• •

APPLE PUGETSOUND PROGRAM LIBRARY EXCHANGE

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1978 $1.00 Vol. 1, No. 10 6708 39th Avenue S. W. Seattle, Washington 98136 (206) 932-6588

BYTES from the APPLE Val J. Golding, President (206) 932-6588 Software Stuff, etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., etc., Michael Thyng, Secretary (206) 524-2744 Dick Hubert, Administrative Asst. (206) 255-7410 by Val J. Golding Darrell Aldrich, Program Editor (503) 581-8600 Ron Aldrich, Asst. Prgm. Editor (206) 782-7082 The BIG NEWS for this issue is APPLESOFT WORKSHOP is here! Bob Huelsdonk, Technical Consultant, Basic (206) 362-4910 The cost is S6.41 postpaid, and orders will be accepted, subiect to the Don Wdliams, Technical Consultant, Assembly (206) 242-6807 following conditions: This preliminary version w~1 be updated several Steve Paulson, Circulation (206) 242-2700 times over the next few months. Updates will be ava~able at $2.00 postpaid. This version is disk-dependent in that it requires disk for certilin routines, including Append. Every attempt has been made to debus it, but IN THIS ISSUE •••••••••••••••••• Page some may stiR remain. Please allow 30 days for delivery on this and the other new Library Paks. Bytes from the Apple...... 1 LO-RES Color Assembly Routines ...... 2 tibrary Paks 3 and 4 are expected to be available by the time you Checkbook Patches for Disk...... 5 . "ad this. Pak 3 will contain Home E~ak 1, Musit;pak 1 and more games. Use of the Game Paddles ...... 5 Pak 4 wit contain a complete financial program, arnortzation, etc., along Write-Apple ...... 7 with the usual compliment of games and demos. Price is $5.41 each, Applemash ...... •...... 7 postpaid. & Now, the Further Adventurs of Mr. ...... 8 Transient Voltage Protection ...... 8 Elsewhere in the software world, Jim Hoyt of Apple Comouter has Minutes of the October Meeting ...... 8 asked us for permission to reprint Ron Aldrich's CONVERT in Contact! We Apple-Sharing...... 10 need your programs and articles for Call-APPLE and the library. Don't be The Apple Widow ...... 12 shy! PEEKS, POKE and CALLS ...... 14 Apple Source ...... ; ..... ; ..... '...... 15 We'vllimited ourselves to this one page this month. Even with 20 Binary Disk Program Identifying...... 17 pages, we ran out of space. Don't miss Gene Jackson's Checkbook Resurecting the Dead (Programs)...... 18 modific:IIions for disk in this issue, or the feature of Lo-res cofor assembly LO-RES Graphics Screen Map ...... 18 language routines .

.." NOVEMBER MEETING DECEMBER MEETING 7:00 P.M. TUESDAY NOVEMBER 21, 1978 7:00 P.M. TUESDAY DECEMBER 19, 1978 Computadand 1500 South 336th Street Federal Way Empire Electronics 616 S.W. 152nd St. Seattle

,.-.- CALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1978 PAGE 2 Oompute,LGftd™ ~

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * I I I WE'RE TIRED OF THE RAM RACE • • • * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 16K RAM CHIPS 4K RAM CHIPS N:-E":-:-UPD416D N:-E":-C:-UPD414D CERAMIC CHIPS PLASTIC CHIPS

1 - 5 SET S $ 120 • 0 0 1 - 5 SET S $48.00 6 - 1 1 SET S $ 1 1 2 • 0 0 6 - 1 1 SETS $ 4 0 • 0 0 12- 2 4 SET S $ 1 0 4 • 0 0 1 2 - 2 4 SETS $32.00

2 5 - UPS E T S $ 96. 0 0 2 5 - U P SETS $ 24. 0 0 THESE CHIPS ARE IN STOCK AND READY FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY! COME AN' GET 'EM!

FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT COME INTO OUR STORE SHIP. SCHEDULE "An + $.50 CENTS FOR EACH SET THEREAFTER FOR SHIPPING & INSURANCE. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * COME TO OUR STORE AND MEET OUR NEW STAFF! COME SEE THE NEW APPLE SOFTWARE,MORE NOW THAN EVER BEFORE. IN STOCK!

ASK ABOUT OUR NEW EXTENDED MAINTENANCE WARRANTEE FOR YOUR APPLE II COMPUTER.

o VISA/BAC o M/C Expiration date: ___ Add handling and shipping charges as per schedule. Shipped by UPS unless specified otherwise. Delivery is stock on most Card': ______items. No delay in shipment for payment by cashier's check, money frder or charge cards. Allow three weeks for personal Signature: ______checks to clear. Washington state residents ad f).4% sales tax. Availability, prices and specs may change without Name (Print): ______-- notice. SHIPPING A. $2.00 C. 10.00 Address: SCHEDULE B. 4.00 D. 20.00· City: State: Zip: CcNnpute4Gftcl'M 1500 South 336th St .•. Parkway Center, Suite 12 • Federal Way, Washington 98003 Tacoma (206) 927-8585 • Seattle (206) 838~9363 Cf-LL --APf"L£ NUVEl"'"tBEH--DE(""'EMBER, 1978 PAGE 3

USE OF APPLE-II COLOR GRAPHICS These will generally be the same, and always so if the user sets the IN COLOR bye via the SETCOLOR subroutine provided. Of the above variables only H2, V2, and MASK can be clobbered by the monitor. The APPLE-II color graphics hardware will display a 40H by 48V Writing a color graphics program in 6502 assembly language grid, each position of which may be anyone of 16 colors. The actual generally involves the following procedures. You should be familiar with screen data is stored in 1 K bytes of system memory, normally locations subroutine usage on the 6502. S400 to S7FF.(A dual page mode allows the user to alternatively display 1. Set the video mode and scrolling window (refer to the section on locations S800 to SBFF). Color displays are generated by executing APPLE-II text features) programs which modify the "screen memory." For example, storing 2 Clear the screen with a call to the CLRSCR (48-line clear) zeroes throughout locations S400 to S7FF will yield an all-black display sllbroutines If you are Iising the mixed text/graphics feature then call while storing S33 bytes throughout will yield an all-violet display. A CLRTOP number of subroutines are provided in ROM to facilitate useful 3. Set the color using the SETCOLR subroutine operations. 4. Call the PLOT, HLiNE. and VLlNE subroutines to plot points and The x-coordinates range from 0 (leftmost) to 39 (rightmost) and the dlaw lines The color setting is not affected by these subrolltines. y-coordinates from 0 (topmost) tn 47 (bottommost). If the user is in 5. Advanced proglammers may wish to study the provided subroutines the mixed graphics/text mode with 4 lines of text at the bottom of the and addressing schell1es When you supply x- and y-coordinate date! screen, then the greatest allowable y-coordinate is 39. to these subrolltines they generate BASE address, horizontal index, The screen memory is arranged such that each displayed horizontal dlld even (Idd III CI ,I, Infllilnation. You can write more efficient line occupies 40 consecutive locations. Additionally. even 'odd line pairs "IIIIi'dlll' If \111' ''['11''11 tillS IIlfllllllation dilectly share the same byte groups. For example, hoth lines 0 and 1 will have PlOTl ""llIlIlItlnp. (addIP" SF80E) their leftmost point stored in the same byte. at location S400; and theil PUIPOW TIl plot squale, in standard resolut'on mode with no Y­ rightmost point stored in the byte at location S427 The least significant 4 i. IlIifdinate chalHj8 from last call to PLOT. Faster thall PLOT bits correspond to the even line and the most significant 4 hits to the odd ,I,p, 1Il0,t lecently ,;pecified COLOR (see SETCOL) line. The relationship between y-coordinates and Illemory addresses is rlltlY X-Illoldinflte ill Y-Relj (0 to 39\ illustrated on the followin\j page. hit A-R'" ilidlheled Y-Reg alld carry u!lchanged The APPLE-II color graphics subroutines proVided in ROM use a Example IPloltlll1j two squale, - one at (3, 7) and one at (9, 7)) few page zero locations for variables and workspace You shorrld avoid LOY # S3 X-coordinate usmg these locations for your own III oyralll vanahles It is a good rule not to use page zero locations S20 to S4F for any pro\IICHllS since they are lOA # S7 Y-coordinate used by the monitor and you may wish to use the monitor (for example, to JSR PLOT Plot (3, 7) debug a program) without clobbering your own variables. If you write a program in assembly language tbat you wisb to call from BASIC with a lOY # S9 New X-coordinate CALL command, then avoid using page zero locations ':20 tn SFF for your ISR PlOTl CClIl PLOT1 for frist plot. variables. (continued on page 4) Color Graphics Parje Zero Variable Allocation SPECIAL NOTICE

GBASL S26 This issue of Call -Apple, as ~ou .ay GRASH S27 have noted, is dated November-December, the reason for this beins our switch last issue H2 S2C to a bulk mailins rate. While we had anti­ S20 cipated some delay, it 1urned out be ins V2 considerablY .ore, and forced us to drop MASK S2E bacK on our publishins schedule, since it was no1 possible to pick it UP. This has COLOR S30 resulted in a number of chanses, notablY 1he next issue will be dated January. The GBASL and GBASH are used by the color yl aphics <;ubroutine\ a<; a ~on1hlY freouency will not be chansed. pointer to the first (leftmost) byte of the current plot line. The (GBASl), Y addressing mode of the 6502 is used to access any hyte of that line Deadline for the Wis-Wiz contest has COLOR is a mask byte specifying the colin for even lines in the 4 'ed<;t been exLended Lo January 15, 1979 and the significant bits (0 to 15) ilnd for odd line~ III the 4 most significant bits mystery program contesL to Februar~ 15th. CALL -AF"PLE NOVEMBER·-DECEMBER. 1978 PAGE 4

COLOR GRAPHICS (from page 3)

HLiNE subroutine (address SF819) Example: /plot a square at coordinate (SA, S2Cll Purpose: To draw horizontal lines in standard resolution mode. Most LOA # 2C V-coordinate recently specified COLOR (see SETCOL) is used. LOV #SA X-coordinate Entry: The V-coordinate (0 to 47) is in the A-Reg. The leftmost X-coordinate (0 to 39) is in the V-Reg and the rightmost X­ JSR PLOT (F800) coordinate (0 to 39) is in the variable H2 (location S2C). The rightmost x-coordinate may never be smaller than the SCRN subroutinp. (address SF871) leftmost Purpose: To sense the color (0 to SF) at a specified screen Calls: PLOT, PLan position Exit: The V-Reg will contain the rightmost X-coordinate (same as Entry: The V-coordinate is in the A-Reg and the X-coordinate is H2 which is unchanged). The A-Reg is clobbered. The carry is in the V-Reg. set. Exit: The A-Reg contains contents of screen memory at specified Example: Orawing a horizontal line from 3 (left X-coord) to S1A position. This will be a value from 0 to 15). The V-Reg is (right X-coord) at 9 (V-coord) unchanged and the'N" flag is cleared (for unconditional branches upon return). LOV #S3 Left Calls: GBASCALC LOA #OS1A Right Example: To sense the color at position (5, 7) STA H2 Save it LOY # S5 X-coordinate LOA #S9 V-coordinate LOA # S7 V-coordinate JSR HLiNE Plot line JSR SI':RN I':olor to A-Reg.

SETCOL subroutine (address SFS64) GBASCALC subroutine (address SF847) Purpose: To specify one of 16 colors for standard resolution Plirpose: To calculate a base address within the primary standard plotting. resolution screen meillory page corresponding to a specified Y­ Entry: The least significant 4 A-REG bits contained a color code coordinate Once this base address is formed in GBASL and (0 to SF). The 4 most significant bits are ignored. GBASH (iocations S26 and S27) the PLOT routines can access Exit: The variable COLOR (location S30) and the A-Reg will both the memory location correspondirHI to any screen position by contain the selected color in both half bytes, for example color 3 means of (GBASL). V addressing. will result in S33. The carry is cleared. Entry (V -coordinate) 2 (0 to S17) is in the A-Reg. Note that Example: (Select color 6) • even/odd V-coordinate pairs sharP. the same base address) LOA #S6 Exit The A-Rey is clobbered and the carry is cleared. GBASL JSR SETCOL (SF864) and GBASH contain the address of the byte correspondillg to the leftmost screen position of the specified V-coord. Note: When sitting the color to a constant the following sequencp. is Ex cunple To access the byte whose V-coordinate is S1 A and preferable. whose X-coordinate i~ 7. LOA #S66 STA COLOR (S30) LOA # S1 A V-coordinate PLOT subroutine (address SF800) ISR Divide by 2 Purpose: To plot a square in standard resolution mode using the JSR GBASCALI': Forlll base address most recently specifip.d color (see SETCOL). Plotting always occurs in the primary standard resolution page (memory LOV #S7 X-coordinate locations S400 to S7FF). LOA (GBASL). V Access byte Entry: The x-coordinate (0 to 39) is in the V-Reg and the y­ Note: For an even/odd Y-coord pair. the even-coord data is coordinate (0 to 47) is in the A-Reg. contained in the least signifrcant 4 bits of the accessed byte and Exit: The A-Reg is clobbered but the V-Reg is not. The carry is the odd-coord data in the most siynificant 4. cleared. A halfbyte mask (SF or SFO) is generated and saved in the variable location MASK /location S2E). Calls: GBASCALC (see Color Graphics Screen Map on page 18) &.;ALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER. 1978 PAGE 5

CHECKBOOK CHANGES FOR DISK USING GAME-PADDLE BUTTONS BY GENE JACt;:SON by Steve Paulson In looking over a few of the programs currently in our game-paks I 1110 PRINT" 8. SAVE DATA ": f'fUNT happened upon two programs which could be improved through the use of "9. CHECK FILE LENGTH": PRINT paddles. They are: "Klingon Capture" and "Pin Ba"" (marbles I. "10. QUIT" During the operation of these programs, one must control part of the 1112 DZS="": REM CTL D game by operating the game paddle and part by "hitting" a key on the 1114 PRINT DZ$;"NOMON C" keyboard. This seems a waste of human maneuvers. By a few simple 1200 CALL -936: PRINT "ARE YOU GOING changes and yes, additions, these programs can be made more interesting TO ENTER DATA FROM": INPUT and easier to operate. "THE t\EYBOAfW '1\', DISK.' til OR T APE 'T' ?",C$ In the game of "Klingon Capture" we can change one line and add 1210 IF CS="T" THEN 1300: IF C$= another changing the game from a strictly one-man game to the "D" THEN 2100: IF CSt"K" THEN possibility of two players. Here are the changes: RETURN line #4340: change to: KEY = PEEK (-16287j: IFKEY> 127 2100 INPUT "REPLACE CURRENT DATA OR A THEN 4400 PPEND TO IT (RIA) ?",LS! REM Dl Add line # 4342: KEY = PEEK (-162861: IF KEY> 127 THEN 4400 SK LOAD ROUTINE Change # 4400 to: REM 2105 INPUT "FILE NAME TO LOAD ?" These changes and additions wi" cause the paddle-buttons to be ,NS! IF LS="R" THEN 2130: IF used in place of the keyboard. In this program two people can now play LSt"A" THEN RETURN together. Paddle 0 wi" control vertical and paddle 1 wi" control horizontal 2110 BCM=LM:LM=CMtO: GaSUS 2130: movement of the ship. Both paddles wi" now fire the torpedos. LM=BCM! RETURN In the instance of "Pin Ba"," we have a nice relaxing game that both 2130 PRINT DZ$;"BLOAD CB.HDR ";NS children and adults can play. I have two young children interested in the !S=LMtA! IF B}HM OR A

Wozpak orders will be filled. If ~ou have not heard of this superb docuffientation A nulber of lOSLeI' diskettes were inildvert.anU!:I sent package, available postpaid at $12.50, the out blank b!:l Af.f.le. If !:lOUr brand new disk wont boot, this re~ainin9 copies will be supplied on a .~ f'ossibl!:1 could be U1e cause. first come, first served basis. CALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-I:IECEMBER~ 1978 PAGE 6

14340 N.E. 20th Street . Bellevue ComputelLGftd"" 746-2070 PRICE CHANGES:E.S. interface boards that re­ Bellevue, WA 98007 quire after-sale-support have had price in­ creases."FREE"programs are now up to $2 each. "'IBK MEMDRY SELL YOUR SOFTWARE • Let us sell your programs. No matter how simple or how elaborate, whether complete or not, we • $16'9. want it. ~ 32K $319

SOFTWARE OR 'INTERFACE CONSULTING? Are you available, as a paid consultant, to help our customers develop software for business, education; engineering, and other applications. Call Cliff at (~06)746-2070 and get on our list of paid consultants.

QUE S T ION & A N S W E R LOG BOO K • Cliff is nearly overwhelmed by the volume of questions he is being asked. He does not want to discourage your calls or in-person questions, since AFTER-THE-SALE service is the most important reason for buying from the BELLEVUE COMPUTERLAND store. However, it would help if you would present some of your questions in writing. Come in to the· Bellevue store and log your question in Cliff's Question & Answer book.Or mail your question to him. Cliff will write his answer in the log and other readers will proofread it and perhaps add a more accurate answer. Do not let this re­ quest discourage you from calling, when you need to. Calls are always welcome. o V E R - THE - C 0 U N T E R DIS K D R I V E SAL E S ???? Believe it or not, we got caught up on our Apple Disk waiting list. We even sold a couple of drives over the counter. ORDER YOUR DISK NOW WHILE WE ARE STILL ALMOST CAUGHT UP. A 100 % deposit might bring your disk next week (no promises).

APPLE II OVER-THE-COUNTER TOO. We have plenty of Apple computers in stock, so send your friends ,relatives , and neighbors over---while they last. "MICRO" The 6502 Journal is an excellent magazine for Apple owners. Bellevue Computerlan. has a good stock of volume 6. We also have ample back issues of the last three issues of CALL-APPLE. -THE OEST OF MICRO VOLUME J- The book will be We can ship almost any Apple product organized by subject. Aside from these minor . changes, the content will be IdentlCal to t'nat advertised in this magazine, or lts of MICRO numbers 1 through 6. If you already back issues, (no matter who's ad) to have t~e!'1' you will not profit by getting the , n~w edl bon. If you do not have them, then this anywhere ln WIll be the only way to get the information. PLEASE ADD FOR POSTAGE the U.S.Tele- & HANDLING h d "The BEST of MICRO Volume 1" will be available p one or er s , about the first of November. It will be about welcome. 160 page long in an 8 by 11 format, soft cover. Bellevue ComputelLGftd"" 14340 N.E. 20th Street (206) 746-2070 Bellevue, WA 98007 Cf::tLL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER" 1978 PAGE 7

WRITE - APPLE Dear Val:

Dear Val. This is in answer to your editorial in CALL -APPLE of September '78 Vol. 1 No.8, pg. 7 in which you ask for feedback on the technical level of I noticed that you have a note about the "&". I just got my Applesoft the articles in CALL-APPLE. II ROM a month ago and find your notes about undocumented features First let me say that the newsletter is terrific! I read and re-read them and tokens helpful. and try out the programs. I agree that it is good to stretch one's Another undocumented lin my manual, at least) token is the WAIT. capabilities by learning new techniques. From the listing, it appears to work like this: However, like "Ted" in your editorial, I have been frustrated (even WAIT adr, mask, change more than mildly) when I read about some new technique or program that will remain in a tight loop reading the location at "adr." When any ofthe looks so useful and interesting and then find that the writer has only hinted bits at "adr" that are set in mask are not zero, the loop is broken and at what it was all about and assumes my technical level to be much higher control goes to the next command. The argument, "change" is optional - than it actually is. This means I don't understand what the program is any bits set in "change" are changed (from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0) in the word supposed to do, why you would want to do it, or how to actually use it. In read from "adr" before testing, allowing a test for a change from 1 to O. In many cases, a specific example would help. Also a little more hand­ brief, it is holding for us newcomers to the Apple II. In my own case, I have a fair Loop until ((adr). EOR. change) .AND.mask <> 0 knowledge of 6502 machine language, but on the KIM-I (2 years), It would be normally used to look at an I/O address. For example, not as applied to the Apple. WAIT - 16287, 128 delays until the button # 0 is pressed. ('change' is 0 An example of what I mean is found in Aldrich's tempting hintsin Vol. in this example and hence is not needed. WAIT - 16287, 128, 128 loops I, No.6, July '78, pg. 9 on Color Mask Byte. What was this all about? until button 0 is released!) Example? Another feature not documented is the DRAW S AT X, Y. The "S" In general the style and explanations given in System Monitor (July seems to refer to an index of shapes. The routine seems to expect the '78, pgs. 12 - 14) is very good. Note that they give examples of how to number of shapes to be in the first two bytes of the table. The next two use the techniques suggested! bytes seem to have an offset from the beginning of the table to the start of Huelsdonk's Free Byte suggestion doesn't work with my 48K Apple the first shape, etc. I haven't tried that yet - perhaps some of your II. Some of the calculations are over 32767! associates have and can confirm or correct. Another case where more information on significance and utility is needed is Dan Chapman's routine on the Video Display, September '78, Richard F. Suitor pg. 4. 166 Tremont Street Please note that the above comments are meant to be constructive. I Newton, MA 02158 really do like the newsletter. But since I am a neophyte, I get frustrated by HOW ABOUT IT, Readers? Can you come up with anything? temptations I can't deal with.

Dear Mr. Golding: Dr. William R. Dial 438 Avenue I'm wondering if you can help me with something. Akron, OH 44320 I'm paralyzed from an accident and wonder if you could ask members if there was any money making ways I could use my Apple computer at home. Can you please find out if anybody could make an automatic phone YOUR COMMENTS are appreciated and we will try and follow dialer for the Apple, because I have an idea for a business where I would through. have to call about 200 persons a day. It would be easier if there was a way of using the computer. as Any help you would give me would be greatly appreciated. 1977 DUES PAYABLE NOWg -_._-_._------_ .. __ ._------_._--- Gerald Schwader R. 6 Riverside Pk. r',:., 'Li·.l)~:.e n.ieHi[1J2r ':~. whu i-ld\iEI not. ~et, re-

Janesville, Wisc. 53545 nt:~.H:·d:r n\)w ,~s t.hE t..i.lIitj \. Itofl L IhlS~ oui on Phone (608) 756-4006 ;JUI :1\.;·1,< l"~:,ri;I':! ;::'d; .. ;~ and t;-,e ne;.~t. ';:;ear of ~21: ~~~l~: F:2d~E show ~our ~effibership AGAIN we will ask the readers help. CALL --APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER p 1978 PAGE 8

It was suggested that Val use a larger type size than that which he's & NOW, THE FURTHER ADVENTURES currently using. OF THE MYSTERIOUS AMPERSAND He said the size he's using saves us about 25 to 30% over the next larger size. He will look into it. 1Continued from last month) When last we saw this shady character named Ampersand, he was Jim Hoyt liked Ron Aldrich's Convert program so well he's asked for hiding in a memory location known only as 3F5. Now, as our story permission to print it in APPLE'S CONTACT. resumes, we find some of the Applesoft subroutines that Mr. & can use in Integral Data System Printer Driver routines are being prepared in a the ROM version. printer pak and should be available by (?) next meeting. CHRGET ISOOB 1) - This routine gets the next sequential character or Comments solicited on the mystery programs tell us to make the token from the program. At all times, TXTPTR ISOOB8, SB9) contests no closer together than every 3 to 4 months. points at the next character. After executing the & and jumping to Val suggested that wise APPLE owners should not miss out on the location S3F5, Applesoft will leave TXTPTR pointing at the Woz Pak documentation. This is the bunch of stuff that Randy character immediately following the &, and leave that character in Wiggington dropped off with Val that contains what is reported to be the accumulator register. Upon a JSR to CHRGET. the character loads of hints. A bargain at S1 0 .00 1S 12.50 for those that have to be next in the program is returned in the A-register, and the status mailed). flags are set as follows: Secretary's comment - Buy this documentation. Zero flag - set if the character is a terminator (end-of-line or a co Ion ""): . Mike Thyng and Bob Huelsdonk conducted a disk seminar. They Carry - Set if the character is non-numeric, i.e. not a digit. Cleared commented on the proper way to use the disk and which statements if the character is a digit. cause what to happen. Next meeting the seminar portion will discuss strings and arrays. Meeting dissolved at 8:40. CHRGOT ISOOB7) - This subroutine gets the current character from the program. Whereas CHRGET increments TXTPTR to get the next character, CHRGOT does not change TXTPTR. TRANSIENT VOLTAGE PROTECTORS FRMNUM IS0067) - This subroutine evaluates a formula expression into the floating point accumulator. By Steve Paulson

GETAOR ISE752) - Subroutine converts the floating point accumulator The transient voltages that we are concerned about are those which into a two-byte integer. in locations S50 and S51. occur when any electric or electronic device is energized or de-energized. GETBYT ISE6F8) - Evaluates a formula and converts it to a one-byte These interruptions in current flow cause "spikes"or peaks of voltage value in the X-register. which are then transmitted to the computer. Since the computer uses very defined voltages and currents for it's memory, logic and timing functions, SNERR ISOEC9) - Prints "SYNTAX ERROR" and halts the proqram these sudden changes in voltage and current can do great harm. Note that after the user subloutine RTS's to Applesoft. the TXTPTR must The Transient Voltage Protector is a device that utilizes several point at a terminator. indicating the end of this statement. See example varistors to detect any transient voltages and then disperse them to program on other page. ground. Sometimes (as in the turning on of an electric range, refrigerator, light switch, or any number of electric devices), these transient voltages can be as high as 1200 volts and more. One might imagine the damage that could occur if these voltages were to enter the small silicon chips of the Apple. The Transient Voltage Protector is a simple device that plugs into the wall outlet and then the computer 1or any device) is then plugged into the MINUTES OF OCT. 17, 1978 protector. One should make sure the protector is rated at a sufficient level to provide protection. A rule-of-thumb is that it should be able to handle Our meeting started promptly at 7: 15. Val led us in introductions and voltages of at least four times the source. That is, for the Apple, one we unanimously chose to pass reading the minutes. would need protection of at least 500 volts. Val suggested that we go to a commercial typesetter to make the A Transient Voltage Protector can be purchased from Computerland Call-A.P.P.L.E. more readable. Unanimous approval. of Federal Way for about 12 dollars and at many electronic stores. This is a small price to pay for the protection afforded. CALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER., 1978 PAGE 9

**********~*************** * * * SIMPLE TONES '*' * A DEMONSTRATION FOR * * EXTENSIONS TO * * APPLESOFT-II * * * * SEPTEMBER. 1978 * '*' '*' * R. WIGGINTON * ************************** * * SIMPLE TONE PROGRAM FOR APPLESOFT-II * INSIDE THE APPLESOFT PROGRAM: * &T

J31C 68 *PLAY PLA ;GET NOTE FROM STACK. 0310 48 PHA ;COPY BACK ONTO THE STACK 031E 20 AS FC ~SR WAIT iOELAY BEFORE CLICKING SPEAKER AGAIN 0321 AD 30 CO LOA SPKR ;CLICK THE SPEAKER. 0324 CA DEX {)~25 DO F5 BhlE PLAY iKEEP PLAYING. 0327 68 PLA i CLEAR UP STACK. 03.?8 60 RTS ;GO BACK INTO APPLESOFT. * APPLESOFT EXTENSION LINK: * ORG $3F5 J3F5 4C 00 03 EXTLOC JMP SII1TON CALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER,. 1978 PAGE 10

in complete blocks, usually via a hard disk system. Except in times of high APPLE-SHARI NG demand, the fact that several jobs are being run is not perceptible to the individual user. by Jeffrey K. Finn © 1978 Part I of II To keep the core memory filled with information for the CPU to Wart I is intended primarily for those with only a limited knowledge of process, a master program which does several things is run continually. computer time-sharing. It's the stuff I didn't know but would have found (You might think of this master program as something similar to your helpful when I was getting started. Part II, next month, will contain Apple's monitor program.) This master program 1) Tells the CPU which of technical information gathered by myself through the school of "tough the programs in memory to work on next; 2) Keeps track of what the CPU luck.") is doing; 3) Keeps track of what sections of core memory are being used for what; 4) Keeps track of which input/output devices, (printers, Time-sharing is the way many large-memory, high-speed computers keyboard terminals, card readers, tape decks, disk files), are ready to are utilized to maximize their production and return on investment. I'm send or receive information; 5) Organizes input/output into logical and sure you've already realized while using your Apple, that you're usually complete blocks of information; and, 6) Directs the movement of those the reason it doesn't work faster. When YOl(re sitting at the keyboard, blocks of information among the various input/output devices and the you're not typing at the 120 characters per second that the Apple reads computer's memory. your cassette tapes. Nobody is blaming you. After all, you're only human. Through this master management program, the CPU is kept In the meantime, the disk is merrily reading in information at a rate in the continually operating at a speed close to its potential. and its associated average range of three or four thousand characters per second. But even core memory is kept as full as possible, thus maximizing the central the d.isk is not taking advantage of Apple's Central Processor Unit, the computer's use. To further assist your understanding of this subject, the 6502, and its memory chips. They are screaming for characters which following is a description of a typical, but much simplified, operating they are able to manipulate at a rate some fifty times faster than the disk. sequence of one of these master, (time-sharing), programs. First the That is in the range of 200,000 characters per second. We're program checks all input devices to see if there are any that want to send talking about memory chips with read access time in the hundreds of information to the main computer. If it sees that a punch card needs to be nanoseconds. (One nanosecond equals a billionth of a second.) This is read at a card reader, a signal is sent to the reader to "read." While the approaching the speed of light which travels one foot in one nanosecond. card reader is starting to feed the card through its reading mechanism, the Please remember that it physically takes a certain amount of time for an program recognizes that someone has depressed a key at a keyboard electrical impulse to travel through the length of the wiring itself. terminal. It issues a command to store the code for the key depressed in a You are probably as confused as I was when I first tried to particular area of the hard disk. It then goes back to the card reader in time comprehend the speed of Apple's Central Processor Unit, (CPU), and its to get the code from the card being read and stores that in a different area memory. To put these figures in a more understandable ratio, let's slow on the hard disk. All this takes place in less than the blink of an eye. the whole thing down like a slow motion movie. Suppose the CPU were to The program continues this process until it gets a code from one of operate at a speed where it could manipulate a character somewhere in the input devices that says this is the end of the information (job) from the range of 3/4 of a second. Relative to that speed, the disk provides one this particular device. The program then checks the areal s) on the hard character every 1/2 minute. The tape cassettes are providing a character disk where it had been storing the particular input to see how much there every 3/4 of an hour, and a good typist at a keyboard terminal can put in a is, and estimates how much CPU time the requested processing will take. character every three to five hours. Next, consider all the times you've If there is sufficient CPU time and available core memory locations, it will stopped to think a second, just one second, about the next key to type. In transfer the block of information from the hard disk to the core memory the relative time frame we're using, a real second is like a whole day to and tell the CPU in what order it should start work on the information your Apple's CPU. That CPU is in there asking itself, "Hasn't that fool at beginning at that location in core memory. the keyboard sent me a character yet?" At the same time, the time-sharing program is also checking to see As you can see, a CPU which uses a keyboard, or most any other what information the CPU has finished processing. When it spots some, it mechanical input/output device for moving information, has a lot of free moves the block of completed work back out to the hard disk. It then time in which it could be doing something else. A large central memory searches for the specified output device to see if it is ready to receive the core is needed to keep the CPU working at its full capacity as well as information. These output devices include printers, card punches, tape handle the few large jobs which require large memory areas for data bases punches, monitors, etc. When the device is ready to receive the and/or intermediate results. In these large computer installations when information, the time-sharing program sends the information to the large jobs weren't being run, it was found several small jobs could be run device. simultaneously by having the CPU processing a small job in one section of One of the input/output devices that can be used is a telephone port. its memory while loading and unloading the other jobs in other parts of its It enables information coded in that computer's format and an agreed­ core memory. The information is transferred to and from the core memory upon code, commonly ASCII, to be transmitted and received by ordinary CALL -APPLE NOVEMBEk-·~[iE.CE1'iBER 7 1978 PAGE 11

telephone lines. In order to transmit on telephone lines which carry only a layman's point of view. I did it as an encouragement to other A.P.P.L.E. tones, a device called a Modulator/Demodulator lMODEM) is placed members who have gained valuable information which should be shared. I between the computer's telephone port and the telephone handset. lThe would appreciate hearing from those who discover errors in my writing so sophisticated operations combine all this with automatic answering and I can correct my misunderstandings. Val can put you in contact with me. dialing and connect to lines without a phone.) The MODEM changes the The following program is a simple illustration of the time-sharing ASII coded information into tones and tones into ASCII code. principles I have discussed. It is intended to demonstrate the speed with Obviously, for this system to work, there needs to be a MODEM which the Apple can simultaneously accommodate incoming information at both ends of the telephone line - one at the end where the central from four sources and display it. Imagine the Apple's game paddles and computer is located, and one at the other end which must be connected to swiches as four terminals and that they are connected to four Apple some kind of terminal. The terminal decodes the central computer's telephone ports. See what happens when you twist the dials or push the format, lseven or eight bits, parity, etc.), for transmitting characters and buttons. To illustrate the speed of the CPU, see what happens if you push uses the decoded characters in the manner it has been built to present both buttons simultaneously. How perceptible is the delay in the screen's information. It could punch cards, print on paper, or be a TV monitor. display? If the display for both buttons' condition didn't change at the This is essentially the way time-sharing works, and through the use same time, you didn't push at the same time. Can you perceive the time of the Apple Communication Card you can participate yourself using the difference needed to push the buttons so that the status of button 0 card as the encoder and decoder for your Apple. It enables your Apple to changes on one line of output and the status of button 1 changes on the act as though it were a "dumb" terminal which can only send or receive next output line? characters from the central computer. It also allows your Apple to be a "smart" terminal and process information received from the central computer utilizing some of the powerful graphic capabilities of Apple's software. The potential is boundless. One thing that you should remember if you are getting a MODEM for 100 REM TIME-SHARING DEMONSTRATION your Apple, is that with the Communication Card, your Apple can act as either the central time-sharing computer or the terminal. This means that 110 REM BY JEFFREY K. FINN 9/17178 your MODEM should be able to operate in both "originate" and "answer" modes. These terms refer to an adopted convention where the terminal's 120 REM THIS PROGRAM DEMONSTRATES MODEM, the one doing the calling, is known as the "originate" MODEM THE SPEED WITH WHICH THE CPU and the time-sharing system's MODEM is the "answer" unit. This is done REACTS TO EXTERNAL, MECHANICAL so the two MODEMs can go through a "handshaking" procedure to align INPUT. (INTEGER BASIC) their timing and tone generators. 200 CALL -936 In this handshaking procedure, the MODEM you call sends out a 210 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY TO STOP PRO tone which your MODEM hears. That tone is saying, "Hello! Hello! GRAM": PRINT "PADDLEO PADDLEI SW Anybody there?" Your MODEM sends back a different tone which says, ITCHO SWITCH1" "It's me! I think we're in tune!?" If everything is in order, the answering 220 POKE 34,2 MODEM sends back tones which mean, "Yes, we're in tune and I'm ready 230 A= PEEK (-16287):B= PEEK (- to receive information." If you've followed the procedures for that 16286): IF PEEK (-16384»127 particular time-sharing computer you should be able to read a message on THEN 300 your monitor that requests you to properly "log in" on that time-sharing 240 IF A)127 THEN 280 250 IF B)127 THEN 310 system. 260 PRINT PDL (0), PDL (1),"OFF" A more complete article on MODEMs, their operation, and how to , .. OFF" build them, is contained in the May, 1978 13-4) issue of the Northwest 270 GOTO 230 Computer Society's Northwest Computer News. 280 IF B)127 THEN 330 My article next month will be about methods to avoid the pitfalls I 290 PRINT PDL ( 0 ), PDL ( 1 ), II ON " experienced while attempting to get the "log in "message to appear on my ,"OFF" monitor. If you avoid these pitfalls, most any computer in the world that 300 GOTO 230 has a telephone port can be connected to your Apple. In this way your 310 PRINT F'DL (0 ), PDL (1),"OFF" Apple can be enhanced to equal the capabilities of those computers. , "ON" There may be errors in my statements or calculations due to my own 320 GOTO 230 misunderstandings. Though some of the information I have presented 330 PRINT F'DL (0 ), PDL (1)," ON " would not pass the rigorous scrutiny of professional engineers or , "ON" computer experts, I felt required to write an article for our Call -Apple from 340 GOTO 230 CALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER~ 1978 PAGE 12

Dear Sirs: APPLEMASH Being the wife of an Apple computer nut, I felt other women in my By Mike Thyng '--'" predicament would appreciate this little tribute. Iwould appreciate it if you would publish it in your next monthly' newsletter. Last time, we talked about single dimensioned numerical arrays. We also considered how and why the DIMension statement works. This time, "For the Apple Widows" we'll look at Alpha String arrays, INTEGER and Roating Point arrays and Attention ladies ... Multi-Dimensioning. I'm in distress!! First some . We must tell the computer what type of data My eyelids are twitching we're working with. Let's consider a variable called A. If we want Ato My head's all a mess. store numeric values with results from "hard core" mathematics, we're talking about floating point variables, conveniently thought of as numbers I married into with decimal points 5.6, - 8.13, .00477, etc. If we need counters or A strange family simple arithmetic variables without decimals, then we'd use integers. Where life is comprised Now, when we want alphabetic data, like names or alphanumeric data Of monitors and keys. like addresses or secret formulas (formulae) then we need string variables. For our example of A, Awould be floating point, A% would be With PEEK and POKE integer and AS would be string or alphanumeric. and LOAD and RUN Now back to arrays. Last time we talked about keeping trac~ of Any sabotage Quarterback Jim Zorn's passing yardage with a numerical array. This time Is a job well done! let's find a way to keep track of the whole team's 100 yard dash times. First we set up space for each team member. They're allowed 45 players, From Qubic, Artillery, so we set up our players names by DIM PNAMES (45). PNAME is our Pong and Star Wars, variable (players name), S denotes string, and 45 sets up space for 46 My brain has just about players. Remember: PNAMES (0) through PNAMES (45). We'll use 1 Run it's course!! through 45. Next, DiMension for their times. PTIME (a floating point variable should be DiMensioned.) DIM PTIME (45). Now let's take a look I know computers at one approach to recording the necessary data. Are entertaining and neat, 10 REM ALPHA-NUMERIC ARRAY TEST But when your husband 20 DIM PNAMES (45) Forgets to breathe and eat??? 30 DIM PTIME (45) 40 SB = 1 I suppose, I suppose I could 50 INPUT "PLAYER "; SB;" "; PNAMES (SB) Refuse to fig ht 60 INPUT "PLAYER "; SB; "'S TIME "; PTIME (SB) Just wash the dishes 70 SB = SB + 1 And accept my plight. 80 GO TO 50 This won't let you do much with the data you'd record, but after Would someone, somehow, you've recorded players and times, you can refer to a player and his time Somewhere please with one subscript. That is PNAMES (18) and PTIME (18) refer to the Help me control this player. This gives you an idea of how alpha and numeric arrays can work New disease? together. Multi-Dimensional Arrays are set up like this: If you have an idea DIM A(6, 5, 4). They're great for games and solving linear algebra That's unusually great through matrices. But that's outside the scope of this article. In example A I'll be in EMMANUEL (6, 5, 4)a down to earth use might be that you want to keep track of how Psych. Ward, Rm. 208. many sales your salesmen are making in 4 attempts in each of 5 areas. Let's say you have 6 salespeople. Each one has a salesperson number. Cindy Rogers Each one must try to sell some gizmos in each of 5 areas. In each area the 934 N.E. 73rd salesperson gets 4 chances. So, with multi-dimensioning you can record Portland, OR 97213 the number of sales per area per salesperson._-- WE'RE SURE you are not alone! (continued on page i 6) CALL--Ar:.r LE NOVEMBffi-DECEl-'mER,. 1978 PAGE 13 AUTOMATED TRAINING SYSTEMS PHONE (206)935-2697

Automated Training Systems has been a Washington State Licensed Proprietory School since 1968. It is a fun school, now operated from Cliff Gazaway's home at 7906 34th. S.W. in west Seattle. Many of the classes have been taught by Cliff, who has had 20 years of electronics hardware experience, ten years of teaching, and formal education in biology,teacher training, and business administration. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 In addition to classes, tours, and social activities the following fun computer oriented get-togethers are offered at 7906 34th. S. W. , Seattle- at 7:00 to 9:00 PM Monday evenings. These are not formal meetings but a place for people to meet and talk and enjoy soft drinks and snacks.

First Monday each month------6502 interests.Pet.~pple.Ohio Sci. Second Monday each month------Radio Shack interests. Third Monday each month------SlOO, 8080,Z80 interests. Fourth Monday each month------RCA 1802, Little Elf,VIP.

Brink food and soft drinks to share. Also bring your computer,books, and ideas. We plan to provide a computer library and book store. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 THE FOLLOWING CLASSES HAVE BEEN OFFERED IN THE PAST WITH GREAT SUCCESS. If enough interest is shown, they will be repeated in the future. 51' ...... tfMe .. and It-drieol "7 Psyched.lic Electroniu and Llghhng CMttrel", the Mind 320 'ut Micr ..witcMs U nct., I h T.. and I t Is CI,fford ¥, Gomwoy CliffOf"d M. Gorow .... " ~Ioatlng, exploding, mulh·colored polterns, created InSide your Y.... E~ ...I body WIth your eyes shut. Some effect produCf·d by LSD but '.hls 3iotHdback, a techn.que wnlch allows you to control the stote of electronIc method.s stlillega!. Electronics can do almost anything your health, happtness ond welt being solely through the power drugs con do. This course In psychedeliC' f'lectronl(s shows the fun of your mind, Without the use of drugs. sounds like science fic­ ,. adult white rna~ thinks M il intellectually w,.rior to an­ and euphoric as well as It warns of the donqers of !.ensuous elec­ tion. But ,n hospitals and laboratories across the country it i, yon~ and anything. Any adult, mole or female, block or white, TroniCS. Subjects Include amateur shock therapy, electrical sex becoming SCience foet. Tl,is Courie IS a comprehensive report on 0 f@ell more intelligent thon any chHd, animol, or machine. This devices, block lights, sound lights, heart beat lights, spectacular SClentlfk breakthrough By Iisten.ng to your body or course is a writing and research wCIf'"kshop that will challenge the blo-feedback, etc Closs Indude!. theory and construction. No bnin waves on 0 speciol electronic machine, you con learn to f\uperiority of man. We w,1I write a mogo2'lne ortjcle or book to techn:cal ability needed for some sec lions control them to ochieve inner pleac!! and joy, ond even a .rlOW thot mon', conCel1 ho!. altered hl'i perception of Intelli­ drug-Ie .. olpha-wave high. This courle IS not a clinic but we will gence. We will show thot a two· year-old {"on understond a. 116 Million DoUor Light-Show for $999.~ discu .. how to select a cI.nlC Without getting tipped off We w1l1 much as the adult will let him (He con leorn to repoir radios at also diSCUSS where to buy or hudd your own equipment for less ~llfford "'\ ~fla:h~~ yOU how to make the best light show age. :3 if his porents think he can.) We will show thot a chim­ tha'1 $60.00 ever built. This fantastic light show would cost you well O,,-"r panzee con leorn, speak. and understand a thousand-word vo­ $1,000.000.00 if you were to purchase it or to hire it built. I am HO The Marin, of the C ....ti.1 SPMrH cabulary (probably more d I could conceive of it). We will show not e.aggerating one bit. Your $7.00 course fee will be refunded thot computers con do anything tho' the human brain con do. A pair of 3-D radiant spherf!'S pursue f!'ach other, embrace eroti­ if you ore the first student to show me documentat.on proving We will study an ele<:"trlC turtle, that has a brain simpler thon a cally. dance exotically, tWisting and h1rnlng to the beat of the that there is a more fantastic light !.how, anywhere, that can be pocket radiO, but thot con oct as intelligently as a 5.year.ald music from your radio or h!-li. Cannf!'ct a mIcrophone to the bought for less tnan a million dollars. If you can wire up a light human. W,. will !.how electromechanical ways of compensating lovers and they obey your il!'Very command. Clop your hands and bulb and use ord,nnry hand 1001'5 you can tackle th.s project. If for the real physical (not ~ntal) defiCIencies in children and tMy fly aport. Hum and they snuggle together, purring content­ you do not hove a $QQ999 budget you can bUild a min.-light "lower" ommols.--so ,hot they can matth our (!) intellect. edly. Makes a beautiful hanging lomp! ThiS is a workshop for show for 29 cents unusual lighting. See back issues of CALL-APPLE for course descriptions of: BEGINNING APPLE BASIC; POKING & PEEKING AT YOUR APPLE;APPLE CIRCUIT THEORY; CONNECTING THE APPLE TO THE REAL WORLD; and CHRISTMAS PRESE~TS FOR APPLELOVERS. 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ooooooooooooooooooooc SOFTWARE WANTED: Apple computer programs are wanted. These program will be s0ld nationwide. You can make some money from programs that you did not even realize were worth selling. Cliff is marketing two series of programE One is called Quick and Dirty Software. It will be ten to twenty short programs for ten to twenty dollars. The other series will be called "Bigger and Better" programs and will sell for ten dollars to $200 per program. Cliff has had considerable experience selling by mailorder. He would like to sell your Apple software. AUTOMATED TRAINING SYSTEMS PHONE (206) 935-2697,

7906 34th .S.w.,Seattle ,Wa. 98126 CALL -APPLE NOVEHBER-DECEMBER,. 1978 PAGE 14

PEEKS,. POKES and CALLS The CALL co~~and is to assembly (or machine) language what GOSUB is to Basic. PeeKs, PoKes and Calls are aaonS the InsLead of saYins GOSUB and specifyin~ a powerful commands at your disposal. They Basic line number, YOU write a Call to a memory location. The effect is the sa~e: permit you to wander throu~h the passase­ ways and corridors of your Apple's .emory. you are ask inS Apple to execute a subroute, RAM memory may be looked upon as a huSe only in machine lanSuaSe instead of Basic. old-fashioned post office file cabinet, with 65,536 piseon holes, which are actual­ POKE and PEEK are opposites, and aptly ly memory "locaLions", numbered from 0 to named. POKE is the command that allows YOU to store data in memor~, perhaps for use at 65535 (decimal) or from 0 to FFFF (hex). Each location is capable of holdins one a later time. For example, a Lone subrou­ one byte (or unit) of data (information). tine in Int.eger Basic_JlJoY.be located-in--hex locations 2 to 18. Locations $0 and $1 are A "byte" is a hexidecimal number with a value between 0 and FF (0 to 255, decimal). to be used Lo store the values of t.he vari­ ables PITCH and DURATION, (commonly P & D. Hexidecimal is a number base in which So a line in your pro~ram might read: the uniL column may have a value between 0 100 P=2S: D=150: POKE O,P: POKE 1,D: CALL 2 and 15. The numbers 10 to 15 are e:·:pressed A PEEK command allows you t.o look in­ as Lhe letters A throu~h F, thus F eQuals 15, while hex 10 eGuals 16. The dollar side Lhe ver~ core (pun intended) of ~our sign (S) is commonly used to indicaLe a hex Apple and see what is stored there. Ex­ number. In number sYsLems, hex is known as ample: ~ou wanL t.o know what your high mem is set at. The values of "HIMEM~ are stored base 16. Other number systems used in mic­ in dec imal locations 76 and 7 7 (remember, rocomputers'are ocLal (base 8) and binary t.his is a two byte fiSure), so you can use _" (base 2t. Your Apple actuallY works in bi­ this simple alSorhyt.hm to find out: nary, but Lhis is essentiallY an inLernal process thaL mosL users are unaware of. PRINT PEEt< \ 76) + PEEt, (77) * 256 Any hex number greaLer than FF must be IncidenLly, these are called "pointers" sLored in memory as Lwo consecuLive bytes, because t.hey "polnt" to where hish memory with the low order byte stored first. To act.uallY is. AnoLher example of useinS the converL a two byte hex number La deci.al, PEEK command is when YOU want Lhe computer we must do more than simply convert the hex to "peek~ aL t.he keyboard to see if the us­ values Lo decimal. For an example, let us er has typed a charact.er or not. A common taKe the hex number 7FFF (rememberins that this will appear as FF7F (in reverse order) way Lo do this is as follows: Assume YOU are asK inS Lhe user to type a Y or N La in­ as you looK at it in memory) and convert it dicate yes or no. You could writ.e it like to decimal. The procedure is always the this: same: the high order (second) byLe is mul­ tiplied by 256 and Lhe value of the low or­ 100 KEY = PEEK(-16384) der (firsL) byte is added to Lhe result. 110 IF KEY < 128 THEN 110 Therefore, 7F=127, 127*256=32512, and FF= 120 IF KEY = 217 THEN 200 255, so 32512+255=32767. We have Just con­ 130 END verted 7FFF stored as Lwo consecutive hex byLes of FF and 7F Lo their decimal eauiv­ In InteSer Basic, the "Ascii" charact­ alent of 32767!. A workin~ knowledBe of er set has values between 128 and 255. If hex is needed to puL all Lhe power of Apple the variable -keY" in our example is less aL your beck and CALL. than 128, iL aeans no key has been typed, and the proSra. has been sent bacK to read We're sorry Af,plelaSh did not lake !.he last issue in the keyboard asain, until such time as the tile. Mike a?olosizes and we aPOlosize and ••• 011, the hell user actuallY types a character. 217 is the with it! Ascii value for the ~haracter nyu. CALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER. 1978 PAGE 15

APPLE SO U RCE contracted with outside software suppliers to provide a second and a third Transcribed by Mike Thyng generation language. O. When will we get a real time clock? A. We've worked on it some. The problem now is the high cost. It's on our list of The following transcription is an approximation of the question and things to do. O. How many APPLEs are there? A. Everybody wants to answer session held at the September meeting at Computerland of know. It's a well kept secret. Many, many thousands. A. We allocate Bellevue where Apple President Mike Scott and product on a first order in - first order out. If we don't have enough to fill addressed members. Many people were too far away to be clearly all the orders fully then we allocated a percentage to each order so recorded. Other times, someone would cough or shuffle when a key word everybody gets some. was spoken by a distant or soft speaker. So I have tried to relate as THE NEXT PORTION IS BEING FIELDED BY RANDY WIGGINGTON. accurately as possible the intent of the questions and remarks by both RANDY WRITES SYSTEMS SOFTWARE DID APPLESOFT II AND sides. WROTE PART OF THE DOS. In this portion O. = club members. A. = Mike Scott Memory allocation starts at hex location 800 for the ROM cards. The A. The Apple disk drives are not intended to be used with other computers. variables are located immediately after the program. First it's simple The APPLE hardware was designed to be integral and interactive within variables, then array variables. String arrays have pointers. AS = the APPLE. The APPLE disks are soft sectored. The drive is not a standard "HELLO" has pointers that point inside the program. AS = BS then BS Shugart 400 drive. The Shugart Standard Analog Board has 23 IC's; points to AS. Strings are allocated memory from high memory down. If APPLE had 4. The S-100 controller card has 30 IC's - the APPLE has 8. you set AS = something and BS = Something, and CS = something, APPLE accomplished substantial savings by tying the design together of and then change it, you are leaving blanks. These blanks stay there until the software firmware, and hardware. You can cut a notch in the other you run the program; then the program shifts things around. This explains side and use both sides of the diskettes. why a large program may take many minutes to run. It has a lot of number 2A is the identifier of the most current version of APPLESOFT II. Disk crunching to do. I gave Val Golding about 2 inches of documentation and was released with only the right version of APPLESOFT. The ROM card is miscellaneous things. gospel. You could have 6 colors in HIRES: HCOLOR = 0, 4 black 3, 7 white O. You changed the definition of LOMEM in APPLESOFT. Is there any then 1, 2, 5, 6 could be four other colors but unnamed because the way way to get the equivalent Integer Basic LOMEM from APPLESOFT? you adjust the TV set would alter the colors. Future versions of DOS call A. You mean so it doesn't use memory belowa certain point? Yes, for it to be about 3K rather than the present 11 K. Val has the RWTS there is. Do a POKE of 103, 104. This is the base address of your routines that let you use the disk directly. All the new stuff will be on DOS. APPLESOFT program. If you have a ROM card and disk and your The Interface to disk requires that when you write to disk you input programs are saved onto the disk, with the RAM version you have to do a the command number, specify whether you want to format the disk, read call. What's happening is that we have to relocate all the pointers down or write the track and sector data. for the ROM Card and back up for the RAM version. So if you adjust 103, O. You can't write a "to disk" can you? A. Anytime you want to get a 104 then you're going to have to do those calls. From RAM to ROM call "to the disk, write CHRSln), where n is the numerical decimal equivalent 54514. From ROM to RAM lin memory) call 3314. Loading from tape of the character." A. The new manual will have stuff about how to create you never have those problems. It does it all automatically. See Val's your own save tape. A Macro assembler will be coming out ... O. I've got write up about the ampersand. a file on my disk that was written with an illegal character and now Iwant O. I've had problems initializing disks from my master create to delete it. A. Initialize the disk. Only way presently. O. What about a program. A. Easiest solution is to move the disk card from slot 6 to slot 7. copy? A. That would only transfer the bogus data to the new disk. O. I did When the new version of the DOS comes out, we'll have that corrected. an open, a write and a CATALOG and the CATALOG cancelled out the We wanted to standardize the slots and leave slot 7 open for a possible write. I wanted to get a copy of the CATALOG out on a text file so I could video interface card if and when we ever do an 80 character or some other bring it in later and .... A. Whenever you go into write mode, anytime you video interface. When APPLE wrote the DOS for the European Market the print a control D or try to do an input you'll move out of write mode. boards were in slot 7. Then shortly before USA release they were Basically there is no way presently that you can get your catalog written switched from slot 7 to slot 6. Not all the software routines were changed out. The Catalog is located on disk at tracks 17 & 18. APPLE has spent back. There's a new manual being printed that will explain much more many hours trying to find ways to neatly read the Catalog but so far no about your APPLE. Expected distribution is in OCTOBER. 180 pages long; success. Checkbook II has a way to do this, but it's not elegant. detail about how exactly APPLESOFT works. Many questions about the disk format. Data written out is in ASCII O. Is PASCAL software being developed for the APPLE? A. Not by Mode. When or if you Print A, Bthe data would go out as it would look on APPLE but by a company in San Diego. O. What languages are you the display screen. But, and this is a big one, you could not read back that planning to introduce? A. I'm not at liberty to say which, but APPLE has A, B as A, B. The disk sees that as all one variable. Don't panic. The CALL -APPLE NOVEMBER-DECEMBER. 1978 PAGE 16

A. No, not at all. Q. How do we determine end of file? A. Either put in a special code in the last record and test for it when reading, or reserve the solution is to PRINT A: PRINT B. What's required is to get the variables first record of the file for telling your program where the end is. See the seperated by a carriage return symbol. Individual Prints do that. Q. I have ANIMALS program. When you read or write, be sure you start and end trouble converting programs from magazines (written for other with a control D. Q. Any plans to put some kind of joysticks into computer's BASIC'sl to programs for my APPLE. A. We're working on it. production? A. No. Q. Are the new HIRES routines done any differently Q. How often will CONTACT come out? A. We're working on every than the old routines? A. While we've had many versions of HIRES they two months, but not yet. In the future, perhaps every month. Q. Does the are still being done the same. APPLE see A and shift A as the same character? A. Unmodified, yes. I Q. Explain the EXEC file. A. It is a sequential text file which contains have given Val information on lower case. If you add a wire to the execute statements. Someone wrote "well, Randy" on the front of the keyboard then lower case characters will display as reverse video. Q. I Call-APPLE magazine, referring to the statement I made that you can't can't get the other square bracket to print. A. Try PRINT CHRS (1541. Or convert from Integer to APPLESOFT. The conversion shown doesn't something close to 154. Q. Does the disk store PR # someplace? A. You convert TAB to HTAB.I got out ofthat one. On the APPLESOFT CARDS I mean it's own character out switches? Q. Where are they? A. Up in High gave you HPLOT X, Yto X, Yto X, YI applause 1 Q. Do you have a tix for Memory somewhere. the PIA? A. APPLE has a schematic fo[ a PIA on an interface card. My printer is hooked up to the Communications interface card and A. We're working on a General Purpose Serial and a General Purpose when I use a comma, it doesn't seem to recognize it. A. When we hit a Parallel cards. APPLE would like to solicit your comments. Write to comma, we change the cursor horizontal directly in memory: On the APPLE, tell us what you want these cards to be able to do. Q. What about printer card we check to see if the cursor horizontal jumps by more than lightpens. A. We've hooked one up and had it working. Q. How many 1. If it does, it puts in the extra spaces. The Communications Card does peripheral devices can one APPLE II handle? A. 8 APPLE peripheral cards Q. not do that. I suggest you TAB or use the Space command. When Itry and 48K. Q. Do you have any X-Y Plotter plans? A. We're working with to print out 3 strings AS, BS, CS and use commas, depending on the AXIOM trying to develop an inexpensive plotting device. We're looking length of the second string, I may print on line 1 or line 2 ... what gives? into a bit pad too. Approximate cost six to eight hundred dollars. Our A. Plain and simple, I made an error. I meant to check 33 instead of 23. Q. product line will be expanding. Q. Will you be expanding to an eight inch How do you determine how much space you have left on your disk? A. You floppy? A. Not for the APPLE II. However, we may be getting into hard know those Numbers just ahead of the program names in the CATALOG? disk for the APPLE II in 1Y.z to 2 years. Earlier maybe double density, '- Well those are completely random. Actually there isn't a way. double sided disks with half a megabyte per drive. Q. COLOR Monitor Q. My APPLE's DOS won't let me read or write above 256. What plans? A. We're talking to 3 manufacturers. Haven't chosen yet. gives? A. You have an earlier version. Your club has the patch. Q. HTAB doesn't work above 40 characters on my printer. A. POKE 36, value will do it for you. Q. Do we have indirect addressing in BASIC? A. No. A. DOS documentation and a revised version of the DOS will be coming out. APPLEMASH (from page 121 A. When you have problems, suggestions, or comments ... write them in - don't call. We can't be effective by phone. Q. I have a, mix of Again, as with single dimension arrays, you're setting aside space 16K and 4K chips ... A. DOS can handle it. Q. Does the Communication for your variables. For our 6 x 5 x 4 array above, we set aside places for Interface card handle the IBM BAUD rate of 134? A. Ithink that is one on 120 variables. I've had some arrays in testing that were 8 dimensional. I the standard selections ... if not, the manual that came with it can tell you suppose core size is the only limitation on how many dimensions you can how to set it to that rate. A. There is a new high speed serial interface card have, though it's really not practical to go much beyond 3 dimensions. coming out - up to 19K baud. Switch and software selectable. Q. I have Next issue, we'll discuss how to use the APPLE Disk 'T' files, an idea for a change to the case of the APPLE II. A. We're not likely to random access - great stuff. make any changes to the APPLE II case design because it costs There is one bit of philosophy I want to end with. If it was more S80,OOO.00 for tooling to make the case. A. 80% of the failures that practical to have million byte core computers, then arrays of 8 or even occur in the field, are caused by plugging the ribbon in improperly. more dimensions could be used instead of disk files. Remember, Plugging the ribbon one pin off will cause the LS 125 chip to fry and put your disk out of commission. accessing data from an array is MUCH faster than accessing it from disk. In an array there is only solid state electronics between you an~... the data. Q. Can I handle files without a disk? On the ? A. You On a disk file there's that mechanical arm and rotating diskette which need a disk. Q. We have a program that uses illegal line numbers and sets must coordinate before you can get your data. Arrays are faster. Disks are HIMEM. It works fine when loaded from cassette tape but doesn't work more practical. I'll try to teach you how to use both. It is up to you to loaded from disk. A. I don't know. Q. When you use random access to " _. write on record 97 of a 250 record file, do you mess up records above 97? decide which is best for your application. CALL -APPLE NOVEHBER-DECEttEER,. 1978 PAGE 17

IIENTIFYING BINARY DISK PROGRAHS ~3 REM THIS PRGGRAM OUTPUTS A$ & L$ INfO FOR BINARY PROGRAMS 100 GOTD 500 Here are two wa~s -to help ~ou save and 110 IF PEEK (77)<64 THEN 150 identif~ binar~ (machine language) proSra.s 120 PRINT 16384: REM SET LOMEM:16384 on disk. First, follow this procedure, (which conflicts with the method sugSested 130 DIM FILE$(40): GOTO 160 b~ Apple Co~puter), for BSAVEins sour mach­ 140 PRINT 2048: END : REM RESET LOMEM ine lan~uage programs: 1. If OJS is not up, boot it UP. 2. CALL -151 (This puts ~ou in Manit-or without r·esettiils. 3. load 150 PfUNT (.. r:'LU\ (77 )····5 )*256 H GOlD ~our aachine lansuage program from tape. 4. 130: REM LOM~M FOR 16K MACHINE Control C back to Basic \or Applesoft). 5. T~pe "BSAVE PROGRAM,A$a,LSl" (where a= 160 DS=u»: REM CONTROL D starting address and 1= lensth). 6. Enter 170 PRINT U$i"NOMON C,I,O" a NEW command (to insure nothing is in mem­ laO TEXT ~ CALL ···936: VTAB 14: INPUT ors) and t~pe "SAVE PROGRAM A$a L$l". What "INPUl FILE NAME ",FILES this accoaplishes is to save a "dumm~" has­ 190 IF FILE$~"" THEN 180 ic program (co.posed of nothins) WhlCh i­ 200 PRINT D$~"BLOAD "aFILE$j",VO" dentifies where the binar~ Pfoiram sLares. 210 IF PEEK (77»127 THEN 400: REM GO Another problem aay occur where ~ou TO ROUTINE FOR 48K MACHINE have an existins binar~ program on disk and would like to cop~ iL. This is a wee blt 220 REM FIND POINTERS difficult if ~ou have forSotten the address or lensth. To this end, we have written a 230 HM= PEEK (76)+ PEEK (77)*256 program called "BINADR", which will load a :LS~HMt5045:H5=HMt5046:5TART= binar~ program and Lell ~ou its address and PEEK (LS)t PEEK (HS)*256 lensth. IL appears on this page. 240 LL:HMtS027:HL=HHt5028:LENGTH= PEEK (LL)t PEEK (HL)*256 Finally, a housekeepinS hinL, not dir­ ~50 CALL -936: VTAD 10: TAB 6: PRINT ectl~ relaLed Lo Lhe foreaoing. We use thlS "DECIMAL STARTING ADDRESS IS: " litLle Lric~ to show when a disk is full. ;START: PRINT : TAB 6: PRINT ASain, this involves SAVEing a udu •• ~~· "DECIMAL LENGTH IS: "~LENGTH program, and we do the title in inverse, Lo 260 FRINT : TAB 6: INPUT "MORE 1" aake it sLand out. ,Z$ 270 IF Z$="Y" THEN 160: GOTD 140 POKE 50,63. PRINT uTHIS DISK FULL". POKE 50,255. Now the words "~HIS ~ISK FULL" wi~l 400 START= PEEK (-22091)t PEEK ( have appeared on the screen in inverse for~ -22090)*256:LENGTH~ PEEK (-22109 and ~ou should next t~pe "SAVE". Then, us­ )t PEEK (-22108)*256: GOTD 100 ing the escape (edit.) ke\:ls, trace over· the inverse characters and hiL return. ~DU now 500 IF PEEK (203»127 THEN 550 have a progra~ na~ed "THIS DISK FULL", and 505 PP= PEEK (202)t PEEK (203)*256 the Litle is displawed in inverse video! : REM REPLACE PRINT WITH LOMEH:

510 IF PEEK (PP)=98 THEN POKE pp, 17: IF PEEK (PP)=75 THEN 110 50 REM BINADR BY VAL J GOLDING ;PP=PP+l: GOTO 510 ~~O pp:( PEEK (202)-256)t256*( PEEK 51 REM APPLE PUGETSOUND PROGRAM ( 203 )-255 ) LIBRARY EXCHANGE 560 IF PEEK (PP)=98 THEN POKE pp, 17: IF PEEK (PP)=75 THEN 110 52 REM WRITTEN IN INTEGER BASIC :PP=PPfl: GOTO 560 CALL -APPLE ~~£ECEMBER. 1978 PAGE lB

RESURECTING a DEAD FP PROGRAM COLOR GRAPHICS SCREEN MEMORY MAt

Have YOU ever had an Applesoft II Y-Coor'dinaLe pro~ra~ "blow up" while YOU were worKing on it, onl~ to find that ~ou had noL SAVEd it 10 0 ABC D E FI and could not remember the algorh~thfuS ~ou used? (TheY were probably based on the t.rial and err-Dr method, anywas), and it BASE (leftmost) address cost. ~ou a couple hours to recreate them? (0 (I 0 0 (I 1 C DI Il A B A H lJ (i (i Here is a short routine for Applesoft I ROM that may help ~ou recover ~Dur program. GBASH Gl:oASL It reGuires that YOU be able to look into your memory and be able to ldenllf~ Lhe first two line numbers of t.he lost. proSram. In addition, ~ou most Know the maKe-up of Ix X X X Y Y i vi Applesoft Basic. It 1S as follows: The first two b~t.es are the address of the next odd even line, and the next two bstes are the actual line line line number, stored low byte first. The daLa daLa last byte of a line is a "00" to~en, indi­ catin~ the end of a line.

ROM Applesoft stores starLlns at deCl­ LINE BASE ADDR PG2 BASE ADR mal location 2049. On a disK reboot, Lhe - two locations that. normally contain the HEX DEC address of Lhe next line will have zeroes - - in them. The zerDes must be r-eplaced wlLn $0, 1 0, 1 $0400 102 ... S800 2048 the correct next. line address. Then YOU $2, 3 2, 3 U80 1152 $880 2176 must estimate the lensth of the oriSinal $4, 5 4-, 5 .500 1280 $900 2304- pro~raffi' and reseL pointers as follows: $6, 7 6, 7 $580 1408 $980 2432 $8, 9 8, 9 $600 1536 $AOO 2560 Sa~ your proSram was about two K IonS. $A, B 10,11 $680 1664 $A80 2688 That. is, approximaLel~ 2048 bsLes. Add Lhe $C, D 12.13 $700 1792 $BOO 2816 pro~raffi len~th to 2048 (start of memors), $E, F Uri5 $780 1920 $B80 29 ... 4 and divide b:s 256. (409$56;:.16). Then $10,11 16.17 $0428 1064- $828 2088 poke your pointers (from the kesboard) as $12,13 18d9 $4A8 1192 S8AS 2216 follows! $14,15 20,21 $528 1320 $928 2344 $16,17 22,23 $5A8 l ...... S S9A8 14'72 POKE I05,O:POKE 106,16:POKE 107,7:Poke 108, .18,19 2... ,25 $628 1576 SA2e 2600 16: POKE I09,7!POKE 110,16: POKE 175,OtrOKE $lA,lB 26,27 $6A8 170 ... $AA8 2728 176,16:CALL 54514. $lC,lD 28,29 $728 1832 SII28 2856 $1EdF 30,31 $7A8 1960 SIcA8 2984- The pairs (107-8) and (109-10) ~ust .20,21 32,33 $450 1104 $S50 2128 always be seven byt.es more Lhan the pairs $22,23 3... ,35 $4DO 1232 $8DO 2256 (105-6) and eI7S-b}. The CALL 54514 is a $2 ... ,25 36,37 $550 1360 S950 2384- routine that helps YOU reassign the next .26,27 38,39 $5[10 1488 $9DO 2512 line address pointers. $28,29 40,41 $650 1616 $A50 264-0 .2A,2B 42, ... 3 $6[10 1744 $AIIO 2768 $2C,2D ...... ,4-5 $750 1872 $I150 2896 $2E,2F ... 6, ... 7 $7[10 2000 $BDO 3024 ND'oJEMBER-DECEtIBER. 1978 PAGE 19 EMPIRE ELECTRONICS

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PlEASE ADD g 618 SOUTHWEST 152nd 190 SouIhcenttr Shopping Center FOR POSTAGE IlL II. Tukwila. Washington 98188 INAIDlING : e' - ! SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 111" - SYSTEMS· Apple II 16K RAM 5119500 • Commodore PET 8K RAM 579500 • Commodore KIM I 517500 Synertek VIM 526900 • Mleroproduets Super KIM 539500 *Deltvery on most.systems Is usually stock to 2 weeks. call or write for specific information. CLASSES AND WORKSHOPS All classes and workshops listed here are free of charge but have limited enrollment. Preference will be given to regular eel customers In the event of an overflow crOWd. WORKSHOPS: Call for details. KIM-2nd saturday of the Month • PEr -3rd Saturday of the Month APPLE-4th saturday of the Month CLASSES: Apple TOpics -; we offer a series ·of free classes on Apple II to aQualnt owners with some of the uniQue features and capabilities of their system. Topics covered ar.e Apple Sounds. low Res. GraphiCS, Hi Res. GraphiCS, Disk BasiCS, and How to Use Your Reference Material. Sessions are held every Thursday Night at 7:00 p.m. . ,. SOFTWARE HARDWARE we now have a complete software catalog. APPU H HARDWARE: ~ .... PrInter InterfliCe (Parallel) APPU: App\etalker· ...... 515.95 on board eprom printer driver, full handShake logiC, driver program for Bomber· . . .. 9.95 CentroniCS, Axiom, T.I. SWTPC PR-4/), and others assembled & tested. 580.00 SpaceMaze· . 10.00 Po.. , Control tnterfIICe (FrOm T.W.C. Products) ApplevislOn· . 5.00 up to 16 channels of A.C. control per card. Controlled from BASIC. Each Color Qrgan· ...... 9.95 channel capable of 12 amps at 11OV. Optically Isolated from A.C. line. A.C. laS Vegas Black JaCk . 10.00 loads are switched via a low D.C. voltage on a ribbon cable (cable Name and Address. 10.00 Included). Complete system equipped fOr 4 A.C. circuits. Othello. ... 10.00 Kit .... 595.00 MlCroproducts Assembler-Tape . 19.95 Assembled .. 5135.00 MlCroproducts Assembler-DISk ...... 24.95 Additional 4 circuit A.C. power Modules RAMTest...... 7.50 Kit. . ..535.00 ROM Test .. 7.50 Assembled .... 555.00 . 15.00 Apple Music . JOYStICk With 3 Switches SOftape Instant library 39.95 Creat for Apple Games like Star Wars. Includes trimmers to calibrate fOr (8 tapes pluS softape membership!) full deflection ... 535.00 ON ...: Inventory System .. . .125.00 upper & L_er case 80ard Text Editor . .50.00 Now you can display both upper and lower case characters on your video MalllngLlst ...... 30.00 with the Apple II. Includes assembled Circuit board and sample Backorder Report . 50.00 softWare . . .. 549.95 EleCtronic Index card File· . 19.95 Apple .5595.00 Best of Bishop· .49.95 Disk.· . . (6 programs on one diSk) " APPIeIOft 10M Card" ...... 5200.00 ·Programs by Bob BishOp " HeUrtsttcs 5pHChiab .... 5189.00 " Apple HIgh Speed ..... 5180.00 Pfl': Interf_· .. ... Finance...... 59.95 " Apple CommunIcatIonI C81'd" ...... 5180.00 Draw .. 5.00 " Apple PrOtotypIng 80ard ...... 524.95 othello. 5.00 • we are assuming that these Items will be available from stock by the time BlackJack. 5.00 this Is published. Life. 5.00 Star Wars . 5.00 PIT HARDWARE StarTrek .. 5.00 " ....,...... 524.95 Mugwumps .. .5.00 ReaCI/WrlteMemory . . ... 10.00 " PetunIa-for computer generated sounds ...... 529.95 GalaxY Cames . .9.95 " VIdeo iIUffer-to put your pet's pictures on a teleVision set or OffTheWall/TargetPong. . ... 9.95 monitor ...... 529.95 Mortgage .. 14.95 " JOYStICk-with four switches, speaker, and volume control . . .. 549.95 Diet Planner I Blorvthm . 14.95 " PIt.. PrInter-with cable fOr Pet and printer qrlver softWare. BasiC BASIC . .14.95 Software Kit ...... 5300.00 Pet system Monitor .. 19.95 Assembled...... 5425.00 POint & Figure Stock Market Plot ...... 7.50 TNT Game PaCk -1 .. . .10.00 " centronIcI P-11111Cio1N II... with cable and software fOr pet .. 5520.00 TNT Game Pack -2 .. .10.00 " COInInOdOI'e MIInICottY lIrInter-cavallable November ?I ...... $695.00 WHY SHOULD YOU BUY FROM US? Because we can help you solve your problems and answer your Questions. we don't claim to know everything. but we try to help our customers to the full extent of our resources.