Review of Australian Broadcasting Services in the Asia Pacific
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Review of Australian Broadcasting Services in the Asia Pacific December 2018 Review of Australian Broadcasting www.communications.gov.au Services in the Asia Pacific www.arts.gov.au Page 1 of 193 www.classification.gov.au Department of Communications and the Arts December 2018 Disclaimer The material in this report is of a general nature and should not be regarded as legal advice or relied on for assistance in any particular circumstance or emergency situation. In any important matter, you should seek appropriate independent professional advice in relation to your own circumstances. The Commonwealth accepts no responsibility or liability for any damage, loss or expense incurred as a result of the reliance on information contained in this report. This report has been prepared for consultation purposes only and does not indicate the Commonwealth’s commitment to a particular course of action. 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Review of Australian Broadcasting www.communications.gov.au Services in the Asia Pacific www.arts.gov.au Page 2 of 193 www.classification.gov.au Department of Communications and the Arts December 2018 Contents Glossary of key terms .................................................................................................................... 7 Executive summary ....................................................................................................................... 9 1. Objectives and scope of the Review ......................................................................................... 9 2. Australia’s supply of broadcasting services to the Asia Pacific .............................................. 11 3. Demand for Australia’s Asia Pacific broadcasting services .................................................... 14 4. Costs and benefits of Australia’s shortwave broadcasts ........................................................ 16 5. Opportunities to improve Australia’s Asia Pacific broadcasts................................................ 19 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 23 1.1 Background to the Review...................................................................................................... 23 1.2 Terms of Reference ................................................................................................................ 23 1.3 Approach to the Review ......................................................................................................... 24 1.4 Purpose, structure and content of this report ....................................................................... 26 2. Australia’s Supply of Broadcasting Services to the Asia Pacific ................................................. 27 2.1 Who broadcasts from Australia to the Asia Pacific region? ................................................... 28 2.2 Why does Australia broadcast to the Asia Pacific region? ..................................................... 35 2.3 What is the potential reach of Australia’s Asia Pacific broadcasts? ....................................... 37 2.4 How are advances in technology changing Australia’s supplies of broadcasts? .................... 45 2.5 What is the content of Australia’s Asia Pacific broadcasts? ................................................... 56 3. Demand for Australia’s Asia Pacific Broadcasting Services ....................................................... 63 3.1 What is the potential demand for Australia’s Asia Pacific broadcasts? ................................. 64 3.2 What is the actual demand for Australia’s Asia Pacific broadcasts? ...................................... 82 3.3 How are advances in technology changing the demand for Australia’s broadcasts? .......... 102 4. Costs and Benefits of Australia’s Asia Pacific Shortwave Broadcasts ...................................... 112 4.1 What were the objectives of the Australia’s shortwave broadcasts? .................................. 114 4.2 What were the economic costs of Australia’s shortwave broadcasts? ................................ 117 4.3 What economic benefits has Australia derived from its shortwave broadcasts? ................ 124 4.4 Would Australia derive net benefits from resuming its shortwave broadcasts? ................. 130 5. Opportunities to Improve Australia’s Asia Pacific Broadcasts ................................................. 144 5.1 How can Australia improve the actual reach of its Asia Pacific broadcasts? ....................... 145 5.2 How can Australia improve the net benefits derived from its Asia Pacific broadcasts? ...... 163 5.3 Overview of opportunities to improve Australia’s Asia Pacific broadcasts .......................... 178 Appendix 1: Terms of Reference ................................................................................................ 179 Review of Australian Broadcasting Services in the Asia Pacific—Terms of Reference .............. 179 Purpose ...................................................................................................................................... 179 Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 179 Have your say............................................................................................................................. 179 Timeframe ................................................................................................................................. 179 Background ................................................................................................................................ 179 Appendix 2: Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ........................................................ 180 Section 31AA Corporation or prescribed companies to be the only providers of Commonwealth‑funded international broadcasting services .............................................. 180 Section 3 Interpretation ............................................................................................................ 180 Section 3A Digital media service ................................................................................................ 180 Review of Australian Broadcasting www.communications.gov.au Services in the Asia Pacific www.arts.gov.au Page 3 of 193 www.classification.gov.au Department of Communications and the Arts December 2018 Appendix 3: Summary of submissions received .......................................................................... 182 Themes from submissions ......................................................................................................... 182 Many advocate for revitalised services in the region ................................................................ 183 Appendix 4: Technical tables ..................................................................................................... 187 Electromagnetic spectrum and the reach of broadcast radio frequencies ............................... 187 Status of Digital Terrestrial Television ....................................................................................... 188 Appendix 5: Infrastructure decision-making principles ............................................................... 192 Review of Australian Broadcasting www.communications.gov.au Services in the Asia Pacific www.arts.gov.au Page 4 of 193 www.classification.gov.au Department of Communications and the Arts December 2018 Figures Figure 1: Australia’s supply of broadcasts to the Asia Pacific .................................................................. 27 Figure 2: Overview of the availability of Australian content in Asia