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A STUDY OF JUVENILE FICTION ON CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS PUBLISHED, 1940-1949 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ATLANTA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN LIBRARY SERVICE BY FRANCINE LAURETTE JACKSON SCHOOL OF LIBRARY SERVICE ATLANTA, GEORGIA AUGUST, 1951 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Dr. Virginia Lacy Jones, I am gratefully indebted for many helpful suggestions. To Miss M, Lucia James, I wish to offer my thanks for her genuine interest and encouragement throughout the study. Sincere appreciation is given to my mother and father whose untiring devotion and sacrifiée have made this study possible. 1 . L . J . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose and Scope Statement of Problem Methodology Definition of Terms II. BACKGROUND OF CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS 7 III. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS FROM SELECTED TITLES OF JUVENILE FICTION 25 IV. AUTHORS AND ILLUSTRATORS OF JUVENILE FICTION, 1940-1949, ON CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS 67 V. SUMMARY 96 APPENDIX 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 iii LIST OF TABLES Table J ■ Page 1. Number of Titles of Juvenile Fiction on Chinese Life and Customs Published Each Year During the Period 1930-1939 5 2. Number of Titles of Juvenile Fiction on Chinese Life and Customs Published Each Year During the Period 1940-1949 5 3. The Classification by Region, Author, Title, Year and Theme of Juvenile Fiction Published 1940-1949 62 4. An Analysis of the Predominant Elements of Chinese Life and Customs as Revealed in Selected Works of Juvenile Fiction 64 5. Table of Grade Levels 100 iv LIST CF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map of China 61 v CHAFTER I INTRODUCTION This study proposes to analyze the characteristics of Chinese life and customs as portrayed in Juvenile fiction written on China and the Chinese people and published during the years, 1940-194-9.. The thirty-eight American publications written in this period on the subject are limited to stories and fiction works suitable for children ranging from pre-school age to twelve years of age. During the last decade an increasing number of Juvenile books has been written on people in other lands, of ether nationalities and cultural backgrounds. Such books are vital to the building of inter-racial and international understanding, appreciation and tolerance. Therefore, it seems significant to analyze the Juvenile books written on various countries and nationalities to ascertain what unique cultural characteristics are portrayed and what concepts of the other racial groups are made available to children in this country. Factual material was used to verify the customs and life of Chinese people as it is portrayed in Juvenile fiction. This study devoted to Juvenile fiction on the Chinese people might be one of a series of similar studies of juvenile books on various races and nationalities. Additional studies would provide material for comparison of the 1 2 treatment of various racial groups. In addition to values inherent in analyzing the character¬ istics of Chinese life and customs as reflected in juvenile fiction for 1940-1949, the study Includes a bibliography of juvenile fiction on the subject written during the fifteen years preceding the period used for analysis. Also biographical sketches of the authors and illustrators of these books are presented to show who they are and in what ways their lives and their personal and professional pursuits influenced their wri¬ ting and illustrating books on China for children. It is hoped that the study will be of practical use for teachers and librarians in directing the reading of children on China and the Chinese people. Such material should be valuable in educational projects of an intercultural nature. Methodology The titles used for the study were secured from The Chil¬ dren^ Catalog,^ Rue's Subject Index to Books for Intermediate Grades,2 the Basic Book Collection for Elementary Gradesand various publishers’ catalogs. Before attempting to isolate the characteristics of Chinese life and customs as portrayed in juvenile fiction, the articles ^•Children's Catalog, ed. by Ruth Giles, Dorothy Cook, and Dorothy West. (New York: H. ¥. Wilson Co., 1946). p Eloise Rue, Subject Index to Books for Intermediate Grades (Chicago: American Library Association, 1950). ^American Library Association, Basic Book Collection for Elementary Grades (Chicago: American Library Association, 1943). 3 on China were read in the following juvenile encyclopedias: The World Book Encyclopedia, Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Britannica Junior.-^ Pearl Buck's The Good Earth and numerous magazine articles were read on Chinese life and customs. From this material background information was secured to write Chap¬ ter II which describes the history of China, its geographical features, government, religion, education, language customs and social life. The factual material from the encyclopedias helped the writer to isolate the various features and characteristics of Chinese life and customs in the books of fiction. For example, the stories of fishing and farming methods described in fiction were found to be authentic according to the accounts in the ency¬ clopedias. Thus the encyclopedia articles have been used to verify authenticity and to help the writer to judge the extent to which this body of literature actually reflects Chinese life and customs. Then the biographies of the writers and illustrators of the thirty-eight books in the study were secured and analyzed to get an indication of who the writers and illustrators were and what activities in their personal and professional lives influenced them in the writing of fiction on China. The bio¬ graphical data were secured from biographical dictionaries, •^World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. Ill (Chicago: Field Enter¬ prise^s7~T9507T-" p Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia, Vol..Ill (Chicago: F.,E. Compton & Co., 1951). ^Britannica Junior (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica Co., 1949). 4 newspaper clippings in library vertical files, book jackets, letters from publishers and magazine articles. Definition of Terms It is necessary to define certain terms in relationship to this study. These terms are: (1) Chinese - a Mongolian people, with yellowish skin, straight black hair, obliquely- set, almond-shaped eyes, and high cheek bones characteristic of the race;^ (2) life - the manner in which one lives, those factors which tend toward growth, development and progress of p the race; (3) custom - an ordinary practice or usual manner of doing or acting, the habitual practice of a community or ■5 people. Production of Juvenile Fiction on Chinese Life and Customs, 1930-1949 For the purpose of determining the number of books of juvenile fiction written on Chinese life and customs during the period of the study, 1940-1949, and during the preceding decade Tables 1 and 2 were made to show annual production of such works over a twenty year period. These tables show a gradual increase in the publication of such books. Thirty- eight books were published during the period, 1940-1949, and only 23 were published from 1930 through 1939. ^Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 5th ed. (1941), 176. 2Ibld., p. 579. 3Ibid., p. 250. 5 Appendix I contains a complete list of the titles used in the study, and Appendix III contains a complete list of such titles published during the fifteen year period, 1925-1939, preceding the period used for analysis. TABLE 1 NUMBER OF TITLES OF JUVENILE FICTION ON CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS PUBLISHED EACH YEAR DURING THE PERIOD 1930-1939 Year Number of Books Published 1930 1 1931 2 1932 3 1933 1 1934 2 1935 3 1936 0 1937 3 1938 2 1939 6 Total 23 TABLE 2 NUMBER OF TITLES OF JUVENILE FICTION ON CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS PUBLISHED EACH YEAR DURING THE PERIOD 1940-1949 Year Number of Books Published 1940 5 1941 1 1942 4 1943 6 1944 4 1945 3 1946 2 1947 4 1948 4 1949 Total Perhaps the increase in interest in intercultural education 6 may account for more books on Chinese life and customs being published during the later period. CHAPTER II BACKGROUND OF CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS This chapter is designed to give an over-all view of Chinese life and customs. The ensuing provides a basis for the interpretation of titles devoted to Chinese culture, which are used in this study. China is a large and old country; in fact, the largest country in Asia, excluding Siberia. Chinese history goes back to 2000 B. C. Since then the Chinese have made great advances in philosophy, literature, and fine arts. Five centuries before Christ, Confucius was teaching his idea of right and wrong. His teachings about individual behavior, the family, and social re¬ lationships are still followed by many Chinese. The area of China proper is 1,532,420 square miles; with dependencies, it is 3*875.512. The population of China proper is about 400,000,000 and with dependencies, 482,827,577.^ Geographic features of China of special interest are the Himalaya Mountains (Tibet), the Gobi Desert, the Yangtze River, the Great Wall, the Grand Canal, the Forbidden City of Lhasa; the Altar of Heaven in Feking, and the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum at Nanking. "'■"Facts About China," Britannica Junior, Vol. IV (1949), 273. 7 8 Hankow, Peking (Peiping), Shanghai, canton, Tientsin, Hang¬ chow, Foochow, Ningpo, Changsha, Nanking, Tsingtao, Humming, Sian, and Chungking are the chief cities in China. Topography With Nanking as its capital, China proper, ancient Cathay, or the Middle Kingdom, is the center of power. It occupies the eastern slope of the tablelands of Central Asia and is almost in the form of a square. Two-thirds of the interior is mountain¬ ous. The two great rivers of China are the Hwang Ho and the Yangtze. Besides these rivers and their tributaries, the most notable are the Se-Kiang in the south and the Pei-ho in the north.