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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zaab Road Ann Arbor. Michigan 48108 76- 17,967 BRYER, James Walter, Jr., 1945- ACT, GPA AND SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE AS RELATED TO EMPATHY FUNCTIONING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Education, guidance and counseling Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn , Arbor, Michigan 46106 © 1976 JAMES WALTER BRYER, JR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ACt, GPA AND SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE AS RELATED TO EMPATHY FUNCTIONING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James W. Bryer, Jr., B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee approved By Samuel H. Osipov, Ph.D W. Bruce Walsh, Ph.D. Theodore J. Kaul, Ph.D Adviser / / Department of Psychology To Mom and Dad ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to my adviser, Dr. Sam Osipow, and my committee, Drs. Ted Raul and Bruce Walsh, for their support In all phases of this project. Thanks also: to confederate clients, Alice Johns, Anne Crimmings and Kathy Zamostony; to raters, Kevin Hartigan, Margaret Novotony and Fat Johnson; to actors, Jim Hannon and Lynn Barre; to program coordinators, Bob Rodgers and Betty Madson; to trainers, Kirk Lamb, Margene Williams, Sandy Shullman, Betty Pugh, Betty Madson, Don White, Janie Worrall and Rich Hollingsworth; to statistical consultant, Azy Barak; to typist, Sue Sulpizl. To Alice, Mike and Karen, my deepest appreciation for love and good times. Finally, thanks to Hugg for running smoothly and not hitting anything too big. ill VITA Nov. 29, 1945 .... Bo m , Pawtucket, Rhode Island 1968................. B.S., Psychology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Mo. 1968-1971 ........... Special Intelligence Agent, United States Army Baltimore, Md.; El Paso, Texas; Republic of Vietnam. 1971-1975 ........... University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1972 ........ M.A., Counseling Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1972-1973 ........... Teaching Associate, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1973-1974 ........... Staff Psychologist, University Counseling Center, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado. 1974-1975 ........... Advanced Intern, Counseling and Consultation Services, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1975 ............... Counseling Psychologist, Center for Counseling and Student Development, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. PUBLICATIONS "University Counseling Center 1968-1973: A Trend Analysis," Colorado State University Student Development Report, Vol. XI, No. 5, 1973-1974. "Helping Skills: A Trainer*s Manual," Mimeograph, The Ohio State Univ­ ersity, 1975. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Counseling Psychology, Professor Samuel H. Oslpow. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................... ill VITA ..................................................... lv LIST OF TABLES............................................ vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF STUDY ............... 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................. 5 The Concept of Empathy ......................... 5 The Effects of Therapist Empathy on Counseling Process and Outcome ............... 11 Empathy and Measures of Intellective Aptitude and Achievement..................... 18 The Concept of Social Intelligence ............. 21 The Relationship Between Social Intelligence and Empathy.................................... 26 Summary of Chapter II........................... 32 Hypotheses...................................... 34 III. METHODOLOGY........................................ 35 Helper Training Program......................... 35 Participants .................................... 37 Grade Point Averages........................... 38 American College Testing Scores................. 39 Tests of Social Intelligence .......... 42 Empathlc Understanding Scale .......... 48 Empathic Response Inventory..................... 49 Helper Awareness Scale . ..................... 50 Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory ........ 50 Procedure........................................ 52 Hypotheses and Statistical Tests ............... 59 IV. RESULTS............................................ 61 Sample Characteristics ......................... 62 Reliability Data and Hypothesis Testing........ 63 Incidental Results Pertaining to Empathy .... 82 Summary of Resu l t s .............................. 84 v Page V. DISCUSSION........................................... 86 Social Intelligence and Intellective Indices • • . 86 ACT and Empathy.................................... 88 GPA and Empathy.................................... 91 Social Intelligence and Empathy................ 91 Incidental Results Pertaining to Empathy ........ 94 Summary* ............. ............... 95 VI. SUMMARY, LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS . 96 Summary............................................ 96 Limitations. ................... 99 Conclusions and Implications ........... 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................... 102 APPENDIX ..................................................... 115 A ......................................................... 115 B ......................................................... 180 C ......................................................... 209 D ......................................................... 210 E ......................................................... 211 F ......................................................... 213 G ......................................................... 216 H ......................................................... 218 I ......................................................... 224 J ......................................................... 226 K ......................................................... 228 L ......................................................... 229 M ......................................................... 231 N ......................................................... 234 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Tests of Social Intelligence and GPA and ACT Scores .................... 64 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Showing Interrater Agreement ............................. 65 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Predictor Variables and Rated Helper Responses . 67 Spearman Rank Order Correlations Between Predictors and Median Trainer Rankings on Primary and Advanced Empathy ..................... 68 Spearman Rank Order Correlations Between Predictors and Median Peer Rankings on Primary and Advanced Empathy ............................. 69 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Predictors and Mean Peer and Trainer Primary and Advanced Empathy Ratings ..................... 71 Pearson Product Moment Correlations Between Trainer Social Intelligence and Rated Empathy . 72 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Rela­ tive Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG, and MC in Predicting Level of Tape-Rated Empathy. 74 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting Level of Written Empathy .......... 75 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting Trainer Primary Empathy Ratings. 76 Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting Trainer Advanced Empathy Ratings.................................... 77 . J -f Page TABLE 12: Step-wise Regression Analysis Showing the Relative Contributions of ACT, GPA, CP, ST, EG and MC in Predicting