Nigerian Journal of En tOIl1ology Published by the Entornoloqical Society of www.esn.orq.nq ISSN 0331-0094 Volume 33, 2017 DOI: 10.36108/NJE/7102/33(0111)

Abundance and Diversity of Aerial in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden, Plateau State, Nigeria

*NJILA, H. L., MWANSAT, G. S., BARNABAS, F., OMBUGADU, A., PUKUMA, S. M., DIBAL, M. AND MAFUYAI, M. J. Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Plateau State.

Nig . .J. Entomol. 33: 93-102(2017) ABSTRACT: The species composition and diversity of aerial insects inhabiting different ecosystems are not well known particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, a study on species diversity and abundance of aerial insects in the Jos Museum Zoological (JMZ) Garden, Plateau State, Nigeria was carried out between June and July, 2013. Aerial insects were collected from edge, mid and interior points of rocky outcrop and savannah woodland using a sweep net. Each transect point was 50 metres long, 20 sweeps were made in each transect point. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test for significant difference in the mean abundance of aerial insects between habitats. One-way ANOVAwas used to test for significant difference in the mean abundance of aerial insects between points and insects' orders. The Shannon diversity index was used to compare species diversity in the two habitats. The Sorensen's similarity index was used to compare species compositional similarity or variation between habitats. A total of 103 individuals aerial insects distributed in 11 Orders, 36 Families, 35 genera and27 species were collected. Fiftyeight(58) insects representing 55.77% were collected from rocky outcrop while 45 insects representing 44.23% were collected from savanna woodland. The species diversity index did not vary significantly (P<0.05), but showed a complete dissimilarity in species composition in the two habitats. These findings clearly suggest that the JMZ Garden is rich in species of different orders and is a healthy ecosystem. It is, therefore, recommended that unsustainable anthropogenic activities such as refuse dumping, defeaeating, logging and bush burning should bediseouraged in the garden.

Keywords: Jos, Museum, Zoological Garden, aerial insects.

INTRODUCTION largest museum in the country offering a wide The .los Museum was founded in December, range of exhibits and facilities for visitors. It is 1955 and was approved in June 1960 when the also the principal research station for the Zoological Society of Nigeria was formed to Department. In line with the rainfall distribution, manage it. Jos Museum is the second oldest Plateau State falls largely within the northern museum in Nigeria. after the small museum at guinea savannah zone which consists mainly of Esie, near llorin, which was opened in 1945. For short trees. grasses and the Plateau type ofmosaic many years Jos was the headquarters of the vegetation. Fringing woodlands or gallery Federal Department of Antiquities until this was forests can be found along some river valleys. eventually transferred to Lagos. It is the second The unique physical features of Plateau State are its high relief, especially in the north, and its =Currcspunding author: geological history. The high relief, or more E-mail: njilahl(l]gmail.eolll 94 • NICiERIAN .JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY - Volume 33, 20ll appropriately. the Jos Plateau, provides a of aerial insects as well as comparing their hydrological centre for many rivers in northern diversity and similarities in species composition Nigeria and confers on the northern part of the between the edge, mid and interior transect state a cool climate suitable for livestock rearing points of rocky outcrop and savanna woodland of and growing of exotic crops. The process of JMZGarden. formation of its high relief makes Plateau State one of the mineral rich states in the country METHODOLOGY (Ajakpo and Okonkwo, 1984). Aerial insects make more than half of the StudyArea world's known species. The second The study was conducted within the savanna largest and more diverse order is the Lepidoptera woodland and rocky outcrop of the museum. It is (Potts et a/., 2010). Aerial insects possess vital located in the heart of Jos North, Plateau State, status in any ecosystem as they are involved in North-Central Nigeria and found on longitude pollination, biological control, decomposition 9°54' 51"North and latitude 8° 53' 9"East (Figure and herbivory. Aerial insects are also being used 1). Though situated in the tropical zone, its as biodiversity indicators for monitoring the peculiar high altitude means that Jos has a near changes in habitats as diversity is found to be temperate climate with an average temperature declining with increasing disturbance of between 18°C and 22°e. Hannattan winds (Hemandez, et aI., 2009). Aerial insects are the cause the coldest weather between December primary pollinators of much of the diversity of and February. The wannest temperatures usually wild plants and crops, and are diverse group occur in the dry season months of March and including moths, butterflies, bees, beetles and April. The mean annual rainfall varies from flies (Potts et al., 2010). Kohler et al., (2008) 131.75 em (52 in) in the southem part to 146 em found that the distance to high quality resources (57 in) on the Plateau. and habitats affects the reproduction success of The highest rainfall is recorded during the pollinators, and thus population abundance over months ofJuly and August. The Jos Plateau is the time. This may threaten the persistence of both source of many livers in northem Nigeria pollinators and plant species (Harris and Johnson, including the Kaduna, Gongola, Hadejia and 2004). Yoberivers (Ajakpo and Okonkwo, 1984). Though the exact figure of species diversity The savanna woodland habitat comprises Sh01t of aerial insects is uncertain, estimates range trees, shrubs and grasses. It is also characterized by from 1.4 to 1.8 million species. Most species lessdense canopy with scatteredtreeswhich mostly likely remain undescribed for many years attract aerial insects. The rocky outcrop habitat (Borror et al., 1989). The four dominant orders of comprises rocks and hills with short trees, shrubs aerial insects in terms of numbers of described and no tall trees due to the rocky nature of the species, with an estimate of 600,000 - 795,000 habitats. There are Ficus plants which attract species are Coleoptera, Diptera, many insects like the Hymenoptera that feed on and Lepidoptera (Hernandez, et al., 2009). their fruits. In view of the ecological importance of zoological gardens, the measurement of species Sampling period diversity of insects has become critically important Insects were collected during the mid-rainy in understanding tropical communities and their season of 2016 (June-July). The insects were conservation (Njila and Hadi, 2015). However, usually collected once weekly between the hours many populations of insect species have of7amand 12noon. markedly declined over recent years, primarily as a result of anthropogenic activities and climate Insect collection and preservation change (Aebischer, 1991) which may also take The insect sweep-net of diameter 25cm and their toll on the JMZ Garden with time. Thus, this thickness of2.7cm with net made up of muslin study was aimed at generating a species checklist material fitted to a 32-inch long wooden handle Njila et al.: Insects in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden • 95

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Figure 1: Map of Plateau State, Nigeria showing location of the study area was used to trap aerial insects. In each Identification ofinsects sampling site, three belt transect points (edge, The contents of each sample bottle were mid and interior) SOm apart were measured. emptied into a Petri dish, sorted and identified The sweep-net was held at the wooden handle using Photographic Atlas of Entomology and nearest to the ground and swung from side to Guide to Insect Identification by Castner (2000). side in full 180 degrees arc. A total of20 sweeps Most of the generic and specific identifications were made at each transect point. were made using the insects in the Systematic The insects trapped were transferred into a and Taxonomic Laboratory of the Department of killingjar containing ethyl ethyl-acetate. Dead Zoology, University ofJos, Nigeria. insects were then emptied into a sample bottle containing 70% ethanol and glycerol. All Data analyses insects collected were taken to the laboratory Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare for identification, counting and classification. the means of aerial insects between rocky l)6 • NIGERIAN JOURN.-\J UF I::J\,TOMOLOCiY - t olum« 33. JO/7 outcrop and savanna woodland. One-way is one of the cornerstones of ecology, which ANOVA was used to compare the mean aSSUITteSthat structurally complex habitats may abundance of aerial insects between points and provide more niches and diverse ways of the mean abundance of aerial insect orders in exploiting the environmental resources and each habitat. Significant di fference was thus increase species diversity. In most habitats, determined when p < 0.05. The Wilcoxon rank plant communities determine the physical sum test and One-way ANOVA were conducted structure of the environment and therefore have using R-console software version 2.9.2. a considerable influence on the distributions and interactions of animal species (Tews et 01., Species diversity index 2004). The results of these study also support Aerial insect species diversity was computed the idea that landscape characteristics is important for species condition as well as for using the Shannon- Weiner(Shannon and species richness since landscape heterogeneity Weaver, 1949)Diversityindex(H): is clearly an important factor for aerial insect's S species diversity. Both large-scale and small- H=-LPilnPi scale heterogeneity are important for the et i=1 composition of species (Weibull al., 2000). The presence of Bittacus species, Cicada Where: orni, Harmonia axyridis, Leptocorisa OCilla, H is the diversity index Lucilia sericata, Megaselia halterata, Musca Pi is the proportion of individual species domestica and Paratettrix albolimatus is linked Sis the total number of species in the habitat to their high demands for habitat quality i is the proportion of species. including vegetation structure and types. They are, therefore, generally considered to be useful Aerial insect species compositional similarity indicators of habitat quality changes in particular and/orvariation between habitats terrestrial habitats and are possibly the best group Sorensen's similarity index (Sorensen, 1948) was for conservation planning (Maes and Oyck, used to measure insect species compositional 2001). There was no significant difference similarity andlor variation between habitats. It (Wilcoxon rank sum test: W = 1175, P=0.06163) was measured by the formula in the mean abundance of aerial insects between Sorenson's Coefficient (CS) = 2c/a+b the rocky outcrop and savannah woodland ofthe

0 Where: N 0 0 CS = coefficientofsimilarity W co a = if) +1 ~ number of species present in both sites under cons ideration i 1':l '" b number ofspecies present in Site 1but 'ffi absentin Site 2 'ti c - llumberofspeciespreselltinSitc2but ~ absent in Site I i "! ~ RESULTSAND DISCUSSION ;3 Species checklist of aerial insects i - ----_.,-- The species checklist of aerial insects geller

Table I: Checklist of aerial insects from two habitats in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden

Common name Species Rockv Savannah Total (%) outcrop woodland Damsel flv Agrion ntaculat nm 2 3(2.91) Stink bug A lcaeorrh, 'elilis gram lis 2 3(2.91) Darner dragonfly A I1UX jun ills 1 (0.97) Weed aphid Aphis nerii 2 2 (1.94) Hanging scorpion fly Bittacus species I 6 7 (6.80) Bee fly Bont bvli us major I (0.97) Bumble bee Bumbus species 2 2 4 (3.88) Owl moth Caligo species 1 1 (0.97) Midge Cliironomus species 4 4 (3.88) Cicadas Cicada orni 3 3 6(5.83) Vinegar tly Drosophila inelanogaster 2 2 (1.94) Lady bug Harmonia axvridis 2 3 5(4.85) Hemipepsis australasiae 3 3 (2.91) Broad- headed bug l.eptocorisa acuta 2 4 6 (5.83) Drangon fly Libellula saturate I I (0.97) Green bottletly Lucilia sericata 3 2 5(4.85) Tarnished plant bug Lvgus Iineolaris 1 1 (0.97) Scuttle fly Megaselia halterata 5 1 6 (5.83) Short-homed grasshopper Melanophis keeleri 2 2 (1.94) Wasp-mimicking mydas tly Musca clavata 3 3 (2.91) House t1y Musca domestica 4 1 5 (4.85) Satyrs butterfly Neonympha mitchellii 2 2 (1.94) Stonetly Neoperla spio 2 2 (1.94) Milkweed bug Oncopeltusfasciatus 2 1 3 (2.91) Pygmy grasshopper Paratettrix albolimatus 5 5 (4.85) June beetle Phyllophaga 1 1 (0.97) Wasp-like thick headed fly Physoconopsis species 2 3 (2.91) Cone head Katydid Pterophvlla camellifornia 1 (0.97) Plant hopper Rhynchomitra lingua/ I (0.97) Mantid Stagomatis Carolina 1 (0.97) Shield-backed bug Tectocokis diophthalmus 1 (0.97) Lantana lace bug Teleonetniu scrupulosa 2 2 4 (3.88) Crane tly Tipil/u paludosa 2 2 (1.94) Assassin hug Triatoma species 2 3 (2.91) Unidentified I (0.97) Yellow jacket wasp i espu!a species 3 2 (1.94) Total 58 45 t03 (tOO) J MZ Garden (Figure 2). co-occurrence of vegetation types at a local The rocky outcrop had 58 (55.77%) insects scale and less habitat deterioration. This is in representing 10 orders which spread across 29 agreement with Stork et al., (2003) work on families with 30 species, while 45 (44.23(%) butterfly diversity and silvicultural practice in recorded insects in the savannah woodland lowland rainforests of . They representing 10 orders spread across 23 revealed that insects and plants are at risk of families with 24 species. High abundance of becoming extinct because of pollution, habitat aerial insects in the rocky outcrop compared to quality, vegetation structure, overpopulation savannah woodland is due to habitat quality and global climatic changes. Similarly, high including microclimate, vegetation structure, abundance in the rocky outcrop could be as a 9B • NIGERIAN .JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY - Votume 33. JOl7

0 result of higher diversity of plant species and N 0 0 restriction of human induced activities. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (200 I) co affirmed that insect species in protected habitats ~ are found abundant because of their protection i from human induced activities. Because of the ro <.q diverse nature of plant species in protected ffi ts habitats, insects are more attracted to plant species for foraging purpose which could result '<:!: ~ in richness and abundance (FAO, 200 I). -§ One major problem observed in the savannah 'ti woodland ofthe Jos Museum Zoological Garden C'! ~ is anthropogenic activities such as refuse dumping, defecating, logging and bush buming. These activities greatly influence the abundance and diversity of insect species. Edge Interior Mid

Abundance of aerial insects between Points transect points The mean abundance of aerial insects in Figure 3: Mean abundance of acrial insects relation to transect points in the rocky outcrop between the points in rocky outcrop in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden showed no significant difference (F45= 2.058,

Adjusted R-squared = 0.04309, P = 0.1395) as 0 N 0 0 showed in Figure 3. The breakdown of the result revealed that the edge point ofthe rocky outcrop had the highest abundance of aerial co insects. Figure 3 shows that interior and mid- ~ point had the least number of insects in the i Rocky Outcrop habitat. Similarly, the mean -rn <.q abundance of aerial insects in relation to '18 transect points in the savannah woodland '0 showed no significant difference (F; = 0.4966, .,-~ Adjusted R-squared = -0.02456, P = 0.6123, Figure 4). Figure 4 shows the same level of 'I0 insects in all the transect points of the savannah j C'l woodland. The observed non-significant difference in the abundance of aerial insects in relation to transect points in the two habitats studied may be due to even distribution of vegetation and food resources. This is Interior Mid consistent with the findings of Barbosa e; al., Edge (2005) who worked on the distribution pattern Points ofherbivorous insects in a remnant of Brazilian figure 4: I\lean abundance of aerial insects Atlantic forest. They obtained non-significant between the points in savannah difference in the abundance of herbivorous woodland of .Jos I\luseulll Zoological insects in the forest edge and interior section Garden respectively. The highest abundance of aerial insects encountered in the edge transect point create a c ondu c iv e e n vir o nruc n t and could be attributed to the fact that there are moderated microclirnates for aerial insects more desirable trees, plants and exposure to habitats. Adebuntan (2007) reported that high sunlight that could attract aerial insects and diversity of insects taxa are generally found l\jila ct 0/,: Insects ill the Jos Museum Zoological Garden • 99 where light penetrate and arc partly covered by orders of Hornoptera, Mecoptera, Coleoptera, plants, However, the low abundance of aerial Hemiptera and Hymenoptera dominate other insects in the mid and interior points of rocky insect orders because of their large adaptation outcrop and savannah woodland suggest that to critical and extreme conditions (Mesa et al., eutrophication and anthropogenic stressors such 2013) while Diptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera as pollution and solid wastes may be influencing and Plecoptera are fewer in number with the insect communities along these transect similar densities in the two habitats due to their points thus resulting in relatively poor foraging low dispersal abilities. Cobos (1987) reported conditions for the aerial insects. King and that Coleoptera and Hymenoptera are Brazner (J 999) working on Coastal wetland dominant insect orders, while Dermaptera, insect communities in Wisconsin, United States, Heteroptera, Homoptera and Diptera are the along a trophic gradient reported that distinct regional differences exist between lower, middle 0 0 N ~ 0 ~ ~ and upper bay of insect assemblage among wetland and beach habitats in Green bay. W f{.i co ~ 1= Coieoptet'a Abundance of aerial insects between orders 2= Diptera i 3= Herniptera The mean abundance of aerial insects in 1!l <.C> '~ 4= Horn opt era relation to orders showed no significant 't5 - 5= Hyrn enoptera 6= Lepi doptera difference (F.;~= l.118, Adjusted R-squared = ><;J; 7= rvlantodea 0.02217, P = 0.3739) in the rocky outcrop j 8= r'I.,'lecoptera 9= Odonata (Figure 5).The abundance depicted this trend: 't5 Homoptera > Coleoptera > Hymenoptera > j ~ 10= Orthoptera Diptera > Orthoptera > Lepidoptera = , , Mantodea = Mecoptera = Odonata = q ..L _

Hemiptera. Similarly, the mean abundance of I I I I I I I I I I aerial insects in relation to orders in savannah 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 woodland showed no signi ficant di fference (F 33 = l.693, Adjusted R-squared = 0.1293, P = Orders 0.1303) (Figure 6). The abundance of aerial Figure 5: Mean abundance of aerial insects in insects followed this trend: Mecoptera > relation to orders in rocky outcrop Hemiptera > Coleoptera = Diptera =

= 0 Homoptera = Hymenoptera = Lepidoptera N 0 Odonata = Orthoptera = Plecoptera. The non- I significant difference in' the abundance of Key ~ co~ aerial insects in the two habitat types is l=Colcoprcra ~ attributed to the presence of Ficus plants in i 2= Diptera 1U <.C> 3= Hemiptera both habitats which attract insects that feed on ffi 4= Hornoprcra 'ti its fruits, Basset et 01, (1997) also reported the ----, 5= Hymenoptera importance of Ficus plants as an important '01: 0= Lepidoptera 7= Mccoptcru component of tropical tloras as well as one of I'ti R= Odonata keystone resources for herbivorous .j N 9= Orthoptcra in the forests. However, in a study of the I()= Plccoptcra distribution of insects byaeualourrenrs carried. q -_~---P'- out by Freeman (1995). it wa; 're\'eale~rthat ---1 there was a significant difference in aerial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 insect's abundance in relation to orders at Orders various heights above ground level. But Oil the average the abundance of Homoptera was the Figure 6: Mean abundance of aerial insects iri highest in rocky outcrop while the Mecoptera relation to orders in savannah had the highest in savannah woodland, The woodtand 100 • NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY - l'c)/III1lC 33. J()17

Table 2: Shannon-Weiner diversity indices for least present in different study stations in the aerial insect species collected from mountainous regions of the Alps and Pyrenees rocky outcrop in . He attributed this sparse distribution to low dispersal ability. Species No. (Pi)*ln(Pi)

Aphis nerii 2 -0.11611 Species Diversity Index Botnbvlius major -0.07001 The conservation of natural habitat is very Cicada ami -0.07001 essential for the existence of many species of Megaselia halterata 5 -0.21129 aerial insects (Mathew and Rahmatullah, 1993). The Shannon-Weiner species diversity Libcllula saturate -0.0700 I index in rocky outcrop revealed that Megaselia Cicada orni 2 -0.11611 halterata and Paratettrix albolitnatus recorded Pterophvl!a -0.0700 I the highest diversity index of-0.21 (Table 2). camelliforn ia Bittacus species had the highest species Phyllophaga species -0.07001 diversity index of -0.27 in the savannah Alcaeorrhvchus -0.07001 woodland (Table 3).This possibly suggests that grandis the rocky outcrop and savannah woodland of Lvgus lineolaris -0.0700 I the garden provide natural environment that Vespttla species 2 -0.11611 supports their existence and survival. It is therefore important that frequent monitoring of Chironomus species 3 -0.15319 ecological processes beside adoption of Drosophila appropriate conservation strategy to safeguard melanogaster 2 -0.11611 their rich genetic diversity be encouraged. The Bittacus species 1 -0.07001 overall diversity index of the two habitat types Triatoma species 2 -0.11611 studied did not vary significantly (P>0.05). The Stagomatis Carolina -0.07001 rocky outcrop had 3.58 and savannah woodland Roinalea guttata -0.07001 3.19.This clearly suggests that the JMZ Garden is a healthy ecosystem since species diversity Caligo species 1 -0.07001 value H for biological communities is not below Musca dotnestica 2 -0.11611 2.5 and does not exceed 5.0. Metcalfe-Smith Paratettrix (1996) also observed a higher value of Shannon- albolimatus 5 -0.21129 Weiner diversity index supposedly as a result of Oncopeltusfasciatus 2 -0.11611 greater diversity it has in healthier environments. Bumbus species 2 -0.11611 Agrion maculatutn . -0.0700 I Evaluation of aerial insect species compositional similarity/variation between habitats Lucilia sericata ."') -0.15319 There are 103 species in both habitats; IS Teleonetnia -0.11611 species present ill rocky outcrop but absent in scntpulosa 2 savannah woodland and R species present in Leptocorisa acuta 2 -0.11611 savannah woodland but absent in rocky Hetnipepsis -0.11611 outcrop. Thus, Sorenson's Coefficient (CS) = I australasiae CS= 2 x 81103+ 15 = 0.14. Musca clavata .")' -().15319 From the calculated Sorenson's coefficient Pin 'S(}C0I10PS is -0.11611 value, the two habitat types studied do not have species I much overlap. therefore. it showed a complete / lartnonia axvridis I -0.11611 dissimilarity in species composition 01' aerial insects. This is probably due to their floristic Total 58 -3.58276 compos ition and sl ruct lire. The coust itucnt Shannon-Weiner index (H ') = -I (Pi) In species of assemblage in the rocky outcrop are (Pi) = 3.58 generalists, adapting to most environmental Njila ('{ al : In'sects in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden • 101

conditions that stimulate their development dissimilarity in species composition. The study and dispersal. This was also reported by recommended that for the protection of insect Montagna ct al., (2012) study on insect habitats, the flora of Jos Museum Zoological community structure and insect biodiversity Garden should be protected. One major problem conservation in an Alpine wetland subjected to observed in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden an intermediate diversified management is anthropogenic activities such as refuse dump, regime. They revealed that insect diversification defecating, logging and bush burning. It is is well marked in different stations due to therefore important that adequate measures be changes in the weather parameters, floral mounted to curb these anthropogenic activities. Further studies should also be carried out on the Table 3: Shannon-Weiner diversity index of impact of anthropogenic activities on insect's aerial insect species collected from distribution and abundance. savannah woodland Species No. (Pi)*ln(Pi) REFERENCES Lucilia sericata 2 -0.13838 Teleonemia scrupulosa 2 -0.13838 Adeduntan, S. A. (2007). Influence of activities Cicada orni 3 -0.18054 on diversity and abundance of insect in Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State Nigeria. Megaselia ltalterata I -0.08459 International Journal of Biology and Melanophis keeleri 2 -0.13838 Chemica! Sciences. 3 (9): 1320-1335. Agrion maculatum 2 -0.13838 Aebischer, N. J. (1991).71vel1ty years of Rhvnchomitra lingual -0.08459 monitoring invertebrates and weeds in cereal Neoperla spio 2 -0.13838 fieldsin Sussex. Pp. 305-331 in L. G. Firbank, Oncopeltus fasciatus I -0.08459 N. Carter, 1. F. Darbyshire, and G. R. Potts, Tipula paludosa 2 -0.13838 editors. The ecology oftemperate cereal fields. Nabis rugosus -0.08459 Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, Tecto cokis United Kingdom. diophthalmus -0.08459 Ajakpo,J. E. and Okonkwo, L. O. (1984). TheJos Harmonia axvridls 3 -0.18054 Plateau and the Adjoining Lowlands: A Field Bittacus species 6 -0.26865 Guide, 4th Edition, Department of Geography Alcaeorrhychus grandis 2 -0. J 3838 and Planning, UnivcrsityofJos. 65pp. Triatoma species 1 -0.08459 Barbosa, V. S., Leal, I. R., Iannuzzi, L. and Almeida-Cortez, J. (2005). Distribution pattern VesPII!a species 2 -0. J 3838 of herbivorous insects in a remnant of Brazilian Leptocorisa acuta 4 -0.21514 atlantic forest. Neotropical Entomology. 34(5): . Neonvinpha mitchellii 2 -0.13838 701-711. A naxjunius J -0.08459 Basset, Y., Novotny V., Weiblen G. (1997). Phvsoconopsis species -0.08459 Ficus: a resource for arthropods in the tropics, 811111hll.l'species 2 -0.13838 with particular reference to . In: unidentified -0.08459 Watt A.D., Stork N.E., Hunter M.D. (cds) Forests and Insects. Chapman Hall. Total 45 -3.18641 & LOIle/OIl,pp. 341-361. Shannon-Weiner index (1-1') = -L (Pi) In Borror; D. J., Triplehorn.Cia. and Johnson, N. (Pi)=3.19 F. (1989). An introduction 10 the studv of' insects 6,hcdition.Saunders College Publishing CONCLUSION AND Forth,509pp. RECOl\Il\1 ENDATIOl\S Castner, J. L. (2000). Photographic Atlas of' E//t()/l/O!ogl'and Guide to Insect Idemification, The abundance of aerial insect species had no Feline Press Gainesville U.S.A. Inc. PI'. 74-223. significant difference between habitats, transect Cobos, A. (1987). La Colcoptcrofauna cndemica points and insects orders. The two habitats had almcricnsc. Graellsia, 43: 3-17. high diversity index, but showed complete FAO. (200 I). Global Forest Resource Assessment 102 • NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY - Volume 33. un r

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"'Njila, H. L. Mwansat. G. S., Barnabas, F.. Ombuuudu. A.. Pukuma. S, 1\1.. Dibal, 1\1. and i\Jafllyai, i\'1.J.

,Viger;,"l JI111J'1hti (~I FJlI0I110/ugy Published bv the Entomolog icul Socictv of Nigeria

\\'\\'\.\',C'S!1 .org. ng ISSN: 0331-009-1 Volume 33. 2017 pp. 93-102 DOI:10.36108/NJE/7102/33(0111)