DOCSLIB.ORG

Exploring Central Asian Female Students’ Self-Identity in American Graduate Schools

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exploring Central Asian Female Students’ Self-Identity in American Graduate Schools “AM I FRACTURED OR WHOLE?”: EXPLORING CENTRAL ASIAN FEMALE STUDENTS’ SELF-IDENTITY IN AMERICAN GRADUATE SCHOOLS A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Mayagul Satlykgylyjova August 2019 © Copyright, 2019 by Mayagul Satlykgylyjova All Rights Reserved ii A dissertation written by Mayagul Satlykgylyjova B.A., Turkmen State University, 2004 M.Ed., Kent State University, 2009 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2019 Approved by _____________________________, Co-director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson _____________________________, Co-director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Martha C. Merrill _____________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Averil E. McClelland Accepted by _____________________________, Director, School of Foundations, Leadership Kimberly S. Schimmel and Administration _____________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human James C. Hannon Services iii SATLYKGYLYJOVA, MAYAGUL, Ph.D., August 2019 Cultural Foundations of Education “AM I FRACTURED OR WHOLE?”: EXPLORING CENTRAL ASIAN FEMALE STUDENTS’ SELF-IDENTITY IN AMERICAN GRADUATE SCHOOLS (254 pp.) Co-Directors of Dissertation: Natasha Levinson, Ph.D. Martha C. Merrill, Ph.D. The purpose of this qualitative study is to understand whether and how Central Asian female students’ identities change because of their studies in American higher education and cross-cultural encounters. Using a basic interpretive approach, I interviewed six female students from five countries of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. My dissertation puts Central Asian women’s identity formation in a historical perspective. This offers some insight into who the female students were before coming to the United States and some of the challenges women face while defining their identities and coming to grips with their identity changes. Based on the Reconceptualized Model of Multiple Dimensions of Identity (Abes, Jones, & McEwen, 2007), the Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Model of Culture Shock (Ward, Bochner, & Furnham, 2001), and the transnational feminist perspective (Grewal & Kaplan, 1994), the findings are divided into three chapters. The first findings chapter demonstrates the ambivalent nature of participants’ views on their certain identity dimensions. The second findings chapter elaborates on the transformative effects of higher education in the United States on women’s self-identity. The third findings chapter explores the in-betweenness of women’s sense of self-identity after living and studying in the United States. The dissertation concludes by suggesting that universities should not view students’ identity change as a pathology, but to understand the sense of in-betweenness and accept this complexity that is still in process. Keywords: identity construction, Central Asian female students, education abroad ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The journey of completing this dissertation involved several individuals who have influenced both my intellectual and moral growth. I acknowledge most profoundly my dissertation co-directors Dr. Natasha Levinson and Dr. Martha Merrill. Dr. Levinson’s intellectual rigor, Dr. Merrill’s knack for details, and both professors’ high expectations not only pushed my thinking to greater clarity, but also helped me to overcome the toughest challenges of the writing process. Dr. Averil McClelland, my committee member, played an integral part in my academic achievement by providing her invaluable feedback for my research and by guiding me while I was teaching undergraduate-level courses. For that, I remain eternally grateful. I thank Dr. Marcello Fantoni from the Office of Global Education, Dr. Linda Robertson from the Center for International and Intercultural Education, Dr. Kimberly Schimmel and Dr. Mark Kretovics from the Department of Foundations, Leadership, and Administration, Kyle Reynolds, Dr. Kate McAnulty and the committee members of the Division of Graduate Studies, for generously funding my graduate education, multiple trips to professional conferences, as well as my research project. I also express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Vilma Seeberg who shaped my academic dispositions by introducing me to professional associations at the start of my program. My dear friends Dr. Kristine Newton, Dr. Shujuan Luo, and soon-to-be Dr. Kate Klonowski not only kept me accountable as my ‘study buddies’ but they became my family. My colleagues in the Upward Bound Programs Jasmina D. Waters, Stephon Brown, Patty Robinson, Sonya Williams, Rikki Vesy, Jeff Harrell, Ellis Henderson, Gaylen Moore and Jennifer Fedor iv not only patiently supported me, but also enabled me to talk unendingly about my research project during our field trips and Saturday events. My appreciation is extended to the participants of my study. I enjoyed our deep deliberations and effortless informal conversations. My father, Sapardurdy, and siblings have been patient and understanding in their demands of my time during my writing process and they have provided me with much needed emotional support. My mother, Enejan, could only witness my entrance to the Ph.D. program, but I know in my heart that she would have been thrilled to see me achieve my dreams not only on professional but also on personal level. Finally, this project would not have been complete without the support of my husband, the love of my life, Brandon Fenty. Thank you for continuously believing in me, encouraging me, deliberating with me, and listening to my unending analyses. You were always there for me, even at times when I thought that it was impossible to continue, you helped me to keep moving forward. I appreciate our baby boy, Silas, for abiding mommy’s long hours away from home and the patience he showed during my writing process. I cannot easily capture in words how grateful I am to both of you. My heartfelt regard goes to my father-in-law, Curtis Fenty, mother-in-law, Sabrina Simmons, my brother-in-law, Stephan Fenty, and his wife, Melissa Fenty, for their love, moral support and encouragement. I consider myself lucky to have such a loving and caring family, standing beside me with their unconditional support. Thank you! v DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my parents Enejan and Sapardurdy; my siblings Ejeş, Merdan, Alma, and Mähri; my husband Brandon and my baby boy Silas. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 In Search of an Explanation .....................................................................................1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................7 Significance of the Study: Research Questions .......................................................8 Why Identity Matters .............................................................................................10 Theoretical Framework: An Overview ..................................................................12 Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................14 Transliteration ........................................................................................................17 II. CONTEXTUALIZING WOMEN’S IDENTITY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 20 Women’s Ethnic Identity .......................................................................................22 Women’s Education and Linguistic Identity .........................................................27 Women’s Religious Identity: Lifestyles and Headscarves ....................................37 Women’s Gender Identity: Body and Sexuality ....................................................45 New Avenues for Change: Technology and Study Abroad Opportunities ............52 Summary ................................................................................................................56 III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: EXPLORING IDENTITY IN MOTION ............58 Complexity and Multiple Dimensions of Identity .................................................58 Identity Construction in Cross-cultural and Global Educational Contexts ............70 Contemporary Perspectives on Intercultural Contact ................................73 Synthesis ....................................................................................................79 Identity Construction through Transnational Feminist Perspective .......................81 Conclusion .............................................................................................................86 IV. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ...................................................................87 Research Design.....................................................................................................87 Methodological and Theoretical Alignment ..............................................89 Research Contexts: Historical and Physical Settings.................................91 Participants and Recruitment Process ........................................................93 vii Data Collection
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Classification of Fergana Valley Chaykhana (Tea Houses)
    Review Volume 11:2, 2021 Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering ISSN: 2165-784X Open Access Classification of Fergana Valley Chaykhana (tea houses) Tursunova Dilnoza Raufovna* and Mahmudov Nasimbek Odilbekovich Department of Teacher of Feragana polytechnic institute, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Abstract In this article, you will learn about the rapid development and maintenance of traditional chaykhana in Central Asia, as well as the new approaches to household and service facilities. And an architectural solution is given, taking into account modern, national and climatic, functional and traditional factors. Keywords: Chaykhana, Teahouse, Ferghana Valley, Andijan chaykhana, Market chaykhana, Sheikh Islam, Isfara Guzari, Khudoyarhon Park, Kokand, Uzbegim, Ferghana, Afrosiyab. important as working out an architectural solution of these places Introduction [1-3]. After the independence in 1995, for the first time in history the law Purpose: Fergana teahouse in the design, construction, of the Republic of Uzbekistan on “architecture and urban planning" explication, as well as socio-economic, demographic and natural- was adopted. Due to this law implementation and execution climatic conditions on architectural projects, forming the basis of numerous industry opportunities appeared and on the basis of modern requirements [2-5]. historical, cultural resources, climate, and earthquakes and in general, taking into account the circumstances of specific location 148 national state "of construction norms and rules" was figured out. Methodology It should be noted that the path of independence, especially in the Historical formation, project analysis, observations and export field of urban planning, increased attention to the construction of the requests of Fergana Valley chaykhana studied the origin, formation of the service facilities [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Kay 492 Turkish Administrative History Week 5: Seljuk Empire + Emergence of Turks in World History Ortaylı, Pp
    Kay 492 Turkish Administrative History Week 5: Seljuk Empire + Emergence of Turks in World History Ortaylı, pp. 97-110 Emergence of Turks in History • Pre-Islamic Turkish tribes were influential • in Central Asia and Maveraünnehir (between Amudarya/ Seyhun and Syrderya/Ceyhun rivers), Caucasus, near Volga river and Near East • The Turks began to accept Islam from the 10th century and became an important force in the history of the Middle East • The mission of "being the sword of Islam" The Islamic World before the Seljuks • At the end of the 9th Century, Muslims dominated the Mediterranean • By the same time, the Eastern Roman Empire had (re)strengthened and entered an era of conquest • In Sicily, a cultural environment was created where Islam and Eastern Rome civilizations have merged • Islamic conquests came to a halt in the 10th Century, and a period of disintegration began with the Abbasids • Both the Andalusia (Umayyad Caliphate) and local dynasties in North Africa, Syria & Egypt have proclaimed independence • In 945 the Shiite Buveyhis became the protectors of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad The Islamic World before the Seljuks • Recovery in the Christian world • The Eastern Roman Empire has gained strength again in the 10th Century • Conquests in Crete, Cyprus and Syria • Normans took southern Italy and Sicily from the Arabs • The Crusaders went to Jerusalem and Palestine • Jerusalem fell in 1099 • Christian conquests in Andalusia • The spread of the Islamic religion has stopped • Christianity spread among the pagan peoples of Northern
    [Show full text]
  • The 'Stans' at 20
    The Central Asia Observatory (OAC) was established in 2007 by three Spanish institutions involved in the area: Casa Asia, CIDOB and the Elcano Royal Institute. The ‘Stans’ at 20 (WP) Martha Brill Olcott Area: Asia – Pacific / Central Asia Observatory Working Paper 21/2011 - 28/12/2011 Elcano Royal Institute Madrid – Spain www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng 1 The Central Asia Observatory (OAC) was established in 2007 by three Spanish institutions involved in the area: Casa Asia, CIDOB and the Elcano Royal Institute. The ‘Stans’ at 20 (WP) Martha Brill Olcott * Introduction In late December the five Central Asian countries enter their third decade of independence, effectively achieved when Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as President of the USSR and turned the Kremlin over to Boris Yeltsin as President of the Russian Federation. 1 While these countries began to declare their independence as early as 31 August 1991, beginning with the Kyrgyz Republic and ending with Kazakhstan on 16 December, 2 there was not the same popular and elite pressure for independence in the Central Asian region that was found in the south Caucasus, not to mention in the Baltic region. The leaders of the Central Asian republics all wanted more economic, cultural and political autonomy, but they were also very conservative and feared that independence might bring ethnic or political unrest to their republics. 3 These fears were borne out in Tajikistan, but everywhere else the transition to independence went smoothly. Now, 20 years later, these five republics have developed into very distinct countries. The ‘face’ of each country is different.
    [Show full text]
  • UZBEK WOMEN and the IMAGINING of UZBEKISTAN in the 1920S
    Int. J. Middle East Stud. 34 (2002), 263–278. Printed in the United States of America Marianne Kamp PILGRIMAGE AND PERFORMANCE: UZBEK WOMEN AND THE IMAGINING OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE 1920s In August 1924, Anabibi Safaeva set off from her home city of Khiva, which was then the capital of the Xorezm People’s Republic, to study in Tashkent, which was the administrative center of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Safaeva traveled with some 160 students in a convoy of three boats down the Amu River toward the Aral Sea. However, misfortune befell Safaeva: her boat was attacked by basmachis, a bandit or rebel gang.1 The basmachis killed all twenty-two of the men in Safaeva’s group and carried off the women as captives. By the time that Safaeva was rescued, more than two months later, there was no longer a Xorezm People’s Republic or a Turkistan Republic; instead, Safaeva’s Khivan home was now in Uzbek- istan, and Tashkent, the goal of her academic pilgrimage, had become the capital of Uzbekistan. Safaeva waited for several years after her abduction before attempting to travel to Tashkent again, finally going there in 1927 to study at the Central Asian Communist University.2 She worked for the Communist Party of Uzbekistan as an activist in the Tashkent regional Women’s Division while she was studying, and in 1931 she was sent by the party to Uzbekistan’s Bukhara province to participate in the collectivization of agriculture. There she was poisoned, presumably by someone who opposed the state’s appropriation of land.3 Anabibi Safaeva was one of thousands of young women who joined in what Bene- dict Anderson refers to as the pilgrimage of modern education.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission and Revolution in Central Asia
    Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 by John Hultvall A translation by Birgitta Åhman into English of the original book, Mission och revolution i Centralasien, published by Gummessons, Stockholm, 1981, in the series STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA XXXV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword by Ambassador Gunnar Jarring Preface by the author I. Eastern Turkestan – An Isolated Country and Yet a Meeting Place 1. A Geographical Survey 2. Different Ethnic Groups 3. Scenes from Everyday Life 4. A Brief Historical Survey 5. Religious Concepts among the Chinese Rulers 6. The Religion of the Masses 7. Eastern Turkestan Church History II. Exploring the Mission Field 1892 -1900. From N. F. Höijer to the Boxer Uprising 1. An Un-known Mission Field 2. Pioneers 3. Diffident Missionary Endeavours 4. Sven Hedin – a Critic and a Friend 5. Real Adversities III. The Foundation 1901 – 1912. From the Boxer Uprising to the Birth of the Republic. 1. New Missionaries Keep Coming to the Field in a Constant Stream 2. Mission Medical Care is Organized 3. The Chinese Branch of the Mission Develops 4. The Bible Dispute 5. Starting Children’s Homes 6. The Republican Frenzy Reaches Kashgar 7. The Results of the Founding Years IV. Stabilization 1912 – 1923. From Sjöholm’s Inspection Tour to the First Persecution. 1. The Inspection of 1913 2. The Eastern Turkestan Conference 3. The Schools – an Attempt to Reach Young People 4. The Literary Work Transgressing all Frontiers 5. The Church is Taking Roots 6. The First World War – Seen from a Distance 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin
    www.ssoar.info Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Marushiakova, E., & Popov, V. (2017). Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections. Social Inclusion, 5(4), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Social Inclusion (ISSN: 2183–2803) 2017, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 48–59 DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Article Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Elena Marushiakova * and Vesselin Popov School of History, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9BA, UK; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.M.), [email protected] (V.P.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 14 August 2017 | Accepted: 16 October 2017 | Published: 22 December 2017 Abstract This article presents the history of the politics of multilingualism (or lack thereof) in regard to Roma (formerly known as ‘Gypsies’). In the 1920s and 1930s in the newly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, against a backdrop of pro- claimed principles of full equality of all peoples1 living in the new state, commenced a rapid creation of schools for Roma children with instruction in Romani mother-tongue along with special training of Roma teachers.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Historical, Cultural and Ethnic Roots1
    2. HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND ETHNIC ROOTS1 General features of ethnic identity evolution history, to develop autonomous state structures, in the eastern part of Europe their lives have mostly been determined by out- side forces with diverse geopolitical interests. Differences may be observed between Eastern The uncertain political situation of past cen- and Western Europe in terms of the ethnogenesis turies gave rise – along the linguistic, cultural of the peoples and the development of their eth- and political fault lines – to several ethnic groups nic identity. In the eastern half of the continent, with uncertain identities, disputed allegiances rather than be tied to the confines of a particular and divergent political interests. Even now, there state, community identity and belonging have exist among the various groups overlaps, differ- tended to emerge from the collective memory of ences and conflicts which arose in earlier periods. a community of linguistic and cultural elements The characteristic features of the groups have not or, on occasion, from the collective memory of a been placed in a clearly definable framework. state that existed in an earlier period (Romsics, In the eastern half of Europe, the various I. 1998). The evolution of the eastern Slavic and ethnic groups are at different stages of devel- Baltic peoples constitutes a particular aspect of opment in terms of their ethnic identity. The this course. We can, therefore, gain insights into Belarusian people, who speak an eastern Slavic the historical foundations of the ethnic identity language, occupy a special place among these of the inhabitants of today’s Belarus – an identity groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Water Resources Management in Fergana Valley (Iwrm-Fv) Project Phase V Comprehensive Hydrographic Study of the Ferga
    INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN FERGANA VALLEY (IWRM-FV) PROJECT PHASE V COMPREHENSIVE HYDROGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE FERGANA VALLEY Vision of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) based on the IWRM-FV Project experience in Uzbekistan Tashkent 2011 - 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Vision has been prepared in strict compliance with the Terms of Reference for the National Team of the Republic of Uzbekistan composed of leading experts of the Chief Water Management Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the involvement of high-skilled experts experienced in analytical work. Also experts of the working groups from the Andijan, Namangan, and Fergana provinces as well as experts from the Fergana Valley Main Canal Administration with Unified Dispatch Center (MCA UDC) and BISAs the Fergana Valley. General management was carried out by Professor V.A. Dukhovny, Director of SIC ICWC. When drawing up the Vision, the National Report of the Republic of Uzbekistan “Assessment of the state of land and water resources management and rational use” and the IWRM-FV Project implementation results were used. At the same time, recommendations of other relevant ministries and institutions involved in the project implementation were taken into consideration. This Vision represents the Conclusions about the state of Integrated Water Resources Management in the Republic of Uzbekistan and recommendations on further development and deepening of the IWRM implementation. - 2 - LIST OF EXECUTORS 1. Djalalov, А.А., Regional Group Leader 2. Mirkhabibov, Sh., Leading Expert of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan 3. Yarulina, R., Head of Division of the State Department for Nature Protection 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philippines: Women's Representative, People's
    THE PHILIPPINES: WOMEN’S REPRESENTATIVE, PEOPLE’S PARLIAMENTARIAN By Bernadette P. Libres Liza Largoza-Maza Elections are so frequent in the Philippines that Filipinos would jokingly announce there are three seasons in the Philippines: dry, wet and election seasons. Elections for various elective positions both at national and local levels are held every three years. In between, the barangay, or village-level election is conducted. Filipinos welcome elections because it provides them a sense of participation in charting the country’s future. For centuries, the people have been marginalised in the everyday politics of the nation that they regard election as an important political activity. Voter turnout in the national elections ranges from 70-80%, this, despite the fact that election results do not reflect the people’s real choices because of widespread fraud. But Filipinos also view elections with both humour and cynicism. They regard elections as a break, a breather from the routine of daily survival. Election campaigns draw in movie stars, both as entertainers and as endorsers during the campaign or as political candidates themselves. Having lived through years of frustration with the government and its leaders, election gives the ordinary Filipino an opportunity to laugh at the politicians who vainly try to crack jokes, to sing and dance during campaign sorties or appear in popular comedy shows on television. Election campaign period, because of rampant vote buying, is also a time to make money. In all this, the more important issues of the people - unemployment and starvation wages, negative impact of globalisation, the lack of basic services and issues concerning human rights, justice and peace - are expectedly relegated to the sidelines, if at all tackled during campaigns.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges to Freedom of Religion in Post-Soviet Central Asian States
    MARCH 2016 Challenges to Freedom of Religion in Post-Soviet Central Asian States Religious Freedom Initiative Mission Eurasia VITALIY V. PROSHAK AND EVGENY GRECHKO www.MissionEurasia.org Challenges to Freedom of Religion in Post-Soviet Central Asian States Analytical Report Vitaliy V. Proshak and Evgeny Grechko Publication of Mission Eurasia Religious Freedom Initiatives March 2016 Foreword This year the global community marks 25 years since the disintegration of the USSR, which gave 15 Soviet socialist republics the freedom to determine their own political, economic, and religious identities. This includes the five former Soviet republics in the pre-dominantly Muslim region known as Central Asia, which share geographical borders and the same Soviet political and economic system that propagated atheism for more than 70 years. When the USSR collapsed, the religious groups most actively involved in outreach in Central Asia—evangelicals—were given the unprecedented opportunity to grow by reaching across ethnic boundaries with Christian values. However, this region’s deep historical Muslim roots joined with the vestiges of Soviet authoritarianism to establish strict control over the religious sphere and prevent the establishment of new democracies. It is interesting to note that the leaders of most Central Asian countries today are the same leaders who were in power in these countries during the Soviet era. Governments of the countries in Central Asia understand the threat that all religions, including radical Islam, pose to their power. For this reason, they have enacted legislation that strictly controls every aspect of religious life. Christianity, especially the evangelical church, has suffered the most, both because of its rejection by the predominantly Muslim culture and its outward focus on society.
    [Show full text]
  • Tajikistan Health System Review
    Health Systems in Transition Vol. 12 No. 2 2010 Tajikistan Health system review Ghafur Khodjamurodov • Bernd Rechel Bernd Rechel (Editor) and Martin McKee (Series editor) were responsible for this HiT profile Editorial Board Editor in chief Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom Series editors Reinhard Busse, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Josep Figueras, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Martin McKee, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Richard Saltman, Emory University, United States Editorial team Sara Allin, University of Toronto, Canada Matthew Gaskins, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Cristina Hernández-Quevedo, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Anna Maresso, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies David McDaid, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Sherry Merkur, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Philipa Mladovsky, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Bernd Rechel, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Erica Richardson, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Sarah Thomson, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Ewout van Ginneken, Berlin University of Technology, Germany International advisory board Tit Albreht, Institute of Public Health, Slovenia Carlos Alvarez-Dardet Díaz, University of Alicante, Spain Rifat Atun, Global Fund, Switzerland Johan Calltorp, Nordic School of Public Health, Sweden Armin Fidler,
    [Show full text]