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Na Região Sul Do Brasil llsteno· , . aa~cultura e do Abastecimento Seção Tuberarium do g na Região Sul do Brasil H. Brücher Tradução de Sieglinde Brune , . ' .. , República Federativa do Brasil Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso Ministério da Agricultura e do Abastecimento Ministro Marcus Vinicius Pratine de Moraes Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Presidente Alberto Duque Portugal Diretores Elza Angela Battaggia Brito da Cunha Dante Daniel Giacomelli Scolari • José Roberto Rodrigues Peres • Embrapa Hortaliças Chefe-Geral Ruy Rezende Fontes Chefe-Adjunto de Administração Domingos AlIitldo de Oliveira Chefe-Adjunto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Welington Pereira Chefe-Adjunto de Comunicação. Negócios e Apoio Washington Luiz Carvalho e Silva Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Hortaliças Ministério da Agricultura e do Abastecimento • BATATAS SILVESTRES BRASILEIRAS Seção Tuberarium do gênero Solanum na Região Sul do Brasil H. Brücher Tradução de Sieglinde Brune • • • arasília, DF 1999 EMBRAPA-CNPH. Documentos da Embrapa Hortaliças, 21 Exemplares desta publicação podem ser solicitados à: Embrapa Hortaliças BR 060 - Km 09 - Rodovia BrasilialAnápolis Caixa Postal 218 70359-970 Brasília-DF Telefone (OXX61) 385-9110 Fax (OXX61) 556-5744 http://www.cnph.embrapa.br e-mail: sac.hortalicasOembrapa.br Título original: Brasiliens Wildkartolfeln. Die Sektion Tuberarium des Genus So/anum in Südbrasilien• . Tratamento editorial: Dione Melo da Silva Tiragem: 300 (trezentos) exemplares BRÜCHER, H. TItulo em português: Batatas Silvestres Brasileiras: Seção Tuberarium do gênero So/anum na Região Sul do Brasil I H. Brucher; Tradução de Sieglinde Brune. BrasRia, DF : EMBRAPA-CNPH,1999. 12p. (EMBRAPA-CNPH. Documentos, 21). ISSN 1415·2312 1. Batata silvestre - Espécie - Brasil. I. TItulo 11. Série CDD-633.491 • APRESENTAÇÃO o presente artigo, traduzido dos prestigiosos anais da Sociedade Botânica Alemã, pela pesquisa­ dora Slegllnde Brune, representa uma resenha dos trabalhos de levantamento da ocorrência de batatas silvestres no Brasil, remontando a coletas realizadas por Saint-Hilalre no século XVIII, e relatando as descobertas de outros estudiosos até os anos 60. o presente número da Série Documentos do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Hortaliças represen­ ta fonte de informações inédita em nosso paIs, sobre a pesquisa de batatas silvestres brasileiras, de inestimável valia para a pesquisa de melhoramento genético e para a biotecnologia importante hortaliça. A Embrapa Hortaliças espera, apresentando mais uma publicação de sua série Documentos, estar . prestando um serviço à comunidade envolvida na P & D de hortaliças e no cultivo da batata no Brasil. Ruy Rezende Fontes . Chefe-Geral da Embrapa Hortaliças RESUMO Como resultado de repetidas viagens de coleta aos Estados da Região Sul brasileira foi feita uma revisão na Seção Tuberarium, do gênero Solanum. Das seis Taxa brasileiras descritas, apenas as seguintes espécies são reconhecidas: Solanum chacoense Bitter, S. commersonii Dunal e S. malmeanum Bitter. A primeira dessas espécies está bem distribuída em cinco estados, estendendo-se da fronteira com o Paraguai até o Oceano Atlântico. Um clone tripl6ide dessa espécie (antigamente denominado calvescens) estende­ se até os 21 0 de latitude no Estado de Minas Gerais. Uma variante de S. chacoense apresenta folíolos estreitos. Foi antigamente descrita como S. muelleri e desenvolve-se na área leste dos Estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina. A espécie S. cqmmersonii s6 é encontrada na costa leste do Rio Grande do Sul. O ponto mais setentrional de ocorrência localiza-se na Baía de Tubarão, no Oceano Atlântico (Santa Catarina, 28 0 de latitude), onde é denominada localmente acroleucum. O local original de coleta de S. malmeanum foi junto ao Rio Ijuí no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Essa batata é resistente às geadas e s6 floresce no inverno. A sua área de ocorrência estende-se até às regiões vizinhas da Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai. Sob o ponto de vista citotaxonômico é notável que, das três espécies que tuberizam no Brasil, além dos clones dipl6ides normais, também ocorrem clones tripl6ides que s6 se reproduzem vegetativamente. Palavras-chave: Solanum commersonii Dunal, Solanum malmeanum Bitter, Solanum chacoense Bitter, batata silvestre, Brasil. ABSTRACT Wildpotatoes of Brazll. Section Tuberarium of Solanum in South Brazil. After repeated collection trips for Sola num in Southern Brazil, a revision was undertaken in the tuberbearing species of Section Tuberariumfrom this country. Only the following species: S. chacoense, S. commersonii and S. malmeanum have been recognised as valid between the six Taxa described formerly from Brazil. The first mentioned species covers five federal states extending its wide range from the Para­ guayan border in the West until the Atlantic Coastal range in the East. A triploid clone of this species (formerly known as S. calvescens) reaches northward until the 21 0 Lat. in Minas Gerais. Another local form with rather narrow leaflets (described fifty years ago as Solanum muellen) grows in the eastern part of the area, mainly in Paraná and Santa Catarina. S. commersonii is restricted to the eastern part of Rio Grande do Sul and has its northern border in the Bay of Tubarão (28° Lat), with its local form once described as S. acroleucum. The original discovery site of S. malmeanum is situated at the Rio Ijuí in the Federal state of Rio Grande do Sul, but it spreads westward until the border provinces of Argentina, Uruguay and Para­ guay. From the cytotaxonomical viewpoint is remarkable that from the three mentioned species exist be­ sides the normal diploid species also triploid clones which survive and multiply only vegetatively. Keywords: Solanum commersonii Dunal, Solanum malmeanum Bitter, Solanum chacoense Bitter, wild potatoes, Brazil. • Quando na Europa se observa o "pool" de genes de batatas silvestres sul-americano, esquece-se muitas vezes que a Seção Tuberarium abrange grandes áreas do sul brasileiro. A área de ocorrência abrange as latitudes 21 a 330 sul, cobrindo vários milhares de quilômetros quadrados. Nos Estados de Minas Gerais e Rio Grande do Sul, localizam-se os "Ioci classici" das seguintes Taxa de Solanum: S. tenue Sendtner (1846), S. acroleucum Bitter (1912), S. calvescecens Bitter (1912), S. malmeanum Bitter (1913), S. mülleri Bitter (1913). O pesquisador alemão Bitter descrevia as espécies, auxiliado por parco material de h~rbáriC? , proveniente em parte de sementes obtidas na Europa. Assim, sua descrição foi incompleta e ,re$ita ~o • material disponível na época. Esses motivos e repetidas expedições de coleta realizadas . o nosso ponto de vista de ser necessária a revisão das espécies que tuberizam no gênero Solanum. Uma vez que algumas das Taxa aqui mencionadas também 'oco.r:rem, ' .. ,] «, . Paraguai e Uruguai e, visando conto mar repetições, citamos aqui os estudos realizados nesses países (Argentina: Brucher, 1956 até 1970, Paraguai: Brucher, 1974, Uruguai: Brücher, 1976). Para os conceitos europeus, é enorme a distância física existente entre as espécies silvestres de batata no Brasil. Por exemplo, Solanum calvescens, que ocorre no Estado de Minas Gerais, situa-se a 2.000 km em linha reta de S. ou S. mülleri, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 1). Supõe-se que, da mesma forma como foi observado na distribuição de S. chacoense no sul do Brasil, é provável que ocorram espécies silvestres nas áreas ainda inexploradas. Certamente a exploração desses sítios é vantajosa não só por motivos biossistemáticos como também do ponto de vista da fisiologia da resistência das espécies. Sabe se que as espécies da Série Commersoniana (na qual incluímos todas as Solanum brasileiras que tuberizam) possuem valiosos genes de resistência contra bacterioses tropicais (causadas por Pseudomonas e Erwinia) e insetos transmissores de doenças. Diante do fato do crescente plantio comercial de batatas em latitudes tropicais e subtropicais com seus problemas de alta temperatura, umidade do solo e do ar, as espécies brasileiras de Solanum deveriam ser empregadas na hibridação com a batata cultivada (Solanum tuberosum), uma vez que elas passaram pela seleção natural, em condições climáticas idênticas. Do ponto de vista fitogeográfico, a região brasileira aqui descrita, segundo Cabrera (1953) ou Hueck & Seibert (1972), é denominada "Província Paranaense". Sua paisagem é ondulada, cortada por inúmeros cursos de água e originalmente possuía densas florestas. Sua altitude média é de 1.000 m, apresentando pontos isolados de 1.600 m. A precipitação pluviométrica anual é de 1.500 a 2.000 mm, ocorrendo especialmente nos meses quentes de verão. Os meses de invemo são mais secos e apresen­ tam esporadicamente noites com geadas. Em 1975 ocorreu a menor temperatura do século, com -8° C, destruindo quase completamente os plantios de café. Atualmente a Região Sul do Brasil passa por um profundo processo de transformação ecológica, cujo impacto sobre a flora e a fauna é impossível de ser imaginado na Europa. As florestas virgens, antigamente ricas em Araucaria angustifolia, do Paraná, São Paulo, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, foram exterminadas quase completamente, dando lugar a imensas pastagens, campos de cereais, de soja, cultivos da videira e cafezais. Dessa forma, os habitat de várias espécies autóctonas foram definitiva- . mente destruídos. Essa rápida e drástica transformação da cobertura vegetal é lastimável, tanto sob o ponto de vista da conservação do solo, como por motivos botânicos pois, foi exatamente nessa área que se concentraram
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