Trends of Spatio-Temporal Changes and Growth of Kolkata City, India: Evidences from Geospatial Analysis
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(Final Full Paper) Trends of Spatio-Temporal Changes and Growth of Kolkata City, India: Evidences from Geospatial Analysis Dinabandhu Mahata1, Ambarish Kumar Rai2 & Dr. Pralip Kumar Narzary3 M. Phil. Student 1, PhD Research Scholar 2& Associate Professor 3 International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai – 400088 Email: [email protected], [email protected] & [email protected] “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.” -Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1. Introduction: In the present era, the growth of urban centres is a multidimensional spatial and population process. Cities and urban settlements have considered as centres of population focus owing to they are specific economic and social features, which produce a vital component in the development of human societies (Dadras, Shafri, & Ahmad, 2015). Urban development is the process of emergence of the world dominated by cities and by urban values. To understand the distinction between the urban growth and urbanisation is crucial, because of the two most important processes of urban development. The urban growth is a process of spatial and demographic increment and the importance of towns and cities as a central accumulation of population within that particular economy and society. It occurs due to the transformation of the rural population living in primarily hamlet and village to the predominantly town and city dwelling. While, urbanisation, on the other hand, is a spatial and social process which refers to the changes in behaviour and social relationships that occur in social dimensions as a result of people living in towns and cities. Mostly, it refers to the complex change of lifestyles which follow from the impact of cities on society (Bhatta, Saraswati, & Bandyopadhyay, 2010). Urbanisation is the process and demographic explosion due to the rural-urban migration, expansion of the government services and Industrial revolution. The evidence of past two centuries shown the growth and development of the major cities and under these conditions the spatial influence and the growth of the space. In the most cases, over the passing of time, the functional structure has changed in rural regions and corresponding to that the changes come under the pattern of life of dwellers and resultant to that changes in the formation of new urban areas (Clark, 1982). Historically, urbanisation and rapid growth in cities first occurred in Western Europe, America, and Japan but has spread in the latter part of this century throughout Asia, South America, and Africa. Urban growth at the global scale shows no sign of slowing and is a phenomenon even in nations where population growth has stabilised (Clark, 2008). In India, rapid urbanisation began to accelerate after independence due to country divide, mixed economy and rapid growth of private sector. The level of urbanisation rapidly increased during the year 2001-2011. In 2001, India had 286 million of the urban population which shares of 28.6 percent of total and in 2011, it raised a level of 377 million of the population that holds the part of 31.18 percent of total and it was the first time of rapid urbanisation in India since the independence. At the state level, the urbanisation is very diverse due to the economic advantage, like as southern states including Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and West Bengal have a high level of urbanisation than that of the national average. In West Bengal, a large number of new town emerged due to the rural- urban classification 2011. The port city of Kolkata whose urban growth and land use pattern is a sign of colonial legacy. According to National Atlas Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO), the growth of Kolkata city has been divided into three-time phases as before 1793, 1793 to 1856 and after 1856. Letter on, many changes also have been occurred during the independence after the division of India into Two nations: India and Pakistan. Then East Bengal becomes the part of the Pakistan as East Pakistan. Letter on, in 1973 the East Pakistan becomes the independent country like Bangladesh. After the division, the Jute raw material producing regions become the part of East Pakistan while the Industries remain in Kolkata region of West Bengal. During the time, Bengal, especially Kolkata region were very well known for their jute industries, and it was the reason, most of the migration from surrounding regions and states have seen into Kolkata for the search of employment. This industrial development needs a kind of specific age-sex population for particular employment and industrial set up, and huge numbers of in-migration have influenced the city into a different and distinct demographic structure. This demographic demand has also affected the dwelling and other daily based economic activity requirements, and finally, it shaped the morphological structure of Kolkata city and responsible for the urban growth of Kolkata and much rapid urbanisation of its catchment area, especially the rural-urban fringe. Determining urban growth and the spatial pattern from the remote sensing data is a prevalent approach and has a long history and geographic information system has a wide application of the urban analysis. However, this study deals with the trend and pattern of urban growth, demographic change and occupational change in the Kolkata city. Urban growth has analysed the both as well as the pattern of urban land use and population change over the time. In the studies of contemporary urban regions, the spatial integration and dynamicity of urban growth are most significant issues. In the last few years, several studies had covered with regard to distribution of population and their social systems with context to urbanization (Batty and Howes, 2001; Belkina, 2007; Herold et al., 2002; Martinuzzi et al., 2007; Rafiee et al., 2009; Yanos, 2007; Yeh and Li, 2001; Taha, 2014). Many relevant pieces of literature showing that it could be deduced that the ever-increasing rise in the urban land use has various ramifications. Furthermore, the literature review indicates that the concentration of diverse population is one of the compelling factors of urban growth. Although, in many aspects of the process, the growth has been uncontrolled and dispersed, which constitutes a substantial obstacle to the process of sustainable regional development? Therefore, in the analysis of the growth of cities, both the pattern and process of development are considered, to easily afford an advanced understanding of the rapidly changing urban landscape. In the recent past, the use of GIS techniques with well equipped Of remote sensing data has been increasing research attention and also for retrieval methods for intelligent navigation, mapping as well as simulation modelling of growth of urban. These methods have used with a great range for the identification of land use changes as well as the expansion and development of urban regions identified as cities and towns (Deng et al., 2009; Pathan et al., 1991; Angel et al., 2005; Bhatta, 2010; Batisani and Yarnal, 2009; ). The GIS can analyse the remote sensing data generated from multi-agent data evaluation techniques (Fotheringham and Wegener, 2000; Alberti, 2005; Shahi et al., 2015). This advance spatial analytical methods could make projections for the time of future using, the current and past information by collation of phenomenon of interest data. Moreover, to determine urban growth rate and spatial configuration, the use of photogrammetric and satellite data is reported to be so common by using various statistical parameters of gauging a city’s development process (Donnay et al., 2001; Herold et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2003; Landis and Zhang, 2000). Statistical models employed for the accuracy and to check the error levels which has significantly improved in the analysis, and that can be used as a quality benchmark in urban studies (Griffith, 1988). Due to the importance of spatial data and for the estimation and measurement in urban- related research, the statistical model based on the analysis of spatial data, for the estimation and measurement of urban growth, have been extensively utilised by researchers. For example, Pa´ ez and Scott (2004) developed the methods for practically generating the confluence of urban analysis and statistical spatial models. In the same fashion, the work includes analysis of the distribution and dispersion of human populations in various residences local, regional, and trans-regional competitions in economic activities the development of infrastructures, transportation and network traffic (Portugali et al., 1997; Benati, 1997; Batty and Xie, 1997). The general growth of the city regarding per capita and density as well as dynamicity of prospects, as well as the allocation of urban land for various purposes (Clarke et al., 1997; Pendall, 1999; Batisani and Yarnal, 2009; Batty and Howes, 2001). Kolkata is the one of the oldest city of West Bengal. Due to being the primate city, it has a particular characteristic of the population and urban morphology, and that had changed over the time concerning its pull forces and the power of population inflow for fulfilling their social, economic and dwelling needs. Now a day’s city is the characterised by the widespread. A large number of immigrant and daily influx population were commuting on a daily basis those also used the urban services. The Kolkata city has gone through an economic crisis, employment, Traffic congestion, the housing problem, creates urban heat islands increasing air pollution and the problem of water supply and drainage problem. Kolkata city morphology must be the influence of urban function as well as the changes of demography, socio-economic status of the city dweller. After the independence, the growth rate of urbanisation, as well as the new urban centres in India, has a takes place very rapidly. Hence, for an older format of any urban region, there is a need to revise as the current need and population and economic characteristics.