Characterization of Electrostatic Discharge Properties of Woven Fabrics Perumalraj R* Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, India

Scienc ile e & Perumalraj, J Textile Sci Eng 2016, 6:1 xt e E T n g DOI: 10.4172/2165-8064.1000235 f i o n

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o J Journal of Textile Science & Engineering

ISSN: 2165-8064

Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Characterization of Electrostatic Discharge Properties of Woven Fabrics Perumalraj R* Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, India

Abstract In this research work, the woven fabric samples of cotton, polyester PC blend, glass and silk materials have been selected to analyze the electrostatic discharge behavior of various woven fabrics using electrostatic discharge tester. The electrostatic discharge is mainly depends upon various controlled factors of electrostatic discharge tester hence, the controlled factors of number of rubbing cycle (20, 30 and 40 strokes), pressure (100,150 and 200 gms), speed (10, 20 and 30 mpm) were considered and analyzed the electrostatic discharge behaviors of various woven fabrics under various temperature and relative humidity using Box Behnken design and regression analysis. It was found that the glass and silk woven fabric have greatest tendency to give up electrons and gain a positive electrical charge but in case of polyester woven fabric have the greatest tendency to attract electrons and gain a negative electrical charge. It was observed that glass woven fabrics have more electrostatic discharge value than the polyester, PC blend, silk and cotton woven fabrics and it was also found that higher number of rubbing cycle, pressure and speed have significant effects on the electrostatic discharge properties of various types of woven fabrics.

Keywords: Electrostatic discharge; Box-Behnken method; Tribo blend, silk and glass with a sample size of 10 inch × 5 inch were selected electric effect; Static electricity; Regression analysis to analyze the electrostatic charge behavior of woven fabric using electrostatic discharge tester. All the selected woven fabrics were made Introduction with plain weave and same ends per inch (30), picks per inch (30). Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the release of static electricity The electrostatic charge properties are mainly depends upon various when two objects come into contact. Materials are made of atoms that controlled factors and uncontrolled factors namely number of rubbing are normally electrically neutral because they contain equal numbers cycle, pressure, speed, temperature and relative humidity (RH). In of positive charges (protons in their nuclei) and negative charges order to analyze and optimize the process parameters of electrostatic (electrons in “shells” surrounding the nucleus). The phenomenon of discharge tester, the following three factors were considered to analyze static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges. the electrostatic discharge properties of textile materials i.e., number of When two materials are in contact, electrons may move from one cycles (X1), pressure(X2) and speed (X3) by using Box-Behnken design material to the other, which leaves an excess of positive charge on as shown in the Table 1. The varying values of rubbing cycle(X1) are one material, and an equal negative charge on the other. When the 20, 30 and 40 strokes; the varying values of pressure(X2) are 100,150 materials are separated they retain this charge imbalance [1-4]. During and 200 gms. The varying values of speed (X3) are 10, 20 and 30 mpm textile manufacturing process, there is a potential of static charge under temperature (27°C) and RH (50%) as shown in the Table 1. In generation when fibers are extruded, and yarns are woven or knitted, electrostatic discharge tester, the sample is fixed between clamp1 and 2. and finished. Fibers, yarns, or fabrics are rubbed with guides, rollers The required parameters are fed into the electrometer before hand and or tension devices on the machinery and this operation of contact and the arm consisting the weight at the top and Teflon roller at the bottom separation continuously occur throughout the process [5-8]. This gives is moved over the fabric in a linear reciprocating to and fro manner many spinners and weavers much trouble in terms of productivity, and over the fabric. Finally the linear reciprocating movement is stopped can lead to malfunction of electronic equipment [9-12]. Static problems after the predetermined values are reached, where the rubbing strokes in textile industry have become more serious problems in synthetic is sensor by the proximity sensor and the static charge produced on the fibre production [13-19]. There are many factors that affect charge fabric can be measured by the electrostatic sensor. As per the coulombs generation such as environment (temperature, humidity), structural law the force, pressure, speed were directly proportional to the amount (polymer type, structure of fabric) and working factors (fabric speed, of charge produced. The range of static charge that can be measured tension, and contact area between fabric and machine parts, material in the range of 1-15 kilovolts. When Teflon roller is moved over the type that is in contact with fabric [20,21]. From the literature survey, fabric, the electrostatic charge is generated on the fabric, and then there is no extensive study about the electrostatic discharge properties static charge can be sensed by electro static sensors. The electrostatic of various types of woven fabric. Hence In this research work, the discharge values of various woven fabrics were analyzed using Box woven fabric samples of cotton, polyester PC blend, glass and silk materials have been selected to analyze the electrostatic discharge behavior of various woven fabric using electrostatic discharge tester. *Corresponding author: Rathinam Perumalraj, Bannari Amman Institute of The electrostatic discharge is mainly depends upon various controlled Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, India, Tel: 91-422-2302277; E-mail: factors of electrostatic discharge tester hence, the controlled factors of [email protected] number of rubbing cycle (20, 30 and 40 strokes), pressure (100,150 and Received November 14, 2015; Accepted January 09, 2016; Published January 200 gms), speed (10, 20 and 30 mpm) were considered and analyzed 19, 2016 the electrostatic discharge behaviors of various woven fabrics under Citation: Perumalraj R (2016) Characterization of Electrostatic Discharge various temperature and relative humidity using Box Behnken design Properties of Woven Fabrics. J Textile Sci Eng 6: 235. doi:10.4172/2165- and regression analysis. 8064.1000235 Copyright: © 2016 Perumalraj R. This is an open-access article distributed under Materials and Methods the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and The woven fabric samples of cotton, polyester, polyester/cotton source are credited.

J Textile Sci Eng ISSN: 2165-8064 JTESE, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000235 Citation: Perumalraj R (2016) Characterization of Electrostatic Discharge Properties of Woven Fabrics. J Textile Sci Eng 6: 235. doi:10.4172/2165- 8064.1000235

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Factor level combination under high and low humidity conditions. It was understood that there Expt Run X1 X2 X3 was a significant effect between number of rubbing cycle and pressure 20 100 20 40 100 20 20 200 20 40 200 20

20 150 10 2.6 1.0 1.2

40 150 10 2.4

s 1.4

t l 20 150 30 o 1.6 2.2

1.8

v o l

i 2.0 40 150 30 K 2.0

2.2

n i

30 100 10 2.4

g 1.8

2.6

r a 30 200 10 h

c 1.6

30 100 30 i 40 t

a 1.4 t

S 35 es 30 200 30 1.2 ok tr s 30 30 150 20 1.0 in le c 180 y 30 150 20 160 25 c 140 30 150 20 Press 120 20 ure in 100 ubbing grams R Table 1: Box-Behnken method. Figure 1: Effect of pressure and rubbing cycle on electrostatic discharge Behnken design and regression analysis. properties of polyester fabrics. Results and Discussion The static electricity of woven fabrics is mainly depends upon the various factors like speed, pressure and number of rubbing cycles, temperature and RH. In general, when the temperature is high, the 2.6 static charge generation will be more but when humidity is high, the 2.4

static charge generation will be less. The various type of woven fabrics s

t l

have a tendency of either giving up electrons and become positive o 2.2

v o l i

k 2.0

(+) in charge (or) attracting electron and become negative (-) in i

charge when brought in contact with other materials. The glass and g 1.8

r a h

c 1.6

silk woven fabric materials have tend to give up electrons and gain a c

i 200 t a 1.4 positive electrical charge when brought in contact with other materials t

S 180 1.2 but the polyester woven fabrics have tend to attract electrons and 160 ams 1.0 gr gain a negative electrical charges when brought in contact with other 140 in e 25 ur materials. In case of cotton woven fabric do not tend to get to attract 20 120 s es Speed 15 r in 100 P or giving up electrons when brought in contact or rube with other m/min 10 2.0 2.2 materials. The tribo electric effect (tribo electric charging) is a type of 2.4 contact electrification in which sudden materials become electrically 2.6 charged after the come in to contact with other materials through Figure 2: Effect of pressure and speed on electrostatic discharge properties friction. Any two materials are come into contact and then separate, of polyester fabrics. the electron to be exchange. After coming in contact, the chemical bond is formed between parts of the two surfaces, called adhesion, and electrical charges move from one material to other material in order to equalize the electrochemical potential.

Electrostatic discharge properties of polyester woven fabrics 2.6

It was observed from the Figures 1-3, that the polyester woven s 2.4

t l

fabric have more static charge generation range from 1.11 to 2.60 o v o l

i 2.2

kilovolts under various controlled factors of rubbing cycles, pressure i

and speed as per the Box Behnken experimental design. The polyester g 2.0

r a h c

1.8

c woven fabrics have more static discharge value than cotton and i

t a t silk woven fabrics. It is mainly due to the moisture regain value of s es 1.6 35 ok tr s polyester woven fabrics (0.4%MR). The polyester woven fabric have 30 in 1.4 le c less moisture absorption properties and retain more static charge than y 25 25 c the natural fibres and also the polyester material are hydrophobic in 20 Speed 15 in 20 ubbing nature which hardly allows moisture through polyester woven fabric m/min 10 R 2.4 material. Hence polyester woven fabric does not able to dissipate or conduct the electrostatic charges. It was also observed that there is no Figure 3: Effect of rubbing cycle and speed on electrostatic discharge significant difference of electrostatic charge of polyester woven fabrics properties of polyester fabrics.

Page 3 of 6 and speed on electrostatic discharge properties of polyester woven fabrics. It was also found that higher number of rubbing cycle, pressure and speed had significant influences on the electrostatic discharge properties. 1.4

Electrostatic discharge properties of cotton woven fabrics s 1.3

t l o

v o l

It was observed from Figures 4-6, that the cotton woven fabric have i 1.2 k

less electrostatic discharge value range from 1.11-1.53 kilovolts under i

g 1.1

r a

the various controlled factors of number of rubbing cycle, speed and h c

1.0 c

pressure as per the Box Behnken experimental design. The cotton woven i 40

t a t fabrics have less electrostatic discharge than Polyester, PC blends, silk S 0.9 35 es ok tr s 30 and glass woven fabrics. It is mainly due to moisture regain value of 0.8 in le c 25 y cotton materials. The cotton woven fabric moisture regain value is 20 25 c 15 8% but the polyester woven fabric moisture regain value is only 0.4%. 10 Speed 5 20 in m/ ubbing 1.4 The cotton fibers have 70% of crystalline region and rest of region is min R amorphous and cotton fibre is very absorbent owing to the counter less Figure 6: Effect of rubbing cycle and speed on electrostatic discharge polar O-H group in its polymer, these attract water molecules. Hence properties of cotton fabrics. this water conducts and dissipates the static electrical charge. There is a significant difference between cotton, PC blends and glass woven fabrics of electrostatic discharge properties. This cotton fabric moisture will able to contain and helps to distribute/dissipate the electrostatic charge very easily. However the observed moisture particle is actually 2.0 conducting the electrical static charge and not the cotton fibre itself. It

s 1.8

t l o

v o l i k

1.6

n i

e g

r a

h 1.4 c

45 c

i 40

t a t es s 1.2

s 40 35 ok

t l

o s

30 in

v o l i 35 1.0 le

k c y

180 c

i 160 25

g 30 140

Pres 120 20 ubbing

r a h s

ure R 2.0

c in 100 gr

25 ams c

i 40 t

a es t

s ok 20 35 tr s Figure 7: Effect of pressure and rubbing cycle on electrostatic discharge in 30 le properties of PC blend fabrics. 15 c y 180 c 160 25 140 P 120 ubbing ress 20 R ure in 100 grams 45 was also observed that the cotton woven fabrics have less static in high humidity conditions because they observed water from the atmosphere Figure 4: Effect of pressure and rubbing cycle on electrostatic discharge and this water conduct and helps to dissipate and distribute the electrical properties of cotton fabrics. static charge and also cotton fabrics are ineffective at dissipating static electric charge at very low level RH. It was understood that there was a significant effect between number of rubbing cycle and pressure and speed on electrostatic discharge properties of cotton woven fabrics. It was also found that higher number of rubbing cycle, pressure and speed

1.6 had significant influences on the electrostatic discharge properties

s Electrostatic discharge properties of PC blend fabrics

1.5

t l o

v o l

i It was observed from the Figures 7-9, that the PC blend woven k

1.4

i fabrics have static discharge value range from 1.12-1.85 kilovolts

g under various control factors of rubbing cycles, pressure and speed as

r a

h 1.3

i 200 per the Box Behnken experimental design. It was found that the PC

t a t

s 1.2 180 blend fabrics have less electrostatic discharge generation value than 160 ams the polyester woven fabric, but higher than the cotton woven fabrics. 1.1 140 gr 25 in It was understood that there was a significant effect between number 20 e 120 ur 15 s 10 es of rubbing cycle and pressure and speed on electrostatic discharge speed 100 r in 5 P 1.6 m/min properties of PC blend woven fabrics. It was also found that higher number of rubbing cycle, pressure and speed had significant influences Figure 5: Effect of pressure and speed on electrostatic discharge properties of cotton fabrics. on the electrostatic discharge properties.

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kilovolts under the various controlled factors of number of rubbing cycles, speed and pressure as per the Box Behnken experimental design. The silk woven fabric less electrostatic discharge than polyester 2.0 woven fabric, it is mainly due to the moisture regain value of silk woven fabric (11%). Hence the silk woven fabrics have conduct and

s 1.8

t l

o dissipate the electrostatic charge easily than the polyester woven fabric.

v o l i k

1.6 It was understood that there was a significant effect between number

n i

g of rubbing cycle and pressure and speed on electrostatic discharge

r a

h 1.4 c

properties of PC blend woven fabrics. It was also found that higher c

i 200

t a t number of rubbing cycle, pressure and speed had significantly influence S 1.2 180 160 ams the electrostatic discharge properties. 1.0 gr 140 in 25 e ur 20 120 s The electrostatic discharge properties of glass woven fabrics 15 res Speed 100 P in 2.0 m/min 10 It was observed from Figures 13-15, that the glass woven fabric have very high electrostatic discharge value range from 1.5-2.88 kilovolts under various controlled factors of rubbing cycles, speed and Figure 8: Effect of pressure and speed on electrostatic discharge properties of PC blend fabrics. pressure as per the Box Behnken experimental design. It was found that the glass woven fabric have more electrostatic discharge value than polyester, PC blend, silk and cotton woven fabrics. Since, the glass fibre woven fabric does not absorb the moisture and water; hence there is more accumulation of static electric charge over the surface of the glass woven fabrics than other woven fabric materials and also there is no any conducting or dissipating or distribution of static electric charge. 1.7

1.6

t l o

1.5

v o l i

i 1.4

e g

1.3

r a

h 1.8 c

1.4 c

i 1.2 40 t

a 1.7 1.5

t s

S 1.6

t l 35 o 1.1 es 1.6 1.7

rok

v o l

t i

s 30 K

1.0 in 1.5

n le i 25 c

25 y

g 1.4

20 c

r a 15 h

Speed 20 c 1.3

1.5

in 10 c m/min ubbing i

R 1.6 200 t

a 1.2 t

S 180 1.1 160 Figure 9: Effect of rubbing cycle and speed on electrostatic discharge ams 1.0 gr 140 in properties of PC blend fabrics. 25 e ur 20 120 s 15 res Speed P in 100 M/Min 10

Figure 11: Effect of pressure and speed on electrostatic discharge properties of Silk fabrics.

1.9

1.8 1.5

s 1.6

t l

o 1.7 1.7

v o l i 1.8

k 1.6

n i

e g 1.5

r a h 35

c 1.4

c i

200 s t

a 1.3 40 45 t

t l o

S 180

1.2

v o l 160 ams i 35

gr K

1.1 in i

140 e

e 35 ur g 30 120 s

30 es

r a R r h

ubbing 25 P C

c 100 25 c ycle i

in s 20 40 t trok a es

es t ok S 20 35 tr s in 30 le 15 c y Figure 10: Effect of pressure and rubbing cycle on electrostatic discharge c 25 25 properties of Silk fabrics. 20 Speed 15 ubbing in 20 R M/Min 10 The electrostatic discharge properties of silk woven fabrics It was observed from the Figures 10-12, that the silk woven fabric Figure 12: Effect of rubbing cycle and speed on electrostatic discharge properties of Silk fabrics. have electrostatic discharge generation value range from 1.1-1.82

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Sl. No. Process parameter Optimum level Rubbing cycle + Pressure 0 3.0 Speed + 2.2

2.8 2.4 s

2.6 Table 2: Optimum level process parameter of electrostatic discharge tester.

t l o

2.6 2.8

v o l i

i 2.4 The glass and silk fibre woven fabrics have the greatest tendency to give

e g up electrons and gain a positive electric charge, but in case of polyester

2.2

r a h c

woven fabric have the greatest tendency to attract electrons and gain a c

i 2.0 40

t a

t negative electrical charge. S es 1.8 35 ok tr s 30 1.6 in The regression equations were formed using co-efficient le c 180 y 160 25 C obtained in the Box Behnken experimental design to assess the static 140 Press 120 20 electricity charge of the textile woven fabrics. Regression equation ure in 100 ubbing grams R analysis for various woven fabrics is equated as y1=-198.310232a- 2.51277x1+1.719121x2+0.918667x3 where y1 indicates the average of Figure 13: Effect of pressure and rubbing cycle on electrostatic discharge static charge generated, x1, x2 and x3 are the three factors and levels properties of Glass fabrics. i.e. rubbing cycle, pressure and speed. The above equation is formed in this exercise and appeared to fit in a better way with the actual value obtained at all level, expressed by the higher correlation values. The three optimum process parameters obtained from data and graphs were analyzed for best occurrence of each process parameter

3.0 and once set of process parameter is obtained to find out the (i)

2.8 2.0 optimum level of each variable,(ii) best trial. The process parameters

s 2.2

t l o 2.6 2.4 for optimum results of electrostatic discharge are shown in the Table 2.

2.6

v o l i

K 2.4 2.8

i Conclusion

g 2.2

r a h

c 2.0

The electrostatic properties of various woven fabrics have mainly c

i 200 t a 1.8 t depends upon the control factors of number of rubbing cycle, pressure

S 180 1.6 160 and speed of electrostatic discharge tester. The following conclusion 1.4 ams 140 gr 25 in can be drawn from this study. 120 e 20 ur s 15 Speed 100 res in P • M/Min 10 The glass woven fabric have more static charge generation than polyester, PC blend, silk and cotton woven materials. Figure 14: Effect of pressure and speed on Electrostatic discharge properties • The polyester woven fabrics have more static electrostatic of Glass fabrics. charge accumulation over the surface of the fabrics than the cotton, PC blend, silk and cotton. • The glass and silk fibre woven fabrics have greatest tendency to give up electrons and gain a positive electrical charge. • The polyester fibre woven fabric have greatest tendency to 3.0 2.8 attract electrons and gain a negative electrical charge.

s 2.8

t l

o • The optimum process parameters were analyzed and it was

v o l i k

2.6

i found that rubbing cycle (+), pressure (0) and speed (+) were obtained

g for effective measurement of electrostatic discharge properties of

r a

h 2.4

i 40 various types of woven fabrics.

t a t es

S 2.2 35 ok tr s References 30 in 2.0 le c y 1. Slade PE (1998) Antistats. Handbook of Fiber Finish Technology. New York, 25 25 C 20 USA. Speed 15 in 20 ubbing M/Min 10 R 2. Bailey, Adrian G (2001) The Charging of Insulators. Journal of Electrostatics 51-52: 82-90.

Figure 15: Effect of rubbing cycle and speed on Electrostatic discharge 3. Castle GSP (1997) Contact Charging between Insulators. Journal of properties of Glass fabrics. Electrostatic 40-41: 3-12. 4. Arita Y, Shiratori SS, Ikezaki K (2003) Methods for the Detection and In general, the static electricity is the accumulation of electrical charges Visualization of Charge Trapping Sites in Amorphous Parts in Crystalline Polymers. Journal of Electrostatics 57: 263-271. on the surface of the material, usually an insulator or non-conductor of electricity. It called “static” because there is no current flowing, as 5. Taylor DM, Secker PE (1994) Industrial Electrostatics: Fundamentals and Measurements. John Wiley and Sons New York, USA. there is in alternative current (AC) or direct current (DC) electricity.

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J Textile Sci Eng ISSN: 2165-8064 JTESE, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000235