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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zaab Road Ann Arbor INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from die document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zaab Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48108 76- 17,967 BRYER, James Walter, Jr., 1945- ACT, GPA AND SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE AS RELATED TO EMPATHY FUNCTIONING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Education, guidance and counseling Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn , Arbor, Michigan 46106 © 1976 JAMES WALTER BRYER, JR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ACt, GPA AND SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE AS RELATED TO EMPATHY FUNCTIONING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James W. Bryer, Jr., B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee approved By Samuel H. Osipov, Ph.D W. Bruce Walsh, Ph.D. Theodore J. Kaul, Ph.D Adviser / / Department of Psychology To Mom and Dad ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to my adviser, Dr. Sam Osipow, and my committee, Drs. Ted Raul and Bruce Walsh, for their support In all phases of this project. Thanks also: to confederate clients, Alice Johns, Anne Crimmings and Kathy Zamostony; to raters, Kevin Hartigan, Margaret Novotony and Fat Johnson; to actors, Jim Hannon and Lynn Barre; to program coordinators, Bob Rodgers and Betty Madson; to trainers, Kirk Lamb, Margene Williams, Sandy Shullman, Betty Pugh, Betty Madson, Don White, Janie Worrall and Rich Hollingsworth; to statistical consultant, Azy Barak; to typist, Sue Sulpizl. To Alice, Mike and Karen, my deepest appreciation for love and good times. Finally, thanks to Hugg for running smoothly and not hitting anything too big. ill VITA Nov. 29, 1945 .... Bo m , Pawtucket, Rhode Island 1968................. B.S., Psychology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo. 1968-1971 ........... Special Intelligence Agent, United States Army Baltimore, Md.; El Paso, Texas; Republic of Vietnam. 1971-1975 ........... University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1972 ........ M.A., Counseling Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1972-1973 ........... Teaching Associate, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1973-1974 ........... Staff Psychologist, University Counseling Center, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado. 1974-1975 ........... Advanced Intern, Counseling and Consultation Services, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1975 ............... Counseling Psychologist, Center for Counseling and Student Development, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. PUBLICATIONS "University Counseling Center 1968-1973: A Trend Analysis," Colorado State University Student Development Report, Vol. XI, No. 5, 1973-1974. "Helping Skills: A Trainer*s Manual," Mimeograph, The Ohio State Univ­ ersity, 1975. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Counseling Psychology, Professor Samuel H. Oslpow. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................... ill VITA ..................................................... lv LIST OF TABLES............................................ vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF STUDY ............... 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................. 5 The Concept of Empathy ......................... 5 The Effects of Therapist Empathy on Counseling Process and Outcome ............... 11 Empathy and Measures of Intellective Aptitude and Achievement..................... 18 The Concept of Social Intelligence ............. 21 The Relationship Between Social Intelligence and Empathy.................................... 26 Summary of Chapter II........................... 32 Hypotheses...................................... 34 III. METHODOLOGY........................................ 35 Helper Training Program......................... 35 Participants .................................... 37 Grade Point Averages........................... 38 American College Testing Scores................. 39 Tests of Social Intelligence .......... 42 Empathlc Understanding Scale .......... 48 Empathic Response Inventory..................... 49 Helper Awareness Scale . ..................... 50 Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory ........ 50 Procedure........................................ 52 Hypotheses and Statistical Tests ............... 59 IV. RESULTS............................................ 61 Sample Characteristics ......................... 62 Reliability Data and Hypothesis Testing........ 63 Incidental Results Pertaining to Empathy .... 82 Summary of Resu l t s .............................. 84 v Page V. DISCUSSION........................................... 86 Social Intelligence and Intellective Indices • • . 86 ACT and Empathy.................................... 88 GPA and Empathy.................................... 91 Social Intelligence and Empathy................ 91 Incidental Results Pertaining to Empathy ........ 94 Summary* ............. ............... 95 VI. SUMMARY, LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS . 96 Summary............................................ 96 Limitations. ................... 99 Conclusions and Implications ........... 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................... 102 APPENDIX ..................................................... 115 A ......................................................... 115 B ......................................................... 180 C ......................................................... 209 D ......................................................... 210 E ......................................................... 211 F ......................................................... 213 G ......................................................... 216 H ......................................................... 218 I ......................................................... 224 J ......................................................... 226 K ......................................................... 228 L ......................................................... 229 M ......................................................... 231 N ......................................................... 234 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Tests of Social Intelligence and GPA and ACT Scores .................... 64 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Showing Interrater Agreement ............................. 65 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Predictor Variables and Rated Helper Responses . 67 Spearman Rank Order Correlations Between Predictors and Median Trainer Rankings on Primary and Advanced Empathy ..................... 68 Spearman Rank Order Correlations Between Predictors and Median Peer Rankings on Primary and Advanced Empathy ............................. 69 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Predictors and Mean Peer and Trainer Primary and Advanced Empathy Ratings ..................... 71 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Trainer Social Intelligence and Rated Empathy . 72 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Rela­ tive Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG, and MC in Predicting Level of Tape-Rated Empathy. 74 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting Level of Written Empathy .......... 75 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting Trainer Primary Empathy Ratings. 76 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting Trainer Advanced Empathy Ratings.................................... 77 . J -f Page TABLE 12: Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting
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