The Ultimate Expression of a Nation's Wealth—Volume 8, Issue 3
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Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development Volume 8, Issue 3 Fall 2018 Published by the Thomas A. Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems with the support of: www.FoodSystemsJournal.org ISSN 2152-0801 (online only) and the members of the JAFSCD Shareholder Consortium Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development Published by the Thomas A. Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems, a project of the Center for Transformative Action, and with the support of our institutional sponsors: Lyson Center Leadership Team Cheryl Danley, Food Systems Consultant, Detroit, Michigan Ardyth Harris Gillespie, Nutritional Sciences (Retired), Cornell University (cochair) Gilbert W. Gillespie, Development Sociology, Cornell University (Retired)* Heidi Mouillesseaux-Kunzman, Development Sociology, Cornell University (cochair)* Scott Peters, Cornell University Ricardo Salvador, Union of Concerned Scientists JAFSCD Advisors Colin R. Anderson, Coventry University (UK) Richard Kiely, Cornell University (USA) Laura Brown, University of Connecticut Extension (USA)* Jane Kolodinsky, University of Vermont (USA)* Craig Chase, Iowa State University (USA) Larry Lev, Oregon State University (USA) Kate Clancy, Food Systems Consultant; Johns Hopkins Joseph McIntyre, Ag Innovations Network (USA)* University; Minnesota Institute for Sustainable Agriculture; and Shawn McKenzie, Johns Hopkins University (USA) Tufts University (USA)† Ken Meter, Crossroads Resource Center (USA)* Nevin Cohen, City University of New York (USA)* Michael Meth, Florida State University (USA) David Conner, University of Vermont (USA)* Heidi Mouillesseaux-Kunzman, Cornell University (USA) Cheryl Davida Danley, Food Systems Consultant (USA) Kent Mullinix, Kwantlen Polytechnic University (Canada) Mary Jo Dudley, Cornell University (USA) Scott J. Peters, Imagining America: Artists and Scholars in Public Cornelia Butler Flora, Iowa State University (USA) Life, and Cornell University (USA) Julia Freedgood, American Farmland Trust (USA)* Rich Pirog, Center Michigan State University (USA) Gilbert W. Gillespie, Jr., Harrisdale Homestead, Iowa (USA)* Ken Robinson, Clemson University (USA) Joanna Green, Groundswell Center for Local Food and Farming Ricardo Salvador, Union of Concerned Scientists (USA) (Retired) (USA) John Smithers, University of Guelph (Canada) R. Bruce Gregory, Farmer, Mitchell Bay Farm & Nursery (USA)* Dawn Thilmany, Colorado State University (USA) Shermain Hardesty, University of California–Davis (USA)* Jennifer Wilkins, Syracuse University (USA) Eric Holt-Giménez, Food First/Institute for Food and Larry Yee, Fairhaven Strategy Group (USA) Development Policy (USA) Rami Zurayk, American University of Beirut (Lebanon)* John Ikerd, University of Missouri, Columbia (Emeritus) (USA)† Anupama Joshi, National Farm to School Network/Occidental * Also serves on reviewer team College (USA)* † Also writes a regular column JAFSCD Staff Publisher and Editor in Chief: Duncan L. Hilchey / [email protected] / +1-607-342-0259 / Skype: duncan.hilchey Managing Editor: Amy S. Christian / [email protected] / +1-607-342-0258 / Skype: amy.christian295 The Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, ISSN 2152-0801 (online only), is published quarterly (Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring) by the Thomas A. Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems, a project of the Center for Transformative Action (an affiliate of Cornell University). Journal office: 295 Hook Place, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. JAFSCD is open access through the support of our annual partners, our university and college program shareholders, library shareholders, and nonprofit and foundation shareholders. Our transition to open access was supported by a grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Learn more about how to support the broad distribution of JAFSCD research at www.LysonCenter.org. As an open access publication; article authors retain copyright. Contents are licensed using the Creative Commons BY 4.0 license. Learn more at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 The publisher assumes no responsibility for any statements of fact or opinion expressed in these published papers. JAFSCD Reviewers Paivi Abernethy, U of Waterloo (Canada) Neva Hassanein, U of Montana (USA) Kim L. Niewolny, Virginia Tech (USA) Shivaugn Ahern, Independent consultant (Costa Rica) Lena Hatchett, Loyola U Chicago (USA) Kimberly Norris, Encompass LLC (USA) Colin R. Anderson, Coventry U (UK) Mary Hendrickson, U of Missouri (USA) Josh O’Conner, Independent consultant (USA) Molly Anderson, Middlebury College (USA) Johanna Herron, State of Alaska, Division of Agriculture Lydia Oberholtzer, Penn State U (USA) Sandip Banerjee, Hawassa U (India) (USA) Fernando Ona, Tufts U (USA) James Barham, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USA) Elizabeth Higgins, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Maria Oria, National Academies of Sciences, Karen Bassarab, Johns Hopkins U (USA) Ulster County, New York (USA) Engineering, and Medicine (USA) Mark Bauermeister, Iowa State U (USA) Tia Ho, Portland State U (USA) Aleck Ostry, U of Victoria (Canada) Allison Bauman, Colorado State U (USA) Lesli Hoey, U of Michigan (USA) Anne Palmer, Johns Hopkins U (USA) Jody Beck, U of Colorado–Denver (USA) Brandon Hoover, Messiah College (USA) Laxmi Prasad Pant, U of Guelph (Canada) Florence A. Becot, U of Vermont (USA) Leslie Hossfeld, Mississippi State U (USA) François Pelatan, AMAP/CIVAM Regional Network for Rebecca Boehm, U of Connecticut (USA) Guiping Hu, Iowa State U (USA) Aquitaine (France) Ellie Bomstein, Independent advocate (USA) Sarah Huang, Purdue U (USA) Robert Perry, U of Kentucky (USA) Becky L. Bowen, North Carolina State Extension Sarah Hultine Massengale, U of Missouri Extension Ryan Pesch, U of Minnesota (USA) (USA) (USA) Greg Pillar, Queens U of Charlotte (USA) Ariadne Brancato, U of Washington (USA) Valerie Imbruce, Bimghamton U (USA) Emily Piltch, Tufts U (USA) Mladen Brnčić, U of Zagreb (Croatia) Becca Jablonski, Colorado State U (USA) Michael Pinto, Osborn Architects (USA) Laura Brown, U of Connecticut Extension (USA) Ann Myatt James, Pennsylvania State U (USA) Joanna Pollock, U of Arkansas (USA) Lynda Brushett Brandi Janssen, U of Iowa (USA) Christine Porter, U of Wyoming (USA) William Butler, Florida State U (USA) Chelsea Johnson, Ohio Ecological Food and Farm Matthew Potteiger, Syracuse U (USA) Larissa Calancie, U of North Carolina–Chapel Hill Association (OEFFA) (USA) Alicia Powers, Alabama Cooperative Extension System (USA) Love Jonson, City of Portland (Oregon) Bureau of (USA) Christopher Cane, FoodCorps service member (USA) Planning and Sustainability; Persephone Farm (USA) Madeleine Pullman, Portland State U (USA) Michelle Carnegie, U of New England (Australia) Anupama Joshi, Blue Sky Funders Forum (USA) Mallory Rahe, Oregon State U (USA) Megan Carney, U.C.–Santa Barbara (USA) Mariam Kadzamira, International Food Policy Research Md. Masud Parves Rana, Rajshahi U (Bangladesh) Kuo-Chiang (Matt) Chang, South Dakota State U (USA) Institute (USA) Anne Randle, U of Georgia (USA) Nevin Cohen, City U of New York (USA) David A. Knauft, U of Georgia (USA) Connie Ray, Hood College (USA) Sean Connelly, University of Otago/Te Whare Wananga Uma Koirala, Tribhuvan U (Nepal) Taylor Reid, Michigan State U (USA) o Otago (New Zealand?) Jane Kolodinsky, U of Vermont (USA) Henk Renting, International Network of Resource David Conner, U of Vermont (USA) Julia Laforge, Lakehead U (Canada) Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security Amy K. Coplen, Portland State U (USA) Laura Lavid, Sprout City Farms (USA) (RUAF Foundation) (The Netherlands) Christine Costello, U of Missouri–Columbia (USA) Megan Lehnerd, Tufts U (USA) Kristin A. Reynolds, The New School (USA) Amy Crone, Maryland Farmers Market Association Kristi Lekies, The Ohio State U (USA) Suzana Rimac Brnčić, U of Zagreb (Croatia) (USA) Dale Levering, Sterling College (USA) Marta G. Rivera-Ferre, U of Vic–Central U of Catalonia Tom Daniels, U of Pennsylvania (USA) Charles Z. Levkoe, Lakehead U (Canada) (Spain) Laura De Los Santos, St. Augustine College, Field Robin A Lewis, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Antonio Roman-Alcalá, International Institute of Social Museum (USA) (USA) Studies (USA) Bessie DiDomenica, Walden U (USA) Matt Lobley, U of Exeter (UK) Amy Rosenthal, Rutgers U (USA) Carolyn Dimitri, New York U (USA) Bohdan Lojka, Czech U of Life Sciences (Czech Natalie R. Sampson, U of Michigan–Dearborn (USA) Michael L. Dougherty, Illinois State U (USA) Republic) Raychel E. Santo, Johns Hopkins U (USA) Steven R. Dukeshire, Dalhousie U (Canada) Helena C. Lyson, U of California San Francisco Joshua Sbicca, Colorado State U (USA) Rebecca Dunning, North Carolina State U (USA) William Armand Mala, U of Yaounde I (Cameroon) Brian J. Schilling, Rutgers U (USA) Hamid El Bilali, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Christian Man, Penn State U (USA) Carrie Scrufari, Vermont Law School (USA) Bari (CIHEAM-MAIB) (Italy) Lisa Markowitz, U of Louisville (USA) David Shideler, Oklahoma State U (USA) Mark Estep, Montana Mobile Processing Co. (USA) Matthew Mars, U of Arizona (USA) Kelly Shreeve, CTCORE-Organize Now! (USA) Ayman Ekram Fahim, Suez Canal U (Egypt) Wende Marshall, Independent scholar (USA) Stacey Stearns, U of Connecticut (USA) James R. Farmer, Indiana U (USA) Sarah Martin, Memorial U of Newfoundland (Canada) Garry Stephenson, Oregon State U (USA) Cathy Farnworth, Independent consulant (USA) Derek Masselink, British Columbia Ministry of Bill Swanson, Valentine