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Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Gibberellic Acid Concentrations

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Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Gibberellic Acid Concentrations Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Below the surface of the soil, a potato plant produces both roots Gibberellic Acid Concentrations on Dormancy and stem organs called stolons. Flow- ering in potato plants generally coin- Break in Tubers of Solanum chacoense cides with the swelling of stolon tips in which a majority of the tuber is formed 1 1 by randomly oriented cell division and Christian T. Christensen , Lincoln Zotarelli , expansion (Jackson, 1999). Deposited Kathleen G. Haynes2, and Charles Ethan Kelly1 in these cells are storage carbohydrates and proteins, including starch and patatin, respectively (Shewry, 2003), ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. potato, sprout number, tuber size making tubers strong storage sink or- gans (Fernie and Willmitzer, 2001). SUMMARY. Solanum chacoense is a wild relative of potato (Solanum tuberosum) that is of interest because of its many desirable traits, but it exhibits variations in tuber Coinciding with tuber formation is the dormancy across accessions. The objective of this study was to determine an appro- onset of dormancy. Dormancy can be priate gibberellic acid (GA3) concentration and soak time treatment to encourage described as the halting of all meriste- sprout development across four accessions of S. chacoense (A,B,C,andD)fromthe matic activity in the stolon apex and 174 accessions of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Potato Genebank. Twelve nodes (Sonnewald, 2001; Xu et al., treatments were created by using four concentrations of GA3 (0, 50, 100, and 150 1998), and it serves physiological ad- m Á L1 g mL ) across three soak periods (5, 45, and 90 minutes). Small (average weight, aptation by allowing survival during 1.4 g), medium (2.6 g), and large (5.6 g) tubers were distributed among all treat- periods of unfavorable conditions ments. Percentage of tubers sprouted, time to sprouting, sprout length, and sprout (Sonnewald, 2001). According to Sut- number per tuber were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of GA3 treatments on L1 tle (2011), there are three stages of dormancy breaking. GA3 concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mgÁmL partially broke dormancy within accessions B and C. None of the tested treatments were ef- dormancy in potato tubers. The first fective for breaking dormancy in accession D within 46 days after treatment. Accession stageofdormancyisreferredtoas A showed weaker dormancy, thus producing a similar percentage of sprouted tubers endodormancy, during which endog- across all GA3 treatments. Soak time had no significant effect on all parameters enous factors restrict the formation of measured. Larger tubers produced greater sprout number per tuber and percentages sprouts even under ideal conditions. m Á L1 of sprouted tubers. Soaking tubers in 50 g mL of GA3 may be an effective The second stage of dormancy is re- treatment for S. chacoense accessions with mild dormancy, but alternative methods to S. chacoense ferred to as paradormancy, during break dormancy may be required for accessions with stronger dormancy. which sprouting is restricted by exter- nal physiological factors. The third olanum chacoense (2n =2x =24) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) [Pole- stage of dormancy is referred to eco- is a wild potato species that is rovirus (Brown and Thomas, 1993)]. dormancy, during which meristematic Snative to South America. It has This species also accumulates a number activity is halted by external environ- been evaluated for several traits of in- of glycoalkaloid compounds that work mental factors. Immediately after har- terest for future incorporation in com- as natural deterrents of colorado po- vest, tubers enter endodormancy and mercially produced potato, such as tato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata will not produce sprouts when stored ° greater root biomass linked to higher (Bamberg et al., 1996; Mweetwa et al., at temperatures of 3 Corbelow nitrogen uptake efficiency (Errebhi 2011; Sinden et al., 1980)]. S. cha- (Suttle, 2011). Aside from the effects et al., 1999, 1998), late blight resis- coense naturally produces unreduced of temperature during the develop- tance (Colon and Budding, 1988), ment and storage of tubers (Davidson, gametes (Capo et al., 2002; Leue and salinity tolerance (Bilski et al., 1988), 1958), time to sprouting in potato resistance to verticillium wilt [Verticil- Peloquin, 1980), which allows for the tubers can vary among varieties be- lium dahlia (Lynch et al., 1997; Uribe transmission of these valuable genes tween years (Kim et al., 1999; Van S. chacoense et al., 2014)], resistance to potato virus from diploid to tetraploid Ittersum, 1992), by tuber size (Claassens S. tuberosum Y(PVY)[Potyvirus (Sato et al., 2006)], via 4x-2x crosses. How- and Vreugdenhil, 2000, Krijthe, ever, newly harvested material of S. 1962; Van Ittersum, 1992), and Received for publication 1 July 2019. Accepted for chacoense across populations, also re- between species (Hermundstad and publication 28 Oct. 2019. ferred to as accessions, has shown un- Peloquin, 1985; Thompson et al., 1980). Published online 5 December 2019. even dormancy and plant emergence. Among wild species of tuber-bearing 1University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences Depart- ment, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, 1241 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re- search Service, Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Units Vegetables Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 To convert U.S. to SI, To convert SI to U.S., This manuscript was orally presented at the 2019 multiply by U.S. unit SI unit multiply by Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticultural Society in Maitland, FL. 29.5735 fl oz mL 0.0338 0.0929 ft2 m2 10.7639 L.Z. is the corresponding author. E-mail: lzota@ufl.edu. 2.54 inch(es) cm 0.3937 This is an open access article distributed under the CC 25.4 inch(es) mm 0.0394 BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/ 28.3495 oz g 0.0353 licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1 ppm mgÁmL–1 1 https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04448-19 (°F – 32) O 1.8 °F °C(°C · 1.8) + 32 76 • February 2020 30(1) Solanum species, the tuber dormancy clones were selected based on tuber a sprout at least 2 mm long that length can range from a short period availability and the ability to tuberize in showed no signs of desiccation. Time such as 20 d (Thompson et al., 1980) pots. Tubers were cultivated from to sprouting was determined as DAT to up to 8 years (Bamberg, 2010). tuberlings in 6-inch-diameter con- required for the average sprout num- At the time of sprouting, the tuber tainers using peatmoss potting mixture ber (with a minimum length of 2 mm) becomes repurposed from a storage (ProMix Flex; Premier Tech Horticul- in a single replicate to equal or exceed organ to a source organ for newly de- ture, Delson, QC, Canada) under one. The percentage of sprouted tu- veloping sprouts (Sonnewald, 2001). a 12-h photoperiod and fertilized us- bers was calculated as the number of Premature potato tuber sprouting dur- ing 24N–3.5P–13.3K water-soluble tubers sprouted divided by the total ing storage can lead to decreased crop fertilizer (MiracleGro All-Purpose Fer- number of tubers in that treatment 46 values and loss of quality due to remo- tilizer; Scotts, Marysville, OH). Tubers DAT. After 46 DAT, nonsprouted bilization of starch and proteins were harvested on 1 Oct. 2013 at the tubers started to shrivel and become (Bornke€ et al., 2007), whereas delayed USDA facility in Beltsville, MD, and desiccated. sprouting after planting can lead shipped overnight to the University of STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. The ex- to reduced yields (Gandarillas and Florida in paper bags. periment was a factorial arrangement Nylund, 1949). To simultaneously EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS. of treatments in a completely random- evaluate populations of tuber-bearing Immediately after arrival, tubers were ized design with three replicates. An Solanum species for rooting or tuber maintained in complete darkness at analysis of variance (ANOVA) for each traits, uniform breaking of tuber dor- 25 °C for 5 d after harvest before measured variable was conducted using mancy is required. Literature discussing treatment. A total of 72 tubers of each the PROC GLM procedure. Treatments breaking physiological dormancy in of the 11 clones were divided evenly were compared using Tukey-Kramer tubers suggested using gibberellic acid into three tuber size classes (small, of the SAS statistical package (version (GA3) (Brian et al., 1955; Galun, 2010; medium, and large) and exposed to 9.4 for Windows; SAS Institute, Cary, Jansky and Hamernik, 2014; Rappa- four GA3 concentrations for each of NC). port, 1956; Rappaport et al., 1957; the three desired soak times (12 treat- Results and discussion Sasani et al., 2009) or a combination ments total). The average fresh of ethylene gases (ethylene chlorohy- weights (±SD) were 1.4 ± 0.03, NUMBER OF SPROUTED TUBERS. drin, 1,2-dichloroethane, and carbon 2.6 ± 0.06, and 5.6 ± 0.14 g for small, The ANOVA showed that the GA3 tetrachloride at the 7:3:1 proportion), medium, and large classes, respec- concentration, accession, and tuber size often referred to as rindite (Bryan, tively. The factors were four GA3 class significantly affected the percent- 1989; Kim et al., 1999; McDonald concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 age of sprouted tubers of S. chacoense. m Á –1 and Coleman, 1988). The major issue g mL ), three soak periods (5, 45, Application of GA3 significantly in- with rindite is the toxicity of the three and 90 min), tuber size class (small, creased the number of sprouted tubers. components. When they are mixed medium, and large), and accession Treatments including 50, 100, and 150 –1 together, rindite creates high toxicity (A, B, C, and D). The concentrated mgÁmL GA3 resulted in 48%, 40%, risks for the workers handling the GA3 (Fisher Scientific, Toronto, ON, and 43% of sprouted tubers, respec- chemicals and the environment (Han- Canada) was dissolved in distilled tively, whereas the non-GA3 treatment sen et al., 2002).
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