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Lama Band 115 10.5.2016.Indd A Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten Anu Kumari Lama Understanding Institutional Adaptation to Climate Change Band 115 Anu Kumari Lama Understanding Institutional Adaptation to Climate Change 1 WÜRZBURGER GEOGRAPHISCHE ARBEITEN Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft Würzburg Herausgeber R. Baumhauer, B. Hahn, H. Job, H. Paeth, J. Rauh, B. Terhorst Band 115 Die Schriftenreihe Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten wird vom Institut für Geographie und Geologie zusammen mit der Geographischen Gesell- schaft herausgegeben. Die Beiträge umfassen mit wirtschafts-, sozial- und naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsperspektiven die gesamte thematische Bandbreite der Geographie. Der erste Band der Reihe wurde bereits 1953 herausgegeben. 2 Anu Kumari Lama Understanding Institutional Adaptation to Climate Change Social Resilience and Adaptive Governance Capacities of the Nature Based Tourism Institutions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal 3 Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten Herausgegeben vom Institut für Geographie und Geologie der Universität Würzburg in Verbindung mit der Geographischen Gesellschaft Würzburg Herausgeber R. Baumhauer, B. Hahn, H. Job, H. Paeth, J. Rauh, B. Terhorst Schriftleitung R. Klein Dissertation, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Philosophische Fakultät I, 2016 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hubert Job, Prof. Dr. Heiko Paeth Impressum Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Würzburg University Press Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg Am Hubland D-97074 Würzburg www.wup.uni-wuerzburg.de © 2016 Würzburg University Press Print on Demand ISSN 0510-9833 (print) ISSN 2194-3656 (online) ISBN 978-3-95826-034-4 (print) ISBN 978-3-95826-035-1 (online) urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131351 This document – excluding the cover – is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 DE License (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ The cover page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 DE License (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ 4 Acknowledgement Words are not enough to highlight the sentiments and values associated behind this PhD work. The very emotional and humble reasoning that motivated me to em- bark on this journey lies in achieving ‘the dream’, the dream of my mother, Buddha Kumari Lama, my late brother, Bijay Kumar Lama and my sister, Binu Lama. They always believed in me that I can achieve fulfilling ‘our common dream’. Hence this work reflects the aspirations and hopes of my family. This work is also worth the limitless value that anyone could possibly afford to pay, due to the very heart wrenching reasons. This achievement came at the costs of two extraordinary tragic events of my life. First, the passing away of my beloved brother in June 2014, and second, the catastrophic earthquake in Nepal, including in Kathmandu my hometown, in April 2015. As much as the doctoral work is an emotionally draining journey, these two tragic events greatly affected my sense of purpose and normalcy. The grief and trauma were big and would have taken their precedence, had it not been for the immense support and care given to me by my supervisor, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hubert Job and the colleagues at the department. My sincere gratitude and appreciation goes first and foremost to my primary supervisor, Professor Hubert Job, for taking me under his wing and guiding me through his generous intellectual support. His guidance, belief, encouragement and understanding remained the biggest driving force for the smooth operational pro- cess of this journey. Beside academically, Hubert and Tanja Job, took care of me as a family member. Right from the settling down process in the new city, to involving me in social events, they always made sure that I get the home away from home environment. They have also been a great consoling source during the tragic events I aforementioned. I am also greatly thankful to my secondary supervisor, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Heiko Pa- eth for his guidance and support. His expert knowledge in climate change provided valuable input during my work. I also extend my sincere thanks to my colleagues Prof. Dr. Ralf Klein, Dr. Man- uel Woltering, Dr. Ferdinand Paesler, Dr. Felix Kraus, Cornelius Merlin, Johannes Schammel, Daniel Mann, Niklas Scheder and Manuel Engelbauer. Whether as a group, or, as an individual, these great bunch of people have been a huge source of energy, laughter, support, encouragement and the life that happened at the Uni- versity. Words of appreciation also go out to Yasmin Herget for the ‘last minute’ proofreading of the manuscript. I am also very thankful to Herr Winfred Weber (Cartographer) and Frau Karin Menz (Secretary) for the publication and administra- tion related support. Whether during the publishing of the paper, or the thesis work preparation, Herr Weber’s help with the designing of the maps, figures and photo montage was incredible. If anyone was as caring and cautious that I finish my work on time, or, I meet the thesis submission protocol, it was the lovely Frau Menz. She was my excellent support partner helping me in each and every step she possibly can. Mind you, you do not want to mess with the German bureaucracy! 5 My enormous thanks also goes out to the staff of the National Trust of Nature Conservation (NTNC), especially Ganga Jung Thapa, Executive Officer (NTNC), Nawaraj Chapagain (former Hariyo Ban Programme Coordinator, NTNC), Shyam Thapa (Hariyo Ban Programme Coordinator, NTNC), Sikshya Adhikari Rana (Gen- der and Social Exclusion Officer, Hariyo Ban, NTNC), the staff of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) Pokhara, especially Lal Prasad Gurung (ACAP Director) and Asok Subedi (Natural Resource Conservation Officer/Hariyo Ban Fo- cal Person), for agreeing to take part in the interview. Special thanks also goes out to the ACAP Director, for providing me the technical and management support to conduct the research in the case study area. In Mustang, the staff of ACAP Jomsom, especially Paras Singh (former Officer in Charge, ACAP Jomsom), Santosh Sherchan (former Officer in Charge, ACAP Jom- som), Bidur Kuinkel (Officer in Charge, ACAP Jomsom), Krishna Gurung (former Tourism Assistant, ACAP Jomosm), Bel Pun (Tourism Assistant, ACAP Jomsom), Kisan K.C. (Account Assistant, ACAP Jomsom) and Ananda Subedi (Administration Assistant, ACAP Jomsom) have been a great source of support and strength, that have allowed me to effectively engage in a rigorous process of conducting practical action research activities. Thank you also goes out to the national level Hariyo Ban Programme Consortium members, Sunil Regmi (Climate Change Adaptation Coor- dinator, Care Nepal) and Pratima Shrestha (Climate Change Adaptation Specialist, Care Nepal-Pokhara), who agreed to share their valuable knowledge during the re- search period. This study would not have been possible without the research fellowship ‘Inter- national Climate Protection Fellowship’ from the Alexander von Humboldt Founda- tion, Bonn, Germany, which made it possible to conduct field work in Nepal. Last but not the least, I owe my sincere thanks to the community of the Mustang district. I am indebted to all those individuals and organizational representatives for providing their valuable time, for their keen interest to share their knowledge, learn from the research activities, and for the valuable insights that I got to gain during this process. Würzburg, March 2016 Anu Kumari Lama 6 Table of Content Table of Content ...................................................................................................................I List of Figures ....................................................................................................................IV List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... V List of Photographs ............................................................................................................ V Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................VI Abstract ........................................................................................................................... VIII Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... IX 1 Introduction: Nature based tourism and climate change adaptation .................. 1 1.1 Problem Statement – Navigating development and adaptation within NBT sustainability ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Discursive fields of nature based tourism, development and adaptation .............................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Sustainable NBT and adaptation ................................................................ 3 1.2 Rationality ................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Objectives and Research questions ....................................................................... 7 1.4 Thesis Structure ....................................................................................................... 8 2 Literature Review: NBT development, adaptation and governance – a sustainability triad ................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Discursive field
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