Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) ⁎ A
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A Casual Cantharophily: the Meeting Between Astylus
Journal of Pollination Ecology, 5(12), 2011, pp 86-89 — Short Communication — A CASUAL CANTHAROPHILY : THE MEETING BETWEEN ASTYLUS VARIEGATUS (C OLEOPTERA : MYLERIDAE ) AND OXYPETALUM BANKSII (A POCYNACEAE : ASCLEPIADOIDEAE ) Milene Faria Vieira* and Rúbia Santos Fonseca Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Abstract —Cantharophily is reported for the first time in a Brazilian asclepiad, involving the mylerid Astylus variegatus and the nectariferous flowers of Oxypetalum banksii , a plant mainly pollinated by wasps. The use of nectar as food by A. variegatus , considered pollinivorous and granivorous, is also novel. The mutual interaction described here is an example of a plant-pollinator interaction with generalist insects visiting a plant with a specialized pollination system. It’s also temporary and occasional and, therefore, is often overlooked in studies of plant-pollinator interactions. In this study, we found that the casual meeting between O. banksii and A. variegatus was a key event for the reproduction of both. Key words: Asclepiad, Atlantic Forest, Brazil, beetles, specialized pollination, wasps The asclepiads (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae, sensu (Asclepias woodii , Sisyranthus trichostomus and Endress & Bruyns 2000) have highly elaborate and Xysmalobium involucratum ) and chafer beetles (Scarabaeidae: complicated flowers. There is an unusual synorganization Cetoniini). Shuttleworth and Johnson (2008) described, also between parts and also between organs of different categories in South Africa, a bimodal pollination system in the asclepiad (Endress 1994). This has led to the evolutionary origin of Xysmalobium undulatum ; its pollination is performed by two new organs that are not present in other angiosperm groups in unrelated species (or functional groups) of pollinators: chafer this combination: corona (more or less well developed beetles and pompilid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). -
Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae)
The pollination and scent ecology of selected Cape milkweeds (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) Yolanda Tendai Chirango THESIS Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Sciences (Biological Sciences) March 2017 University of Cape Town Supervised by: J. J. Midgely, S-L. Steenhuisen and A. Shuttleworth The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town !!! Name:!Yolanda!Tendai!Chirango! Student!Number:!CHRYOL001! Course:!BIO5010W! !!! !!! Declaration!! !!! I!know!that!plagiarism!is!wrong.!Plagiarism!is!to!use!another’s!work!and!pretend! that!it!is!one’s!own.!! Each!contribution!to,!and!quotation!in,!this!Master’s!Thesis!from!the!work(s)!of! other!people!has!been!attributed,!and!has!been!cited!and!referenced.!! !!! This!thesis!is!my!own!work.!! ! I!have!not!allowed,!and!will!not!allow,!anyone!to!copy!my!work!with!the!intention!of! passing!it!off!as!his!or!her!own!work.!! !!! !!! Signature!______________________________!! Date!___________________13!March!2017_______________!! ! ! 2! ! Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... 5 Dedication ..................................................................................................................... -
Albuca Spiralis
Flowering Plants of Africa A magazine containing colour plates with descriptions of flowering plants of Africa and neighbouring islands Edited by G. Germishuizen with assistance of E. du Plessis and G.S. Condy Volume 62 Pretoria 2011 Editorial Board A. Nicholas University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, RSA D.A. Snijman South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA Referees and other co-workers on this volume H.J. Beentje, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK D. Bridson, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK P. Burgoyne, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA J.E. Burrows, Buffelskloof Nature Reserve & Herbarium, Lydenburg, RSA C.L. Craib, Bryanston, RSA G.D. Duncan, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA E. Figueiredo, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, RSA H.F. Glen, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Durban, RSA P. Goldblatt, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri, USA G. Goodman-Cron, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA D.J. Goyder, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK A. Grobler, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA R.R. Klopper, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA J. Lavranos, Loulé, Portugal S. Liede-Schumann, Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany J.C. Manning, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA A. Nicholas, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, RSA R.B. Nordenstam, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden B.D. Schrire, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK P. Silveira, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal H. Steyn, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA P. Tilney, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, RSA E.J. -
Chapter I. Isolation of Natural Products As Anticancer Drugs I.1
Chapter I. Isolation of Natural Products as Anticancer Drugs I.1 Introduction Human beings have relied on natural products as a resource of drugs for thousands of years. Plant-based drugs have formed the basis of traditional medicine systems that have been used for centuries in many countries such as Egypt, China and India.1 Today plant-based drugs continue to play an essential role in health care. It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that 80% of the population of the world rely mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care.2 Natural products also play an important role in the health care of the remaining 20% people of the world, who mainly reside in developed countries. Currently at least 119 chemicals, derived from 90 plant species, can be considered as important drugs in one or more countries.3 Studies in 1993 showed that plant-derived drugs represent about 25% of the American prescription drug market, and over 50% of the most prescribed drugs in the US had a natural product either as the drug or as the starting point in the synthesis or design of the agent.4 There are more than 250,000 species of higher plants in the world, and almost every plant species has a unique collection of secondary constituents distributed throughout its tissues. A proportion of these metabolites are likely to respond positively to an appropriate bioassay, however only a small percentage of them have been investigated for their potential value as drugs. In addition, much of the marine and microbial world is still unexplored, and there are plenty of bioactive compounds awaiting 1 Balandrin, N. -
1 the Diversity and Evolution of Pollination Systems in Large Plant Clades
ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study AUTHORS Ollerton, J; Liede-Schumann, S; Endress, ME; et al. JOURNAL Annals Of Botany DEPOSITED IN ORE 14 August 2018 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33733 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Accepted MS 10 July 2018 Annals of Botany doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy127 1 The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: 2 Apocynaceae as a case study 3 4 Jeff Ollerton1*, Sigrid Liede-Schumann2, Mary E. Endress3, Ulrich Meve2, Andre 5 Rodrigo Rech4, Adam Shuttleworth5, Héctor A Keller6, Mark Fishbein7, Leonardo O. 6 Alvarado-Cárdenas8, Felipe W. Amorim9, Peter Bernhardt10, Ferhat Celep11, Yolanda 7 Chirango12, Fidel Chiriboga-Arroyo13, Laure Civeyrel14, Andrea Cocucci15, Louise 8 Cranmer1, Inara Carolina da Silva-Batista16, Linde de Jager17, Mariana Scaramussa 9 Deprá18, Arthur Domingos-Melo19, Courtney Dvorsky10, Kayna Agostini20, Leandro 10 Freitas21, Maria Cristina Gaglianone18, Leo Galetto22, Mike Gilbert23, Ixchel 11 González-Ramirez8, Pablo Gorostiague24, David Goyder23, Leandro Hachuy-Filho9, 12 Annemarie Heiduk25, Aaron Howard26, Gretchen Ionta27, Sofia C Islas-Hernández8, 13 Steven D Johnson5, Lize Joubert17, -
Methyl Eugenol: Its Occurrence, Distribution, and Role in Nature, Especially in Relation to Insect Behavior and Pollination
Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 12 | Article 56 Tan and Nishida Methyl eugenol: Its occurrence, distribution, and role in nature, especially in relation to insect behavior and pollination Keng Hong Tan1a* and Ritsuo Nishida2b 1Tan Hak Heng, 20, Jalan Tan Jit Seng, 11200 Penang, Malaysia 2Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan Abstract This review discusses the occurrence and distribution (within a plant) of methyl eugenol in different plant species (> 450) from 80 families spanning many plant orders, as well as various roles this chemical plays in nature, especially in the interactions between tephritid fruit flies and plants. Keywords: allomone, attractant, Bactrocera, chemical ecology, floral fragrance, insect pollinators, plant–insect interactions, plant semiochemicals, sex pheromone, synomone, tephritid fruit flies Abbreviations: ME, methyl eugenol; RK, raspberry ketone Correspondence: a [email protected], b [email protected], *Corresponding author Editor: Todd Shelly was editor of this paper. Received: 28 April 2011, Accepted: 27 August 2011 Copyright : This is an open access paper. We use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license that permits unrestricted use, provided that the paper is properly attributed. ISSN: 1536-2442 | Vol. 12, Number 56 Cite this paper as: Tan KH, Nishida R. 2012. Methyl eugenol: Its occurrence, distribution, and role in nature, especially in relation to insect behavior and pollination. Journal of Insect Science 12:56 available online: insectscience.org/12.56 Journal of Insect Science | www.insectscience.org 1 Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 12 | Article 56 Tan and Nishida 1. Introduction ME has been successfully used in: a) fruit fly surveys (Tan and Lee 1982) and quarantine Plants produce a huge array of chemicals, detection (see reviews by Metcalf and Metcalf numbering tens of thousands, primarily for 1992; Vargas et al. -
The Role of Mating Systems in Sexual Selection in Parasitoid Wasps
Biol. Rev. (2014), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12126 Beyond sex allocation: the role of mating systems in sexual selection in parasitoid wasps Rebecca A. Boulton∗, Laura A. Collins and David M. Shuker Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers Brae, Greenside place, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K. ABSTRACT Despite the diverse array of mating systems and life histories which characterise the parasitic Hymenoptera, sexual selection and sexual conflict in this taxon have been somewhat overlooked. For instance, parasitoid mating systems have typically been studied in terms of how mating structure affects sex allocation. In the past decade, however, some studies have sought to address sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps more explicitly and found that, despite the lack of obvious secondary sexual traits, sexual selection has the potential to shape a range of aspects of parasitoid reproductive behaviour and ecology. Moreover, various characteristics fundamental to the parasitoid way of life may provide innovative new ways to investigate different processes of sexual selection. The overall aim of this review therefore is to re-examine parasitoid biology with sexual selection in mind, for both parasitoid biologists and also researchers interested in sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems more generally. We will consider aspects of particular relevance that have already been well studied including local mating structure, sex allocation and sperm depletion. We go on to review what we already know about sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps and highlight areas which may prove fruitful for further investigation. In particular, sperm depletion and the costs of inbreeding under chromosomal sex determination provide novel opportunities for testing the role of direct and indirect benefits for the evolution of mate choice. -
Wasps and Bees in Southern Africa
SANBI Biodiversity Series 24 Wasps and bees in southern Africa by Sarah K. Gess and Friedrich W. Gess Department of Entomology, Albany Museum and Rhodes University, Grahamstown Pretoria 2014 SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 Sep- tember 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Manage- ment: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) No. 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. The Act expands the mandate of the former National Botanical Institute to include respon- sibilities relating to the full diversity of South Africa’s fauna and flora, and builds on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed by the National Botanical Institute and its predecessors over the past century. The vision of SANBI: Biodiversity richness for all South Africans. SANBI’s mission is to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. SANBI Biodiversity Series publishes occasional reports on projects, technologies, workshops, symposia and other activities initiated by, or executed in partnership with SANBI. Technical editing: Alicia Grobler Design & layout: Sandra Turck Cover design: Sandra Turck How to cite this publication: GESS, S.K. & GESS, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodi- versity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-919976-73-0 Manuscript submitted 2011 Copyright © 2014 by South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written per- mission of the copyright owners. The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of SANBI. -
Sphecos: a Forum for Aculeate Wasp Researchers
SPHECOS Number 4 - January 1981 A Newsletter for Aculeate Wasp Researchers Arnold S. Menke, editor Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA c/o u. S. National Museum of Natural History washington DC 20560 Notes from the Editor This issue of Sphecos consists mainly of autobiographies and recent literature. A highlight of the latter is a special section on literature of the vespid subfamily Vespinae compiled and submitted by Robin Edwards (seep. 41). A few errors in issue 3 have been brought to my attention. Dr. Mickel was declared to be a "multillid" expert on page l. More seriously, a few typographical errors crept into Steyskal's errata paper on pages 43-46. The correct spellings are listed below: On page 43: p. 41 - Aneusmenus --- p. 108 - Zaschizon:t:x montana and z. Eluricincta On page 45: p. 940 - ----feminine because Greek mastix --- p. 1335 - AmEl:t:oEone --- On page 46: p. 1957 - Lasioglossum citerior My apologies to Dr. Mickel and George Steyskal. I want to thank Helen Proctor for doing such a fine job of typing the copy for Sphecos 3 and 4. Research News Ra:t:mond Wah is, Zoologie generale et Faunistique, Faculte des Sciences agronomiques, 5800 GEMBLOUX, Belgium; home address: 30 rue des Sept Collines 4930 CHAUDFONTAINE, Belgium (POMPILIDAE of the World), is working on a revision of the South American genus Priochilus and is also preparing an annotated key of the members of the Tribe Auplopodini in Australia (AuElOEUS, Pseudagenia, Fabriogenia, Phanagenia, etc.). He spent two weeks in London (British Museum) this summer studying type specimens and found that Turner misinterpreted all the old species and that his key (1910: 310) has no practical value. -
Using the Checklist N W C
Using the checklist • The arrangement of the checklist is alphabetical by family followed by genus, grouped under Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. • All species and synonyms are arranged alphabetically under genus. • Accepted names are in bold print while synonyms or previously-used names are in italics. • In the case of synonyms, the currently used name follows the equals sign (=), and only refers to usage in Zimbabwe. • Distribution information is included under the current name. • The letters N, W, C, E, and S, following each listed taxon, indicate the known distribution of species within Zimbabwe as reflected by specimens in SRGH or cited in the literature. Where the distribution is unknown, we have inserted Distr.? after the taxon name. • All species known or suspected to be fully naturalised in Zimbabwe are included in the list. They are preceded by an asterisk (*). Species only known from planted or garden specimens were not included. Mozambique Zambia Kariba Mt. Darwin Lake Kariba N Victoria Falls Harare C Nyanga Mts. W Mutare Gweru E Bulawayo GREAT DYKEMasvingo Plumtree S Chimanimani Mts. Botswana N Beit Bridge South Africa The floristic regions of Zimbabwe: Central, East, North, South, West. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants edited by Anthony Mapaura & Jonathan Timberlake Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 • 2004 • Recommended citation format MAPAURA, A. & TIMBERLAKE, J. (eds). 2004. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants. -
Pollinated Milkweed Gomphocarpus Physocarpus
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) A test for Allee effects in the self-incompatible wasp- pollinated milkweed Gomphocarpus physocarpus. GARETH COOMBS1, CRAIG I. PETER1* AND STEVEN D. JOHNSON2 1 Department of Botany, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa. 2 Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Conservation and Biological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa. Abstract It has been suggested that plants which are good colonizers will generally have either an ability to self-fertilize or a generalist pollination system. This prediction is based on the idea that these reproductive traits should confer resistance to Allee effects in founder populations and was tested using Gomphocarpus physocarpus (Asclepiadoideae; Apocynaceae), a species native to South Africa that is invasive in other parts of the world. We found no significant relationships between the size of G. physocarpus populations and various measures of pollination success (pollen deposition, pollen removal, and pollen transfer efficiency) and fruit set. A breeding system experiment showed that plants in a South African population are genetically self-incompatible and thus obligate outcrossers. Out-crossing is further enhanced by mechanical reconfiguration of removed pollinaria before the pollinia can be deposited. Self- pollination is reduced when such reconfiguration exceeds the average duration of pollinator visits to a plant. Observations suggest that a wide variety of wasp species in the genera Belonogaster and Polistes (Vespidae) are the primary pollinators. We conclude that efficient pollination of plants in small founding populations, resulting from their generalist wasp-pollination system, contributes in part to the colonizing success of G. -
New Records of Pollinators and Other Insects Associated with Arizona Milkweed, Asclepias Angustifolia, at Four Sites in Southeastern Arizona
Journal of Pollination Ecology, 27(1), 2021, pp 1-24 NEW RECORDS OF POLLINATORS AND OTHER INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH ARIZONA MILKWEED, ASCLEPIAS ANGUSTIFOLIA, AT FOUR SITES IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA Robert A. Behrstock Naturewide Images, 10359 S Thicket Place, Hereford, AZ 85615 U.S.A. Abstract—Asclepias angustifolia is a Mexican milkweed that barely enters the U.S.A. Its pollinators and other insect visitors have not been investigated. During 2018 and 2019, insect visitors were photographed at a native population and three gardens in and near the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona. A total of 216 site visits produced at least 369 species of insects in seven orders. Images revealed 140 potential pollinators with a preponderance of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. Orders of insects are discussed, as are flowering phenology, potential pollinators in functional groups, introduced insects, and the value of A. angustifolia for monarch butterflies and other insects in pollinator gardens and in planting palettes created for restoration sites. Keywords: Sky Island, Madrean Pine-Oak Woodland, monarch butterfly, Huachuca Mountains, gardening, restoration INTRODUCTION milkweed, A. linaria Cavanillies, that produces higher concentrations of cardenolide toxins and greater amounts of North American milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) provide defensive latex (Pegram & Melkonoff 2019). Planting nectar to an unusually large diversity of insects, making them milkweeds is becoming a widespread practice aimed at important members of existing ecosystems and valuable increasing north- or southbound cohorts of the monarch’s additions to sites benefiting from a broad spectrum of complicated multi-generational migration; however, some pollinators (Ollerton et al. 2019, Tallamy 2007). For authors (e.g., Inamine et al.