nz 8 l p , Vondrak Vac lav (We el) , , , ' Z k u éeni a 6 ivot 13Pm l j , 3 n A D . 1 2 . Voro ov, . , f Z o ma 1 0 ivot s v. J er li Vo s o k k san 1 8 , t o v, Ale dr , Zivot Save 2 6 Vo a e o the Vir in 2 , y g f g , 4

Ziv t sv S euna 2 . Vo o e A ostle Paul 2 o . im , 5 f yage f th p , 4 a ane c Zum al ministers tv , Vr ( ity) , 33 5 7

RUSSIAN GRAMMAR

For Clas s a nd Referen c e Us e

By JO HN D YNE L E Y PRINCE

P es s S av n c Lan a es C mb a n ve s rof or of l o i gu g , olu i U i r ity

. 2 1 1 n Cloth , pp e t

T he need has long been felt for a s eries o f progres s ive les s ons for b eginners in Rus s ia n whic h s ha ll at the s a me time s erve as a re ferenc e

a mma n s n he e n h k i gr r without c o fu i g t s tud t . T e obj ec t of this boo s to furnis h the s tude nt with the e lement a ry fac ts as to the mec ha nis m of the an a e a nd a s s a a m an am l gu g , l o with uc h full p r dig s d other ex ples of the c omplic a ted s ub s tantive and verb s ys tems as may s erve a s a n a id no n in ead n R s s an a s in an a n m En , t o ly r i g u i , but l o tr s l ti g fro glis h

n an h k n n n i to Rus s i . T e wor will b e of va lue both to s tude t s a d to i s truc to rs in s etting forth i nd uc tive ly the mos t s alient fac ts of Ru s s ian gra mmar .

COLUMB IA UNIVE RSITY SLAVONIC ST UDIES

Edited by the Slavonic Department

I EARLY L U 1 Volume . J UGOS AV LITERAT RE 000

h . ili . n i h P D 8 o e 1 800 . B M vo S Sta o ev c v y y y , , pap r ,

2 . n . pp . viii 9 e t

n h This volume is a literary his tory written o n a new pri c iple . T e a uthor regards the literature primarily a s an expres s io n of nationa l

n H a ms n h he S Sla a d s oc ial forc es . e i to pres e t t e progres s of t outh v n c a n a es a nd e a n es s n the o i l gu g lit r ture through e ight c e turi , howi g infl enc es a e e e ma Se b C a a nd u whic h g th r d thr e s ller trib utaries ( r , ro t

S en n n lov e) i o e (Jugos lav) s trea m .

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