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Electromagnetic Fields Radiated from Electrostatic Discharges Theory and Experiment

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Electromagnetic Fields Radiated from Electrostatic Discharges Theory and Experiment NBS A111D2 7fi3flDa PUBLICATIONS NAFL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. A1 11 02783808 /Electromaanetlc fields radiated from el QC100 .U5753 N0.1314 1988 V198 C.I NBS-P * ••'•tiiu 0* NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1314 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards Electromagnetic Fields Radiated From Electrostatic Discharges Theory and Experiment Perry F. Wilson Arthur R. Ondrejka Mark T. Ma John M. Ladbury -QC 100 .U5753 #1314 1988 C.2 Tm he National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall ^j^^ goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research to assure international competitiveness and leadership of U.S. industry, science arid technology. NBS work involves development and transfer of measurements, standards and related science and technology, in support of continually improving U.S. productivity, product quality and reliability, innovation and underlying science and engineering. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering. The National Measurement Laboratory Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards^ coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, • Analytical Chemistry industry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; provides calibration services; and manages the National Standard Reference Data System. 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The Institute consists of the following divisions: The Institute for Materials Science and Engineering Conducts research and provides measurements, data, standards, reference • Ceramics materials, quantitative understanding and other technical information • Fracture and Deformation^ fundamental to the processing, structure, properties and performance of • Polymers materials; addresses the scientific basis for new advanced materials • Metallurgy technologies; plans research around cross-cutting scientific themes such as • Reactor Radiation nondestructive evaluation and phase diagram development; oversees Bureau-wide technical programs in nuclear reactor radiation research and nondestructive evaluation; and broadly disseminates generic technical information resulting from its programs. The Institute consists of the following Divisions: 'Hcadquancrs and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless othei^vise noted; mailing address Gaithcrsburg, MD 20899. 'Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303. 'Located at Boulder, CO, with some elements at Gaithersburg, MD Research Information Center (National tiureau of Standards Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Qjlloo Electromagnetic Fields Radiated From ^^7^3 Electrostatic Discharges—Theory mf^ and Experiment Perry F. Wilson* Arthur R. Ondrejka Mark T. Ma John M. Ladbury Electromagnetic Fields Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Engineering Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328 *Presently with BBC, Baden-Dattwil, Switzerland U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, C. William Verity, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director Issued February 1988 National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 1314 Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech Note 1314, 72 pages (Feb. 1988) CODEN:NBTNAE U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 .. 12 CONTENTS Page List of Figures V Abstract 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 PRE-DISCHARGE EFFECTS AND DISCHARGE CURRENT 3 3 DIPOLE MODEL OF THE ESD -RADIATED FIELDS 5 3 . Electric Field 6 3 . Magnetic Field 8 4. MEASURED ESD CURRENT AND ELECTRIC -FIELD WAVEFORMS 8 4 . Instrximentation , 8 4 . Experimental Results , 10 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND DISCUSSIONS 14 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 15 7 REFERENCES 15 APPENDIX A: Time-Dependent Fields Due to a Dipole Source 17 APPENDIX B: Spectrum of ESD Dipole Radiation Model 24 APPENDIX C: Time-Domain Antennas for Measuring Impilsive Electromagnetic Fields 26 iii . List of Figures Figure Number Page 1. Diagrams showing the development of a spark channel, based on cloud chamber observations: (a) electron avalanche, (b) channel growth toward anode, (c) channel growth toward both anode and cathode, and (d) conductive bridge [7] 27 2. Conventional single RC circuit model for human electrostatic discharge [9] 28 3. The dual RLC circuit model for human electrostatic discharge incorporating separate, parallel paths for body and hand discharges [11] 28 4. Computer simulation of an ESD current based on the dual RLC circuit (fig. 3). The circuit parameters used are C = 7.5 pF, R^ = 200 fi, L^ = 0.1 /iH, C = 100 pF, R_ = 500 Q, L„ = 1.7 /xH, and 5-kV initial charge [11] 29 5. Computer solutions for a dual RLC-circuit model using different single-pole simulated oscilloscope bandwidths The initial applied voltage is 5 kV [15] 30 6. The raidation spectrum at 2.0 m from an ESD source for various applied voltages [1] 31 7. A dipole above a perfect ground plane and its image 32 8 Measurement system schematics 33 (a) For measuring current waveform. (b) For measuring electric field. 9. Coaxial ball target measurement configuration (Shield material was used to prevent radiation of the ESD simulator from interfering with the receiving system) 34 10. Coaxial ball target current and vertical electric field for a 1-kV discharge 35 11. Coaxial ball target current and vertical electric field for a 2-kV discharge 36 12. Coaxial ball target current and vertical electric field for a 4-kV discharge 37 13. Coaxial ball target current and vertical electric field for a 6-kV discharge 38 V 14. Coaxial ball target current and vertical electric field for a 8-kV discharge 39 15. Coaxial ball target current and vertical electric field for a 10-kV discharge 40 16. Coaxial ball target current and vertical electric field for a 12 -kV discharge 41 17. Predicted vertical electric field for the 4-kV discharge of fig. 12 as a function of distance to the observation point 42 18. Predicted magnetic field for the 4-kV discharge case: 43 (a) with the receiving antenna at 1.5 m from the spark, and (b) as a function of the distance to the observation point. 19. Spectral content for the coaxial ball target 4-kV '. discharge of fig . 12 44 20. Vertical electric field for a 1-kV spark to a ground plane 45 21. Vertical electric field for a 2-kV spark to a ground plane 46 22. Vertical electric field for a 4-kV spark to a ground plane 47 23. Vertical electric field for a 6-kV spark to a ground plane 48 24. Measurement configuration for indirect radiation from a vertical square metal plate 49 25. Vertical electric field radiated by a vertical square metal plate excited by a 5-kV spark 50 26. Vertical electric field radiated by a vertical square metal plate excited by a 7-kV spark 51 27. Measurement configuration for radiation by a metal chair above a ground plane 52 28. Vertical electric field radiated by a metal chair above a ground plane excited by a 3-kV spark 53 29. Vertical electric field radiated by a metal chair above a ground plane excited by a 6-kV spark 54 30. Measurement configuration for radiation by a metal trash can on a ground
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