Sustainable Energy Access in Eastern Indonesia—Power Generation Sector Project (RRP INO 49203)
Environmental Impact Assessment
Project Number: 49203-002 February 2019
INO: Sustainable Energy Access in Eastern Indonesia─Power Generation Sector Project
Kaltim Peaker 2 Core Subproject
Main Report
Prepared by Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted on 9 March 2018 available on {http://www.adb.org/projects/49203-002/documents}. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 February 2019)
Currency unit – Indonesian Rupiah
Rp1.00 = $0.0000657 $1.00 = Rp.15,224.75
ABREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank ADC Air Dispersion Calculation AIMS ASEAN Interconnected Master Plan AMDAL Indonesian broad equivalent to an Environmental Impact Assessment APG ASEAN Power grid AQS Air Quality Standard DLH Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (Environmental Agency) CFPP Coal Fired Power Plant EA Executing Agency (PLN) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment (for Category A projects) EMP Environmental Management Plan GWh Giga Watt hours GFPP Gas Fired Power Plant GHG Green House Gas GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSD High Speed Diesel IEE Initial Environmental Examination (for Category B projects) IPP Indigenous Peoples Plan IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework ISO International Organization for Standardization LNG Liquefied Natural Gas NG Natural Gas O&M Operation and maintenance PAI Potential Acid Input PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Indonesian State Electricity Company) POI Point of Interest (receptor in the noise emission study) PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (the “PPTA Consultant” has been appointed by ADB to carry out the PPTA assignment) RKL - RPL EMP - Environmental Monitoring Plan in Indonesia RF Resettlement Framework PV Photovoltaic REA Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW Right of Way RP Resettlement Plan SMP Social Management Plan SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SS Substation OHL Overhead transmission line TOR Terms of References UKL – UPL Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Effort in Indonesia VICO Victoria Indonesia Company (LNG distribution, East Kalimantan)
DEFINITIONS
EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment: Assessment of the substantial impacts of a business and / or activities on the environment. EIA documents in Indonesia consist of: Terms of Reference (KA), AMDAL and RKL – RPL
KA-ANDAL = Terms of Reference for the AMDAL
AMDAL = Environmental Impact Assessment Document in Indonesia for significant impacts of a business and / or activity on the environment.
RKL-RPL = Environmental Management Plan - Environmental Monitoring Plan: is a document containing a series of management and monitoring measures to be applied by the Proponent. This document applies for activities whose licensing requires a mandatory EIA
UKL-UPL = Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Effort: is a document that contains the management and monitoring measures to be applied by the Proponent. This document applies for activities where licensing does not require a mandatory EIA.
NOTE
(i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars, unless otherwise stated.
This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Table of Contents
I. Executive Summary 1 A. The Project 1 1. Project Background and General Objective 1 2. Objectives and Scope of the EIA 1 3. Project location and access to the site 1 4. Technical Project description 2 B. Legal requirements 2 C. Project categorization 3 D. Environmental and social baseline conditions 3 1. Physical environment 3 2. Natural environment 4 3. Human environment 4 E. Impact assessment 4 1. Physical environment 4 2. Biological Environment 5 3. Human environment 6 F. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 7 G. Public participation 8 H. Overall Findings and Recommendations 8
II. Introduction 11 A. Project Background and Objective 11 B. Project need 11 C. Scope of the Study 11 D. Data sources 12 E. Project categorization 12 F. Project area of influence 13
III. Institutional and Legislative Framework 14 A. Relevant framework 14 1. Air Emission Standards 14 2. Ambient Air Quality Standards 15 3. Effluent discharge standards 17 B. National Legal and Institutional Framework 19 C. Description of Key Laws and Regulations Pertaining to EIA 21 1. Law No 32 /2009 Regarding Environmental Protection and Management 21 2. Indonesian Government Regulation No. 27/2012 regarding the Environmental License 21 3. Indonesian Government Regulation No. 60/2012 Regarding Procedures for Modification of Land Use and Functions of Forest Areas. 22 4. State Minister for the Environment Regulation No.05 of 2012 Minister Decree No.05/2012 regarding Activities for which an AMDAL is mandatory. 22 5. State Minister for the Environment Regulation No.17 of 2012 regarding Guidelines for Community Involvement in The Process of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental License 23 6. Other Relevant Requirements 23 D. International Agreements 23 F. National Institutional Framework 24 G. Gaps between national requirements and international standards 26
IV. Description of the Project 28 A. Project setting 28 1. Project location 28 2. The project site 30 3. Access to the project site 31 B. Technical Description 32 1. Existing Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 Power Station Complex 32 2. Planned Technical Infrastructure for Kaltim Peaker 2 34 1. Project description 34 2. Project Layout 35 C. Project Associated facilities 36 3. Summary of project associated facilities 41 D. Project variants 42 1. No-Project Option Scenario and Analysis of Alternatives 42
V. Description of the Environment 44 A. Physical environment 44 1. Topography 44 2. Geology and Soil 44 3. Surface water 48 4. Ground water 48 5. Climate 50 6. Ambient Air Quality 51 7. Noise 53 B. Natural environment 55 1. Kutai Kartanegara regency Ecosystem Zones 55 2. Mahakam River 55 3. Protected areas and species 56 4. Ecological resources within Project site 63 C. Human environment 63 1. Kutai Kartanegara District 63 2. Project site 65
VI. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures 67 A. Methodology 67 1. Scoping 67 2. Assessment criteria 68 B. Cumulative impacts 68 C. Design Phase and Pre-Construction Impacts 70 1. Studies and audits to be conducted during DED and pre-construction phase 70 D. Construction Phase Impacts 72 1. Physical Environment 72 2. Natural Environment 77 3. Human Environment (Socio-economic resources) 80 E. Operation Phase Impacts 82 1. Physical Environment 82 2. Air Quality 83 3. Greenhouse Gases Emissions 94 4. Acid deposition 95 5. Noise 96 6. Natural Environment 103 7. Human Environment (Socio-economic resources) 104 F. Cumulative impacts 106
VII. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 107 A. Information disclosure to date 107 B. Public Consultation to date 107 C. Future information disclosure and public consultation 110
VIII. Grievance Redress Mechanism 113
IX. Environmental Management Plan 115 A. Introduction 115 B. Institutional arrangements for EMP implementation 116 C. Corrective Actions to be Implemented by PLN prior to contract award 117 D. Contractor Obligations Prior to Construction 118 1. Conduct of additional studies and surveys as part of DED 118 2. Preparation of Contractor EHS Plan 118 3. Securing Permits for Spoil Disposal Sites, Work Areas 119 E. Impacts and Mitigation Measures 119 F. Monitoring, Reporting 142 1. Monitoring 142 2. Reporting 142 G. Emergency/Incident Response Procedures during Facility Installation 149 1. Institutional arrangements and responsibilities 149 2. Alert Procedures 151 3. Emergency Response Situations 151 H. Costs of EMP Implementation 153
X. Overall Findings and Recommendations 154
XI. References 156 Annexes
A. Maps of the project site and the investigation area B. Public Participation and Meetings C. Air Quality Modeling D. Noise Control Feasibility Report E. Biodiversity Study F. Rapid Hazard Risk Assessment (HAZIP) G. Emergency Preparedness and Response Policies and Procedures List of Tables
Table 1: Indonesian emission limits for emissions to air from stationary sources ...... 14 Table 2: ...... 15 Table 3: IFC emission guidelines for facilities larger than 50 MWth with combustion ...... 15 Table 4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards and WHO Guidelines ...... 16 Table 5: National Standards and IFC Guidelines for Noise ...... 17 Table 6: Effluent discharge standards for Kaltim Peaker 2 derived from National ...... 18 Table 7: National Institutional Framework ...... 24 Table 8: Summary of the main project facilities ...... 42 Table 9: Various Types of Geological Formations ...... 45 Table 10: Various Types of Soil ...... 45 Table 11: Summary of water quality measurements from the semi-annual monitoring ...... 49 Table 12: Mahakam river water quality data from the semi-annual monitoring Reports for the Tanjung Batu ...... 50 Table 13: Rainfall and Rainy Day by Month ...... 50 Table 14: 1-hourly average air quality during 2014-2016 (All values are in (µg/m3) ...... 51 Table 15: 24-hourly average air quality during the baseline survey (June-July, 2018) ...... 53 Table 16: Results of the semi-annual noise measurements in the years 2014, 2015, ...... 54 Table 17: Ambient Noise near Plant Site ( February 22, 2018, 14:00 to 16:00) ...... 54 Table 18: Noise specifications and deployment of construction machinery ...... 74 Table 19: Predicted noise levels at various receptor distance from plant boundary ...... 75 Table 20: Predicted noise levels at various receptor distance from temporary jetty during piling operations . 76 Table 21: Maximum simulated SO2 Concentrations ...... 87 Table 22: Maximum simulated NO2 Concentrations ...... 89 Table 23: Maximum simulated PM10 Concentrations ...... 91 Table 24: Simulated Air Quality GLCs for 24 hours HSD operations for Kaltim Peaker 2 ...... 92 Table 25: Percent GLC for Short-term standards for air pollutants (1 hourly for NO2 and 24 hourly for SO2 and PM10 as applicable) ...... 93 Table 26: Percent GLC for long-term standards for air pollutants (annual) ...... 93 Table 27: Equations and parameters used to calculate the Project GHG emissions ...... 95 Table 28: Predicted and observed ambient for plant observation at the time of observation ( February 22, 2018, 14:00 to 16:00) ...... 96 Table 29: Predicted noise for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 without and with noise control (in- plant mitigation measures)...... 98 Table 30: Predicted noise for Kaltim Peaker 2 and for Tanjung Batu Power Complex and Full Capacity (with mitigation measures) ...... 99 Table 31: Corrective Action Plan for Compliance with Environmental Safeguards ...... 117 Table 31: Environmental Management Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Pre-Construction and Construction phase ...... 121 Table 32: Environmental Management Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Operation phase ...... 136 Table 33: Monitoring Requirements during Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation Phase ...... 143 Table 34: External Auditing Plan for the Kupang Peaker 2 ...... 149 Table 35: Roles and responsibilities in emergency/incident response ...... 150 Table 36: Evacuation Procedure ...... 152 Table 37: Response Procedure During Medical Emergency ...... 152 Table 38: Response Procedure In Case of Fire/Explosion ...... 152 List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), ...... 28 Figure 2: Boundary of 171ha PLN land housing the Tanjung Batu Power Complex ...... 29 Figure 3: Location of a coal fired power plant in a distance of 2 km upstream the existing Kaltim power plant complex ...... 29 Figure 4: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), bordering the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker site and the Tanjung Batu Power ...... 30 Figure 5: View from the top of the Diesel tank within the Kaltim Peaker 1 site to the neighbouring Kaltim Peaker 2 site. At the left side of the picture, at the other side of the fence, the abandoned office buildings can be seen and in the far background the school building...... 31 Figure 6: Access from/to Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, Balikpapan ...... 31 Figure 7: Murinin road from/to Temindung Airport, Samarinda, to/from the Tanjung ...... 32 Figure 8: Tanjung Batu Power Plant (Combined Cycle Gas Turbines, 60 MW) ...... 33 Figure 9: Kaltim Peaker 1 Power Plant (Gas Turbines, 160 MW) ...... 33 Figure 10: Layout plan of the proposed project Kaltim Peaker 2...... 35 Figure 11: Excavated bay and remains of the temporary jetty for the ...... 37 Figure 12: Existing gas receiving facilities ...... 38 Figure 13: Oil trap at the west side of the Tanjung Batu power plant ...... 40 Figure 14: Hazardous waste storage and management facility at Tanjung Batu power plant complex ...... 40 Figure 15: Storage of hazardous waste at Tanjung Batu power plant complex Substation ...... 41 Figure 16: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency ...... 46 Figure 17: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Section Kaltim area ...... 47 Figure 18: Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia ...... 47 Figure 19: Wind rose for the year 2016 as simulated with the model WRF ...... 51 Figure 20: Air Quality Monitoring Locations (TB Village, HS1 nd AQM-R7) ...... 52 Figure 21: Protected Areas of Kalimantan ...... 57 Figure 22: Proboscis habitat on PLN property (marked in red) ...... 58 Figure 23: Proboscis (Nasalis larvatus) – Distribution of this endemic ...... 59 Figure 24: Power plant location and main habitats of Irrawaddy dolphin ...... 62 Figure 25: Location of the sensitive receptors ...... 85 Figure 26: Closer view of the location of the sensitive receptors R1 to R5 ...... 85 Figure 27: Satellite view of the area around the Tanjung Batu Power Complex and ...... 97 Figure 28: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu in operation (without mitigation measures) ...... 98 Figure 29: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in ...... 100 Figure 30: A weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Kaltim Peaker 2 in standalone mode at full capacity (with recommended mitigation measures) ...... 100 Figure 31: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Kaltim Peaker 2 at full capacity (with recommended mitigation measures) – A closer view ...... 101 Figure 32: Interview with the Vice Principal of PGRI 14 Junior High School (September 2017) ...... 111 Figure 33: Consultation with Community Leaders and Students of Tanjung Batu Village (September 2017) ...... 111 Figure 34: Consultation with Community of Tanjung Batu Village (July 2018) ...... 111 Figure 35: Select Participants for Consultation with Community of Tanjung Batu Village (July 2018) ...... 112 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A. The Project
1. Project Background and General Objective 1. Electric energy is a central factor to support the regional development specially to support and develop economic activities. Along with the growth of regional development and construction sectors, the demand for energy, particularly electric energy will continue to rise. In future, the growth of economic activity will continuously increase the demand for particularly electric energy. 2. The planned Kaltim Peaker 2 Gas Fired Power Plant is part of ADB’s Eastern Indonesia Sustainable Energy Access Sector Project TA-9082 INO. 3. The Kaltim Peaker 2 will be a single cycle gas turbine facility capable of running on liquefied natural gas (LNG) as primary fuel or high-speed diesel (HSD) as secondary/backup fuel with a power output capacity of 100 MW ±10% and shall serve peak load demands (peaking). 4. The project objectives are: • Increasing electricity supply in the region of East Kalimantan, especially in the Kutai regency; • Implement Accelerated Development of Power Generation; • Increasing the availability and reliability of electricity supply from gas-fired power plant in East Kalimantan province; • Providing sufficient energy to fulfill the load demand especially during peak hours;
5. The Kaltim Peaker 2 will improve the reliability and capacity of the existing electrical system in East Kalimantan as well as meet the increasing demand for electric energy during peak hours (05:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.).
2. Objectives and Scope of the EIA 6. According to the TOR for this study, the following Environmental safeguard documents have to be provided in line with ADB’s SPS 2009: • environmental assessment and review framework for the overall sector project; • environmental impact assessment or initial environmental examination of each core subproject; • environmental management plan (EMP), environmental monitoring plan and cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP for each core subproject 7. This EIA covers the items (ii) and (iii) for the core project Kaltim Peaker 21. 8. The main objective of the EIA is to identify significant environmental impacts and risks resulting from the planned project and to propose measures in order to avoid or at least to reduce environmental impacts and risks to acceptable levels.
3. Project location and access to the site 9. The project site is located on Kalimantan Island near Tanjung Batu Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The
1 Fichtner, Germany had prepared the initial draft of this EIA. The draft EIA has been extensively revised and modified by the author under individual consultant contract that came in effect in February 2008.
1 plant site is directly bordering the existing Tanjung Batu Power Complex located over a 20 ha land area at the banks of Mahakam river at the northern end of a 172 ha plot owned by PLN. The land associated with Kaltim Peaker 2, 5 ha in extent, is uninhabited and unfarmed. 10. The gas supply to the power complex will take place through a new gas pipeline, which is now under construction and expected to be completed by middle of 2019. The pipeline will supply gas for already operating power station complex, made up of Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu Power Plant and to the proposed power plant Kaltim Peaker 2. Access to the site of Kaltim Peaker 2 is possible on the already existing access road to Kaltim 1. Backup Diesel haulage and storage as well as water supply intake and wastewater disposal will use already existing facilities of Kaltim Peaker 1. Power evacuation will be done via already existing power lines. Beside a temporary Jetty and the extension of an existing access road by 100 m there are no associated facilities outside the project plant site which need to be considered in the impact assessment. 11. A coal fired power plant, PT Cahaya Fajar Kaltim (CFK), of 110 MW installed capacity is located at about 2 km from the Project site. The CFK is expected to significantly influence air quality in project airshed. The impacts of CFK togther with Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants have been considered while assessing the cumulative impacts on air quality. The EIA also examines cumulative noise impacts of the Project with Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1.
4. Technical Project description
Existing Power Plant Complex
12. The existing Power Plants Complex where Kaltim Peaker 2 will be built presently includes: • Tanjung Batu PP - Gas Turbine Combined Cycle, 60 MW (2 x 20 MW GT and 20 MW ST), dual fuel, operation since 1997. Since 2013 the power plant has been run on High-Speed Diesel (HSD) • Kaltim 1 - Gas Turbine Kaltim Peaker 1, 2 x 80 MW (unit 1 is operating since 17 March 2014, and unit 2 since 18 April 2014), dual fuel, to date, run 2 X 50 MW on HSD due to limitation of gas.
Kaltim Peaker 2 Project configuration
13. The Kaltim Peaker 2 (gas turbine power plant) will have dual fuel firing capability with the primary fuel being Natural Gas (NG). HSD will be the back-up fuel. The Plant is planned to be operated in peaking mode supplying electric power to the local grid, during times of high demand. This typically occurs daily over a 5 hours period between 05:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. 14. In this EIA it was assumed that the Kaltim Peaker 2 Plant will adopt the same configuration and technology as the existing Kaltim Peaker 1, which has been running on HSD so far.
B. Legal requirements 15. The planned project must comply with the Indonesian environmental and social laws and regulations. 16. In order to fulfil the requirements of the international financing agency ADB, it’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009) and where relevant IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, have been followed in preparing this EIA. Recommendations based on these considerations are obligatory to achieve compliance with ADB safeguards policy.
2 C. Project categorization 17. Environmentally, the planned project falls into Category A, mainly because the project is located in a power complex where 220 MW power generation capacity is already installed and these plants run on HSD rather than gas. A coal fired power plant of 110 MW installed capacity is also located in project airshed making it necessary to understand and assess cumulative impacts of 330 MW existing and 100 MW proposed capacity. There is also a presence of rare and endangered species in the project area of influence, among them the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and, potentially Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). Environmental impacts from the planned project on protected species and local residents could therefore not be excluded a priori. 18. Regarding Involuntary Resettlement, the planned project falls into Category B. No involuntary resettlement of residential houses is necessary for the planned project and the project land had already been acquired by PLN more than 10 years ago. However, the relocation of the school building (permanent physical displacement) has been considered in the EIA process, following ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 6. 19. Regarding Indigenous Peoples, the project also falls into Category C, as no physical relocation of Indigenous People is caused by the planned project, which would trigger ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 33.
D. Environmental and social baseline conditions 20. To determine the environmental and social effects of constructing the PP, a baseline description of the project’s affected area was made for the further assessment of environmental and social impacts caused by the construction and the operation of the planned Power Plant. This description includes the physical, biological and human environment that might be influenced by the construction and operation of the project.
1. Physical environment 21. The project site of the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 is located on the banks of the Mahakam River with a quite plain topography beside one about 50 -70m high hill, which is partially located within the project site. West of the project site there is a swamp area, which is 2 - 3 m lower than the project site. 22. Stratigraphically, unit at the project site is composed of young alluvial deposits, accumulated since the Holocene age with a still ongoing sedimentation process. The project site material consists of coast and river sediments with loose clay, silt, sand, and gravel. 23. In spite of the fact that the project area is almost 100 km upstream the river mouth, the average water level of the Mahakam river is only around 2 m above sea level. So, the project area is still within the tidal range. According to the Feasibility Study (PLN 2016), the ground water level within the project site is about 2 m below the surface level. 24. Due to lack of adequate baseline air quality data, as a part of this EIA, air quality survey for 21 days was organised in the project area. The survey was conducted in two batches, June 6 to June 12 for 7 days followed by June 25-July 8 for 14 days, pedominantly a dray period with occasional evening rains. The air samples for SO2, NO2 and PM10 were collected for 24 hour averages at three locations within airshed (Figure 18). Based on the results, air pollutant 3 3 3 concentration of 29 µg/m for PM10, 11 µg/m for SO2 and 4 µg/m for NO2 are considered as quantitative representation of baseline for 24 hourly averages. For 1 hourly average for SO2 3 3 and NO2 2.5 times of 24 hourly average i.e. 28 µg/m and 10 µg/m , respectivey are consdiered. as baseline value in the airshed. 25. According to the monitoring reports, the measured ambient concentrations of the project relevant air pollution parameters SO2, NO2 and PM10 / TSP were all well below the national and WHO standards.
3 26. Noise levels measurements, based on monitoring reports from PLN, ranged from 48 to 59.3 dB(A) in the plant area (standard up to 70 dB(A)), whereas in the settlement levels ranged from 42.2 to 62.5 dB(A) (standard up to 55 dB(A)). However, as a part of the EIA, a targeted noise survey was undertaken that indicated 67.5 dB(A) sound level at the plant boundary near main gate2. The highest community level noise was recorded at Tanjung Batu village at 54.2 dB(A).
2. Natural environment 27. The northern part of the 5-ha wide Kaltim Peaker 2 plant site, about one quarter of the total plant site area, is a built-up area with two abandoned semi-permanent site office buildings, a small prayer hall and a toilet building previously used by the contractor who built Kaltim Peaker.1. These structures will be demolished at the beginning of the construction works after due diligence for presence of asbestos and following good industry practice. 28. About three quarters of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site is presently covered by secondary bush and grassland, which is not used by local residents. The site is already under influence from human activities (disturbed soils, noise, pollution, traffic, moving persons). 29. The project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 itself, which is partly built-up, generally provides no habitats for rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species, due to the previous and still ongoing human influence. 30. The only semi-natural environment in the project area of influence is the Mahakam River as well as the swamp and forest areas west of the power plant complex. These forest areas provide habitat for a small group of endemic and protected Proboscis monkeys (approximately 13 individuals). These areas therefore are regarded as natural habitat.
3. Human environment 31. PLN has acquired a total of 1,709,190 m2 (171 ha) of land in 1998. The existing power plant complex (20 ha) as well as the 5 ha for the new Kaltim Peaker 2 site are located in the center of the PLN property. 32. No residential houses are located within the site and the land of the project site is not used by local residents. A school building is located at about 100 m south-east of the planned power plant site. The village Tanjung Batu is located at about 1 km north-east of the planned power plant site. 33. There are no complaints from local residents regarding air pollution or noise from the existing power plant complex.
E. Impact assessment 34. The assessment of the impacts of the planned power plant was done for the physical, biological and human environments. It considers the construction and the operational phases (including maintenance).
1. Physical environment 35. The major environmental impacts of a gas and diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and to a lesser degree emissions of wastewater into the aquatic environment.
2 The Main gate is very close to the Kaltim Peaker 1 unit. The noise levels within the site could differ significantly based on the distance from the operating plants. Inside the plants and hust outside the fencing of individual units, the noise levels were below 70 dB(A).
4 36. As a sound basis for an assessment of noise and air emissions, expert studies with noise and air emission calculations were conducted, which consider the cumulative impacts of the relevant noise and air emission sources from the already existing Power Plant facilities as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2. For air quaity impacts, emissions from nearby coal fired power plant, CFK, were also considered. 37. Wherever more than one project option exists, "worst case scenarios“ were used for the emission calculations and the impact assessment. The expert reports are attached as Annex C (Air Quality Modeling) and Annex D (Noise Control Feasibility Report) to this EIA. The results of these calculations show, that air emissions from the standalone Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant meet all applicable national and international air quality standards for SO2, NO2, and PM10/TSP for both gas and HSD operation modes. 38. The noise generated by Tanjung Batu, Kaltim Peaker 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 would not meet national as well as international standards for ambient noise for residential areas at Tanjung Batu village, the most susceptible receptor for noise in area of influence (AoI) of the project. The noise modelling indicates that an additional attenuation by installing a gas turbine intake silencer for Kaltim Peaker 1 and for Tanjung Batu power plant will be necessary. It may be noted that a nearby school where noise standards exceed, will be shifted to a distant location to avoid noise impacts. Kaltim Peaker 2 itself will be designed with adequate noise attenuation (gas turbine intake silencer and a stack silencer) to ensure that at no time of day or night the incremental noise due to Kaltim Peaker 2 at the Tanjung Batu village, is above 3dB(A) of ambient noise.
2. Biological Environment 39. Beside the small-scale and inevitable physical impairment of the remaining flora, fauna, and habitats within the construction area, caused by the construction of the Kaltim Peaker 2, the major environmental issues in connection with a gas and diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and discharge of wastewater into the aquatic environment. Impacts of these effects on biological environment have been considered in the assessment process. Proboscis Monkeys 40. A small population (13 individuals) of the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus), a protected species in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, has been verified in the forested area within the project‘s area of influence in terms of noise, air quality and/or disturbance due to construction. This area begins 500 m east of the planned project site. GIS evaluation of a recent satellite map showed that the overall forest area which can be used by the local Proboscis group is estimated to be only up to 25 ha in size, which is already at the lower limit for this small population. The eastern part (8 ha) of the overall proboscis habitat is located on PLN property and according to the available information it is used by the monkeys mainly as food habitat. The whole proboscis habitat area is regarded as natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009. 41. The local Proboscis group presently seems to survive under already strained conditions, with a limited habitat size and under constant threat of illegal hunting and human disturbances. The 8 ha of the habitat located on PLN property is hard to access, as it is bordering swamp land at its eastern side. PLN already took steps to protect the area. 42. According to information from PLN, a “Bekantan conservation area” has been launched in May 2017, as part of the PLN commitment for “Proper Hijau (Green)”. A MoU has been signed between PLN Mahakam Sector and BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam – Natural Resources Conservation Centre) for the protection of the Proboscis habitat on PLN Property.
5 43. Following the MoU, a signboard has been installed on the western road along the PLN property to inform passers-by about the preparation of the new Proboscis conservation area. In addition, PLN has already planted around 1000 trees that are prefered by Proboscis monkeys for food at the outer edge of the Bekantan conservation area as an effort to improve the food supply for the Proboscis monkeys. Additional 500 saplings have been planted to offset the plant mortality. Furthermore, during the pre-construction phase PLN will work with the provincial nature conservation agency (BKSDA) to prepare a robust Biodiversity Action Plan for the Proboscis monkeys in close consultation with local communities. 44. The contactor will periodically educate the workers on their reponse and precautions in relation to sighting of Poboscis monkey. Contractor will strictly adhere to the recommended mitigation measures for protection of Poboscis monkey (paragraph 384) . Irrawaddy dolphin and False Gharial 45. There are two more rare and endangered species in the Mahakam River, that could potentailly be affected by the planned project, the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and the False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegellius). 46. The river section near and downstream the project site, which could be influenced by the planned project, though does not belong to the core habitats of these species. No Irrawaddy dolphins have been observed in the past years in this river section. The river bank structure (steep eroding concave bank with strong current) indicates that the river bank north of the Tanjung Batu power plant complex is not a core habitat of False Gharial (e.g. for feeding, reproduction, or basking in the sun). 47. However, there is a possibility that False Gharial may enter into the Tanjung Batu complex through the sloping access formed by the temporary jetty and use the swamp area located west of the existing power plants as a habitat. No incidence of such presence though was recorded during the construction of Kupang Peaker 1. The wildlife monitoring program will continue to adress this possibility and provide mitigation measures during construction if such presence is detected near the project. 48. Neither the temporary impacts during the construction phase (hammering of the piles for construction of temporary jetty), nor the noise emitted and the small volumes of water released from the planned project site into the Mahakam River during operation of Kaltim Peaker can be regarded as significant risks for the remaining populations of the Irrawaddy dolphin and False Gharial. 49. Summing up these findings, with implementaiton of the planned mitigation measures no major or significant impairments on local flora and fauna are expected during the construction or operation of the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 PP and related infrastructure.
3. Human environment 50. No Resettlement will be caused by the planned project as the project site and all associated infrastructure sites (temporary jetty, access road extension) are property of PLN. These areas are also not used by the local people e.g. for agriculture. The project will provide a number of job opportunities for the local people during construction phase and some permanent jobs during operation phase. 51. The nearest settlement to the project site is Tanjung Batu, a village about 1 km north- east of the planned project site. Results of air quality and noise studies indicate that project with the recommended mitigation measures (raising the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50m, meeting national air emissions standards for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 and iternational emission standards for Kaltim Peaker 2 for air quality and istalling additional noise control measures described in paragraph 480 for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1; and paragraph 481 for Kaltim Peaker 2, respectively) will comply with national and international standards for these parameters at the village Tanjung Batu. However, a school located at
6 about 100 m from the project site will be adversely impacts by noise as well as air pollution and therefore will need relocation. PLN will relocate the school to a location acceptable to the school aouthorities and villagers; raise the stack height of Kaltim Peaker 1 and install additional noise control measures at the existing plants before award of construction contract for the project. 52. If the contractor decides to implement noise abatement measures differing from those recommended, the contractor has to prove with a design-specific noise emission calculation, that (i) the Kaltim Peaker 2 noise emissions as a standalone project will not cause exceedance of ambient national noise standards at Tanjung Batu village and (ii) its operation will not cause a noise increment of more than 3 dB(A) to ambient noise at the village when operated with other plants. The plant being a Peaker plant, it is not expected to operate after 10 pm and thus the night time international standards will not apply. PLN will ensure through the plant design and operating protocol that the plant does not lead to an increase above 3 dB(A) to the ambient noise levels at Tanjung Batu village at any time. 53. In case, during the operation the monitoring results indicate that the noise limits are exceeded by more than 3 dB(A) of the ambient noise, the contractor will be required to provide primary noise protection measures at the plant site, and/or secondary noise protection measures (e.g. noise protection walls or fences) near sensitive receptors.
F. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 54. The mitigation measures recommended in this EIA, together form the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project. The EMP addresses all significant impacts for relevant construction and operation phase activities and presents: • The environmental attribute (e.g. air quality, noise) that is likely to be impacted; • A summary of the potential impact and/or likely issue; • The identified mitigation actions that aim to eliminate and/or reduce the potential impact to acceptable levels; • Monitoring actions to ensure that the identified mitigation measures are implemented. Monitoring actions include: inspections, review of reports/plans, reporting, and direct monitoring of environmental attribute such as air or wate quality; • The frequency for implementing the monitoring actions, which could be throughout the construction/operation period (depending on the mitigation measure identified this could include daily, weekly, or monthly monitoring), or upon occurrence of a certain issue; and • The responsible entity for implementing the mitigation measures and identified monitoring actions. 55. Monitoring will commence from the loan effectiveness date, as EMP also includes monitoring of pre-construction measures. Semi-annual monitoring reports will be provided, even if to confirm that no works have commenced at the time of monitoring. 56. The EMP forms the basis for further, more detailed protection, safety and security measures planning, which must be set up by the contractor, based on the detailed technical planning. As a “living document” the EMP will be updated once per year through the full construction period. 57. Additional specific H&S as well as E&S plans must be set up by the contractor (construction phase) and the operator (operation phase). 58. The Contractor must assure that the necessary measures to prevent accidents and health injuries in the construction phase are properly planned and applied through an EHS Plan. A construction safety manager will be nominated to perform inspections on site, monitor
7 the application of the plan and report accidents, incidents and emergencies. An emergency preparedness and response plan for the construction/installation phase has been developed and is described in Section G of the EMP. 59. The prevention and avoidance of negative effects for the workers during operation must be subject of an EHS Plan to be developed and applied by the Operator. 60. An environmental and social expert, employed by the contractor, will survey the construction works and companies and will take care that the EMP and the specific H&S plans are diligently implemented at the construction site. 61. In the operation phase, internal EMP implementation supervision and monitoringwill be conducted by the EPC contractor and the implementation consultant. In addition, and in response to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) requirements for cat. A projects, an external environmental expert will be contracted by the PLN to verify the EMP monitoring findings. The internal and external monitoring reports will be submitted to PLN and ADB for review and disclosure.
G. Public participation 62. Meaningful public consultation was conducted throughout project preparation, and will continue throughout project implementation. 63. Information dissemination abut the project started at project concept stage. PLN conducted information dissemination campains through the head of the local community for community members. PLN presented the project idea, tentative project scope and location of the project facilities, likely social safeguards implications, and implementation schedule. Formal stakeholder consultations on environmental safeguards were held on three occasions, March 2017, September 2017 and July 2018. 64. Consultations with local fishermen, held in March 2017 as part of social assessment established that fishermen do not consider construction and operations of the temporary jetty as a threat to fishing that they practice upstream near the HSD jetty. 65. Second consutlations were held on September 21-22, 2017 during which school officials, students, Head Community Wellfarea (Tanjung Batu), community leader (Tanjung Batu) and impacted share cropper were consulted. By the time of the consultation, preliminary air quality and noise modelling were completed and need to relocate the Junior High School SMP PGRI 14 due to noise and air quality impacts was established. During the consultation, consent of school autorities, students and commitment for such relocation by PLN were obtained. Discussions with the village leaders and students indicated that noise and air quality issues in relation of neighbouring coal fired power plant was a matter of concern and therefore the need to investigate these issues deeper during the preparation of EIA was established. 66. The third consultations were held on July 19, 2018 that was attended by 61 participants representing villagers in general and all other stakeholders. The general attitude of the local communities towards the planned project was positive, mostly because new job opportunities will be created and more money will flow into this remote region through the spending by local and outside workers. No complaints were made by local residents regarding the operation of the already existing power plant complex Tanjung Batu.
H. Overall Findings and Recommendations 67. The impacts caused by the planned standalone project Kaltim Peaker 2 are assessed as not significant after implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. 68. The forest areas west of the Tanjung Batu PPC are natural habitat for a small group of Proboscis monkeys, which is an endemic, endangered and protected species. The impact of the standalone Kaltim Peaker 2 on Proboscis habitat are assessed as not significant and a
8 suit of measures are recommended to further lower the impacts. These measures will be strictly applied to ensure that no net loss for the Proboscis habitat is caused by the planned project. 69. The air quality modeling study was performed using AERMOD View (Version 9.5) for three criteria pollutants SO2, NO2 and PM10, for averaging periods of 1 hour, 24 hours and 1 year, respectively. Cumulative impacts of air emissions from the existing Power Plant facilities Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1, neighbouring coal fired power plant CFK as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 were considered. 70. Over all, the air quality modeling simulations indicate that Kaltim Peaker 2 Power Plant, as a standalone plant, fully complies with the Indonesian ambient air quality standards. Furthermore, for all air quality parameters its contribution to pollutant’s concentration at any point in airshed remains within 25% of Indonesian ambient air quality standards. 71. In terms of cumulative impacts, the CFK power plant has significant impact on the airshed and specially at the nearby receptor including the village of Tanjung Batu. For SO2, due to the impact of CFK power plant, the 24-hourly average GLCs at nearby receptors to the Project are higher than the WHO GL for 24 hourly average (20 µg/m3). As per ADB policy therefore the airshed for SO2 is termed as ‘degraded’. The SO2 contribution due to the project at all locations are however insignificant and within the permissible levels. The Project therefore complies with the ADB policy for its impacts in terms of SO2 as well as other parameters. 72. A 3-D acoustic model was used to predict the noise emisisons and assess the feasibility of noise control meaasures. The modelling results indicate that notwithstanding noise control measures on Kaltim Peaker 2 to meet intenational noise standards in standalone mode, ambient noise level exceedance occur due to cumulative operation of the neighbouring power plants Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. Noise control mitigation measures for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 are considered necessary and have been recommended. The Kaltim Peaker 2 will be designed with adequate nosie control to ensure that the overall noise level at the receptor points around the power plant complex do not exceed the ambient noise levels by more than 3 dB(A), as per the international standards. 73. The Key EMP recommendation are: (i) Conduct of a series of additional surveys as part of the DED, to be prepared by the EPC Contractor for the project. These surveys will include, but not be limited to: • Site-specific seismic hazard study including liquefaction study; • Pile capacity analysis; • Fire hazard study and fire safety proposal; • Water supply study, including assessment of the existing intake facility to confirm adequate supply capacity and design complying with EHS Guidelines; • Operational noise impact assessment, to demonstrate compliance with (i) maximum sound pressure levels at 1m from any point on any item of equipment including valves (85dBA); maximum sound pressure level at site boundary (70 dBA during daytime and 60 dBA during nighttime); and (iii) maximum sound pressure level at nearest sensitive receptor (55 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime), or a maximum incremental increase of 3 dBA should baseline indicate exceedance with the standard. • Dispersion modeling in accordance with the configuration of equipment which will be used.
9 • Health and safety risk assessment and management plan, with a focus on fire and explosion risk of gas and diesel supply and storage facilities, accounting for external and internal hazards; (ii) Preparation of a Biodiversity Management Plan by PLN and the provincial nature conservation agency (BKSDA) to ensure that no net loss for the Proboscis habitat occurs. The contractor and PLN will ensure strict implementation to BMP to ensure protection of the Proboscis monkeys especially during construction, when a number of external workers will come to the project area. (iii) Relocation of the school building before the beginning of the construction activities to an area which is not severely affected by the planned and the already operating power plants. (iv) Installation of noise mitigation measures at Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 to be implemented by PLN before commencement of construction for Kaltim Peaker 2, to ensure ambient noise standards are complied with the individual plan. (v) Contractors obligation to show that Kaltim Peaker 2 will comply with applicable national and international standards if contractor’s noise control differs from recommendations of this EIA (vi) Operation of the Kaltim Peaker 2 and the neighbouring plants with gas, and only in emergency cases and for short-periods with HSD. (vii) The swamp land, which serves as a natural barrier between the Power plant complex and the Proboscis monkeys’ habitat, must be maintained in its natural state and should not be filled up or used for any other purpose. (viii) Raising the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 from current 26m to 50m in accordance to good international implementation practice for power plants. This measure needs to be implemented before award of construction contract for Kaltim Peaker 2.
10 II. INTRODUCTION
A. Project Background and Objective 74. Electric energy is a central factor to support the regional development especially to support and develop economic activities. Along with the growth of regional development and construction sectors, the demand for energy, particularly electric energy will continue to rise. In future, the growth of economic activity will increase the demand for particularly electric energy continuously. 75. The project objectives are: • Increasing electricity supply in the region of East Kalimantan, especially in the Kutai regency; • Contribute to Implement accelerated development of power generation; • Increasing the availability and reliability of electricity supply from gas-fired power plant in East Kalimantan province; • Providing sufficient energy to fulfill the load demand especially during peak hours.
B. Project need 76. The new power plant will improve the reliability and capacity of the existing electrical system in East Kalimantan with a connected generation capacity of over 700 MW currently as well as meet the increasing demand for electric energy during peak hours (5 PM to 10 PM). 77. For these reasons PLN has decided to build the new power plant Kaltim Peaker 2 using dual fuel type (fueled by natural gas with HSD fuel as a backup fuel) to serve peak load demands. 78. The power output capacity of Kaltim Peaker 2 (The Project) will be 100 MW ±10% according to the tendered specifications.
C. Scope of the Study 79. According to the TOR of the consultant, the scope of this work includes to deliver the following Environmental safeguard documents in line with ADB’s SPS 2009: • environmental assessment and review framework for the overall sector project; • environmental impact assessment or initial environmental examination of each core subproject; • environmental management plan (EMP), environmental monitoring plan and cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP for each core subproject. 80. This EIA Study covers the items (ii) and (iii) for the core project Kaltim Peaker 2. 81. The project area of influence (AoI) comprises the settlements around the Tanjung Batu Power Plant Complex (receptor points), as well as the forest areas in the west, which provide habitat for endemic and protected Proboscis monkeys. 82. The main objective of the EIA study is to identify significant environmental impacts and risks resulting from the planned project and to propose measures to avoid or at least to reduce environmental impacts and risks to an acceptable level. Outside the power plant site itself there are no project associated facilities which have to be assessed within the EIA for Kaltim Peaker 2, as the necessary infrastructure has already been built as part of the operating projects Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. While completing this EIA an environmental due
11 diligence of the operating power plants has been done to identify any significant gaps that need be addressed for compliance of Katim Peaker 2 with ADB policy on cumulative impacts and the compliance of existing plants themselves with the national rules and regulations. Measures to address the identified gaps have been provided in EMP. PLN will implement any measures outside scope of the Project, in a time bound manner before award of contract for construction of Kaltim Peaker 2. The scope of these measures and timeline for their implementation by PLN has been described in the corrective action plan (CAP) in this EIA as well as in the Environmental Due Diligence Report for Existing Facilities for Kaltim Peaker 2 Power Project. Implementation of CAP is a condition precedence for release of funds for the Project under ADB loan.
D. Data sources 83. The main technical information source for the planned project was the Feasibility Study PLTMG Kaltim Peaker 2 100 MW, provided by PLN (Feasibility Study Kaltim-2 Gas Fired Power Plant (Peaker), PT PLN (PERSERO), 2016). This document contains a general description of the planned project infrastructure. Other documents, provided by PLN, which were used as a data source for this EIA report, comprise: • AMDAL Approval No 3758/0115/SJ.T/1996, September 23rd 1996 • EMP Approval No 2399/41/SJN.T/1998, July 9th 1998 • EmoP Approval No 2399/41/SJN.T/1998, July 9th 1998 • AMDAL Approval for Kaltim-1 (2X50 MW) No. KAKK/34/AMDAL/PLN/XI/2010, December 28th 2010. • AMDAL Amendment (Sucofindo, November 2016) • Environmental Monitoring Reports (PLN, 2014 - 2016) 84. In addition to the available data, information was collected during field surveys conducted by the national environmental and socio-economic experts in 2016 and 2017. Socio-economic baseline surveys were carried out for sample populations settled within the possible project area of influence. 85. Recent, high-resolution (50 cm) satellite maps were bought for the assumed project area of influence in order to precisely locate impact areas and to enable a quantitative assessment (wherever possible) of ecological and social impacts. 86. Additional information was also collected from literature, internet sources, and discussion with local residents, experts, administration and authorities. 87. Two technical studies were conducted to provide additional information and technical inputs on air quality and noise impacts for the assessment of environmental impacts from the Kaltim Peaker 2 PP. These technical studies comprise: (i) Air Quality Modeling (Annex C to this report) (ii) Noise Control Feasibility Report (Annex D to this report)
E. Project categorization 88. Environmentally, the planned project falls into Category A, mainly because of the project is located in a power complex where 220 MW power generation capacity is already installed and these plants run on HSD rather than gas. A coal fired power plant of 110 MW installed capacity is also located in project airshed making it necessary to understand and assess cumulative impacts of 330 MW existing and 100 MW proposed capacity. There is also a presence of rare and endangered species in the project area of influence, among them the Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and, potentially Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). Environmental impacts from the planned project on protected species and local residents could therefore not be excluded a priori.
12 89. Regarding Involuntary Resettlement, the planned project falls into Category B. No involuntary resettlement of residential houses is necessary for the planned project and the project land had already been acquired by PLN more than 10 years ago. However, the relocation of the school building (permanent physical displacement) on environmental grounds has been considered in the EIA, following ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 6. 90. Regarding Indigenous Peoples, the project also falls into Category C, as no physical relocation of Indigenous People is caused by the planned project, which would trigger ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 2, para. 33.
F. Project area of influence 91. For each of the environmental factors investigated, a specific project area of influence can be defined. In this specific planning case, the overall project area of influence (AoI) has been defined as the area extending 1 km beyond the area defined by the 55 dB(A) contour line from the Noise Control Feasibility Report which shows the A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the Kaltim Peaker 2 plant for all power plants working at full capacity (Kaltim Peaker 2, Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1). For air quality simulation an area of 10 km radius around the Project has been selected. 92. All significant environmental impacts, other than air quality, which are expected to be caused by the planned project, are located within this AoI.
13 III. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK
A. Relevant framework 93. The major environmental issues in connection with a gas and diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and emissions of wastewater into the aquatic environment. 94. The planned project Kaltim Peaker 2 is regarded as the extension of an already existing facility, for which an AMDAL had already been conducted and for which an environmental permit had been given, which is still valid. For an extension no full AMDAL is therefore required. This decision of the environmental authority was communicated to PLN, based on the environmental assessment directive No. 660.1/143/B-1/BLHD dated July 13, 2016. For the planned project an addendum to the existing AMDAL including an RKL-RPL has to be prepared. At the time when this EIA had been prepared only a draft of the addendum to the existing AMDAL was available and handed over to the consultant by PLN.
1. Air Emission Standards 95. The national emission limits for stationary sources, including thermal power plants, were issued on 1 December 2008 and replaced the earlier 1995 standards. The regulations include limits for the emissions of sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (as nitrogen dioxide) and particulate matter for existing, in development and new power plants. Fuel types covered by the decree include coal, oil and natural gas. Power plants must meet these emission standards 95% of the time over 3 months (URL 3). 96. Table 1 shows the national emission limit values applicable for turbines and for engines. Because these values consider “standard” conditions (temperature of the flue gas of 25 °C), Table 2 shows the values adapted to meet the “normal” conditions (0°C). A correction for the percentage of O2 is also undertaken.
Table 1: Indonesian emission limits for emissions to air from stationary sources
ELV [mg/m3] for new ELV [mg/m3] for new Pollutant engines ** turbines * Gas Oil Gas Oil CO 500 540 NE NE
SO2 150 600 150 650
NO2 320 1,000 320 450 TSP 30 120 30 100 Dry gas, excess 5% 5% 15% 15% O2 content Temperature 25°C 25°C 25°C 25°C flue gas Note: Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 21 of 2008 ELV: Emission Limit Values | NE: Non-existent * Attachment II B | ** Attachment IV B
14
Table 2: Adapted Indonesian emission limits for emissions to air from stationary sources
Adapted ELV [mg/m3] Adapted ELV [mg/m3] Pollutant for new engines ** for new turbines * Gas Oil Gas Oil CO 203 219 NE NE
SO2 61 243 164 709
NO2 130 405 349 491 TSP 12 49 33 109 Dry gas, excess 15% 15% 15% 15% O2 content Temperature 0°C 0°C 0°C 0°C flue gas Note: adapted from Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 21 of 2008.ELV: Emission Limit Values | NE: Non-existent * Adapted from Attachment II B | ** Adapted from Attachment IV B
97. The International Finance Corporation (IFC, World Bank Group) defined guidelines for the emissions of facilities producing more than 50 MWth using combustion engines and combustion turbines (Table 3). Table 3: IFC emission guidelines for facilities larger than 50 MWth with combustion turbines and combustion engines (IFC, 2008)
ELV [mg/Nm3] for combustion ELV [mg/Nm3] for combustion engines; facilities > 50 MWth turbines; facilities > 50 MWth Pollutant Natural Liquid fuels < 300 Gas MWth Natural Gas Other fuels CO NE NE NE NE SO2 NE 0.5 - 2%S/1,170 NE 0.5 - 1 % S 400 (dual 400 - 2,000 (dual NO2 51 152 fuel) fuel) TSP NE 30 - 50 NE 30 - 50 Dry gas, excess O2 15% 15% 15% 15% content Temperatur 0°C 0°C 0°C 0°C e flue gas NE: Non-existent 98. The specifications for Kaltim Peaker 2 require the compliance with the International emission standards for combustion turbines. It is noteworthy that national standards for combustion gas turbines power plants are less stringent than IFC EHS defined guidelines. Compliance with international standards therefore meets the requirement of ADB policy.
2. Ambient Air Quality Standards 99. The Air Quality Standards are defined according to the different levels of risks that the pollutants pose depending on the period of exposure. This way, the standards are defined for different time frames, allowing the protection against the short term acute impacts, the medium term impacts and the long term impacts.
15 100. IFC states that emissions from projects shall not result in pollutant concentrations in the ambient air that reach or exceed the relevant ambient air quality guidelines and standards by applying the national legislated standards or, in their absence, the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines or other internationally recognized sources like the U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) or the European Council Directives (ECD). For Indonesia, national legislated ambient air quality standards are available and therefore used for conducting environmental assessment for the Project. 101. The IFC recommends, in addition, that the emissions from a single project should not contribute with more than 25% of the applicable ambient air quality standards to allow additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed. This implies that even when ground level concentration (GLC) of a certain pollutant complies with ambient air quality standard, it shall be evaluated whether it is below or above 25% of that standard. This is also assessed in the present study. Table 4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards and WHO Guidelines
Pollutant Averaging Air Quality Standards [μg/m³] * period Indonesia NAAQS** WHO
1 hour 30,000 - CO 24 hours 10,000 - 10 minutes - 500 (GL) 1 hour 900 -
SO2 125 (IT1) 24 hours 365 50 (IT2) 20 (GL) 1 year 60 - 1 hour 400 200 (GL) NO2 24 hours 150 - 1 year 100 40 (GL) 150 (IT1) 24 hours 150 100 (IT2) 75 (IT3) PM10 50 (GL) 70 (IT1) 1 year - 50 (IT2) 30 (IT3) 20 (GL) 24 hours 230 - TSP 1 year 90 - IT = Interim target; IT are provided in recognition of the need for a staged approach to achieve the recommended guidelines | GL = Guideline * 20°C and 101.3 kPa ** ADB, 2006 102. Table 4 presents the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS, established by the 1999 Government Decree No. 41) and the guidelines defined by WHO (2005) that are applicable to the project. The WHO provides interim targets (IT) in recognition of the need for a staged approach to achieve the recommended guidelines (GL). It is evident from Table 4 that the national standards are generally less restrictive than the IT and GL defined by the WHO.
16 103. Benchmark for measuring the impact of noise level is the stricter regulation of either Decree Number KEP/48/MENLH/11/1996 or the respective IFC EHS guidelines. A comparison of the national standards and IFC guidelines for acoustic environment is provided in the Table 5 below. IFC Guidelines for noise limits in residential areas at night time (22:00 to 7:00) are stricter compared to the national standards. Notwithstanding the standards, IFC guidelines do not allow increase of more than 3dB(A) to background noise levels. Table 5: National Standards and IFC Guidelines for Noise Parameter Indonesian IFC Standard* Standard**
Noise (dBA), workplace 85 85
Noise (dBA), industry, trading, services 70 70
Noise (dBA), government and public facilities, 60 cultural reserves
Noise (dBA), residential, day (7:00 – 22:00) 55 55
Noise (dBA), residential, night (22:00 – 7:00) - 45 Source: *) MoE Decree No. 481996 concerning on Noise Level Standard **) IFC EHS General Guidelines – Table 1.7 Noise Level Guidelines and Table 2.3.1 Noise Limits for Various Working Environment.
3. Effluent discharge standards 104. Effluent discharge from the Project will primarily be associated with wastewater from the construction worker camp during construction and sanitary facilities and workshops during the operation of the power plants. As per the ADB policy the parameters of treated process water from the plant should not exceed the discharge standards provided in the IFC EHS guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. 105. It is oberved that national standards for effluent discharge into surface waters provide some parmeters not included in IFC EHS guidelines. The Project therefore adopts national standards for such parameters. For the parameter covered under IFC EHS guidelines, it is observed that IFC EHS guidelines are more stringent for some parameters than the national standards. The Project therefore adopts IFC EHS guideline values for those parameters. Table 6 presents the recommended standards for the Kaltim Peaker 2 for discharge of treated effluents into Mahakam river.
17 Table 6: Effluent discharge standards for Kaltim Peaker 2 derived from National Standards and IFC Guidelines for thermal power plants (Unit = mg/l, except for pH and temperature)
West Java Env. Standards Governor IFC Effluent Guidelines Parameter Minister for Kaltim Decree ** Decree * Peaker 2*** I II To be determined (by the <3oC above 1 Temperature 40oC 38°C 40°C EA3) ambient 2 Dissolved Solids - 2,000 4,000 - 2,000 3 Suspended Solids 100 200 400 50 50 4 pH 6 – 9 6 – 9 6 – 9 6 – 9 Total Fe: 5 Dissolved Iron (Fe) 5 10 1.0 (Total Fe) 1.0 3 6 Manganese (Mn) - 2 5 - 2 7 Barium (Ba) - 2 3 - 2 8 Copper (Cu) 1 2 3 0.5 0.5 9 Zinc (Zn) 1 5 10 1.0 1 10 Chromium hexavalentCr6+ - 0.1 0.5 - 0.1 11 Total Chromium 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 12 Cadmium (Cd) 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05 13 Mercury (Hg) - 0.002 0.005 0.005 0.002 14 Lead (Pb) - 0.1 1 0.5 0.1 15 Tin (Sn) - 2 3 - 2 16 Arsenic (As) - 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 17 Selenium (Se) - 0.05 0.5 - 0.05 18 Nickel (Ni) - 0.2 0.5 - 0.2 19 Cobalt (Co) - 0.4 0.6 - 0.4 20 Cyanide (CN) - 0.05 0.5 - 0.05 21 Sulphide (H2S) - 0.05 0.1 - 0.05 22 Fluoride (F) - 2 3 - 2 0.2 0.2 (Total residual 23 Free Chlorine (Cl2) 0.5 1 2 (Total Chlorine) residual Cl) 24 Free Ammonia (NH3-N) - 1 5 - 1 25 Nitrate (NO3-N) - 20 30 - 20 26 Nitrite (NO2-N) - 1 3 - 1 27 BOD5 - 50 150 - 50 28 COD - 100 300 - 100 Surfactants Anionic as 29 - 5 10 - 5 MBAS 30 Phenol - 0.5 1 - 0.5 31 Vegetable Oil - 5 10 - 5 32 Mineral Oil - 10 50 - 10 33 Oil & Grease 10 5 10 10 5 34 Phosphate (PO4-) 10 - - 2 2 * Environmental Minister Decree No. 55/MENLH/2013, concerning wastewater discharge standards; Class I standards are applicable to surface waters used for drinking (applicable to Mahakam river) ** IFC Effluent Guidelines as stipulated in the IFC EHS Guidelines – Thermal Power Plants, 2008 *** The standards adopted for the Project is the more stringent of the two standards.
3 The area of elevated temperature due to the discharge of the cooling water should be minimized by adjusting the intake and outfall design. The EA will provide input to this, based on any identified sensitive aquatic ecosystem near the discharge point (e.g., 1°C, 2°C, or 3°C above the ambient water temperature).
18 106. Environmental sustainability is one core issue of ADB’s environmental policy. The ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans, and private sector investment operations. Environmental assessment is a process rather than a one-time report, and includes necessary environmental analyses and environmental management planning that take place throughout the project cycle. 107. This EIA was carried out in accordance with the following ADB documents: • Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), June 2009, effective since January 2010; • Operations Manual (OM) with relevant Bank Policies (BP), March 2010. 108. Other relevant international guidelines: (i) General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines (2007); (ii) IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants, December 2008; (iii) IFC Performance Standards and Guidance Notes (2012).
B. National Legal and Institutional Framework 109. The following list comprises project relevant Indonesian laws regarding environmental protection and management including: • Law 2/2013: Acquisition of Land for Development in the Public Interest • Law 32/2009: Environmental Protection and Management • Law 22/2009: Traffic and Road – relevant reference for vehicle and road traffic management • Law 18/2008: Waste Management – general legislation and regulation regarding waste management • Law 26/2007: Spatial Planning Law • Law 13/2003: Workforce – relevant for workforce issues • Law 7/2004: Water Resources – hydrological impact assessment within the assessment area • Law 5/1990: Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems. • Law 19/ 2009: Ratification of Stockholm Conservation on Persistent Organic Pollutants. 110. These laws are accompanied by various minister and provincial decrees and regulations, including: • Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning 6/2015: Technical Guidelines for Land Acquisition – Standard operating procedure to conduct land acquisition for public interest development; • Ministry of Health 492/MENKES/PER/VIV/2010: Qualification of Drinking Water Quality – drinking water parameters and measures to manage environmental impact to drinking water sources; • Ministry of Health Regulation 416/1990: Water Quality; • Ministry of Public Works 14/PRT/M/2013: Standards and Guidelines for procurement Construction Work and Consulting Services; • Ministry of Public Works 03/2013: Regarding Implementation of Infrastructure and Waste Facility in Household Waste Management and Household-like Waste Management; • Ministry of Public Works 45/1990: Water Quality Control in Water Resources – relevant for water quality control and monitoring review.
19 111. Environmental protection and management ministerial decrees include: • State Minister for the Environment Decree Number 13, year 1995, on Standard Quality of Emission of Stationary Source; • State Minister for Environment Decree Number 48, year 1996, on Noise Level Standard; • State Minister for the Environment Decree Number 49, year 1996, on standard of Vibration Level; • State Minister for the Environment Decree Number 45, year 1990, on standard Index of Air Pollutant; • Ministry of Environment 15/2013: Measurement, Reporting and Verification of Climate Change Mitigation; • Ministry of Environment 7/2010: Competence Certification of AMDAL Preparation and Training Requirements for AMDAL Preparation; • Ministry of Environment 5/2008: AMDAL evaluator Working Guidelines – relevant reference for reviewing AMDAL document compliance; • Ministry of Environment 21/2008, Emission Standard for Stationary and/or Thermal Power Generation Activities; • Ministry of Environment Regulation 8/2009: Wastewater Quality; 112. Environmental protection and management government regulations include: • Government Regulation 101/2013: Hazardous Waste Management; • Government Regulation 81/2012: Household Waste Management and Household-like Waste Management; • Government Regulation 43/2008: Groundwater – groundwater management and pollution control review; • Government Regulation 26/2008: National Spatial Plan; • Government Regulation 16/2004: Land Use – relevant for land use and land acquisition review; • Government Regulation 41/1999: Air Pollution Control – air quality; • Government Regulation 82/2001: Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control – surface water quality; • Government Regulation 7/1999: Flora Fauna Conservation – biodiversity; • Government regulation 18/ 1999, in conjunction to government Regulation 85/1995: Management of Dangerous and Poisonous Materials. 113. Presidential Decrees include: • Presidential Decree 71/2012: Implementation of Land Acquisition for Development of the Public Interest Facility. Amended through 40/2014, 99/2014 and 30/2015; • Presidential Decree 15/2015: Establishment of Ministry of Public Works and Housing for 2014-19; • Presidential Decree 185/2014: Acceleration of Water and Sanitation provision; • Presidential Decree 71/2012: National Greenhouse Gases Inventory; • Presidential Decree 61/2011: Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction National Action Plan.
20
C. Description of Key Laws and Regulations Pertaining to EIA
1. Law No 32 /2009 Regarding Environmental Protection and Management 114. The purpose of this Law is to allow an environmentally sustainable development through means of an environmental planning policy and the rational exploitation, development, maintenance, restoration, supervision and control of the environment. 115. Requirements and procedures for obtaining an environmental license are set out in the Law. Particular attention should be paid to the importance given by the Law to the community involvement in the environmental protection and management. 116. In Article 22 (1) it is stated that every business or activity having a substantial impact in the environment shall be mandatorily subject to an AMDAL (Indonesian version of an Environmental Impact Assessment) and Article 23 describes these activities. Article 34 explains that the activities which are not subject to a mandatory AMDAL shall prepare a UKL- UPL (environmental management and monitoring effort document). Article 36 (1) states that AMDAL or UKL/UPL is a pre-requisite for an environmental license for all types of activities. 117. For any business or activity where an AMDAL is required, a RKL-RPL (Environmental Management Plan - Environmental Monitoring Plan) must also be provided.
2. Indonesian Government Regulation No. 27/2012 regarding the Environmental License 118. An environmental license is defined as a license issued to a party engaged in any business activity which requires an AMDAL or UKL-UPL for protection and management of the environment. This is a prerequisite for any business license. In principle, the AMDAL is a study of the potential significant impacts of the proposed business activity on the environment, while the UKL-UPL covers monitoring and management efforts undertaken for business activities which are not likely to have a significant impact on the environment. 119. The required AMDAL or UKL–UPL assessments must be completed before an environmental license can be issued. In other words, any business activities which require an AMDAL or UKL-UPL also require an environmental license. Certain stated business activities are exempt from the AMDAL requirement. 120. The UKL-UPL is prepared at the planning stage of a business activity by completing the prescribed forms and submitting them to the relevant authority. Only one UKL – UPL is required for several different business activities if they are located in the same ecosystem. 121. The application for an environmental license must be submitted along with its supporting documents, such as the AMDAL or UKL–UPL, to the Minister of Environmental Affairs, Governor, or Mayor/Regent in line with their respective authorities. 122. Having obtained an environmental license, the holder must: (i) comply with the terms and conditions of the environmental license; (ii) submit a report on the compliance with the terms and conditions of the environmental license to the Minister, Governor, or Mayor/Regent every six months; and (iii) provide guarantee funds for environmental recovery. (iv) Sanctions for failure to comply with the Government Regulation no 27/2012 may include written warnings, government action, the suspension and eventually revocation of the environmental license.
21 123. Article 42 (1) states that the environmental permit application must be submitted in written form by the person in charge of the business and/or activity as the Proponent. Article 43 (1) states that the application must be accompanied by: (i) the AMDAL document or the UKL/UPL; (ii) Article association, and (iii) Company Profile and/or activities. Article 45 refers to community involvement.
3. Indonesian Government Regulation No. 60/2012 Regarding Procedures for Modification of Land Use and Functions of Forest Areas. 124. PP 60/2012 is specifically for plantation companies operating in production forest areas, and is applied to other forest activities including logging and mining companies. This regulation is concerned with the provision of land replacement by a borrow-to-use permit.
4. State Minister for the Environment Regulation No.05 of 2012 Minister Decree No.05/2012 regarding Activities for which an AMDAL is mandatory. 125. This minister regulation provides guidance/direction of the preparation of the procedures for the environmental documentation. Article 4 explains that the business and/or activities undertaken: (i) within a protected area, and or (ii) directly adjacent to a protected area, have to prepare an AMDAL. 126. Attachment 1 from this regulation contains a list of the activities for which an AMDAL is mandatory. This list includes 100 MW Power plants. An AMDAL for the PLTG (2x50 MW) currently in operation has been prepared and a license was given by the Environmental Authority (Decree No. KAKK/34/AMDAL/PLN/XII/2010, dated December 28, 2010). 127. The Environmental Documents of an AMDAL comprise the following 3 document types: • AMDAL (Indonesian version of an Environmental Impact Assessment), which is an assessment report on the significant impacts of the company’s business and/or activities on the environment, and which is necessary for the process of decision making regarding the running of the business and/or activities. • UKL-UPL Form (Environmental Management Efforts and Environmental Monitoring Efforts Form), which pertains to the management and monitoring efforts by the company of its business and activities that have no significant impacts on the environment, and which is necessary for the process of decision making regarding the running of the business and/or business activities. • Surat Pernyataan Kesanggupan Pengelolaan dan Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup/SPPL, which is a statement regarding the company’s activities to monitor and manage the environmental impact of its business and/or activities which are exempted from the AMDAL or UKL-UPL requirement. 128. Depending on the project type, one of the first two documents is required for the submission of the application for the Environmental License. The SPPL is only for businesses and/or activities which are exempted from the AMDAL or UKL-UPL requirement. 129. Setting up the Terms of Reference is the initial assessment of the impacts of the business and/or activities on the environment, which is to be further elaborated in the AMDAL. 130. The RKL-RPL sets forth the plans for the management of the environment and prevention of the negative impacts on the environment. 131. The Regulation No.16 of 2012 intensifies the environment assessment requirement, but simplifies the composition of the AMDAL documents. 132. Section 4 explains that the AMDAL document shall consist of: (i) Terms of Reference (ii) Environmental Impact Analysis and (iii) RKL – RPL (management and monitoring plan).
22 For UKL-UPL, Article 8 states that it must contain: a) the identity of the initiator; b) business plans and/or activities; c) environmental impacts that may occur, and environmental management and monitoring program; ) the number and type of license protection and environmental management which is needed; e) statement of the initiator committing to implement the provisions of the UKL-UPL form; f) bibliography; and g) attachments.
5. State Minister for the Environment Regulation No.17 of 2012 regarding Guidelines for Community Involvement in The Process of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental License 133. The Ministry of Environment has issued guidelines for the involvement of the public in the environmental impact assessment (AMDAL) process and in the issuance process of environmental licenses. 134. The Regulation explains why the public is included in the processes: • the public gets information on business plans or activities that may have a significant impact on the environment; • the public can give suggestions, opinions or comments on the business plans or activities; • the public can be involved in the process of decision making in relation to the worthiness or unworthiness of business plans or activities; • the public can give suggestions, opinions and comments on the issuance process of environmental licenses. 135. The communities that are included in the AMDAL process are (i) the community which is suffering from the impact; (ii) the concerned community; and (iii) the community which is affected by any form of decision in the AMDAL process. 136. The affected community must be included in the assessment process of the AMDAL and of the other environmental documents (RKL-RPL Environmental Management Plan – Environmental Monitoring Plan) through its appointed representative who will be a member of the AMDAL Appraisal Committee. 137. The rules and procedures for the public’s participation in the AMDAL process and for the involvement of the public in the issuance of environmental licenses are specified in Chapter II and Chapter III of the Regulation.
6. Other Relevant Requirements 138. Spatial Regional Planning is defined in Chapter V of the Regulation Kutai Kartanegara Regency No. 9, Year 2013, Article 53, paragraph (1) and (2) explains that the village of Tanjung Batu is one of the areas designated as an Industrial Zone. As the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 site is located within an Industrial Zone, the chosen location is appropriate. 139. Relevant requirements with respect to workers’ health and safety include Law No.1- year 1970 on Workers’ Safety and Ministry of Workforce Decree No. Kep-51/MEN/1999 on Reference Standard on Activities in Working Area.
D. International Agreements 140. Indonesia has ratified several international conventions, including, among others: • Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas (Marine Life Conservation). Objectives: Solve the problem of preservation of biological resources in the high seas through international collaboration with the consideration that the use of modern technology for the exploitation of resources in excess will cause harm to these resources.
23 • Convention on Biological Diversity, for parties to require the environmental assessment of their proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse impacts on biological diversity with a view of avoiding or minimizing such impacts; • Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1972). Indonesia has International agreement to make controlling the continuous encroachment of wetland in the present and future, to recognize the basic ecological functions of wetlands follows the economic, cultural, scientific, and recreation. • Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (1972). Indonesia has international agreement to control of marine pollution due to accumulation of waste and other materials and to encourage regional agreements to complement the Convention; London Convention come into effect in 1996. • Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, in 1998, and subsequent protocol and amendments, for parties to take appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse impacts likely to arise from human activities that will/likely modify the ozone layer. • Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (MARPOL). Indonesia ratified international agreement to conserve the marine environment / marine pollution by banning oil and other hazardous substances and disposal of hazardous substances to suppress levels that do inadvertently (e.g. due to accidents). • Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989). Indonesia has ratified international agreement to reduce cross-country movement of waste in accordance with the minimum limit of the Convention in order to create an environmentally friendly waste management and efficient; reducing toxicity of waste generated and to ensure that environmental management is the basis for resource development. • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Indonesia has ratified international agreement to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere as low as possible in order to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate. • Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Indonesia has ratified international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting national programs in developed countries aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and determine the percentage of reduction targets for developed countries. • Indonesia ratified the Paris Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance in October 2016.
E. National Institutional Framework 141. The following table gives a review of the administrative units at national, provincial and district level and an evaluation of their capacity for implementing national laws and ADB requirements.
Table 7: National Institutional Framework
CAPACITY IN IMPLEMENTING CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION NATIONAL LAWS AND ADB NEEDS REQUIREMENTS National level
24 CAPACITY IN IMPLEMENTING CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION NATIONAL LAWS AND ADB NEEDS REQUIREMENTS Has understanding on ADB Ministry of requirements. Fostering to the Has full capacity as regulator for Environment and provincial and district level environmental management. Forestry regarding environmental monitoring. Has enough capacity. There is the Minister’s Improve duties and function to Ministry of Mineral Expert Staff for Environmental and Spatial, manage and monitor Resources and and Sub Directorate of Electrification and environmental compliance of Energy Environmental Protection under projects under DG of Environmental and Technical Directorate. Electrification, MoMRE Has enough capacity. There is Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Directorate with task on prevention and protection of conservation area and biodiversity, Ministry of Maritime including management authority of CITES; Improve coordination with related Affairs and Costal Utilization Directorate with function of institutions, concerning Fisheries pollution prevention and climate change environmental mitigation. adaptation. In addition, there is section of Environmental Revitalization under sub directorate of Environmental Regulation. Improve coordination with related Ministry of There is sub directorate of environment, institutions, concerning Agriculture water conservation and climate. environmental mitigation. Provincial level Provincial There is a division of Environmental Impact Improve function of Environmental Assessment and Environmental Planning environmental monitoring and Agency Division. supervision. Has no capacity: in East Nusa Tenggara Province, there is Environmental Protection Section which only under Mining Sector; Provision a unit that responsible Provincial Mineral there is no environmental management to the implementation and Resource and section under Energy Utilization and environmental monitoring, Energy Service Electrical Sector. In East Kalimantan especially under Energy Province, there is Geology Environment and Utilization and Electrical Sector. Ground Water Section under Mineral Resources and Geology. Provincial Maritime There is no section or division that relate to Provision a unit that responsible Affairs and environmental management and to the implementation and Fisheries Service monitoring. environmental monitoring. There is no section or division that relate to Provision a unit that responsible Provincial environmental management and to the implementation and Agriculture Service monitoring. environmental monitoring. Provincial Improve coordination on As coordinating agency among related Development environmental monitoring, organizations/institutions in provincial level. Planning Agency among provincial institutions. District level District Improve function of Environmental There is a division of AMDAL & UKL/UPL environmental monitoring and Agency (DEA) supervision. District Mineral Mostly there no section or division that relate Improve coordination with related Resource and to environmental management and institutions, concerning Energy Service monitoring. environmental mitigation. District Maritime Mostly there no section or division that relate Improve coordination with related Affairs and to environmental management and institutions, concerning Fisheries Service monitoring. environmental mitigation.
25 CAPACITY IN IMPLEMENTING CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION NATIONAL LAWS AND ADB NEEDS REQUIREMENTS Mostly there no section or division that relate Improve coordination with related District Agriculture to environmental management and institutions, concerning Service monitoring. environmental mitigation. District Improve coordination on As coordinating agency among related Development environmental monitoring, organizations/institutions in district level. Planning Agency among district institutions.
F. Gaps between national requirements and international standards 142. The legal framework of the Republic of Indonesia does essentially correspond with the international regulations and safeguards. Gaps however do exist in enforcement of the regulations. There is still a considerable lack of institutional capacities for implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 143. In general, the ADB’s SPS requirements regarding environmental assessment and Indonesian national legal requirements address the same topics. However, ADB’s SPS requirements regarding environmental assessment are more detailed than Indonesian national legal requirements, for example in the following areas: (i) Identifying gender impacts and impacts on vulnerable groups within Identification of socioeconomic impacts (ii) Considering of the no-project alternative (iii) The legal framework for EMP does not appear to require detailed information on proposed mitigation measures beyond references to “form” and “location” (iv) The legal framework requires monitoring plans but does not appear to specify reporting requirements (v) The legal framework references the “environmental management institution” as a component of EMP but does not appear to require a description of institutional or organizational arrangements. (vi) The legal framework does not appear require the EMP to specify proposed capacity development and training measures. (vii) The legal framework does not appear to require the EMP to specify its cost estimates. (viii) The legal framework does not appear require the EMP to address significant harm to third parties nor does it require application of the polluter pays principle (ix) The legal framework explicitly requires that NGOs be included in the consultation process (x) There are no requirements regarding corrective actions or disclosure of monitoring reports in the legal framework. (xi) The Indonesian legal framework does not directly define the areas of “critical habitat” apart from various categories of protected areas. However, the prohibitions applicable to protected areas reference “environmental function” unless otherwise defined, can be presumed to include habitat protection. The biodiversity guidelines for effective implementation of legislation are vague with much left to discretion. This appears to be a gap in legislation and capacity, and the Project EIA/IEE will have to follow ADB SPS 2009 and IFC Policies and Guidelines to address this gap. (xii) The Indonesian legal framework does not generally prohibit significant conversion or degradation of natural habitat outside of formally designated protected areas, but makes this subject to alternatives assessment, cost- benefit analysis or mitigation requirements.
26 (xiii) The use of a precautionary approach to develop and manage natural resources is not explicitly mentioned in the Indonesian legal framework.
144. Summing up these considerations it appears that legal provisions of Indonesia’s safeguards country system are general in compliance with the requirements of ADB SPS 2009. The national requirements are fully or partially equivalent to the policy principles and key elements of ADB SPS 2009. However, the existing practice of implementation and enforcement of these provisions needs a substantial support.
27 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
A. Project setting
1. Project location 145. The planned Kaltim Peaker 2 will be located in the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex at the bank of the Mahakam river, approximately 1 km west of Tanjung Batu Village. Administratively the Tanjung Batu power plant complex is located at Tanjung Batu Village, Tenggarong Sebrang district, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, about 25 km from the province capital Samarinda. 146. The project site is part of a 171 ha wide area owned by PLN. 20 ha at the northernmost part close to the bank of the Mahakam river are enclosed by fences and used for the existing power plants and related facilities such as substation, control room, storage facilities and office buildings. Security personnel guard the complex around the clock. 147. The project site for Kaltim Peaker 2 is directly bordering the existing Kaltim Peaker 1 site and the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area in the North. Figure 1: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), bordering the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker site and the Tanjung Batu Power Complex area in the North.
Temporary jetty Existing jetty
Existing access road Tanjung Batu Village
Tanjung Batu PP
Kaltim Peaker 1 Extension access road
Kaltim Peaker 2
148. Figure 2 depicts the boundary of 171 ha PLN land. It is observe that the overall project site is of rectangular shape and the plot boundary extends more than 500 m from the site fence on all three directions except north where it extends to Mahakam river.
28 Figure 2: Boundary of 171ha PLN land housing the Tanjung Batu Power Complex
149. A coal fire power plant Cahaya Fajar Kaltim (CFK) having an installed capacity of 110 MW is located at 2 km NNE of the Project location. The Tanjung Batu village thus falls approximately in the middle of the two power plant in the oppositie direction. The location of CFK as seen from the jetty of Tanjung Batu power complex is presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Location of a coal fired power plant in a distance of 2 km upstream the existing Kaltim power plant complex
29 2. The project site 150. Five hectares of the 171 ha wide PLN area in the south will be used for the Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant site. One more hectare will be used outside the power plant site for the extension of the western access road and the temporary jetty. All land which will be used for the project is property of PLN and there is no need to acquire additional land. The property boundary of PLN extends more than 500 m from the fence on the east (towards Tanjung Batu village) and above 700m towards south beyond the PLN staff housing 1 and 2. On the west the property boundary extends about 600m from the fence. 151. The northern part of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site, about one quarter of the total plant site area, is a built-up area with two abandoned semi-permanent site office buildings, a small prayer hall and a toilet building previously used by the contractor that built Kaltim Peaker 1. These structures will be demolished at the beginning of the construction works. 152. About three quarters of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site is presently covered by secondary bush- and grassland with a few small trees interspersed (Figure 4). This land is not used by local residents but the site is already under heavy influence from human activities (disturbed soils, noise pollution, traffic, moving persons). Some other features including nearby buildings to the site are pesented in Figure 4. Figure 4: Location of the planned project site Kaltim Peaker 2 (marked in yellow), bordering the existing Kaltim 1 Peaker site and the Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex area in the North
30 Figure 5: View from the top of the Diesel tank within the Kaltim Peaker 1 site to the neighbouring Kaltim Peaker 2 site. At the left side of the picture, at the other side of the fence, the abandoned office buildings can be seen and in the far background the school building.
3. Access to the project site 153. The project site can be reached by plane via a local transit flight from Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, located in Balikpapan, to the Temindung Airport in Samarinda. 154. The project site can be reached from Jakarta (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport) through Balikpapan (Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, flight time 2 hours 15 minutes) and 124 km land travel to Samarinda (± 3 hours). From Samarinda the project location can be reached by land transportation over a distance of 25 km. Access road from the airport to the site is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6: Access from/to Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Airport, Balikpapan
31 155. From the Temindung Airport in Samarinda the project site can be reached on the Murinin road in about 50 minutes and the distance is about 25 km (Figure 7). Access includes 15 km of provincial road and 10 km of regency road with ROW 7m. 156. The road conditions are quite good (asphalt road with two lanes) from the airport to the access road leading to the Tanjung Batu complex.
Figure 7: Murinin road from/to Temindung Airport, Samarinda, to/from the Tanjung
157. A tarred access road leads from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex, which will also be used as access road to the new plant site of Kaltim Peaker 2. Extension of the western access road and the temporary jetty will be done for the planned project.
B. Technical Description
1. Existing Tanjung Batu and Kaltim 1 Power Station Complex 158. The Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 Power Station Complex, which is directly adjacent to the planned project site of Kaltim Peaker 2, entered into operation in 2012. The existing power plant complex at the Kaltim site consists essentially of 2 major blocks comprising (Figure 8 and Figure 9): (i) Kaltim 1 (operational): Presently, 2 x 80 MW open cycle gas turbines. There are plans to upgrade the facility to a combined cycle (2 x 80 MW + 80 MW steam cycle). Currently, the facility is only running at 2 x 50 MW on diesel due to limitations with the availability of gas.
(ii) Tanjung Batu (operational): 60 MW combined cycle running as load follower (also running on HSD).
32 Figure 8: Tanjung Batu Power Plant (Combined Cycle Gas Turbines, 60 MW)
Figure 9: Kaltim Peaker 1 Power Plant (Gas Turbines, 160 MW)
159. Two more small rental power plants have to be mentioned here for the sake of completeness, Kaltimex and Menamas. • PLTDMG PT. Kaltimex Energy is a rented gas turbine (operation since July 2008 up to July 2017). Capacity 9.2 MW, CF 80%. Single fuel gas, base load. Gas supply by PT. SEMCO. • PT. Menamas has completed rent in 2016 and was closed down. 160. Both power plants are not considered in the EIA as they will be out of operation before the construction activities for Kaltim Peaker 2 will commence operations.
33 2. Planned Technical Infrastructure for Kaltim Peaker 2
1. Project description 161. The main technical characteristics of the planned project relevant for the environmental assessment are briefly described as follows: MECHANICAL 162. Kaltim Peaker 2 Gas Fired Power Plant (Gas Turbine) will be dual fuel type (based on PLN letter No. 0602/REN.00.01/DIVRET/2015), i.e. using natural gas as primary fuel and HSD fuel oil as secondary fuel. 163. Regarding MOM December 8, 2015, allocated gas for Kaltim GFPP Peaker 2 is 5 MMSCFD from PK 52 Muara Badak, then the gas will be delivered to Tanjung Batu Power Plant through a gas distribution pipeline. The natural gas supply is covered under another project. The pipeline is under construction and will be completed in mid 2019. The interconnection point is from gas distribution pipeline tapping point. The gas from Tanjung Batu Plant Facility will be utilized as a feed gas to Kaltim Peaker 2. 164. The configuration for Kaltim Peaker 2 for gas turbine will be minimum 2 (two) units of gas turbines. ELECTRICAL 165. Busbar capacity shall be upgraded from 1250 A to 4000 A to accommodate all additional power plants that will be connected to Embalut 150 kV S/S. The new Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant shall be connected to the 150 kV grid by overhead conductor. Therefore, it is required to extend the busbar of the existing Embalut substation. In order to ensure that Embalut 150 kV S/S can accommodate all of the existing and the power plant outputs capacity projected for the future, PLN has identified that an upgrading of the existing 150 kV Embalut Busbar with a capacity of 1250 A to 4000 A is needed and should be done with highest priority. CIVIL WORKS 166. The size of the project site of the Kaltim Peaker 2 will be approx. 5 ha. The site will be fenced at the beginning of the construction works. Ground leveling will take place in this area to achieve a Final Ground Level of +10 m MSL, similar to the neighbouring Tanjung Batu Power Plant site.
34 2. Project Layout 167. The proposed civil works are based on the overall plant layout. The new plant will be built at the southernmost corner of the existing compound. The new project and all new project components will be located within the fenced area shown in Figure 10 below. Figure 10: Layout plan of the proposed project Kaltim Peaker 2
Kaltim Peaker 1
35
C. Project Associated facilities 168. For Kaltim Peaker 1, the following project-related infrastructure was already completed: • Access road • Jetty (for diesel) • Compressed natural gas receiving station • Power evacuation lines to the transmission system • Water Intake • Wastewater discharge point
169. The associated facilities for the construction phase comprise: • additional Jetty for material transport north-west of the Kaltim power plant complex • extension of the existing access road west of Kaltim Peaker 1 to Kaltim Peaker 2 (200 x 50 m). 170. A new gas pipeline is currently under construction to supply gas to the existing power plants Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. According to information from PLN the new pipeline will run for most of its length in parallel to an existing gas pipeline. Kaltim Peaker 2 will also be supplied by the new pipeline. The pipeline is under construction and will be completed by middle of 2019. Since the pipeline is being built for supply of gas for already existing plants it is not regarded as an associated facility of Kaltim Peaker 2 and therefore not assessed in this EIA.
Jetty
171. According to information from PLN, the already existing jetty for diesel supply for Kaltim 1 will not be changed or expanded. PLN will be in control of the NG and diesel supply. PLN stated that no additional dredging activities associated with the Kaltim Peaker 2 project are planned in the Mahakam River. Therefore, in the context of the ADB’s SPS 2009 requirements, the jetty is not considered as an associated facility of the project Kaltim Peaker 2. 172. A major part of the heavy construction material and equipment for the Kaltim Peaker 1 was transported by ship and landed at a temporary jetty north-east of the existing power plant complex (Figure 11). This temporary jetty consisted of an artificial bay, which was excavated at the beginning of the construction works for Kaltim Peaker 1, and a jetty grounded on piles. After finalization of the construction works the jetty was dismantled.
36 Figure 11: Excavated bay and remains of the temporary jetty for the disembarkation of construction material for Kaltim Peaker 1.
173. According to information received from the PLN staff during a site visit in March 2017, this temporary jetty will also be used for the material transport for Kaltim Peaker 2. For this purpose, the already existing bay, which has meanwhile been partially filled with sediments, will be excavated and a new temporary jetty will be constructed on piles. The temporary jetty is regarded as a project/associated facility and is a part of this project assessment. Silt curtains will be placed at confluence of artificial bay with the river to minimise sediment flow into the river during construction. 174. After finalization of the construction works for Kaltim Peaker 2, the temporary jetty will be dismantled.
Access Road
175. The already existing, tarred access road to the Kaltim Power plant complex will be used for the construction and operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. Therefore, in the context of SPS 2009 the existing access road does not need to be considered as an associated facility of the project Kaltim Peaker 2. 176. The already existing access road (unpaved, overgrown dirt road) west of the power plant complex, which was used for material transport from the temporary jetty to Kaltim Peaker 1 will be extended by about 200 m. This road extension will take place in a swamp area. The filling material for the road extension will come from the levelling works of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site. Within this site there is presently a hill of about 15 m height. The road extension is regarded as a project/associated facility and will be part of this project assessment. 177. After finalization of the construction works for Kaltim Peaker 2, the access road including the extension will be abandoned and reclaimed.
Power supply, power evacuation and substation
178. Power supply during construction will be provided through the existing infrastructure from the Kaltim Peaker 1 site.
37 179. The already existing power line for the evacuation of power from the operating Kaltim 1 Peaker will also be used for the power evacuation of Kaltim 2 Peaker. There will not be any requirement for additional stringing as the exisitng transmission line has adequate capacity for power evacuation for all three plants at Tanjung Batu power compex. . PLN also confirmed that the electrical transmission towers will not be changed. Thus, the power line is not considered as an associated facility of the project Kaltim 2 Peaker.
Fuel Supply
Existing Gas and HSD delivery system to Kaltim Peaker 1: 180. Originally gas for the Tanjung Batu power plant complex has been delivered by VICO Indonesia (Virginia Indonesia Company, LLC)4 using a ± 55 km overland pipeline from the Semberah gas field. Since 2013 gas production has declined so the existing power plants are mostly using HSD (Figure 11). 181. HSD is delivered every 4 days by a 6,000 dwt tanker through a jetty on the Mahakam riverbank and stored in fuel tanks on the complex. The minimum water depth at the jetty is 6.5 m. Future gas and HSD delivery system: 182. To secure gas supply for both the existing plants and the planned power plant Kaltim Peaker 2, PLN is building a new gas pipeline Badak Export Manifold (BEM) - Electricity Centre Tanjung Batu of ca. 55 km, which is crossing 2 Local Government areas (Kutai Regency and Municipality of Samarinda). The pipeline uses the ROW of the existing pipelines of VICO and Pertamina EP. Figure 12: Existing gas receiving facilities
183. The new pipeline to supply gas to the already existing power plant complex at Kaltim and the Kaltim Peaker 2 is now under construction and is expected to be completed by middle of 2019. Kaltim Peaker 2 will consume only a fraction of the gas, as the other plants will run as load follower, while Kaltim Peaker 2 is a peak load plant with a lower capacity factor. 184. As the new gas pipeline is already under construction to supply gas to existing power plants, in the context of the SPS 2009, this new gas pipeline is not considered as an associated facility of Kaltim Peaker 2 and will not be assessed under this project. The due diligence report for the existing facilities addresses the monitoring of compliance by PLN as
4 VICO Indonesia or Virginia Indonesia Company, LLC (VICO) has been operating the Sanga-Sanga Production Sharing Contract (PSC), which is located in the Kutai Basin of East Kalimantan and covers an area of approximately 1,700 square kilometers, for more than 40 years. It has produced more than 12,6 TCF of gas and 0.4 billion barrels of liquid from the production fields in Badak, Mutiara, Semberah, Nilam, Pamaguan, Lampake and Beras. As the gas coordinator and operator of the East Kalimantan Pipeline Network system, VICO is responsible for over 1,000 km of pipelines, ranging in diameter from 6” to 42”, and for the transportation of almost 2 BCF of gas per day. Source: VICO Indonesia official website
38 per the national environemntal regulations during the construction of the new gas pipeline. However, the safety of the existing gas supply will be assessed in the framework of an independent safety audit to be commissioned by PLN once draft DED is available for Kaltim Peaker 2. The safety audit will assess the fire and explosion risk of existing facilities (gas supply, HSD storage at Kaltim Peaker 1) and proposed facilities (HSD storage). The audit shall be submitted to PLN and ADB for review prior to approval of the DED. 185. A new HSD backup storage facility will be established on the site of the Kaltim Peaker 2. The EPC contractor will be responsible for the design of the HSD storage facility including complete instrummentation and control systems. The storage system will consist of an HSD storage for 7 days operation, and one day tank for 1 day operation. The tanks will be designed in accordance with AP 650 and will include reinforced concrete foundation supported by piles, reinfroced concrete dike wall, oil separator. Oil leakage from the HSD tank to the tank dike will be drained via an oil separator. The tanks will be equiped with at least 3 fire detecting devices, with alrm to be transmitte to the fire protection panel in the central control room.
Water supply and wastewater discharge
186. No quantitative figures regarding water demand and wastewater effluents have been provided in the available documents and the following figures have been estimated based on previous, comparable projects. 187. Water supply. With a diesel fired turbine system the water demand for Kaltim Peaker 2 is estimated to be 50 m3/d for process water and 12.5 m3/day for domestic use. This water consumption is due to the injection of cooling water into the combustion chamber to reduce the temperature within the chamber and thus the formation of NOx. The process water will be abstracted from the existing intake at the Mahakam River and will be treated (demineralized) prior to storage in an elevated storage tank to be estbalished on the site. The existing raw water facilities will be upgraded to accommodate the requirement for Kaltim Peaker 2. Due to low volume of supply this can be achived by adding pumping capacity to exiting facilities. The EPC contractor, as part of its DED, will conduct a water supply study, including assessment of the existing intake facility to confirm adequate supply capacity and design complying with EHS Guidelines. In case an extension is required, the EPC contractor will identify modifications in its DED. The modifications will be based on survey works to provide sufficient data on bathymetry, tidal levels, ecology, river temperature and others for design of intake structures. The requirement is defined in the draft bidding documents for the EPC contract. 188. During preparation of this EIA, both the process water and sewage treatment systems of Kaltim Peaker 1 were inspected. The efluent monitoring results were examined and found to comply with relevant discharge standards. The following figure shows the oil trap at the west side of the Tanjung Batu power plant. Similar arrangement will be followed for Kaltim Peaker 2 that will use separate treatment facilities for the process wastewater domestic wastewater. 189. Process wastewater. The used water will be channeled to compact treatment facility to be established on site. The facility will include an oil screen and will undergo physio- chemical treamtent comprising oil/grease trap, bar screen, grit chamber, sedimentation pond, equalization pond (coagulation-flocculation), pH neutralization before its return to the river. 190. Domestic wastewater. The domestic wastewater effluent from the Kaltim Peaker 2 is estimated to be up to 10 m3/d. This amount will result from general services and drinking and washing water for the power plant staff and generation of sewage. A new on-site wastewater treatment facility will be established to treat the domestic wastewater, consisting of a pre- treatment (settling) tank, and anaerobic/aerobic treatment step (with sludge recirculation), and an absorption field. Prior to the design of the absorpotion field, the EPC contractor will perform percolation test to determine the absoportion rate. This requirement is defined in the
39 draft BD for the EPC contract. The treated wastewater will be discharged via the already existing infrastructure of Kaltim Peaker 1. 191. Storm water including oily wastewater from floor washing and other processes will be collected and pre-treated in oil separators before being discharged into the swamp area and the Mahakam river. Figure 13: Oil trap at the west side of the Tanjung Batu power plant
Hazardous waste
192. The hazardous waste storage and management facilities were examined during site vist. Tanjung Batu power plant has already a permitted storage house, with sealed concrete floor and surrounding wall . The permit is valid for all types of hazardous wastes on site and a legally-compliant approach for its handling, transportation, and disposal. The existing system and facilities for handling and disposing hazardous waste is also used for Kaltim Peaker 1 (Figure 14 and 15). According to information from PLN, Kaltim Peaker 2 will use the same system whcih appears to have sufficient spare capacity. During the site visit, minor damage was observed in drains from the oil storage area to oil catchpit. PLN will repair this and will inspect the facility for any such damage in future during routine check up. The following figure shows the hazardous waste storage facility at the western side of the power plant complex.
Figure 14: Hazardous waste storage and management facility at Tanjung Batu power plant complex
40 Figure 15: Storage of hazardous waste at Tanjung Batu power plant complex Substation
193. The existing substation will be upgraded by changing the Busbar from 1,250 A to 4,000 A.
Other facilities to be established
194. The Kaltim Peaker 2 will also include other buildings and facilities, most importantly:
a) The new fully insulated and air-conditioned central control room; b) An emergency HSD generator building including fuel oil tanks; c) Workshop and warehouse; d) A central laboratory, which will be equiped with laboratory facilities to conduct water and wastewater analysis, gas fuel analysis, lubricating and insulating oil analysis, exhaust gas analysis; e) Automatic fire protection, gas detection and alarm system; f) Continuous exhaust gas monitoring system, noise monitoring system. g) Guard house, mosque;
Construction infrastructure
195. The worker camp for Kaltim Peaker 2 will be located within the fenced project site. Excavated material will be stored and used to the extent possible on site. Excavated material that is not suitable as fill material will be hauled and transport to and disposed of into a spoil area off the Project Site. The site shall be proposed by the EPC contractor as part of its DED, subject to approval of local environmental protection authorities. Solid waste generated during construction will be collected, sotred on site in appropriate storage facilities, and transported off site to approved disposal facilities. No on-site landfilling will be allowed. This is specified in the draft BD for the EPC contract. Hazardous waste during construction will be collected and sorted separately on site in approved facilities, and will be removed from the site to approved hazardous waste disposal facilities by a licesne waste transportation company. Materail Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) will be used to identfy chemicals and other hazardous substances and to warn workers from hazards.
3. Summary of project associated facilities
196. The following table summarizes the environmentally relevant project associated facilities and their present status.
41 Table 8: Summary of the main project facilities Project component Kaltim Peaker 2 Gas pipeline and Existing Compressed natural gas receiving station (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1) Access road east of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site Long existing and no modification Access road extension west of the Kaltim Peaker 2 site Planned project associated facility Power evacuation lines Existing (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1) Diesel jetty north-east of the power plant complex Existing (shared with others) Temporary jetty north-west of the power plant complex Planned project associated facility Water intake for water suppy Existing (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1) Wastewater discharge line for treated effluent discarge Existing (shared with Kaltim Peaker 1)
197. The existing related facilities for Kaltim 1 (and partly Tanjung Batu) like water intake and effluent discharge systems, access road, jetty (for diesel), natural gas receiving station, and power evacuation lines to the island grid system) will also be used for Kaltim Peaker 2. They are therefore not considered as associated facilities of the project Kaltim Peaker 2 in the context of SPS 2009.
198. Beside the temporary jetty and the extension of the western access road there are no associated facilities outside the power plant site for Kaltim Peaker 2 which have to be considered in this impact assessment. 199. The existing infrastructure at the Tanjung Batu Power Station and Kaltim Peaker 1 will be used and eventually accommodated for Kaltim Peaker 2. These modifications will be executed within already existing facilities and no relevant environmental impacts are expected from these modifications.
D. Project variants 200. At the time when the EIA process for this project began, the bidding documents were already being compiled. At that time decisions about the project location and the project technology (dual fired power plant NG - HSD) had already been made. 201. In the bidding documents many decisions about detailed planning and construction lay within the responsibility of the EPC contractor and remain unclear at the present planning stage. 202. For these reasons the possibilities for the environmental planners to participate in the planning process and to coordinate with the technical planners were quite limited in this specific planning case. However for noise impacts, where noise control on existing as well as planned power plants is necessary, the EIA provides detailed recommendation on noise control measures and makes it binding on the contractor to follow the recommnedend or equivalent noise control measures. This fills the key gap on design aspects of the proposed power plant. 203. In case there was more than one technical possibility, worst case scenarios were assumed for impact forecast and assessment, following the usual procedures of international financing agencies. Mitigation measures were then built around to ensure that ADB SPS requirements are complied with.
1. No-Project Option Scenario and Analysis of Alternatives 204. The planned Kaltim Peaker 2 project is just one piece in PLN’s planning in order to achieve a sufficient and reliable energy supply in Eastern Kalimantan. Without this project there will be a delay on the way to reaching this target.
42 205. The already existing Tujang Batu power plant complex and especially the coal fired power plant north-east of Tanjung Batu village already lead to a decline of the previously rich natural environment and also the human environment of the wider project area. 206. On this background the additional impacts resulting from the planned project, other than noise, are a negligible addition to the already existing and ongoing impacts from the operation of the already existing power energy infrastructure in the project area of influence. In relation to noise, additional noise mitigation measures have been recommended to reduce the noise impacts of existing plants on sensitive receptors. Suitable noise control measures have been recomemnded for Kaltim Peaker 2 to bring down the cumulative impacts on noise to levels compliant with national as well as internation policies. With respect to analysis of alternatives for such a small peaker plant gas firing mode is most environmental friendly and cost effective. The site does not have potential for commercial exploitation of wind energy. Solar energy with out large battery storage can not play the role of peaking stations besides it needs large land area. Since use of planned transmission system was one of key economic reason to select the present site, solar energy was not a feasible option due to land constraint at the site. Gas turbines was the most suitable option to add a peaking capacity at Kaltim and was selected.
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V. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
A. Physical environment 207. Environmental components of the physical environment considered in this EIA are topography, geology and soils, seismicity, water, climate, air, and noise.
1. Topography District 208. The topography of Kutai Kartanegara District consists of coastal and inland regions (Figure 14). The beach areas in the eastern district are in a height of 0-7 meters above sea level (masl). The total range of the beach area is 724,566 hectares or 26.58% of the district. 209. Areas with an altitude above sea level (7-25 m) cover 988,774 hectares or 36.63% of the district. This region is flat to gently sloping, hence sometimes partly inundated. However, ground water level is high enough from agricultural wetlands. With a height of more than 25 m above sea level the rest of the land area is about 1.00297 million hectares or 36.79% of the district. 210. Areas that can be developed for aquaculture have a low inclination and a height between 7-25 m above sea level, especially in areas along the Mahakam river basin. Project site 211. The project site of the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 is located on the banks of the Mahakam River with a quite plain topography beside one . 15 m high hill, which is partially located within the project site. 212. West of the project site there is a swamp area, which is 2 - 3 m lower than the project site.
2. Geology and Soil 213. Geological Structure and Regional Land Areas at Study Site of Kaltim- 2 Gas Fired Power Plant (Peaker) are shown in Figure 15 and presented in Table 9. District 214. The Geological structure of Kutai Kartanegara Regency in the east i.e. the beach area and surrounding low areas, supposedly dates back between Tertiary to Quaternary. Comprehensive geological formation that above 10% is a formulation of Alluvium and Pemaluan Beds.
44 Table 9: Various Types of Geological Formations No. Geological Formulation Spacious (km2) Percentage (%) 1. N. A 41.800,13 43,98 2. Alluvium 17.713,38 18,64 3. Young Vulcanic (Effusive) 261,17 0,27 4. Dumarin Beds (Limestone) 280,76 0,29 5. Kampung Baru Beds 1.658,42 1,74 6. Balikpapan Beds 3.062,20 3,22 7. Pulaubalang Beds 5.203,79 5,47 8. Pamaluan Beds 3.750,83 18,37 9. Paleogene 3.845,71 3,95 10. Pratertier 3.845,71 4,05 (Source: Agriculture and Horticulture Agency Kutai Kartanegara, 2010) 215. Table 10 below presents the various soil types of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The soil type is the most widespread of yellow-red podzolic complex types, latosol, and litosol the extensive reach 53,689.86 km2 or 54.49% of the area of the district. Table 10: Various Types of Soil Soil Types Spacious (km2) Percentage (%) Organosol Gley Humus 7.926,48 8,34 Alluvial 4.002,41 4,21 Latosol 2.180,76 2,76 Complex, Podzolic Yellow Red, Latosol 53.689,86 54,49 and Litosol Podzolic Yellow Red 27.246,47 28,66 (Source: Agriculture and Horticulture Agency Kutai Kartanegara, 2010)
Project site 216. Stratigraphically, unit at the project site are young alluvial deposits since the Holocene age with a still ongoing sedimentation process. 217. The project site material consists of coast and river sediments with loose clay, silt, sand, and gravel.
45
Figure 16: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency
46 Figure 17: Geological map of the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, Section Kaltim area
Figure 18: Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia
(Source:http://geology.about.com/od/seishazardmaps/ss/World-Seismic-Hazard-Maps.htm#step18)
218. The largest Part of Kalimantan, including the project area belongs to a zone with low seismic hazard risks (Figure 17). The risk of plant damage due to earthquake therefore is considered low. The contractor however is to include structural safety features in structural design commensurate with the seismic risk of the project site.
47 219. The EPC contractor, as basis for the DED, will be required to conduct a comprehensive, site-specific seismic hazard study including liquefaction study. The requirement is defined in the draft BD for the EPC contract.
3. Surface water District 220. The hydrology potential of the Kutai Kartanegara District is immense due to the flow of the Mahakam River and its tributaries. The water from the huge catchment area follows Mahakam River and its tributaries and passes forest areas on its way to the sea. The main socio-economic significance of Mahakam River is providing water supply and fish for residents, and in deeper river parts also regional water transport possibilities. Project area 221. In spite of the fact that the project area is almost 100 km upstream the river mouth the average water level of the Mahakam river is around 2 m above sea level. The project area is still within the tidal range. From the result of site investigations (Feasibility Study, PLN 2016), the tidal study shows that the depth of the Mahakam river at the lowest point of LLWL to river bed is less than 40 cm (in coordinate X;505985,809 and Y;9957973,083; -2,4 m MSL). Due to its distance from coast, there is no risk of Tsunami wave impacting the project site. The high water level in the river is 4 m below the planned project site level, so that flooding risk is also very low. As part of the DED, the EPC contractor will be required to conduct a detailed site assessment including flood risk assessment to ensure that project facilities have adequate provisions to respond to potential floods. 222. Based on site investigation documents, water quality samples were taken from the Mahakam River at two sampling points, one upstream and one downstream of the Kaltim power plant complex. Sampling was conducted monthly. 223. Monitoring results from September 2015 to June 2016 show that Fe has exceeded 0.3 mg/l for all periods (0.434 – 1.243 mg/L). TSS has exceeded 50 mg/L (monitoring results reach 210.2 mg/L). Excess of TSS and Fe in the surface water exists both up- and downstream of the plant. Coal barge activity for a coal-fired power plant in a distance of 2 km upstream the Tanjung Batu complex could be considered as a reason. Other parameters have fulfilled the water quality standards. The results of the water quality measurements for surface water are shown below (Table 10 ). The effluent monitoring results for Tanjung Batu power complex for Fe indicate compliance (no exceedance of standard) of Fe standards of 3 mg/l but exceedance for TSS limits of 50 mg/l. However, due to low volume of effluent discharge (less that 10 m3/day), it can be concluded that the plant effluents do not contribute to elevated levels of iron or TSS in the river.
4. Ground water 224. Table 11 below gives a survey about the ground water quality in the wider project area. Beside relatively high Nitrate values, which may have natural reasons, the ground water quality is good. The Nitrate levels are though well below the national drinking water standards of 10 mg/l and the ground water can be used for drinking after chlorination. 225. According to the Feasibility Study (PLN 2016), the ground water level within the project site is about 2 m below the surface level. No specific data regarding ground water quality within the project site had been available. From the general inclination of the terrain it can be concluded that the general flow direction of the ground water is from south to north, i.e. from the Kaltim Peaker 2 site to the existing power plants and further on to Mahakam River. At the southern and south-western part a swamp borders the project site area. As no pollution source could be identified upstream the Kaltim Peaker 2 site it is assumed that the ground water within the site is natural and not contaminated.
48 Table 11: Summary of water quality measurements from the semi-annual monitoring Reports for the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex (average values)
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Table 12: Mahakam river water quality data from the semi-annual monitoring Reports for the Tanjung Batu
5. Climate 226. Tenggarong District, Kutai Regency is a tropical region with two seasons, a rainy and a dry season. District 227. The maximum annual rainfall is 2,894.90 mm is quite high, and, together with the tropical climate and fertile soils favourable for agriculture. The average monthly rainfall is 111 mm and the average daily rainfall 11 mm shown in Table 13. Table 13: Rainfall and Rainy Day by Month
No. Month Rainfall (mm) Rainy Day (hh) 1 January 243 22 2 February 158 12 3 March 197 13 4 April 99 17 5 May 38 15 6 June 224 17 7 July 74 6 8 August 54 5 9 September 0 0 10 October 23 5 11 November 72 13 12 December 153 9 Monthly/daily average 111.25 11 (Source: District of Tenggarong Seberang in Figures, 2016)
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228. The yearly average air temperature is 22.6°C. The relative humidity in the district ranges from 43.0% up to 99.2%. 229. Dominant wind direction in the region is from North-West with the maximum wind speed of ± 22.9 knots (Kaltim 2, Gas Fired Power Plant (Peaker), PLN 2016). Project area 230. Figure 18 presents the wind rose for the simulated year 2016 at the project site. It shows that the prevailing winds blow from northwest (NW), north (N), and northeast (NE), while most of the receptors are located to the northeast (NE) and south (S) of the plant. The wind rose also indicates that the more frequent wind speed is around 3 m/sec, which is equivalent, in the Beaufort scale, to the level “light breeze”. Figure 19: Wind rose for the year 2016 as simulated with the model WRF
6. Ambient Air Quality
231. Air quality measurements are regularly undertaken in the area for purposes of reporting to the authorities. The measurements are made once per semester in 3 locations: • In front of the existing Plant’s Office; • At the housing complex of the existing Plant workers; • At Tanjung Batu Village.
232. The summarized results are shown in Table 13 as averages for the period 2014-2016 and for all locations. The measured concentrations correspond to 1-hour average and have limited utility in defining the baseline air quality. Table 14: 1-hourly average air quality during 2014-2016 (All values are in (µg/m3)
CO SO2 NO2 TSP
2284 25 32.6 63
233. Due to lack of adequate baseline air quality data, as a part of this EIA, air quality survey for 21 days was organised in the project area. The survey was conducted in two batches, June
51 6 to June 12 for 7 days followed by June 25-July 8 for 14 days, the dry season in Indonesia. The air samples for all parameters were taken for 24 hours at three locations (Figure 20). The monitored air quality parameters and their measured concentrations are presented in Table 14: i) Tanjung Batu Village (Receptor 1); ii) The staff housing 1 (HS1, Receptor 3); iii) A remote location near Receptor 7
Figure 20: Air Quality Monitoring Locations (TB Village, HS1 nd AQM-R7)
234. The air quality data indicates relatively stable values of NO2 and SO2 but significant fluctuations in PM10 concentrations. Higher variation in PM10 compared to gaseaous pollutants are expected as anthropogenic activities could have more pronounced impacts on PM10. It is observed that the gaseaous pollution as well particulates are significantly low at housing colony and Tanjung Batu village, in comparison to remote location R7. R7 though is in proximity to a road and it is possible that transport related emissions could influence the air quality observations. R7 therefore has not been considered in defining the baseline for the project airshed. For interpreation of modelling results therefore Tanjung Batu village and staff housing colony 1 are considered to determine the baseline quality in the airshed and the 3 3 3 average values at the two locations – 39 µg/m for PM10, 11 µg/m for SO2 and 4 µg/m for NO2 are considered as quantitative representation of baseline for 24 hourly averages. For 1 3 hourly average for NO2,, 2.5 times of 24 hourly average i.e. 10 µg/m is considered as baseline value in the airshed.
235. It is though noteworthy that occasionally at the monitoring stations, PM10 as well as SO2 values exceed the 24 hourly average guideline values of WHO. These values have been highlighted in ‘blue‘ in Table 15. Due to these occasional exceedance of WHO GL values, the project airshed is considered as degraded for PM10 and SO2. For NO2, though, the highest 24 hourly average value of 12.3 µg/m3 is recorded at the staff housing colony which by using
52 a multiplication factor of 2.5 to obtain hourly average value, translates to 30.75 µg/m3. This 3 value is much below the WHO GL of one hourly average of 200 µg/m for NO2. The airshed for NO2 therefore is considered as non-degraded. 5 Table 15: 24-hourly average air quality during the baseline survey (June-July, 2018) PM10 (µg/m3) SO2 (µg/m3) NO2(µg/m3)6
Date Staff Tanjung Staff Tanjung Staff Tanjung Housing Batu Remote Housing Batu Remote Housing Batu Remote colony Village Location colony Village Location colony Village Location 6-Jun 11.6 5.4 81.4 2.9 16.7 19.1 2.9 1.8 13.8 7-Jun 21.1 42.7 75.7 3.1 12.8 16.1 3.1 2.3 15.0 8-Jun 20.3 47.2 103.5 3.1 17.5 15.1 3.1 1.9 12.1 9-Jun 24.7 57.4 106.7 2.5 14.3 11.9 2.5 2.3 14.2 10-Jun 7.4 10.0 94.5 4.7 15.8 14.2 4.7 2.0 16.7 11-Jun 15.5 21.5 105.5 4.8 15.8 14.9 4.8 2.7 15.7 12-Jun 13.3 23.9 90.8 5.0 18.2 16.7 5.0 2.8 14.2 25-Jun 56.0 4.0 64.0 3.0 15.7 18.8 3.0 2.3 13.8 26-Jun 55.0 71.0 132.0 3.0 16.5 16.5 3.0 2.1 14.9 27-Jun 43.0 61.0 100.0 2.6 15.0 15.9 2.6 2.0 11.8 28-Jun 48.0 69.0 75.0 1.9 14.1 14.1 1.9 2.1 15.3 29-Jun 47.0 49.0 164.0 5.3 13.4 14.9 5.3 2.3 17.7 30-Jun 55.0 41.0 121.0 5.0 16.5 14.9 5.0 2.8 15.6 1-Jul 74.0 72.0 77.0 3.8 14.2 17.2 3.8 2.9 15.3 2-Jul 45.0 51.0 124.0 9.8 18.2 30.9 9.8 3.5 13.9 3-Jul 32.0 5.0 85.0 7.3 22.2 31.7 7.3 1.9 14.9 4-Jul 55.0 3.0 116.0 6.0 22.9 29.3 6.0 3.0 13.0 5-Jul 50.0 4.0 85.0 8.5 20.6 30.1 8.5 1.8 12.1 6-Jul 62.0 4.0 90.0 12.3 19.8 28.5 12.3 4.0 17.8 7-Jul 56.0 5.0 103.0 7.7 22.2 31.6 7.7 4.2 13.3 8-Jul 58.0 139.0 95.0 8.0 20.6 30.1 8.0 3.6 14.5 Average 40.5 37.4 99.5 5.3 17.3 20.6 5.3 2.6 14.5 WHO Std (24 hourly) 50 20 - INO Std (24 hourly) 150 365 150
7. Noise 236. Measurement of noise levels in the monitoring reports was conducted by Sound Level Meter (iTEC Solution Indonesian), and refers to Regulation of the Minister of Environment Regulation No. 48/MENLH/11/1996 about noise level standards. The monitoring locations were Tanjung Batu office yard, PLN staffs housing south of the power plant complex, and Tanjung Batu Village. Table 16 presents the results of the semi-annual noise measurements in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016.
5 Exceedance of applicable WHO standard is marked in Blue. 6 A multification factor of 2.5 is used to have an estimate of hourly concetration values from 24 houry average 3 measurements. Using this factor, hourly NO2 concentrations at any of the locations are below 50 (µg/m ), well within the WHO guideline values of 200(µg/m3) and Indonsean 1 hourly stadards 400(µg/m3).
53 Table 16: Results of the semi-annual noise measurements in the years 2014, 2015, and 2016
PERIOD 2014 PERIOD 2015 PERIOD 2016 State Quality Standards No. CRITERIA SOURCES I II I II I II National*) WHO Industrial 1 Office yard 72.6 59.3 52.2 54.33 48 51.1 70 70 Area PLN Settlement 50.1 61 49.7 49.57 51.2 51.3 Housing 55 day and 55 day; 45 2 and Housing Tj. Batu night night Area 50.2 62.5 51 52.85 42.2 54.3 settlement
*) Minister of Environment Regulation No. 48/MENLH/11/1996, Noise Quality Standards 237. It may be noted that noise measurements presented in Table 15 are insufficient to establish baseline noise conditions, due to short time interval of observations (discussion from PLN staff indicate that these were spot measurements of noise) and also lack of description of time of observation. It is also not clarified at what capacity the plant was operating when observations were made. 238. Considering noise impacts are the most prominent impacts of the project, an additional short survey was conducted by the consultant on 22 February 2018. During this survey observations were made inside the plant as well as at all 5 points of interests (POIs). At the time of observations only Kaltim Peaker 1 was in operation with one turbine running at 60 MW. 239. The noise observations were made with a calibrated hand-held noise meter for a period of 1 minute at “Max Hold” setting for each observation. During the observation if any extraneous noise in the vicinity of point of observation was noticed, such as a vehicle approaching, a person walking past or loud talking, the observation was discarded and noise observation was repeated for another 1 minute. Observation at Tanjung Batu village was made 20 meters away from nearest structure in the direction point to the power plant. 240. As part of the DED, the EPC contractor will be required to conduct a comprehensive operational noise impact assessment, to demonstrate compliance with (i) maximum sound pressure levels at 1m from any point on any item of equipment including valves (85dBA); maximum sound pressure level at site boundary (70 dBA during daytime and 60 dBA during nighttime); and (iii) maximum sound pressure level at nearest sensitive receptor (55 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime), or a maximum increment of 3 dBA should baseline indicate exceedance with the standard. This noise impact assessment will be based on a new baseline noise assessment at key sensitive receptors. This requirement is defined in the draft BD for the EPC contract. 241. Following Table 17 presents the findings of this short survey conducted on February 22 between 14:00 to 16:00 hours. Table 17: Ambient Noise near Plant Site ( February 22, 2018, 14:00 to 16:00) POI Description of POI Noise Level Observation
1 School 54.2-56.9 Incest noise and bird activity caused the noise variations 2 Staff Housing 1 45.2 The staff housing is protected by a hill 3 Staff Housing 2 47.2
4 Farm House 44.2
54 5 Tanjung Batu Village 54 Observation at 20 m outside the village towards plant 6 Main Entrance 67.5 242. It is observed from Table 17, that although at relatively longer distance, Tanjung Batu village is most susceptible to the plant noise. This is due to relatively plane terrain between the plant and the villages which otherwise is significantly undulating. It may be noted that POI1 – the school has not been considered as sensitive receptor in this analysis because decision to shift the school to a distant location has already been taken. The noise levels at the village with plant operating with Kaltim Peaker1 at 50 MW (one turbine) is 54 dB(A), marginally below the national standard for residential areas. 243. The maximum noise levels, at the most susceptible location at the plant boundary (main entrance where security guards are posted) were recorded at 67.5 dBA. Since at the time of operation, the plant was operating at less than half of its generation capacity, it is inferred that at full operations the national noise standards will be exceeded both for residential (55 dB(A)) and industrial land use (70 dB(A)).
B. Natural environment
1. Kutai Kartanegara regency Ecosystem Zones 244. Environmental components of the natural environment considered in this EIA are flora, fauna, habitats, with a special focus on rare, endangered and protected species and habitats. The ecosystem zones in the Kutai Kartanegara regency consist of: • Perepat Pidada Zone (Sonneratia caseolaris-Avicennia Sp) • Mangrove Zone (Rhizophora sp) • Mangrove Transition Zone (perepat, fires, mangroves, tancang) and Nipah • Nipah Zone • Low Salinity Mangrove Forest Zone or Zona Dungun Nibung/Nipah • Mix Freshwater Swamp Forest Zone or Zona Nibung-Waru (oncosperma Hibiscus sp-tilaceus) • Mangrove Density.
2. Mahakam River • The Mahakam River and its surrounding wetlands in the South East of Indonesian Borneo are ecologically important, providing breeding grounds for migrating birds and supporting a number of endangered species. • The Mahakam River is the largest river in East Kalimantan with a catchment area of approximately 77,100km2, and is also home of Indonesia´s population of Irrawaddy 7 8 dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris). • A total of 147 indigenous freshwater fish species had been identified from the Mahakam River. • The Mahakam River hosts 298 bird species, among them 70 protected and four endemic species: Borneo Whistler (Pachycephala hypoxantha), Bornean Paecockpheasant (Polyplectron schleiermacheri), Bornean Blue-Flycatcher (Cyornis 9 superbus), and Bornean Bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala).
7 Irrawaddy dolphin also found at the Sesayap River at Kalimantan Utara Province. 8 http://whitleyaward.org/winners/conserving-indonesias-freshwater-dolphins/ 9 http://broom02.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Mahakam+River&item_type=topic&overlay=1
55 • No protected bird habitat is located within or near the in project area of influence of the planned project.
3. Protected areas and species 245. The District Regulation of Kutai Kartanegara No. 9/2013 regarding the Spatial Planning of Kutai Kartanegara 2013 – 2033, stipulated that the protected forest area of approximately 218,664 hectares includes: • Kembang Janggut subdistrict; • Marang Kayu subdistrict; • Samboja subdistrict; and • Tabang subdistrict. 246. Animal species that live in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency comprise various types of snakes, birds, deer, antelope, bear, bobcat, porcupines, orang utan, etc. The rare, endangered and protected species in the regency comprise: • Bornean Orangutans or Mawas (Pongo pygmaeus) Indonesia: critically endangered, IUCN: critically endangered • Sunda Pangolin or Peusing (Manis javanica) Indonesia: critically endangered, IUCN: critically endangered • Irrawaddy Dolphin – Pesut (Orcaella brevirostris) Indonesia: critically endangered, IUCN: critically endangered for inland Pesut and endangered for coastal Pesut • False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelli) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: vulnerable • Norther Grey Gibbon, Owa-owa or Kaliawat (Hylobates funereus) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: endangered • Proboscis monkey, Bekantan or Kahau (Nasalis larvatus) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: endangered • Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) Indonesia: endangered, IUCN: critically endangered 247. From these species only three species, Proboscis monkey, Irrawaddy dolphin, and the False Gharial have been reported in the wider project area and will therefore be discussed in this EIA Report. More details on these species are provided in Annex H. 248. Figure 21shows the protected areas in the wider surroundings of the planned project according to the Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFCA) of 1998.
56 Figure 21: Protected Areas of Kalimantan
Project site Kaltim
(Source: KEHATI, http://tfcakalimantan.org/)
249. All these protected areas are located far outside, at least 20 km away from the project area of influence. Proboscis Monkey (Long-nosed Monkey, Nasalisis larvatus) 250. Based on information provided by PLN, a small population of 13 Proboscis Monkeys (Bekantan) is living in the forest area west of the PLN Tanjung Batu power plant complex. 251. This forest area, which is marked in red in Figure 22 below, is located within PLN property. It forms the eastern part of a larger Proboscis habitat which also comprises a wider forest area bordering PLN property in the west.
57
Figure 22: Proboscis habitat on PLN property (marked in red)
Likely area of conflict Kaltim Peaker 2
Source: Presentation of Balitek KSDA (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) during an ADB mission to Tanjung Batu in August 2017 (Rencana Kegiatan Restorasi Habitat Bekantan di Areal PT. PLN (Persero), Balitek KSDA. 252. The current presence of the Proboscis monkeys (Bekantan) was confirmed by a field team from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, which visited the site and found traces of the recent presence of Proboscis monkeys within the area marked in red in above. It was also reported by PLN staff that recently an excavator operator has seen one of the Proboscis monkeys while clearing land for the demarcation of the western border of the PLN property. 253. It can be seen from the Figure 20 that at the eastern edge of Proboscis habiat along the Mahakam river, a small gap in river bank vegetation exists (about a 60 m based on a scaled map) beyond which the vegetation continues for about 300m. Though this area is outside the demarkated poboscis habitat by Baitek KSDA, this is the small land area without the natural barrier of swamp between the poboscis habitat and the PLN plant where stray poroboscis individuals could come in conflict with the constructor workers. The EIA investigates this further in later sections and recommends mitigation meaures to avoid and manage such conflict. 254. Proboscis monkeys are endemic to Borneo, and they were originally found in all coastal areas of this island. The following Figure 23 shows the distribution of Proboscis Monkeys in Kalimantan.
58 Figure 23: Proboscis (Nasalis larvatus) – Distribution of this endemic species in Kalimantan
Kaltim Peaker 2
(Source: http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=14352) 255. Proboscis monkeys are categorized as “endangered” (IUCN A2cd, ver. 3.1), listed on CITES Appendix I, and this species is also protected by law throughout its range in Indonesia. In some portions of its range this legal protection suffers from governmental and institutional deficiencies, including lack of conservation funds and knowledge, and poor and inappropriate management10. 256. The habitat of this species west of the Tanjung Batu power plant complex is a natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 1, para. 26 and 28. 257. The Indonesian Proboscis populations range in size from over 1,000 to less than 100, depending on past and current threats11. In total, the Kalimantan population was at least 3,700 - though potentially even more than double that - in 2000. The population in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, which is estimated to have numbered in the thousands up until the early 1990s, has now been decimated mainly due to conversion of the coastal swamps to shrimp farms. Loss of habitats is also caused by an increasing human population with logging, cultivation, and settlement activities. The 1997-1998 Bornean forest fires significantly contributed to the destruction of the remaining habitats of all primate species in Kalimantan.
10 Meijaard, E. and V. Nijman. 2000. Distribution and conservation of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 92: 15–24. 11 Meijaard, E., Nijman, V. & Supriatna, J. 2008. Nasalis larvatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T14352A4434312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14352A4434312.en
59 258. Proboscis species is associated with riparian-riverine forests, coastal lowland forest, including mangroves, peat swamp, and freshwater swamp forest. It is rarely found far from its local habitat's waterway. The species is mostly folivorous and frugivorous, and prefers young leaves and unripen non-fleshy fruits. 259. Proboscis monkeys avoid areas with heavy deforestation, such as agricultural land12. Where there is no hunting, the species can persist in disturbed forests and secondary habitats. 260. The species is relatively lethargic and easily hunted; with little effort entire populations can be hunted to extirpation. Opportunistic hunting of Nasalis larvatus for food occurs; the species is also hunted for bezoar stones, an intestinal secretion used in traditional Chinese medicine. Hunting has been felt most significantly in the Bornean interior, but is increasing in coastal areas13. 261. According to field observations by Boonratana (2009) the home range size of a focal one-male group of Proboscis was 220.5 ha14. This species never entered agricultural lands, nor areas used intermittently as log dumps for logging operations carried out in the area before and during the study. 262. GIS evaluation of a recent satellite map showed, that the local Proboscis group presently seems to survive under already strained conditions with a maximum estimated habitat size of about 25 ha usable forest area, thereof 8 ha located within PLN property. 263. The wide swamp area between the power plant complex and the Proboscis habitat is almost inaccessible and no site specific data about plant or animal species could be collected during the site visits. Theoretically the swamp area could provide habitats for rare and endangered species but due to the year-long influence of the operating power plants only species adapted to those conditions could be nowadays left. Biodiversity experts consulted during the preparation of this EIA indicated that barring Proboscis monkeys, no other redlisted species are likely to be present. Also the project does not have any significant activities that can impact the biodiversity in a negative way. 264. The proven presence of Proboscis monkeys in the forest area west of the Tanjung Batu complex leads to the conclusion that the habitat of this species has to be regarded a natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 1, para. 28. 265. The Proboscis monkey is endemic to the island of Borneo and can be found on all three nations that divide the island: Brunei, Indonesia and Malysia. It is most common in coastal areas and along rivers. This species is restricted to lowland habitats that may experience tides. It favors dipterocarp, mangrove and riverine forests. It can also be found in swamp forests, stunted swamp forests, rubber forests, rubber plantations, limestone hill forests, nypa swamps, nibong swamps, and tall swamp forests, tropical heath forests and steep cliffs.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis_monkey - cite_note-Sebastian2000-25 This species usually stays within at least a kilometer from a water source. It is perhaps the most aquatic of the primates and is a fairly good swimmer, capable of swimming up to 20 m underwater. It is known to swim across rivers. 266. The population of Proboscis in the project area is though limited to about 13 individuals. It is therefore unlikely that the project area will meet the population criterion for the habitat to be a critical habitat for the species. The project area therefore is not considered as critical habitat for Proboscis monkey.
12 Salter, R. E. and N. A. Mackenzie. 1985. Conservation status of the proboscis monkey in Sarawak. Biol.Conserv. 33: 119–132. 13 Meijaard, E. and V. Nijman. 2000. Distribution and conservation of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 92: 15–24. 14 Boonratana, R. 2000. Ranging Behavior of Proboscis Monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in the Lower Kinabatangan, Northern Borneo. International Journal of Primatology. 21(3): 497-518
60 267. According to information from PLN, a “Bekantan conservation area” has been launched in May 2017, as part of the PLN commitment for “Proper Hijau (Green)”. A MoU has been signed between PLN Mahakam Sector and BKSDA (Balai Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam – Natural Resources Conservation Centre) for the protection of the Proboscis habitat on PLN Property, as marked in red in Figure 22 above. 268. As part of MoU between BKSDA and PLN, a sign has been installed on the western road along the PLN property to inform passers-by about the preparation of the new Proboscis conservation area. In addition, PLN has already planted around 1000 trees suitable as source of food for Proboscis monkeys have been planted in first phase and an additional 500 trees have been planted in the second phase to compensate for mortality of saplings. These trees have been planted at the outer edge of the Bekantan conservation area as an initial activity to improve the food supply for Proboscis monkeys. The trees will though take about 5 years to grow to size when those can add to food supply for Proboscis. Irrawaddy dolphins 269. The Irrawaddy Dolphin (Pesut) species is found in shallow, coastal waters of the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific and in major river systems like the Mahakam, Ayeyarwady, Mekong, where alarming declines in their numbers and ranges and ongoing and pervasive threats occurred in the past years. The habitats of these animals are increasingly modified and degraded by human activities, resulting in dramatic declines in the abundance and range of the Irrawaddy Dolphin. 270. The distribution of the dolphins in Eastern Kalimantan comprises river habitats as well as marine coastal areas15. These areas are shown in Figure 24 below. The river habitats are concentrated in a core area, where most of the dolphins had been observed and within this core area there are two focus areas. 271. According to surveys conducted on the Mahakam river in 2005, the core areas are confined to the area between Muara Kaman (180 km from the coast) and Datah Bilang ( 480 km from the coast), it can be concluded that Irrawaddy Dolphins are moving between these two locations. 272. The number of these critically endangered dolphins in the Mahakam river is declining rapidly and the main reasons are the destruction and the depletion of the upstream rain forest. The river water of today is always loaded with suspended solids, even in the dry season, polluted with toxins (heavy metals, cyanide, acids) and garbage, and it has become the highway for the coal ships coming from the rainforest, causing noise and ongoing water pollution.
15 Estuarine habitat dolphin never going to the fresh water and fresh water dolphin never going to estuarine. this two type dolphin (sub species) also different in skin and skin color.
61 Figure 24: Power plant location and main habitats of Irrawaddy dolphin populations in the Mahakam River
273. Mercury and cyanide are running into the river from leaks in dams that retain wastes from large-scale gold mining operations and from small-scale mining activities along the river. Coal dust as well as runoff from coal deposits is also ending up in the Mahakam river. Toxic substances are more and more polluting the river and may have caused the occasionally 16 observed changes in the skin pigment of the dolphins in this area. 274. The numerous pollution sources along the Mahakam river are not only posing direct, but also indirect threats to the dolphins, e.g. by killing or poisoning their prey. The main threats on the Mahakam River causing death of dolphins are noise pollution, habitat destruction, chemical pollution, and decreasing fish resources. 275. Figure 22 shows that the project area is located outside the core habitats of the Irrawaddy Dolphins. The core habitat areas, where the dolphins reproduce, feed and mainly stay (marked by cross hatching) begin about 80 km upstream the project site. 276. The project site in Kaltim is located in the lowest range of the total Irrawaddy dolphin distribution area, more than 40 km downstream the next high-density dolphin area. The project is not considered a critical habitat for the Irrawaddy Dolphins. Siamese Crocodiles 277. According to information from PLN and local villagers no Siamese Crocodiles have been observed in the past years in the Mahakam river section near the project site. Personal communication with PLN personnel also indicates the potential presence of False Gharial crocodile (Tomistoma scheillius), IUCN status vulnerable, in the Mahakam River. 278. This power plant complex is located at a concave bank of the Mahakam river with strong currents and steep river banks, which does not provide favourable habitats for crocodiles. However, there is a possibility that the crocodiles may enter into the Tanjung Batu
16 http://www.vantienhovenfoundation.com/uploads/Kreb%20Abundance%20survey%202005(2).pdf
62 complex through the sloping access formed by the temporary jetty and use the swamp area located west of the existing power plants as a habitat. The wildlife monitoring program will address this issue and mitigation measures during construction activities will be provided to ensure no potential disturbance of wildlife. 279. The Tanjung Batu power plant complex is located at a concave bank of the Mahakam river with strong currents and steep river banks, which does not provide core habitat conditions for crocodiles. 280. For these reasons the Mahakam River section within the project AoI is not regarded as critical habitat for the Siamese crocodiles.
4. Ecological resources within Project site
Flora 281. The project site for Kaltim Peaker 2 is located within the Mix Freshwater Swamp Forest Zone. A part of the project site is already a built-up area (25%), with out of function buildings, which will be demolished at the beginning of the construction activities. 282. The vegetation within the project site is secondary bushland and grassy areas, with common species, due to the previous and still ongoing human influence. No rare, endangered or protected plant species have been observed within the project site and none are expected. Fauna 283. The already existing Kaltim power plant complex is fenced and a large part of this area is built-up or paved. The green areas between the buildings and roads are intensely cultivated with lawns, single trees and bushes. The part of the project site Kaltim Peaker 2, which is located outside the fence, is covered with secondary, mostly eutrophic vegetation. Considering the human influence, the project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 only provides potential habitat for only common, synanthrope species (e.g. synanthrope birds).
C. Human environment 284. Environmental components of the human environment considered in this EIA are population and human health, ethnic groups/minorities and gender issues, socio-economic aspects of the planned project, as well as cultural heritage.
1. Kutai Kartanegara District
Population
285. According to the result of “Population Census 2010”, population of Kutai Kartanegara in 2010 was 626,680 persons. The population growth at Kutai Kartanegara District was 2,48 % in 2015. In 2015, most of the Kutai Kartanegara population lived in the capital of Kutai Kartanegara District, “Tenggarong” (15.92%), and within Tenggarong most of the population lived in the subdistricts Tenggarong Seberang (9.96%), Samboja (8.84%), and Loa Janan (8,76%). The others were distributed in fourteen other sub districts. And the smallest population was found in Muara Wis (1.25%).
Human Health
286. Government made efforts to provide health services, which is reflected in the development of health facilities. In 2015, the number of hospitals recorded were 3 in Kutai Kartanegara District, the A.M. Parikesit Hospital in Tenggarong Seberang subdistrict, Aji
63 Batara Agung Dewa Sakti in Samboja subdistrict and Dayaku Radja at Kota Bangun subdistrict. While the number of public health centres was 32, and public health sub centres 174. Altogether there were 69 doctors and 43 dentists providing services in public health centers. The doctors at the health centers are trained doctors, capable of recognizing early signs of cardiovascular ailment, provide immediate medical assistance and refer the patient for further treatment, if need be, to the nearest district hospitalsThe districts hospitals are equipped to undertake tests and treatment for cardiovascular ailments. The contractor and later operator will provide an ambulance at the plant site for immediate transfer of patient to district hospitals in case of a medical emergency.
Ethnic Groups/Minorities
287. The Kutai poplulation consists of several parts that broadly can be divided into 2 groups, i.e. groups of Malays and Dayak.
Groups of Malays
288. Kutai tribe or Tenggarong Kutai Malay is indigenous in the Kutai Kartanegara District. Kutai Culture started since the establishment of the Kutai Kingdom in the fourth century as the first Hindu kingdom in the archipelago with the famous king Mulawarman. It continued with the Kesultanan Kutai with and the last sultan is Aji Parikshit. Other tribes are Malays of Kutai Kota Bangun.
Dayak groups
289. Dayak groups in Kutai consist of several tribes i.e. Dayak Tunjung, Bahau, Benuaq, Modang, Penihing, Busang, Bukat, Ohong and Bentang. (i) Tunjung tribes inhabit the subdistricts of Melak Alas, Barong Tongkok, Muara Pahu (ii) Bahau tribes inhabit the subdistricts of Long Iram and Long Bagun (iii) Benuaq tribes inhabit the subdistrict of Jempang, Muara Lawa, Damai, Muara Pahu (iv) Modang tribes inhabit the subdistricts of Muara and Muara Ancalong Wahau (v) Tribes of Penihing, Bukat, and Ohong inhabit the subdistricts of Long Apari (vi) Busang tribes inhabit the subdistricts Long Pahangai (vii) Bentian tribes inhabit the subdistricts Bentian Large and Muaralawa.
290. In addition to these tribes, there are also other tribes i.e. Dayak Kenyah tribe, Punan, Basap and Kayan. • Kenyah are migrants from Apo Kayan, Kab.Bulungan. These tribes inhabit subdistricts of Ancalong Muara, Muara Wahau, tabang, Long Bagun, Pahangai Long, Long Iram and Samarinda Ilir. • Punan Dayak tribes inhabit the wilderness forest in East Kalimantan from Bulungan area, Berau up to Kutai. They live in small groups in the caves of the rocks and trees. • Basap tribes are said to be descendants of china people who married with Punan tribes. They inhabit the subdistricts of Bontang and Sangkulirang. • Kayan tribe from Central Kalimantan is often called the Biaju tribe. They inhabit the subdistricts of Long Iram, Long Bagun and Muara Wahau.
Gender Aspects
64 291. Kutai Kartanegara through the People's Welfare Development Movement committed to implementing gender mainstreaming (PUG – pengarusutamaan gender) as one of the strategies towards the achievement of gender equality and equity in Kutai Kartanegara, through the program Rakyat Sejahtera Development Movement (King's Gate). There are some programs of improving gender mainstreaming i.e. through the facilities of institutional development, gender equity and equality in many areas of life and the protection of children, adolescents and women in all forms of discrimination and exploitation. Another program such as conduct socialization of design village for harmonious family King's Gate in 18 districts, as well as the healthy Kutai Kartanegara women's movement. 292. Current data of BKBP3A Kutai Kartanegara 2011, the IPG reached 61.84 point, and IDG (gender empowerment index) 55.77 points. There was an increase of 0.26 points compared to 2010 which only 55.51 points. By default, UNDP, gender development index Kukar are in the middle position.
Electricity and Transport Infrastructure
293. Electricity supply in Kutai Kartanegara District is still insufficient and insecure despite the fact that it is known as a producer of oil, gas and coal. Total there are 31 villages in seven subdistricts in Kutai Kartanegara which do not receive electricity from PLN. 294. These seven subdistricts are Muara Badak, Muara Kaman, Muara Muntai, Tabang, Kenohan, Muara Wis, and Kota Bangun. The population of the villages without serviced electricity in 2015 was 8,086 families (KK), 29,812 inhabitants. 295. The main transport infrastructure are the district roads in Kutai with a total length of 2,892.57 km. The status of the district road surface is mostly concrete (30.84%). Approximately 25.42% of the district roads in Kutai and 19.08% of the total district roads in Kutai Kartanegara still have dirt and gravel surface.
Cultural heritage
296. Erau is one of the oldest cultural festivals in the country. The term "Erau" comes from the word "Eroh" which in Malay means Tenggarong Kutai ria party crowd or in general can be interpreted as the party of the people. In the past, Erau was a big celebration for the Kutai and communities across the territory which now covers most areas of East Kalimantan. 297. It is believed that Erau has a very old history in the Kutai community. Erau is said to have started in the 12th century AD. Historical records mention Erau first place as Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti. He was later appointed as the first sultan Martadipura Kutai Ing. 298. According to the records the last Erau in Kutai was held in 1965. Then, at the initiative of the local government and the permission of the Sultanate, this tradition was revived in 1971. Since then the implementation Erau become an arena of cultural heritage preservation in Kutai and the various ethnicities which live in it. 299. Erau is always held to coincide with the anniversary of Tenggarong, i.e. every 29th of September. The festival comprises various arts, traditional ceremonies of the Dayak tribes, and traditional sport competitions.
2. Project site 300. The local residents in the settlements around the PLN property mainly belong to the Tenggarong majority, which can be broadly divided into Malays and Dayaks with a very complicated ethnic substructure within these groups. 301. PLN has acquired a total of 1,709,190 m2 (171 ha) of land in 1998. A copy of the related certificate (Buku Tanah Propinsi Kalimantan Timur Kabupaten Kutai No. 16-03-14-16-3-0001
65 2 April 1998). The certificate grants PLN the right to build (Hak Guna Bangunan) on the land for 30 years, i.e., until April 1st 2028. The certificate can be extended in due course. 302. Of the 171 ha area owned by PLN, 20 ha at the northernmost part close to the bank of the Mahakam river are enclosed with fences and are used for the existing power plants and related facilities such as substation, control room, storage facilities and office building. 303. Security personnel guard the complex around the clock. Five hectares of this area will be used for the Kaltim Peaker 2 (three hectares for the power plant and two hectares for CNG), so there is no need to acquire additional land. On the plot designated for the new power plant, there are two abandoned semi-permanent site office buildings, a small prayer hall and a toilet building previously used by the contractor that built the Kaltim Peaker 1. These structures will be demolished. 304. Beside the school building there are no settlers or buildings unrelated to the PLN infrastructure within the project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 and near the power plant complex. PLN will support the relocation of the school building to an area outside the area of significant project impacts from air and noise emissions. No Customary Communities are present in the vicinity of the 171-ha wide PLN property. Consequently, no other resettlement or compensation issues than the relocation of the school building and the compensation of farmers have been identified.
66 VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
A. Methodology
1. Scoping 305. The planned Kaltim 2 Peaker site borders the Kaltim 1 Peaker and Tanjung Batu PP and will share the following infrastructure that has been built or is in the process of being built: • Access road • Jetty (HSD supply) • LNG re-gasification and storage • Power evacuation line (interconnection to the Kalimantan transmission system) • Water intake and waste water discharge facilities • Solid waste storage and hazardous waste facilities 306. During the preparation of the EIA various environmental and social impacts on physical, biological, human environment have been identified and evaluated including cumulative impacts. 307. The assessment of environmental impacts is carried out through determination, description and impact assessment that the planned project has or could have during pre- construction, construction, operation and termination of the work regarding: • the physical environment (geology, soil, water, climate, air, noise), • the natural environment (flora, fauna, habitats, protected areas and species), and • the human environment (health, livelihood, income, infrastructure, culturalheritage) 308. The following chapters describe the expected impacts caused by the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 for the pre-construction phase, the construction phase, the operation phase, and the termination phase, based on the presently available information. 309. This chapter also describes the mitigation measures applicable to the parties involved in the project development. Together with the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan it is part of the documentation prepared to meet the requirements of the international financing agency ADB and the laws and regulations of Indonesia. 310. The EMP identifies the type of measures, where and when these measures are required and which party is responsible for implementation and supervision. In relation to mitigation measures that relate to schedule and scale of construction, the EMP provisions needs to be detailed by the contractor in the form of site specific EMP that will be reiewed and approved by the PLN before commencement of construction. 311. For a 100 MW thermal power plant like Kaltim Peaker 2, the most significant environmental impacts are usually air pollution, noise, and occupational and community safety during both construction and operation. Environmental impacts and mitigation measures for operational air pollution and noise have been quantitatively assessed using state-of-art mathematical models, AERMOD View 9.5 for air quality and using a 3D acoustic model for sound propagation for assessing and managing noise impacts. The findings of these technical studies are attached as Annex C (Air Quality Modelling) and Annex D (Assessment and Management of Noise Impacts) to this EIA. The impacts on other environmental and social components were assessed qualitatively.
67 2. Assessment criteria 312. The predicted impacts of activities for the new Kaltim Peaker 2 shall meet the requirements of the national laws and regulations, as well as the policies and guidelines of the IFC and ADB. When the requirements of national and international policies differ, the Project impacts will be managed by following the requirements that are more stringent. 313. The expected impacts caused by the planned project Kaltim Peaker 2 are assessed for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project, based on the baseline information and information from the technical planners. 314. The criteria for the analysis of the characteristics of potential impacts are described with regard to: • Extent of the impact (location and size of the affected area); • Magnitude and complexity of the impact; • Likelihood/Probability of the impact; • Duration, frequency and reversibility of the impact. 315. Impacts can range from insignificant to highly significant, and from short-term to long- term. Once the assessment of potential impacts has been conducted, mitigating measures are described to prevent or reduce the potential significant impacts to acceptable levels. In practice, most of the impacts can be mitigated through the implementation of effective mitigation measures and by application of the best available technology. 316. Once the assessment of potential impacts has been completed, mitigating measures will be described to prevent or at least to reduce the potential significant impacts to acceptable levels. In practice most of the impacts can be mitigated through the implementation of effective mitigation measures and by the application of best available technology. 317. The best possible measures available to achieve mitigation will be identified on the basis of the principles of the hierarchy of mitigation. In order of preference this is: • Avoidance • Reduction • Compensation • Remediation • Enhancement. 318. For the pre-construction, construction and operation phases, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared to define the necessary measures as well as activities, timing, and responsibilities. Environmental supervision and monitoring has to be carried out during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases in order to ensure that the required mitigation measures have been incorporated into the DED, that mitigation measures are implemented during construction and that the facility operates in accordance with the applicable standards for pollution control and operational safety.
B. Cumulative impacts 319. Cumulative impacts are the impacts that result from overlapping effects caused by planned project together with other past, present or reasonably foreseeable projects or activities within the area of influence of the planned project. Typically, the assessment of cumulative impacts of the project is only conducted when: • the project will result in a measurable, demonstrable or reasonably-expected residual environmental impact on a component of the biophysical or human environment; and • the project-specific residual environmental impact on that component does, or is likely to, act in a cumulative fashion with the environmental impacts of other past or future projects and activities that are likely to occur”.
68 320. As stated in the ADB EIA Guidelines (2003) “In most cases, it will be beyond the scope of an environmental assessment to include a full-fledged cumulative impact assessment. However, it is important that environmental assessment, where appropriate, includes a preliminary assessment of the potential for cumulative effects and specific recommendations on the need for, and the conduct of, a cumulative impact assessment”. 321. There is no major construction or operation activities in the vicinity of the proposed Kaltim Peaker 2 project other than operations Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants that could have significant cumulative air and noise impact on Tanjung Batu village, the most sensitive receptors near the plant site. 322. PT Cahaya Fajar Kaltim (CFK) coal fired power plant of 110MW installed capacity is located about 2 km from the Project site. Tanjung Batu village is approximately half way on a straight line connecting the two plants. The CFK is expected to give rise to significant on air quality along with Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. The impacts of these three plants along with the Project have been considered while assessing the cumulative impacts. 323. Movement of HSD small size tankers and discharge of treated process waters, during the construction and operational phase of the Project are other two areas that have potential to cause cumulative impacts with Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants. These impacts are though very minor and magnitude of additional impacts due to the Project is negligible. 324. During 2017, the total annual tanker movement of (2000KL to 5000KL capacity) was 29. It is too low a number to have any cumulative impacts with a few and far between ship movements required to deliver heavy plant machinery for construction of Kaltim Peaker 2. With the completion of the gas supply pipeline in mid 2019, vessel movements is not anticipated to increase as a result of the project. 325. With respect to wastewater discharge, both during construction and operations, the wastewater generated by the project will be treated separately. The discharge of treated domestic wastewater will not cause cumulative impacts with the existing plants. The process water discharge from the plant at about 7m3/day will meet the national/international effluent standards and will not cause any noticeable cumulative impacts with the present discharge of Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 on receiving waters of Mahakam river that carries a large flow, 1000-1500m3/s, through out the year. This will be confirmed through periodic monitoring of surface water quality upstream and downstream of the discharge point. 326. Noise levels at the gate of PT Cahaya Fajar Kaltim coal were measured at 60.7 dB(A). The noise from the plant is unlikely to carry to Tanjun Batu village to any perceptible level, especially across the village towards the Project where such noise could add to cumulative impacts. As a result, only Tanjung Batu, Kaltim Peaker 1 and the Project (Kaltim Peaker 2) were considered for cumulative impact assessment for noise. 327. In majority of cases, the proposed mitigation of impacts only relates to the Kaltim Peaker 2 project, since both Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu Power Plant are not ADB financed facilities and are already in operation. It is though evident that Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 do not comply with national regulation on ambient noise and may require additional noise control measures. The stack height of Kaltim Peaker 1 also does not comply with national regulations. These matters are discussed in more details in later sections of this chapter. It suffices to state that for any non-compliance with national regulations highlighted in this EIA, in relation to Tanjung Batu or Kaltim Peaker 1, PLN has made timebound commitments to overcome these deficiencies. All deficiencies highlighted in this EIA with respect to operations of Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 will be rectified before commencement of construction on Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant.
69 C. Design Phase and Pre-Construction Impacts 328. In most projects the greatest opportunity to avoid or minimize environmental impacts is given during the technical planning phase. An environmentally sound technical planning, which demands a close cooperation between technical and environmental planners, can help to avoid big problems in the construction and operation phases. This approach following the principle “avoiding the emergence of problems from the beginning is better than repairing problems “also proved to be beneficial in many projects regarding public acceptance of a project and also regarding saving costs for trying to repair impacts. 329. The cumulative air quality impacts of the project are relatively minor because all three plants in power complex are expected to run on gas. Also, Indonesian regulations restrict the sulfur content in HSD to 0.25% that reduces the SO2 emission in flue gas significantly. In relation to noise, a technical study has been completed to provide realistic estimate of required noise abatement measures at the existing units. With these measures in place, it is anticipated that noise impacts of Kaltim Peaker 2 in a standalone mode complies with national ambient standards and does not lead to more than 3 dB(A) increment over the baseline due to operation of Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. Kaltim Peaker 2 being a Peaker plant that is scheduled to operate during the day hours, this approach will also comply with the policy provision on noise for ADB.More detailed assessments of air quality and noise impacts will be conducted by the EPC contractor during DED. These are described in the next section of this chapter. 330. Labor mobilization will be conducted by prioritizing local workers. This approach will increase the acceptability of the planned project by providing job opportunities and income. This approach also helps to avoid changes of social values and norms as a consequence of interaction between the local community members and outside workers. This must be anticipated properly in order to ensure public security and to avoid disturbances of the community life in the wider project area. 331. The specific instructions for the construction activities within the construction sites (clearing activities, cutting of trees, leveling, access road extension, temporary jetty, power plant, deposit sites, etc.) will be detailed in an Environment, Health and Safety Plan, which will be set up by the implementing contractor (see below). 332. From the point of view of seismicity, the project is located in low seismic risk zone. The contractor is required to incorporate the seismic risks in while designing the structural features of the plant and ensure that national regulation in relation to seismic risks are complied with. The plant being located about 100km upstream the mouth of Mahakam River, no risk of damage at the project site due to a tsunami wave striking the coast near Samrinda is envisaged.
1. Studies and audits to be conducted during DED and pre-construction phase 333. The project will be implemented through a EPC contract. As part of (and as basis for) the DED, the EPC contractor will be required to conduct a series of assessments and studies relevant to pollution control and occupational and community safety. Key studies include the following: a) Operational noise impact assessment. The EPC contractor will be required to conduct a comprehensive operational noise impact assessment, to demonstrate compliance with (i) maximum sound pressure levels at 1m from any point on any item of equipment including valves (85dBA); maximum sound pressure level at site boundary (70 dBA during daytime and 60 dBA during nighttime); and (iii) maximum sound pressure level at nearest sensitive receptor (55 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime), or a maximum increment of 3 dBA should baseline indicate exceedance with the standard. This noise impact assessment will be based on a new
70 baseline noise assessment at key sensitive receptors. This requirement is defined in the draft BD for the EPC contract. b) Detailed site investigation including soil analysis, ground elevation analysis, flood risk assessment, storm drainage analysis, assessment of existing structures to be demolished (including asbestos risk assessment); c) Site-specific seismic hazard study including liquefaction study; d) Air conditioning and ventilation calculation for all rooms and buildings; e) Operation hazard study, including fire and explosion hazard assessment and fire safety and gas detection proposal (fire detection and alarm system design); the assessment shall account for internal (i.e. within perimeter of Kaltim Peaker 2) and external (e.g. HSD storage tank of Kaltim Peaker 1, NG supply pipeline) hazards. The study should demonstrate that the facility will not result in unacceptable risks to facility operators and nearby communities during plant operation. The study should be based on the rapid HAZID conducted by IJK Consultancy in November 2018 (Appendix F). f) Water supply study, including assessment of the existing intake facility to confirm adequate supply capacity and design complying with EHS Guidelines. In case an extension is required, the EPC contractor will identify modifications in its DED. The modifications will be based on survey works to provide sufficient data on bathymetry, tidal levels, ecology, river temperature and others for design of intake structures. g) Air quality modeling in accordance with the configuration of equipment which will be used. The dispersion modeling shall indicate the maximum concentrations of pollutants of concern (SO2 and NO2) at site boundary and nearest sensitive receptors. h) Contractor Environment, Health and Safety Plan (EHS Plan). The EPC contractor will develop, and submit to PLN and ADB for clearance, their contractor EHS plan. The measures defined therein must follow the General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines and the IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. The plan will include, but not be limited to: (i) site regulations (covering security, occupational health and safety, gate control, sanitation, medical care, fire prevention, emergency preparedness and response) to ensure worker and community safety, and prevent accidents during construction works; (ii) earthwork management plan; Materials Management Plan, giving arrangements for supply of construction materials to avoid unnecessary stockpiling outside project site. (iii) waste management plan, for handling, transport, storage and disposal of solid and liquid wastes and hazardous materials at sites approved by local authorities; (iv) drainage plan, to ensure that construction works will not cause ponding or flooding at construction camp, temporary spoil disposal site, and other areas used for project-related activities and adjacent areas; (v) temporary traffic management plan, to control safe interaction of vehicular traffic and nearby communities during construction (vi) noise and dust control plan, to minimize impacts to sensitive receptors (residential areas, school etc.) due to construction works, sourcing and transport of construction materials, and other project- related activities. The EHS Plan will first be developed for the pre-construction and construction phase, but will eventually also include the operation phase (through the development of operational manuals for all processes of the plant, including emergency preparedness and response procedures, fire prevention and fighting procedures, etc). i) Securing necessary permits. The EPC contractor shall obtain all required environmental permits prior to operation of any spoil disposal site and construction site. 334. In addition, PLN will prepare, or commission separate independent entities to prepare, the following assessments and studies during (and prior to approval of) the DED:
71 a) Safety audit for the NG supply pipeline (under construction) and the HSD storage facility at Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu power plants. b) Proboscis monkeys protection plan. PLN will work with the provincial nature conservation agency (BKSDA) to prepare a protection plan for the Proboscis monkeys in close consultation with the local communities. c) Relocation of the school prior to start of construction works.
D. Construction Phase Impacts
1. Physical Environment 335. The Kaltim Peaker 2 construction activities will involve civil works, including: • Site preparation and earth moving, • concrete works, • construction of the buildings, connecting roads, temporary jetty, and pipelines, • equipment delivery, assembling and tests. 336. The potential impacts caused by these construction phase activities are temporary. The construction phase impacts though are required to adopt good engineering practice as per the international standards.
Geology and soils
Impacts: 337. Soil can be affected in three primary ways: loss of topsoil and natural soil functions due to ground clearing and sealing for construction sites and roads, soil densification by heavy machinery and contamination from accidental spills. 338. Erosion must be expected at open, especially sloping areas, wherever the natural vegetation cover has been destroyed. Erosion could also occur at the banks of the Mahakam river, especially if the vegetation cover is removed. Given the small footprint of the project and relatively flat terrain of construction site, soil erosion risk during the construction phase is considered low. Following mitigation measures have been included in the EMP in line of good engineering practice that further lower the impacts. These shall be specified in the contractor EHS Plan (earthwork management plan) Mitigation measures 339. Soil densification due to heavy machinery must be avoided outside of construction sites and access roads, by warning signs and warning tapes. 340. Minimize the area of the construction activities, especially at hillsides, near swamp areas, and at the Mahakam river banks. Sump pits and trenches shall be provided to control runoff of loose soil into the river. 341. Topsoil shall be recovered from temporary or permanent project sites before the ground is disturbed and then stored until it is needed for rehabilitation measures at the end of the construction activities. A topsoil storage and management program must be developed by the contractor as part of its earthwork management plan. 342. Erosion processes must be stopped at an early stage e.g. by immediate regreening of open areas with grass, stabilization of hillsides and river banks through slope stabilization measures e.g. plantation of deep rooting trees and bushes.
72 Surface and Ground Water
Impacts: 343. Within the project site impacts on surface and ground water quality may be caused by demolition works, vegetation clearing activities, and land leveling. Outside the project site, impacts may be caused by excavation works at the artificial bay of the temporary jetty, piling activities at the temporary jetty, the extension of the western access road, and deterioration of the tarred access road from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex. 344. Excavation and dredging for deepening the bay used previously for construction of Kaltim Peaker 1 and piling for jetty construcion is likely to cause some temporary water quality and noise impacts. Additional silt load could impair the water quality in Mahakam river in small area near the mouth of the river. Noise impacts are not likely to be significant due to short construction period (3 months) and small scale of work. 345. Waste and wastewater from the construction worker camp may also constitute a source of water pollution. 346. The impacts caused by these activities are temporary in nature (only during construction phase) and can be mitigated and recovered with proper measures applied. 347. The effluents from the Project site both during the construction and operations phase will comply with the standards presented in Table 5. Mitigation and monitoring 348. Silt curtains should be placed at confluence of bay housing the temorary jetty and the Mahakam river to minimise sediment flow into the river during excavation and dresging for construction of temprary jetty. Similar arrangements need to be made at the time of demolition of temprary jetty at completion of construction work. 349. Domestic wastewater from the worker camp must be collected in a septic tank of adequate capacity to provide one-year retention of solids and should be followed by a soak pit of adequate capacity to allow effective percolation of septic tank effluents into the ground. 350. Runoff from the construction site must be collected in sump pits of adequate capacity before the cleared water is released into a receiving water. The suspended solids in runoff discharge to Mahakam rivers should not exceed 50 mg/l as per the IFC EHS guidelines. 351. Minimize the area of the construction activities, especially at hillsides, near swamp areas, and at the Mahakam river banks. 352. Incidents with unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, paints, etc.) may always occur. Contaminated soil should be safely put at the temporary hazardous waste storage. Spill kits must be available in all transport vehicles and at the construction site. A response plan must be set up by the contractor as part of its EHS plan, describing timely applied protection measures against spills. Training must be provided for all drivers and equipment operators. 353. The contractor has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations regarding water quality (discharge of domestic waste water and runoff water from the construction sites) are met.
Air Quality and Noise
Impacts: 354. Impairments of air quality will be caused by levelling activities as well as equipment and material transport during the construction phase of the project. Dispersion of dust generated by project vehicles and movement of materials such as cement, sand, gravel, etc. cause decrease in quality of air in the vicinity of project location. Generally, there will be an
73 increase of pollutants from vehicles in the form of CO (Carbon Monoxide), NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide), and SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide), HC (Hydro Carbon), and dust (Particulate Matter). Benchmark for measuring this impact is the quality standard of air quality based on Government Regulation No. 41 of 1999. 355. In the context of the project, it is noteworthy that main construction material transportation for the project will be through the river to the temporary jetty. From temporary jetty the materials will be transported to the construction site through an internal paved road. The primary cause of construction phase dust and air pollution therefore will be operation of construction machinery and vehicles within the project site. It has been previously noted that the construction site for Kaltim Peaker 2 is more than 500m from the nearest inhabitants, The impact of dust and construction phase air pollutants therefore will be limited to construction workers and will be managed by keeping the dust levels low by water sprinkling and use of personal protective gear for operators that have to work in dusty areas (for instance earth cutting using pneumatic hammer). 356. Impact of increasing noise will be caused by heavy equipment handling, transportation of construction materials, land levelling activities as well as physical construction. Especially short-term and repeated loud noise emissions (hammering, piling works at the temporary jetty) may cause significant impacts for the natural and human environment. Benchmark for measuring noise impacts is the quality standard of noise level based on IFC EHS standard. 357. Table 17 presents the key construction machinery that will be deployed at the peak construction phase lasting for 6 months. Table 18 also provides noise emissions specification, their acoustic usage factor and hourly equivalent noise specifications for each of the machine units and the number of units that are likely to operate during peak construction period. Table 18: Noise specifications and deployment of construction machinery (peak construction period)
No. Constrution Number of Acoustic Noise Noise Machine Unit Units Usage Factor Specifications Specifications (%) (Lmax @ 15.2 (Leq(hr)@15.2m m dB(A)) dB(A))17 1 Excavator Mounted 3 20 90 Pneumatic Hammer 83 2 Bulldozer 3 40 85 81 3 Excavator 3 40 85 81 4 Dump Truck 3 40 84 80 5 Generator 1 50 82 79 6 Cement Mixer 1 40 85 81 7 Wheel Loader 3 40 82 78 8 Pile Driver 1 20 101 94
2. Noise impacts due to operations of construction machinery have been estimated by placing 3 assembly of equipment’s comprising one unit each of pneumatic hammer, excavator, bulldozer, dump truck and wheel loader at an interval of 50m on the site. These three assemblies are supported by 1 cement mixer and 1 generator. This is estimated to be maximum equipment deployment during the site leveling and foundation work for the plant, the most noisy construction phase activity due to site leveling and excavation. 3. The noise levels at the nearest sensitive receptor. Panaf village located 700m from the project site have been estimated using the following equation:
17 Leq(hr)=Lmax -10 Log10(Acoustic Usage Factor(%)/100)
74 퐿(푟푒푐) = 퐿(푟푒푓) − 10 푙표푔10(퐷(푟푒푐)/퐷(푟푒푓)) - Aats - Agr - Amics Where: 퐿(푟푒푐): 퐻표푢푟푙푦 푒푞푢𝑖푣푎푙푒푛푡 푛표𝑖푠푒 푙푒푣푒푙 푎푡 푡ℎ푒 푟푒푐푒푝푡표푟 퐿(푟푒푓): 퐻표푢푙푦 푒푞푢𝑖푣푎푙푒푛푡 푛표𝑖푠푒 푙푒푣푒푙 푎푡 푟푒푓푒푟푒푛푐푒 푑𝑖푠푡푎푛푐푒 푓푟표푚 푠표푢푟푐푒 퐷(푟푒푐): 퐷𝑖푠푡푎푛푐푒 표푓 푟푒푐푒푝푡표푟 푓푟표푚 푆표푢푟푐푒, 15.2 푚
Aats : 퐴푡푡푒푛푢푎푡𝑖표푛 푑푢푒 푡표 푎푡푚표푠푝ℎ푒푟𝑖푐 푎푏푠표푟푝푡𝑖표푛
Agr : 퐴푡푡푒푛푢푎푡𝑖표푛 푑푢푒 푡표 푔푟표푢푛푑 푒푓푒푐푡푠
Amics: : 퐴푡푡푒푛푢푎푡𝑖표푛 푑푢푒 푡표 푚𝑖푠푐푒푙푙푒푛푒표푢푠 표푡ℎ푒푟 푒푓푓푒푐푡푠 4. The noise for multiple sources – 3 machine unit assemblies as described above are aggregated by logarithmically adding the noise levels due to individual assemblies. It is assumed that the machine unit assemblies are place at a distance of 50 meters from each other. The nearest assembly being at about a distance of 700m from the nearest houses of Tanjung Batu Village. 5. Attenuation due to atmospheric absorption, ground and miscellaneous effects is assumed to be 2 dB(A) up to 100m, 3 dB(A) up to 400m and 5 dB(A) at longer distances. These are conservative assumptions given the long distance to the receptor over soft vegetated soft ground and undulating nature of terrain. 6. Based on above equations, emission characteristics for construction machinery, machinery deployment schedule and noise attenuation assumptions, Table 19 presents the predicted noise levels at various distance from the construction site. 7. From Table 19, it is observed that noise levels under cumulative impacts at Tanjung Batu village that is located at about 700m (nearest settlement to plant) from the boundary of Kaltim Peaker 2, is predicted to be 53.8 dB(A). Noise levels at the staff housing 1 (650m) is expected at 54,3 dB(A) and staff housing 2 (700m) at 53.8 dB(A). The noise model does not fully account for the noise attenuation due to topographical effects and therefore the construction phase noise at staff housings is expected to be lower than predicted. 8. It is thus concluded that during the construction phase, the project will comply with IFC EHS guidelines for noise at residential locations. During the evening and night (5 pm to 7 am), no noisy construction activity will be permitted. Table 19: Predicted noise levels at various receptor distance from plant boundary Sr. Distance from Noise Levels at Receptor Leq(hr) dB(A) No. Site Boundary Assembly 2 Assembly 3 Assembly 1 in in Cumulative m in Operations Operations Operations Impacts 1 0 70.6 67.1 64.6 72.9 2 50 66.1 63.6 61.6 68.9 3 100 63.6 61.6 60.0 66.8 4 150 61.6 60.0 58.7 65.1 5 200 60.0 58.7 57.5 63.7 6 250 58.7 57.5 56.5 62.5 7 300 55.5 54.5 53.6 59.4 8 350 54.5 53.6 52.8 58.5 9 400 53.6 52.8 52.0 57.6 10 450 52.8 52.0 51.3 56.9
75 11 500 52.0 51.3 50.7 56.2 12 550 51.3 50.7 50.1 55.5 13 600 50.7 50.1 49.5 54.9 14 650 50.1 49.5 49.0 54.3 15 700 49.5 49.0 48.5 53.8 16 750 49.0 48.5 48.0 53.3 17 800 48.5 48.0 47.6 52.8 18 850 48.0 47.6 47.2 52.4 19 900 47.6 47.2 46.8 52.0 9. The noise levels at the plant boundary (fence) will exceed marginally the threshold of 70 dB(A) (shown in red font in Table 19). Since the noise levels exceed the standards only for operations of construction Assembly 1 and in the cumulative mode; fall below the standards within a few meters and no sensitive receptors are located near the fence, no noise mitigation measures are recommended in EIA. It is noteworthy that the dimensions of PLN land are quite extensive extends beyond staff housings and therefore staff housing becomes more sensitive receptor in comparison to plant boundary which for this EIA is considered as the boundary of the PLN land housing the Tanjung Batu power complex.. Vibration impacts due to construction at project site are negligible due to large distance to the nearest settlement/housings. 10. During the construction of temporary jetty, pile driver that is more noisy than other construction machinery will be used. Furthermore, the temporary jetty is close to the eastern edge of Proboscis monkeys’ habitat. The eastern edge of Proboscis habitat though extends into the main Proboscis habitat as a narrow land area for over 400 m along the Mahakam river. Table 20 presents the noise impacts for deployment of pile driver together with one, two and all three construction assemblies in operation at the plant site. Impacts are assessed up to 500 m from the temporary jetty. It is observed from Table 20 that the noise levels due to piling operations alone fall close to 55 dB(A) at 300m. In cumulative operations noise levels below 55 dB(A) are achieved at 500m from the temporary jetty. It is noteworthy that these noise levels are achieved with the use of pile shielding for noise attenuation with a noise reduction of 10 dB(A) at source (pile driver).
Table 20: Predicted noise levels at various receptor distance from temporary jetty during piling operations Sr. Distance from Noise Levels at Receptor Leq(hr) dB(A) No. Temporary Jetty Cumulative Cumulative with Cumulative with nearest nearest two with peak Only Pile Driving construction construction construction m in Operation Assembly assemblies period 1 100 65.6 65.9 66.1 66.3 2 200 58.6 59.5 60.1 60.6 3 300 55.1 56.4 57.4 58.0 4 400 50.6 53.1 54.5 55.5 5 500 48.7 51.6 53.2 54.2
11. It is observed from a citation in ‘Synthesis of Noise Effects on Wildlife Population’ a publication of Federal Highway Authority (FHWA-HEP-06-016, Septemebr 2004) that large mammals are tolerant to noise increase of up to 20 dB. Considering the fact that nighttime noise level under quiet environment are expected to be about 45dB(A); 65.6 dB(A) at 100m
76 from the pile driver is expected to be within the tolerance level of Proboscis monkeys and is not expected to impact their normal activities adversely. In case of annoyance, the monkey could recede deeper into its habitat. However, to ensure that foraying for food by the monkeys, in areas near the temporary jetty, is not adversely impacted, the timing for piling operations will be limited from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm leaving the undisturbed morning and evening hours for the monkeys to search for food. Mitigation and Monitoring measures 358. In dry periods of the construction phase, when dust is visible, dust control measures are required, including daily wetting of dirt roads and construction sites. The contractor has to provide truck mounted water sprinkler for dust control and apply water 3 times a day on the dusty surfaces during the dry periods. 359. Vehicles and equipment burning fuel will cause exhaust emissions, especially soot. Keeping these equipment and engines in good condition through regular maintained will reduce emissions to the possible minimum. 360. Proposed mitigation measures are: engine maintenance, speed limit traffic control (10 km per hour within the construction site, 30 km per hour on the access road to the construction site and 15 km/hour for material laden construction vehicles while passing through settlements along the access road). The compliance of the actual speed of construction vehicles with the speed limit will be regularly checked. For this purpose, a temporary traffic management plan is required to be set up by the contractor to monitoring that the speed limits are adhered to. 361. To allow for undisturbed foraying for food by Proboscis monkeys near the temporary jetty during morning and evening hours, piling operations at jetty will be limited to a time window of 8:00 am to 04:00 pm. Besides, no noisy construction activity at the temporary jetty will be permitted during the evening and nighttime (5:00 pm to 7:00 am). 362. Noisy construction activities at the plant site will also be limited to 7:00 am to 10:00 pm to avoid noise nuisance during nighttime. The contractor will not take recourse to blasting for any purpose or use of pile driving at the Kaltim Peaker 2 plant site during the entire construction for the Project. 363. The EPC contractor will be required to conduct regular noise monitoring during daytime and nighttime at nearest sensitive receptors to demonstrate compliance with the IFC EHS standards. These results will be verified by the independent environment monitor appointed by PLN. Should non-compliance be observed and should these be attributable to the project activities, the contractor will be required to implement additional noise mitigation measures.
2. Natural Environment Impacts 364. The impacts during the construction phase are mainly connected to loss of modified habitats currently located at the project site, alteration of habitats (e.g. increase of turbidity in surface waters, dust and acid deposition, fragmentation), noise and air emissions, and direct mortality of small animals and plants within the construction area. Impacts within the project site: 365. The project site for Kaltim Peaker 2, which is partly built-up, generally provides no habitats for rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species, due to the previous and still ongoing severe human influence. 366. The impacts during the construction phase are mainly connected to loss of secondary habitats, alteration of secondary habitats, noise and air emissions, and direct mortality or injuries of animals and plants.
77 367. The main environmental impact expected from the planned project within the project site will be the permanent loss of natural soil functions caused by the sealing (covering with concrete and tar) of so far open areas. Impacts within the project AoI: 368. The only semi-natural environment left in the project area of influence is the Mahakam River as well as the swamp and forest areas west of the power plant complex. These forest areas provide habitat for a small group of endemic and protected Proboscis monkeys (approximately 13 individuals) and they are therefore regarded as natural habitat. 369. There is a potential risk that especially the north-eastern tip of the Proboscis habitat will be disturbed during the construction phase, due to the reactivation of the temporary jetty for material transport. These disturbances are however restricted to the construction phase and only affect a very small lateral part of the overall Proboscis habitat. 370. There is also a temporary risk of illegal hunting or disturbance of the Proboscis monkeys by people entering their habitat. The contractor and PLN will set up measures as outlined in the EMP below and take care that these measures are practically applied during construction and operation of the power plant. 371. Only a very small part (1 ha) of the total swamp area (50 ha) will be directly affected by the planned project for the extension (0.6 ha) of the already existing, overgrown access road and the temporary jetty area (0.4 ha). Within these small areas, directly adjacent to the existing power plant complex, significant impacts for eventually local existing rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species can be excluded, due to previous impacts and still ongoing disturbances from the existing power plants. In any case the swamp area serves as a natural and inaccessible barrier between the construction area and it is highly recommended that the swamp area remains as it is after the construction works for Kaltim Peaker 2 have been finalized. Unrealted to the project, filling up the swamp area for installation of a PV power plant or any other activites shall not be permitted. Such an act could create significant impacts for the Proboscis habitat. 372. There are two other protected species in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, that could be remotely affected by the planned project. These species are living in the Mahakam river and comprise the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelli).The Kaltim power plant complex is located at a concave bank of the Mahakam river with strong currents and steep river banks, which do not provide favourable habitats for crocodiles. For these reasons the impact of the planned project on the remaining Siamese Crocodile population is therefore regarded as “not significant”. 373. The nearest location to the project site where Irrawaddy Dolphins were observed in the past years is Muara Kaman, which is 40.6 km river upstream of the project site in Kaltim. According to information collected during the site visits from local fishermen no dolphins have been observed in the wider area of the Kaltim power plant complex in the past years. Due to the heavy human influence (disturbances from the existing power plants, especially the coal fired power plant 2 km upstream the Kaltim power plant complex, ship movements, fishery) the probability is very low that dolphins are or will be present in the project area of influence during construction and operation of the new plant. Piling works at the temporary jetty will only be temporary (of less than three months duration) and not continuous. 374. For these reasons the impact of the planned project on the remaining Irrawaddy dolphin population is therefore regarded as „“not significant“. 375. Construction activities will cause disturbances that may scare off birds during breeding seasons. The project affected habitat is already under strong human influence, as it is directly neighbouring existing power plants and no rare or endangered bird species have been observed or are expected in the project affected areas. Vegetation clearing could impair some bird habitats, especially near or within the swamp area. These disturbances are however only
78 temporary, limited to the project site and 1 ha west of the power plant complex (access road, temporary jetty), and therefore do not constitute an existential threat to contingent populations of bird species. Mitigation and Monitoring 376. The PLN will work with the Bali Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BKSDA, i.e., the provincial nature conservation agency) to identify necessary measures to protect the Proboscis monkeys and their habitat. Regular monitoring will be conducted by the Engineer during the whole construction phase to ensure that these measures are practically applied. The Contactor will coordinate the implementation of the management plan and to periodically educate the workers on their response and precautions in relation to sighting of Poboscis monkey. The Contractor will strictly adhere to the following meaures during entire construction phase: • Inform and educate the construction workers about Dos and Don’ts about the Proboscis habitat and necessary protection measures (every quarter); Control and prevent access to the Proboscis habitat (by constructing ecofriendly fencing); Daily monitoring of human activities near or within the Proboscis habitat adjoining the boundary of construction site (place permanent guards with training in conservation); Preserve the swamp area between the power plant complex and the Proboscis habitat as a natural protection barrier; Additionally, post-construction phase, PLN will explore the possibility to extend the Proboscis habitat by planting trees across the temporary jetty area to link the existing Proboscis habitat to 300 m long tree line across the temporary jetty. 377. Noisy construction works will be limited to 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Predicted noise levels at the sensitive receptors indicate that for the construction equipment hourly equivalent noise levels are within 85 dB(A) and no exceedance of national noise regulations are expected due to construction activities at sensitive receptors (Table 17) 18. The noise levels during pile driving are likely to be above 55 dB(A) at Proboscis monkeys’ habitat near the temporary jetty, though the higher noise are expected to be within the noise sensitivity levels for large mammals. In case of annoyance, the monkeys can recede to farther areas within their habitat. To ensure unhindered foray for food, though, the piling at the temporary jetty will be limited to 8:00 am and to 4:00 pm. 378. As a precautionary approach, frequent noise monitoring at sensitive receptors will be undertaken by the contractor to assess the construction phase impacts and to introduce any additional measures, as necessary. Monitoring shall be conducted weekly initially. The frequency can be reduced if compliance is observed. In the event of complaints by the community, additional noise abatement measures will be promptly implemented. In the interim, noise generating activities will be restricted to even shorter period in consultation with the community representatives and if required suspended until additional noise mitigation measures are implemented. 379. Reducing of the area of the construction activities is a good industry practice. It is even more relevant due to nearby presence of swamp area. Fencing of valuable areas and objects (trees, swamps, Mahakam river bank) in order to avoid unnecessary impacts will be conducted. If tree cutting is required, lost trees shall be replaced by new tree planting in a 1:2 ratio at least. The contractor will be required to assess as part of the DED site assessment the impact on forestry resources, and to identify the need for compensation replanting.
18 The hourly equivalent noise levels for pile driver are heigher than 85 dB(A). Provision of pile sheilding is mandatory to achieve a minimum noise attenuation of 10 dB(A). This brings the hourly equivalent noise to below 85 dB(A).
79 380. The contractor shall temporarily stop the construction activity if/when an IUCN- classified ‘critically endangered’, ‘endangered’, or ‘vulnerable wildlife’ species approaches the construction site (e.g., Proboscis monkey, Crocodile). When wildlife approaches the construction site, Contractor workers are not allowed to hunt, harass or chase the animals. Worker orientation about restrictions on hunting or harming these animals will be conducted together with warning signs and reminders at the project site. 381. The contractor/PLN must report to provincial nature conservation agancy (BKSDA) if protected wildlife is encountered; coordinate and consult with the BKSDA for further impact mitigation, if wildlife trails or wildlife activity is noted at the construction site. 382. Poaching wildlife including fishing from using net/trap, poison, or explosives shall be strikly prohibited and controlled. Should any worker be involved in such illegal activities, such worker shall be warned and penalized by the contractor. 383. Contractor office and construction worker base camp area will be located at least 500 m away from Mahakam River bank within the planned power plant site.
3. Human Environment (Socio-economic resources)
Impacts: 384. The project will create job opportunities for local residents, which is the strongest positive impact for the local inhabitants. However, incidents can happen at anytime and anywhere on or near the site because of carelessness. Consequently, such incidents can cause a heavy burden on the society and family of affected people. 385. Accident risks will be unavoidable due to operation of construction equipment and other construction activities. Risks due to fires, traffic accidents and occupational accidents may also cause injuries of workers and local people. Development and strict compliance with safety regulations will minimize incident risks. 386. The establishment of work camps and the presence of migrant workers can potentially disrupt existing social networks. There will be a temporary increase in population as workers will live in the area during construction phase. It is envisaged to hire local workers when they have the right skills, which can benefit the local economy. 387. Construction and transport activities will cause air and noise emissions and may impair the living conditions of local residents. 388. There is a school located at the access road on a hill, ca. 100 m from the south-eastern corner of the planned project site. Teachers and pupils at the school will be impaired by air pollution and noise from the construction site and the construction traffic on the access road. 389. The risk of accidents, especially on the access road from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex, will increase due to the construction traffic. 390. Foreign workers may disturb the way of life of the local population, due to the influx of money, transferrable diseases, behavior, cultural or religious differences, etc. 391. There are no known archaeological, cultural heritage or religious sites in the areas, where physical impacts will occur during the construction works. Mitigation and Monitoring: 392. The Indonesian legal framework requires contractors to (i) provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and disease; and (ii) establish preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities.
80 393. In addition to the requirements on worker safety through the national Law on Labor, PLN has issued its internal policy that requires contractors to provide PLN workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and occupational disease (see Appendix G). It also requires the establishment of preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures in PLN. This decree applies for employees and labors in all units of the company. 394. Additionally, national laws on disaster management provide for the protection of communities through disaster risk management measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities. For this project, a series of measures are identified in the EMP to address occupational and community health and safety. These are described below. 395. The worker camp, which will be located within the project site must be in accordance with the pollution, health and safety measures set out in the General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines (2007). The detailed design of the contractor needs to elaborate on the sanitation, welfare and medical facilities to be provided, including the ratio of toilets to workers. 396. Noisy construction activities will be limited to 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. No blasting will be permitted for the entire construction phase. 397. The contractor has to ensure adherence to the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding protection of the human environment (H&S, water quality, noise and air emissions) are met. As described above, at pre-construction phase, an Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Plan must to be developed by the Contractor and approved by PLN before the construction activities begin. The plan must cover security, occupational health and safety, gate control, sanitation, medical care, fire prevention, emergency preparedness and response Periodic medical checks shall be provided for all workers at no costs to the workers. 398. The organization of environmental management and health & safety training for the workers is of vital importance to assure the minimization of incidents at the construction site. The contractor has to regularly inform and train his staff regarding health and safety issues (PPE), emergency response (e.g. accidents, spills), and transferrable diseases (e.g. HIV). Daily toolbox meetings shall be organized for construction workers. 399. To reduce the risk of accidents due to construction related traffic, specific measures shall be included in the EHS Plan. A temporary traffic management plan shall be developed in consultation with local authorities as part of the EHS Plan, and submitted to PLN for approval. Also, awareness campaigns for the local population must be performed by PLN and the contractor to prevent accidents. 400. To respond to accidents and emergencies during facility construction/installation, an outline of emergency/incident response procedures have been provided in the EMP (see Chapter VI, Section 3 and EMP). The procedures will be revised and detailed by the EPC Contractor prior to commencement of works in the framework of EHS Plan preparation. The plan will be submitted to PLN for approval. 401. To minimize the personal risks for the workers, PPE equipment (ear muffs, safety boots, warning vests) must be provided by the contractor and the proper use of this equipment must be regularly supervised. 402. All foreign workers will live in a special worker camp, and health checks have to be made for all newly arriving workers as well as regular health checks for all workers in the worker camp. A functioning sanitary facility with at least two skilled health personnel and appropriate first aid equipment must be continuously available in the worker camp. 403. The camp will be located either inside the fenced project area or will be fenced in order to avoid uncontrolled entry of local people.
81 404. The contractor has to set up a grievance redress mechanism, , where the local people must be informed how to file project-related safeguards complaints. This grievance redress mechanism must be explained to the local residents during a public presentation at the beginning of the construction activities. 405. The school shall be relocated before the beginning of the construction activities, as the noise and air pollution problems will not be only temporary and restricted to the construction phase, as the noise and air pollution problems will even increase in the operation phase of the planned project. 406. In case archeological relicts are found during excavation works the construction activities must be stopped and the responsible authority has to be informed. The contractor has to include the respective contact data and the procedure in his Environment, Health and Safety Plan and during worker training.
E. Operation Phase Impacts
1. Physical Environment 407. Environmental issues in thermal power plant operation primarily include the following: Noise Air emissions and acid deposition Greenhouse gas emissions Water consumption and aquatic habitat alteration Effluent discharge Solid wastes, hazardous materials and oil waste Occupational and community health and safety (operational safety)
Geology and soils
Impacts: 408. Geology is not affected in any way by the planned project.Soil is not anticipated to be affected by the normal operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. 409. The Tanjung Batu power plant has already a permitted temporary warehouse for hazardous waste and, according to information provided by power plant staff, a legally- compliant approach for its handling, transportation, and disposal. The existing facilities and system for handling and disposing hazardous waste will also be used for Kaltim Peaker 1, and according to information from PLN Kaltim Peaker 2 will use the same system. 410. However, accidental spills with hazardous materials may occur outside these facilities during handling and transport. Mitigation measures: 411. Incidents with unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, solvents, paints, etc.) may always occur. Spill kits must be available at the plant site. An emergency preparedness and response plan must be set up by the EPC contractor describing timely applied protection measures against spills. This plan will be submitted to PLN for review and approval, and tested during trial operation. The EPC contractor will also prepare a series of operations manuals, including an emergency preparedness and response manual. Training must be provided for all workers, drivers and equipment operators. 412. Sound maintenance of construction roads, including drainage facilities must be ensured.
Surface and Ground Water
82 Impacts: 413. Within the project site, impacts on surface and ground water quality may be caused by unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, solvents, paints, etc.). 414. 62,5 m3/d water will be extracted from the Mahakam river as service water for the operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. Waste and wastewater from the Kaltim Peaker 2 site may constitute a source of water pollution in the Mahakam River. The wastewater will be treated in the on-site process wastewater and domestic wastewater treatment facilities. Effluent of the process wastewater treatment plant will be released into the Mahakam River via the existing infrastructure of the neighboring power plants. Compared to the 1,000 – 1,500 m3/second average water flow in the Mahakam River (Dutrieux, 1990), around 7 m3/d (0.8.4 l/s) of treated effluent from the Kaltim Peaker 2 site is negligible. Effluent quality will be monitored weekly at the central laboratory to ensure compliance with the applicable standard as defined in Table 6 of the EIA. 415. The effluent of the domestic wastewater treatment facility (3 m3/day) will be disposed on-site through percolation fields. 50 m3/d will be used as cooling agent in the combustion chambers and will evaporate via the chimneys. Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant is a dual fuel single cycle turbine. Cooling mechanism of turbine is airflow based. The plant will not lead to any hot water discharge into the Mahakam river. Mitigation measures: 416. Sewage from the plant site must be collected in a on-site wastewater treatment facility. Per draft BD for the EPC contract, the facility must provide 2-year storage capacity for accumulating sludge. Sludge emptied from the facility shall be transported by a qualified operator and disposed of in accordance with national regulations 417. The plant operator has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding water quality are met. Benchmark for wastewater effluent quality is defined in Table 6 of the EIA. 418. Incidents with unintended release of hazardous materials (e.g. fires, spillage of fuel, hydraulic oil, solvents, paints, etc.) may always occur. Spill kits must be available at the plant site. A response plan must be set up by the operator describing timely applied protection measures against spills. Training must be provided for all drivers and equipment operators.
2. Air Quality Impacts:
419. Impairment of air quality will be caused by air emissions (NO2, SO2, and PM10) produced by the plant’s operation. If ambient air quality standards are routinely exceeded, degradation of soil and water quality due to deposition of pollutants (only in case of severe pollution) and impact on health of local residents specially children and elderly due to lung function impairment could be expected. 420. During the operation phase of Kaltim Peaker 2, the plant being a Peaker plant is likely to operate during evening peak hours only. The project impacts on air quality during a majority of period therefore are limited to 5 pm to 10 pm. This lowers the potential of adverse air quality impacts of the project as GLCs received during 5 hours of operations of the peaker plant get distributed over a longer period (typically 24 hours) for longer averaging period standards. For shorter averaging periods (typically 1 hour) likelihood of high GLC’s that relates to adverse meteorological conditions, gets lowered. However, since continuous operations of the peaker plant, especially under emergency conditions (such as outage of other power plants), can not be ruled out, the air quality impact assessement includes predictions for 24 hours of plant operations (Table 22).
83 421. In the case of Tanjung Batu Power Complex, the air quality impacts though require consideration of cumulative impacts due to existing plants in the complex and in its proximity (Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 as well as the neighboring coal fired CFK power plant). The air quality simulation includes these plants and with the assumption that emissions from all existing plants will comply with the Regulation of the Minister for Environment Number 21 of 2008 concerning Quality Standard of Emission from Immovable Sources for Thermal Power Plant Activities. The Kaltim Peaker 2 (ADB project) as per the ADB policy will comply with IFC EHS guidelines for gas and oil turbines that are more stringent than the national standards for such plants. The referred standards have already been described in Table 2 and 3 of Chapter III. 422. A detailed air quality modeling has been undertaken to assess the impact of air emissions from the relevant sources at the Tanjung Batu power complex for the relevant parameters i.e. NO2, SO2, and PM10.
423. Among the pollutants considered, NO2 and PM10 are a product of fuel combustion whereas SO2 emissions are a function of sulfur content of fuel. In this case, presence of sulfur in HSD is the only cause for flue gas content of SO2. During the combustion process sulfur in fuel gets oxidized under high temperature and gets converted into SO2. The flue gas SO2 levels are proportional to the sulfur content of the fuel. The air quality modelling has used 0.25 percent sulfur, which is a requirement of Indonesian regulations. PLN also provided fuel analysis certificate that confirmed that the sulfur content of HSD used by the existing plants is below 0.25%. 424. The air quality modeling study was performed using AERMOD View (Version 9.5) for three criteria pollutants SO2, NO2 and PM10, for averaging periods of 1 hour, 24 hours and 1 year, respectively. The simulations are performed for stack heights for Tanjung Batu and CFK at 80 m; and Kaltim Peaker 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 at 50m. The study considered the following scenarios to assess air quality impacts of Kaltim Peaker 1 and neighbouring plants: Project Only scenario: Only Kaltim Peaker 2 operating at full capacity as Peaker Plant (5 hours; from 5 pm to 10 pm)19 Existing Plants Only Scenario: Tanjung Batu operating at full capacity for 24 hours and Kaltim Peaker 1 operating at full capacity as Peaker Plant Baseline scenario: CFK and Tanjung Batu PPs operating at full capacity for 24 hours and Kaltim Peaker 1 operating at full capacity as Peaker Plant Cumulative Impacts: CFK and Tanjung Batu PPs operating at full capacity for 24 hours, Kaltim Peaker 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 both operating at full capacity as Peaker Plants. 425. The model simulation results are presented in the form of Tables showing the maximum simulated ground level concentrations (GLC) in the assessment area (including the maximum concentration and maximum GLCs at the sensitive receptors). The predicted values that exceed the WHO GL value are highlighted in ‘Blue’ and those that exceed the national air quality standards are highlighted in ‘Red’. The locations of sensitive receptors epresented in Figures 22 and 23. These include within a radius of 10 km, all sensitive receptors where human presence exists, namely the neighboring village/settlements, school, staff housings and farm houses. Nine locations have been selected as representative receptor points: R1 = Direct vicinity of the site, village of Tanjung Batu. R2 = Direct vicinity of the site, school R3 = Direct vicinity of the site, staff housing 1
19 All simulation for Kaltim Peaker 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 are performed assuming operations for 6 hours per day as a conservative measure. Also, as a worst-case simulation, Kaltim Peaker 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 have been assumed to operate on HSD.
84 R4 = Direct vicinity of the site, staff housing 2 R5 = Direct vicinity of the site, farm house R6 = 6.5 km northeast from the site R7 = 5.5 km southeast from the site R8 = 8.5 km southwest from the site, village of Tenggarong R9 = 6.5 km northwest from the site 426. Figure 25 and Figure 26 below show the above mentioned receptor points. Figure 25: Location of the sensitive receptors
(Source of the satellite image: Google Earth TM) (R = Receptor) Figure 26: Closer view of the location of the sensitive receptors R1 to R5 (R = Receptor)
SO2 Impacts
85 427. Table 21 presents the results of all four modeling scenarios for SO2. While interpreting the results 28 µg/m3 and 11 µg/m3, respectively, are added to 1 hourly and 24 hourly average values to account for the background concentrations (refer Table 14). No such additions are done for annual average concentration as the predicted values for all scenarios are much below the annual standards and accounting for baseline concentration does not influence the interpretation. 428. Based on the modelling results following observations are made:
(a) The predicted values for SO2, under all scenarios, are significantly below the national ambient air quality standard of 1 hourly average (900 µg/m3), 24 hourly average (365 µg/m3), and yearly average (60 µg/m3). The project therefore fully complies with national ambient air quality standards for SO2. (b) For 24 hourly average ambient air quality, the model predictions under baseline scenario (Scenarios C), are above WHO GL (20 µg/m3) at all nearby receptors (R1, R2, R3 and R4). The airshed at full operational capacity of planned Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants, therefore, needs to be considered as degraded airshed to assess compliance of standards for SO2, with respect to ADB policy. The air quality observations presented in Table 15 also support this deduction as occasionally 24 hourly average values for SO2 exceed WHO GL. CFK is the primary cause of airshed degradation for SO2..
(c) The contribution of the Kaltim Peaker 2 alone to ambient SO2, concentrations, at all receptor locations, for 24 hourly average is negligible and is at 4.5% of WHO GL (20 µg/m3 ) and 0.3% of national ambient 24 hourly average standard 3 (365 µg/m ). Table 23 presents the contribution of Kaltim Peaker 2 operating at full capacity in standalone mode at all receptors, as a percent of WHO Guidelines and national 24 hourly average standards.
(d) The simulations for SO2 are performed for HSD mode (0.25% S). For gas operations which is the primary operation mode for the Tanjung Batu Power Complex after commissioning of new gas pipe line, none of the plants at Tanjung Batu Power Complex, including Kaltim Peaker 2, will contribute to SO2. The Project therefore complies with the ADB policy for degraded airshed for SO2 in HSD as well as in gas operations mode.
86 Table 21: Maximum simulated SO2 Concentrations
3 3 3 Coordinates SO2 (µg/m ) SO2 (µg/m ) SO2 (µg/m ) Receptors X Y 1-hr 24-hr Annual Indonesian Ambient AQ Standard 900 365 60 WHO Ambient AQ Guideline 20 SCENARIO A - Only Kaltim Peaker 2
GLCmax 505557 9956802 17 0.9 0.1 R1 506344 9957915 1.7 0.1 .003 R2 505919 9957236 6.4 0.3 .003 R3 506188 9957028 6.8 0.3 .004 R4 505857 9956675 6.6 0.3 .003 R5 504998 9957039 13.5 0.8 .031 R6 511757 9960498 5.8 0.2 .007 R7 511238 9955657 3.9 0.2 .003 R8 498329 9953837 7.0 0.3 ,011 R9 500219 9961091 7.3 0.4 .014 SCENARIO B - Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1
GLCmax 505705 9958540 23.5 2.9 0.3 R1 506344 9957915 5.4 1.2 0.1 R2 505919 9957236 6.3 1.5 0.2 R3 506188 9957028 7.8 1.1 0.1 R4 505857 9956675 9.7 1.3 0.1 R5 504998 9957039 17.3 2.5 0.2 R6 511757 9960498 9.4 0.5 0.05 R7 511238 9955657 7.1 0.5 0.06 R8 498329 9953837 10.2 0.5 0.04 R9 500219 9961091 11.9 0.7 0.05 SCENARIO C - Tanjung Batu, Kaltim Peaker 1 and CFK (Existing Plants)
GLCmax 506955 9959805 193.9 38.3 5.0 R1 506344 9957915 83.3 27.1 3.7 R2 505919 9957236 71.6 14.2 2.1 R3 506188 9957028 68.3 13.0 2.2 R4 505857 9956675 74.7 10.3 1.8 R5 504998 9957039 76.0 8.6 1.4 R6 511757 9960498 97.3 4.9 0.9 R7 511238 9955657 81.8 5.6 1.0 R8 498329 9953837 80.0 3.6 0.5 R9 500219 9961091 61.9 4.0 0.5 SCENARIO D - All Plants (Kaltim Peaker 1, Kaltim Peaker 2, Tanjung Batu and CFK)
GLCmax 506955 9959805 193.9 38.3 5.0 R1 506344 9957915 83.3 27.1 3.7 R2 505919 9957236 71.7 14.2 2.1 R3 506188 9957028 68.4 13.0 2.2 R4 505857 9956675 74.7 10.3 1.8 R5 504998 9957039 76.1 9.1 1.4 R6 511757 9960498 102.4 4.9 0.9 R7 511238 9955657 81.8 5.6 1.0 R8 498329 9953837 80.1 3.6 0.5 R9 500219 9961091 69.2 4.3 0.5 (GLCmax coordinates corresponding to SO2 concentration in Bold; all values are modelled values without baseline correction)
87
NO2 Impacts
429. Table 22 presents the results of all four modeling scenarios for NO2. Similar to SO2 scenarios, while interpreting the results 10 µg/m3 and 4 µg/m3, respectively, are added to 1 hourly and 24 hourly average values to account for the background concentrations (refer Table 15). No such additions are done for annual average concentration as the predicted values for all scenarios are much below the standards and accounting for baseline concentration does not influence the interpretation. 430. Based on the modelling results following observations are made: (i) The predicted values under all four scenarios, even after accounting for background concentrations, are significantly below the national ambient air quality standard of 1 hourly average (400 µg/m3), 24 hourly average (150 µg/m3) and yearly average (100 µg/m3). The project therefore fully complies with national ambient air quality standards for NO2. (ii) For 1 hourly average ambient air quality, the model predictions under baseline scenario (Scenario C), are above WHO GL (200 µg/m3) for maximum GLC after accounting for background. The maximum GLC is at about 3500m from the grid center (center of polar grid located at Tanjung Batu Power Complex) towards east with no sensitive receptor nearby. This elevated concentration is evidently affected by CFK. Values at all sensitive receptors are much below the WHO GL and therefore the airshed is considered as ‘non-degraded’ for NO2. It also noteworthy that all GLCs are well within the national standard for 1 hourly 3 average NO2 levels (400 µg/m ). (iii) The annual average concentrations, for NO2 for all scenarios and at all locations including max GLC locations, are significantly below the WHO GL of 40 µg/m3. The highest contribution of the Kaltim Peaker 2 to the NO2 concentrations at the receptors is at R5 at 7.5 % of WHO GL. At all other locations it is significantly below. Table 23 presents the contribution of Kaltim Peaker 2 operating at full capacity in standalone mode at all receptors, as a percent of WHO Guidelines and national 24 hourly average standards. (iv) The project thus complies with the ADB policy of not contributing by more than 25% of applicable ambient standards for NO2. It is noteworthy that at these locations the cumulative impacts do not exceed the WHO GL or national standards for 1 hourly average NO2 and therefore no additional NO2 control is required. (v) The simulations indicate that CFK PP is the major influence at nearby receptors to the Tanjung Batu power complex. Specially at Tanjung Batu village CFK is major contributor to NO2 levels in the airshed. However, as stated above, the NO2 levels at all receptors including Tanjung Batu are significantly lower than WHO GL and national standards. (vi) In gas operation mode, the contributions to NO2 due to Tanjung Batu power complex will be lower (national and international standards for NO2 emissions being more stringent for NG compared to HSD). However, the coal fired CFK power plant being the major contributor on NO2 , the reduction in NO2 levels as a result of gas operations at Tanjung Batu Power Complex will be limited.
88 Table 22: Maximum simulated NO2 Concentrations
3 3 3 Coordinates NO2 (µg/m ) NO2 (µg/m ) NO2 (µg/m ) Receptors X Y 1-hr 24-hr Annual Indonesian Ambient AQ Standard 400 150 100 WHO Ambient AQ Guideline 200 NA 40 SCENARIO A - Only Kaltim Peaker 2 GLCmax 505557 9956802 17.8 0.9 0.1 R1 506344 9957915 1.8 0.1 0.003 R2 505919 9957236 6.7 0.3 0.004 R3 506188 9957028 7.2 0.3 0.005 R4 505857 9956675 6.9 0.3 0.003 R5 504998 9957039 14.2 0.8 0.033 R6 511757 9960498 6.1 0.3 0.007 R7 511238 9955657 4.1 0.2 0.003 R8 498329 9953837 7.6 0.4 0.015 R9 500219 9961091 7.3 0.3 0.012 SCENARIO B - Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1
GLCmax 506669 9958789 79.5 10.0 0.9 R1 506344 9957915 18.4 4.1 0.4 R2 505919 9957236 21.3 5.0 0.5 R3 506188 9957028 26.3 3.7 0.4 R4 505857 9956675 32.9 4.3 0.5 R5 504998 9957039 58.7 8.6 0.7 R6 511757 9960498 31.9 1.5 0.2 R7 511238 9955657 23.9 1.8 0.2 R8 498329 9953837 40.3 2.3 0.2 R9 500219 9961091 34.6 1.8 0.2 SCENARIO C - Tanjung Batu, Kaltim Peaker 1 and CFK (Existing Plants) GLCmax 509151 9958247 199.5 38.4 5.3 R1 506344 9957915 84.2 27.2 4.0 R2 505919 9957236 72.4 14.2 2.4 R3 506188 9957028 68.4 13.1 2.5 R4 505857 9956675 74.7 10.5 2.1 R5 504998 9957039 88.9 14.7 1.9 R6 511757 9960498 119.6 5.6 1.0 R7 511238 9955657 85.7 6.7 1.2 R8 498329 9953837 90.3 5.5 0.6 R9 500219 9961091 80.6 3.6 0.6 SCENARIO D - All Plants (Kaltim Peaker 1 and 2, Tanjung Batu and CFK)
GLCmax 509151 9958247 199.5 38.4 5.3 R1 506344 9957915 84.7 27.2 4.0 R2 505919 9957236 72.5 14.2 2.4 R3 506188 9957028 68.4 13.1 2.5 R4 505857 9956675 74.7 10.5 2.1 R5 504998 9957039 91.2 15.1 2.0 R6 511757 9960498 125.1 5.8 1.0 R7 511238 9955657 85.7 6.9 1.2 R8 498329 9953837 97.9 5.8 0.6 R9 500219 9961091 80.6 3.6 0.6 (GLCmax coordinates corresponding to NO2 in Bold; all values are modelled values without baseline correction)
89
PM10 Impacts
431. Table 23 presents the results of all four modeling scenarios for PM10. Similar to SO2 and NO2 scenarios, while interpreting the results 38 µg/m3 is added to 24 hourly average values, respective, to account for background concentration. No such additions are required for 1 hourly and annual conentrations as 1 houry standards for PM10 are not defined and for annual average concentration, the predicted values for all scenarios are much below the standards and accounting for baseline concentration will not influence the interpretation. 432. Based on the modelling results following observations are made: (i) The predicted values under all four scenarios, even after accounting for background concentrations, are significantly below the national ambient air quality standard of 24 hourly average (150 µg/m3). Indonesia does not have a yearly average standard for PM10. The project therefore fully complies with national air quality standards for PM10. (ii) The predicted values under all four scenarios, even after accounting for background concentrations, are also significantly below the WHO GL for 24 hourly average (50 µg/m3) and WHO GL for yearly average (20 µg/m3). The contribution of the Kaltim Peaker 2 alone to ambient PM10 concentrations, at all receptor locations, for 24 hourly average is negligible and is at or below 0.6% of WHO GL (50 µg/m3 ) and 0.2% of national ambient 24 hourly average 3 standard (150 µg/m ). Table 23 presents the contribution of Kaltim Peaker 2 operating at full capacity in standalone mode at all receptors, as a percent of WHO Guidelines and national 24 hourly average standards. The project therefore fully complies with WHO GL for PM10 , due to its low contributions to airshed that is considered degraded for PM10 due to high baseline concentration.
(iii) In gas operation mode for Kaltim Peaker 1 and Kaltim Peaker 2 the PM10 values will be further lower. As such the impact of proposed power plants on PM10 in the airshed in negligible and baselines conditions are not expected to be altered in any significant way. 433. Overall, the air quality modeling simulations indicate that Kaltim Peaker 2 Power Plant, as a standalone plant, fully complies with the Indonesian ambient air quality standards. Furthermore, for all air quality parameters its contribution to pollutant’s concentration at any point in airshed remains within 25% of Indonesian ambient air quality standards. 434. In terms of cumulative impacts, the CFK power plant has significant impact on the airshed and specially the nearby receptor including the village of Tanjung Batu. For SO2, due to the impact of CFK power plant, the 24-hourly average GLCs at nearby receptors to the Project are higher than the WHO GL for 24 hourly average (20 µg/m3). As per ADB policy therefore the airshed for SO2 is termed as ‘degraded’. The SO2 contribution due to the project at all locations are however insignificant and within the permissible levels. The Project therefore complies with the ADB policy for its impacts in terms of SO2. For gas mode operations the Project will not add to SO2.
90
Table 23: Maximum simulated PM10 Concentrations
PM PM PM Coordinates 10 10 10 Receptors (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) X Y 1-hr 24-hr Annual Indonesian Ambient AQ Standard NA 150 NA WHO Ambient AQ Guideline NA 50 20 SCENARIO A - Only Kaltim Peaker 2 GLCmax 505557 9956802 5.8 0.3 0.019 R1 506344 9957915 0.6 0.1 0.001 R2 505919 9957236 2.2 0.1 0.001 R3 506188 9957028 2.4 0.1 0.002 R4 505857 9956675 2.3 0.1 0.001 R5 504998 9957039 4.7 0.3 0.011 R6 511757 9960498 2.0 0.1 0.002 R7 511238 9955657 1.4 0.1 0.001 R8 498329 9953837 2.5 0.1 0.004 R9 500219 9961091 2.4 0.1 0.004 SCENARIO B - Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 GLCmax 505705 9958540 17.6 2.21 0.2 R1 506344 9957915 4.6 0.9 0.1 R2 505919 9957236 4.8 1.1 0.1 R3 506188 9957028 5.9 0.8 0.1 R4 505857 9956675 7.4 0.9 0.1 R5 504998 9957039 14.1 1.9 0.2 R6 511757 9960498 11.5 0.3 0.04 R7 511238 9955657 6.9 0.4 0.1 R8 498329 9953837 11.5 0.5 0.04 R9 500219 9961091 8.1 0.4 0.03 SCENARIO C - Tanjung Batu, Kaltim Peaker 1 and CFK (Existing Plants) GLCmax 505207 9957222 17.6 2.5 0.3 R1 506344 9957915 4.1 1.4 0.3 R2 505919 9957236 4.7 1.2 0.2 R3 506188 9957028 5.8 1.0 0.2 R4 505857 9956675 7.3 1.0 0.2 R5 504998 9957039 13.0 2.2 0.2 R6 511757 9960498 7.1 0.5 0.1 R7 511238 9955657 5.3 0.6 0.1 R8 498329 9953837 8.9 0.7 0.1 R9 500219 9961091 7.7 0.5 0.1 SCENARIO D - All Plants (Kaltim Peaker 1, Kaltim Peaker 2, Tanjung Batu and CFK) GLCmax 505168 9957190 23.2 2.6 0.3 R1 506344 9957915 4.8 1.4 0.3 R2 505919 9957236 7.0 1.2 0.2 R3 506188 9957028 8.2 1.0 0.2 R4 505857 9956675 9.6 1.0 0.2 R5 504998 9957039 16.8 2.4 0.2 R6 511757 9960498 13.3 0.6 0.1 R7 511238 9955657 6.9 0.7 0.1 R8 498329 9953837 14.0 0.8 0.1 R9 500219 9961091 10.5 0.6 0.1 (GLCmax coordinates corresponding to PM10 in Bold; all values are modelled values without baseline correction)
91 435. For NO2 the GLC under cumulative impacts considerations are within WHO GL for 1 hourly average (200 µg/m3) at all receptors. There are some exceedances to WHO GL at about 3,500m north-east of the Project. The land use at this location based on satellite data is agricultural and open vegetation. The value at this location only marginally exceeds the standards after accounting for background concentration. The Project contribution to NO2 at any point being within 25% (by simulation less than 10%) of the 1 hourly average national ambient air quality standards (400 µg/m3), the project complies with ADB policy for NO2. 436. In relation to exposure of agricultural workers to GLCs above WHO GL, it is observed that there is a very limited area where the GLC approachs the stadards. For instance the value at 3000m from the grid center is 172 µg/m3 and at 4000m 188 µg/m3. Even a marginal shift to north and south leads to a sharp fall in GLC (129 µg/m3 to North and 142 µg/m3 to South). Finally, these values pertain to HSD operations. For natural gas operations the NO2 emissions due to the plant are about 3 times less than HSD mode and natural gas operations should not lead to even a marginal exceedance of WHO GL.
437. PM10 emissions in the airshed are low and PM10 GLCs are not a matter of concern. The percent contribution of air pollutants with respect to shortterm (1 hour and 24 hour) standards is presented in Table 25. It is observed that for shorterm standards, the contribution of the Project to GLCs at all receptors is within 10% of WHO standard, the threshold for significant impacts on air quality. The percent contribution of air pollutants with respect to longterm (annual) standards is presented in Table 26. It is observed that for longterm standards, the contribution of the Project to GLCs at all receptors is within 1% of WHO standard, the threshold for significant impacts on air quality.
438. The impact of Kaltim Peaker 2 on NO2, SO2 and PM10, GLCs for 24 hours operations of Kaltim Peaker 2 under HSD operations is further examined in Table 24. The Table 24 presents the GLCs for these parameters at all sensitive receptors as well the maximum GLCs for 24 hourly average for SO2 and PM10 and hourly average for NO2 (the averaging periods for which short term WHO GLs exist for respective parameters). The results in Table 22 indicate that the contribution of the project under 24 hours operations for HSD mode are well within the 10% thereshhold of significance for air quality impacts at most locations. Table 24: Simulated Air Quality GLCs for 24 hours HSD operations for Kaltim Peaker 2
SO2 3 PM10 Coordinates 3 NO2 (µg/m ) 3 Receptors (µg/m ) (µg/m ) X Y 24-hr 1-hr Annual Indonesian Ambient AQ Standard 360 400 150 WHO Ambient AQ Guideline 20 200 50 24 ours HSD operations for Kaltim Peaker 2 GLCmax 4.7 17.8 1.6 R1 506344 9957915 1.2 9.3 0.5 R2 505919 9957236 2.0 10.9 0.7 R3 506188 9957028 1.6 10.1 0.5 R4 505857 9956675 2.3 8.9 0.8 R5 504998 9957039 3.4 15.4 1.2 R6 511757 9960498 0.6 10.2 0.2 R7 511238 9955657 1.0 14.1 0.4 R8 498329 9953837 0.5 7.6 0.2 R9 500219 9961091 0.6 7.6 0.3 (all values are modelled values without baseline correction) 439. In conclusion, the Project with the assumptions that it will meet the international emission standards complies with ADB policy for its impacts on air quality. It is noteworthy that for policy compliance the existing plants Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 also need to meet the national emission standards. The stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 also needs to be increased to 50m. PLN therefore will monitor the stack emissions, every six months, for
92 compliance with national standards for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 and undertake additional control mesures if necessary. PLN will also raise the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50 m before the award of construction contract for Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant. Table 25: Percent GLC for Short-term standards for air pollutants (1 hourly for NO2 and 24 hourly for SO2 and PM10 as applicable)
Receptor Location Percent of National Percent of WHO GL Standard
SO2 NO2 PM10 SO2 NO2 PM10 GLCmax 4.50 8.90 0.60 0.25 4.45 0.20 Tanjung Batu Village (R1} 0.50 0.90 0.20 0.03 0.45 0.07 School (R2) 1.50 3.35 0.20 0.08 1.68 0.07 Staff Housing 1 (R3) 1.50 3.60 0.20 0.08 1.80 0.07 Staff Housing 2 (R4) 1.50 3.45 0.20 0.08 1.73 0.07 Farm House (R5) 4.00 7.10 0.60 0.22 3.55 0.20 R6 1.00 3.05 0.20 0.06 1.53 0.07 R7 1.00 2.05 0.20 0.06 1.03 0.07 R8 1.50 3.80 0.20 0.08 1.90 0.07 R9 2.00 3.65 0.20 0.11 1.83 0.07
Table 26: Percent GLC for long-term standards for air pollutants (annual)
Receptor Location Percent of National Percent of WHO GL Standard
SO2 NO2 PM10 SO2 NO2 PM10 GLCmax 0.167 0.100 NA NA 0.250 0.095 Tanjung Batu Village (R1} 0.005 0.003 NA NA 0.008 0.005 School (R2) 0.005 0.004 NA NA 0.010 0.005 Staff Housing 1 (R3) 0.007 0.005 NA NA 0.013 0.010 Staff Housing 2 (R4) 0.005 0.003 NA NA 0.008 0.005 Farm House (R5) 0.052 0.033 NA NA 0.083 0.055 R6 0.012 0.007 NA NA 0.018 0.010 R7 0.005 0.003 NA NA 0.008 0.005 R8 0.018 0.015 NA NA 0.038 0.020 R9 0.023 0.012 NA NA 0.030 0.020
Mitigation and Monitoring
440. The plant must meet the international standards for emissions of SO2, NO2 and PM10 as specified in IFC Environment Health and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants (December 2008) and presented in Table 3. Continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) will be installed to monitor SO2, NO2 and PM10 at each stack of Kaltim Peaker 2. In addition, during the first year of operation, PLN will undertake quarterly manual stack monitoring to ensure compliance of these standards. Once the regular compliance is achieved, the manual stack monitoring will be undertaken every six months. 441. PLN will also conduct quarterly stack monitoring at the existing plants (Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1), during first year of operations to confirm that these plants comply with national emission standards. Once the compliance is established the stack monitoring frequency at the existing plants will be lowered to once in six months.
93 442. Six monthly air quality monitoring will be undertaken at plant boundary at the entry gate near the security post and Tanjung Batu village for SO2, NO2, and PM10. On each instance, air quality monitoring will be undertaken for 3 days over a period of one week including a working day and a weekend.. 443. Operator will fire the power plants at the site with gas instead of Diesel. Diesel shall be used only in rare emergency cases and not for the continuous operation of the power plants as it is done at present20. In case Diesel has to be used the sulfur content of the HSD must be below 0.25 % S, as required by the national regulation. This will also meet the IFC Guidelines mentioned in para above. 444. Relocate the school to a new site with acceptable air pollution concentrations and ambient noise levels. The relocation process must be conducted by PLN in close cooperation with the school, local authorities, the parents of the pupils, and other stakeholders concerned. The school relocation must be completed before the construction activities for Kaltim Peaker 2 commence. 445. The plant must be regularly maintained and function at the design efficiency. Such regular maintenance of the plant components contributes to good functioning of the plant, and consequently reduces GHG emissions and emissions of air pollutants. 446. Raise the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50m to comply with national regulation and GIIP requirements. This requirement should be complied with before the commencement of construction of Kaltim Peaker 2.
3. Greenhouse Gases Emissions GHG emission estimate 447. The direct (scope 1) GHG emission for operation of the power plant21 was calculated using the methodology described in the Guidelines for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Asian Development Bank Projects: Additional guidance for clean energy projects. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank (2017).
448. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary GHG associated with the combustion of fuel and is emitted in direct proportion to fuel consumption, with different emissions levels associated with different fuel types. Other GHGs include methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which together account for small percent of power generation GHG emissions. N2O and CH4 are not directly related to fuel consumption, but instead are dependent on operating conditions and emissions control technologies. In addition, HFCs are emitted from air conditioners and refrigeration used in some freight shipments; these emissions depend on factors such as the age of the equipment and how often air conditioners are used.
449. CO2 emissions from power generation can be calculated based on the amount of fuel (natural gas or diesel, and other fuels) used by power generation turbines or engines. The equations and parameters used to calculate the Project GHG emissions are provided below.
GHG Emissions = Eelec × EG
Eelec = (Efuel /Ƞ) × 3.6
Eelec = electricity emission factor (for specific power plant/technology), tCO2/GWh EG = electricity produced, GWh
20 Based on discussions with PLN, the downtime for a gas pipeline for maintenance is limited to a maximum of 7 days in a year but more normally to 3-4 days. With the gas supply pipeline in operation, the prolonged use of diesel is not anticipated. This will bring down SO2 emissions to near zero. 21 The ADB SPS 2009 requires the borrower/client to quantify direct emissions from the facilities within the physical project boundary and indirect emissions associated with the off-site production of power used by the project.
94 Efuel = emission factor of fuel used in power plant, tCO2/TJ Ƞ = thermal efficiency of power plants Conversion factor (Terajoule to Gigawatt): 3.6 TJ/GW Table 27: Equations and parameters used to calculate the Project GHG emissions
Parameter Diesel Natural gas
Electricity produced a year, GWh 876 876
Emission factor, tCO2/GWh 71.4 56.1
Thermal efficiency, open cycle % 39.5 39.5
Thermal efficiency, combined cycle % 60 60
GHG Emissions, tCO2 a year open cycle 570,043 447,891
GHG Emissions, tCO2 a year combined cycle 375,278 294,862
450. The calculations are performed with the assumption of 24 hours, 365 days a year operation of the plant assuming a worse (albeit unrealistic) scenario. Operation as a Peaker (daily over a 5 hours period between 17:00 and 22:00) would decrease the GHG emission to 119,000t CO2 a year (open cycle, diesel fuel) and 93,000t CO2 a year (open cycle, natural gas fuel). GHG emission monitoring, reduction and offset 451. The ADB SPS 2009 requires that for projects emitting 100,000 tons CO2eq or more (of direct sources and indirect sources associated with electricity purchased for own consumption) the borrower/client has to conduct quantification and monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions annually in accordance with internationally recognized methodologies. In addition, the borrower/client has to evaluate technically and financially feasible and cost- effective options to reduce or offset project-related greenhouse gas emissions during project design and operation, and pursue appropriate options. 452. In the gas operational mode, Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant’s GHG emissions are within the ADB SPS 2009 recommended threshold of 100,000 tons/year. These emissions marginally exceed the threshold for HSD operations. Therefore, if the plant is operated for about 100 days in a year on HSD, the GHG emissions from the plant will exceed the ADB’s reporting threshold on GHG emissions. 453. PLN will conduct quantification and monitoring of GHG emissions in accordance with internationally recognized methodologies and submit the report to ADB. Irrespective of GHG emissions from the plant, PLN will implement the environmental management plan to minimize leaks of natural gas and efficiently manage air conditioning equipment to minimize losses of HFCs to the atmosphere.
4. Acid deposition
454. NO2 and SO2 emission from Power Plants may contribute to the formation of acid deposition in the area. The IFC Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants recommend use of appropriate air quality models to evaluate long-range and trans-boundary acid deposition if acid deposition is considered a potentially significant impact. 455. The dose-response relationships between acidic emissions, deposition load and damage to forests, crops, and lakes are complex and still not well understood. Modeling of
95 acid deposition requires using the advanced models (e.g. CALPUF or Regional Lagrangian Acid Deposition) and the result depends on various parameters such as concentration of alkaline dust in the atmosphere (base cations), natural deposition of salt aerosol and buffer capacity of soils. Modeling of acid deposition is typically conducted in the broad geographic area, includes multiple sources (with total emission of more than thousand tons of SO2 and NOX a day) and performed as a framework/strategic assessment rather than part of individual project EIA. 456. An example of significance criteria for acid deposition is a setting of a ”critical load “to protect vulnerable ecosystems from the potential damage that may be caused by acid rain. The load, often calculated as Potential Acid Input (PAI), is expressed in keq H+/ha/year. PAI threshold could be set depending on the climate and local conditions of the area. For example, in Western Canada the PAI monitoring load has been set in the range of 0.17 keq H+/ha/year for sensitive areas to 0.70 keq H+/ha/year for low sensitivity areas. 457. Some regional acid deposition framework regulations consider the facility small if the emission of SO2 and NOX expressed as SO2 equivalents as acidifying effect is less than 10 tons/day. In this case the facility typically would not require any offset and its acid deposition impact deemed insignificant. 458. The emission of both Kaltim 1 and Kaltim 2 Peakers as well as Tanjung Batu will be less than the threshold value of 10 tons/day. Use of natural gas as a primary fuel will likely bring the emission level down significantly (5-6 tons/day). In this case cumulative acid deposition from emissions of all three plants is not high enough to cause any long-range deposition impacts and will likely not cause any significant impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the project area.
5. Noise Impacts 459. Operation of the various plant components such as gas turbines, generators, oil pumps, fuel gas station, transformers etc., will produce noise. The noise production will be present continuously during plant operation. The possible impacts can affect the health of local residents, as well as cause impairment of local animal species. 460. The standard for monitoring and measuring this impact is the noise level standard based on Decree of the Minister for Environment Number 48 of 1996. 461. A noise emission expert study was conducted in order to calculate the noise emissions from the relevant sources at the Kaltim power plant complex. The expert report is attached as Annex D to this EIA Report. 462. The noise emission experts have defined the following 5 receptor points (Points of emissions - POI), which mainly comprise residential houses/areas and the school building. POI 1 – School POI 2 – Staff houses 1 POI 3 – Staff houses 2 POI 4 – Farm house POI 5 – Fishermen village 463. Figure 27 shows a satellite view of the area around the power plant complex and POIs.
Table 28: Predicted and observed ambient for plant observation at the time of observation ( February 22, 2018, 14:00 to 16:00)
96 POI Description of POI Noise Level Model Prediction Observed 1 School 54.2-56.9 62.7 2 Staff Housing 1 45.2 53.5 3 Staff Housing 2 47.2 50.3 4 Farm House 44.2 46.5 5 Tanjung Batu Village 54 53.9
Figure 27: Satellite view of the area around the Tanjung Batu Power Complex and locations of the POIs
464. The first step in the modelling was to compare the modelling results with the site observations made of Feb 22, 2018 and tune the model with respect to source strength (at the time of observation only Kaltim Peaker 1 was operating). Realistic ground attenuation and atmospheric attenuation representing the site (as admissible from the literature) were used. Following table presents the comparison of model results with the observations: 465. It is observed from the Table 25 that the model over predicts noise at all locations other than POI 5, Tanjung Batu Village. One important reason for such model behavior could be the undulating nature of terrain. For example, the staff house 1 is at a lower elevation behind a hill and difference in predicted and observed values is among the highest at this location i.e. 8.3 dB(A). The model however provides a very good match at Tanjung Batu village that is the most important location for the project and is separated by relatively flat terrain from Tanjung Batu Power Complex. The model therefore was considered to be a good representation of observation and was used for developing the noise scenarios under different plant operation combinations. 466. Following Table 29 presents the noise level at the POIs when Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 are operating without additional noise mitigation (it may be noted that both plants have a stack silencer installed). This is worst case situation with present generation capacity. The Table 29 also presents the noise levels with in-plant noise control measures (in addition to the in-built measures for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1). It may be noted that in-plant measures are most cost-effective method of controlling industrial noise.
97 Table 29: Predicted noise for Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 without and with noise control (in-plant mitigation measures)
POI Description of POI Noise Level without Noise levels with mitigation mitigation measures measures 1 School 66.7 62.3
2 Staff Housing 1 57.4 54.7
3 Staff Housing 2 54.3 52.2
4 Farm House 51.0 50.6
5 Tanjung Batu Village 59.0 55.8
467. It Is observed from the Table 29, that noise levels at all POIs with Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 operating cumulatively with the recommended mitigation measures, will comply with the national ambient noise quality standards. It may be noted that POI5 indicates slightly above standards noise levels but these noise levels are 20 m from the village boundary facing towards the plant. As one moves closer to the village and inside the village additional noise attenuation is achieved by the presence of houses and other structures in the path of noise. 468. The Figure 28 below presents the Noise contours for ‘worst case’ without mitigation. It also presents the POIs on map showing the project surroundings. Figure 28: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Kaltim Peaker 1 and Tanjung Batu in operation (without mitigation measures)
469. Table 30 presents the noise level at the POIs when Kaltim Peaker 2 is operating in standalone mode at full capacity with recommended mitigation measures. It also presents the noise level when Kaltim Peaker 2 operates together with Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 at full capacity with addition of recommended mitigation measures. This scenario presented by the fourth column of Table 26 is the noise scenario that will be achieved when the Tanjung Batu Power Complex (TBPC) dispatches power at its maximum installed capacity, in future operations.
98 470. Figure 29 and 30 present the noise levels when Kaltim Peaker 2 operates at full capacity as standalone plant and Tanjung Batu power complex as a whole (all three plants) operating at full capacity. It is observed from Table 30 that for operations of Kaltim Peaker 2 alone the ambient noise levels remain within 51 dB(A) (50.7 being the simulated ambient noise levels) at village Tanjung Batu. 471. It is further observed from Tables 23 and Table 24 (4th column in both tables) that at the POI5, operations of Kaltim Peaker 2 only adds to 1.4 dB(A) ambient noise over and above the noise caused by the operation of Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 operating together at full capacity (with mitigation measures). The project with the recommended mitigation measures therefore complies with the national as well as international standards for ambient 22. noise. Table 30: Predicted noise for Kaltim Peaker 2 and for Tanjung Batu Power Complex and Full Capacity (with mitigation measures)
POI Description of POI Kaltim Peaker 2 All Plants in Operation (standalone) (cumulative impacts) 1 School 63.5 66.1 2 Staff Housing 1 53.9 57.8
3 Staff Housing 2 49.5 54.6
4 Farm House 48.0 53.2
5 Tanjung Batu Village 50.7 57.2
22 The modelling results do indicate a marginal exceedance of ambient standards at staff housing 1 (3,1 dB(A) compared to 3dB(A) increase to ambient noise). This appears to be due to lack of precision of actual terrain elevations in model inputs. The violations of standards are not expected at this location. A more detailed noise prediction model will be prepared in the framework of DED by the ECT contractor. Additional mitigation measures to address the problem will be identified and implemented at DED stage, as needed.
99 Figure 29: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Tanjung Batu Power Complex at full capacity (with recommended mitigation measures)
Figure 30: A weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Kaltim Peaker 2 in standalone mode at full capacity (with recommended mitigation measures)
100 Figure 31: A-weighted sound pressure levels at 1.5 m above ground around the plant in 5 dB increments for Kaltim Peaker 2 at full capacity (with recommended mitigation measures) – A closer view
472. It is further observed from Figure 31, that in standalone mode for Kaltim Peaker 2 operations, the noise level at the plant fence on the east, west and south remain below 70 dB(A) – towards north is the Kaltim Peaker 1 power plant. The property boundary of PLN extends more than 500 m from the fence on the east (towards Tanjung Batu village) and above 700m towards south beyound the PLN staff housing 1 and 2. On the west the property boundary extends about 600m from the fence. The noise levels at the plant boundary therefore are significantly lower than 70dB(A) and comply with the policy. 473. Regarding the night time noise standards, Tanjung Batu power plant being the load following plant and the power demand during the night being low, operates at least with one GT during the night. It is observed from Table above, that at full capacity operation of one GT of Kaltim Peaker 1 the noise levels at village Tanjung Batu are in the range of 54 dB(A). The capacity of one GT at Tanjung Batu when compared to Katim Peaker 1 is less than half (20 MW compared to 50 MW). The Nosie emissions from gas turbines though are not directly proportional to turbine capacity and one GT of Tanjung Batu will generate about the same levels of noise emissions as one GT of Kaltim Peaker 1, when both are working at full power. Even with a conservative assumption that the Tanjung Batu GT will be half as noisy as Kaltim Peaker 1, the baseline noise levels at the night time at Tanjung Batu village will be about 51 dB(A). It is noteworthy that the Project (Kaltim Peaker 2) with the recommended mitigation measures will give rise to ambient noise 50.7 dB(A) and will certainly not add to more than 3 dB(A) to baseline noise levels. The project therefore is compliant with ADB policy for night time noise even under the assumption that Kaltim Peaker 2 will operate in night which is only a theoretical possibility and not required in practice. Mitigation and Monitoring
101 474. It is necessary that PLN installs additional noise controls as presented in the noise study (Annex D) and reproduced below at Tanjung Batu as well as Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants: Tanjung Batu - Gas turbine air intake openings (both units) Installation of a silencer - Type: absorption splitter silencer - Length: 1.0 m - Splitter thickness: 100 mm - Splitter gap width: 100 mm
Kaltim 1
- Gas turbine air intake openings (both units) Installation of a silencer - Type: absorption splitter silencer - Length: 0.5 m - Splitter thickness: 100 mm - Splitter gap width: 100 mm 475. It is further required that Kaltim Peaker 2 also installs the noise recommended noise control measures indicated in Annex D ((i) Stack silencer and (ii) silencer at gas turbine air Intake openings for each GT units). Please note that the stack silencer is already installed at Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1. The details of noise control measures for Kaltim Peaker 2 are presented below:
Kaltim 2
- Gas turbine air intake openings (both units) Installation of a silencer - Type: absorption splitter silencer - Length: 0.5 m - Splitter thickness: 100 mm - Splitter gap width: 100 mm Gas turbine exhaust stack (both units) Installation of a silencer - Type: absorption splitter silencer - Number of splitters: 5 - Splitter height : 12.0 m - Splitter Length: 3.0 m - Splitter thickness: 400 mm - Splitter gap width: 500 mm
102 476. The EPC contractor will be required to conduct a comprehensive operational noise impact assessment, to demonstrate compliance with (i) maximum sound pressure levels at 1m from any point on any item of equipment including valves (85dBA); maximum sound pressure level at site boundary (70 dBA during daytime and 60 dBA during nighttime); and (iii) maximum sound pressure level at nearest sensitive receptor (55 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime), or a maximum increment of 3 dBA should baseline indicate exceedance with the standard. This noise impact assessment will be based on a new baseline noise assessment at key sensitive receptors. This requirement is defined in the draft BD for the EPC contract. 477. If the EPC Contractor deviates from the installation of noise control measures recommended in this EIA for Kaltim Peaker 2, the contractor has to submit an updated noise emission assessment to demonstrate that with his specific PP design, the Project does not add to ambient noise by more than 3dB(A) and seek clearance from PLN before commencement of construction activities. 478. During operation, the plant operator will conduct periodic noise monitoring near equipment, at site boundary and at nearest sensitive receptors. In case the noise limits are exceeded by more than 3 dB(A) at any of the sensitive receptor on a consistent basis (targeting monitored will be done in case of exceedance or a noise related complaint by the community), the operator will provide primary noise protection measures at the plant site, and/or secondary noise protection measures (e.g. noise barriers) near sensitive receptors, as needed. 479. Relocate the school from the present place to a new site with acceptable noise levels is a necessary condition for policy compliance. The shifting of school is required to be completed before the commencement of construction of Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant.
6. Natural Environment Impacts: 480. The project site of Kaltim Peaker 2 itself, which is partly built-up, generally provides no habitats for rare, endangered or protected animal or plant species, due to the previous and still ongoing severe human influence. 481. There is a permanent risk of illegal hunting or disturbance of the Proboscis monkeys by people entering their habitat. The contractor and PLN will set up measures as outlined in the EMP and ensure that these measures are practically applied during construction and operation of the power plant. 482. Local wildlife, especially the Proboscis monkeys, might be impaired by noise and air emissions from the power plant. It is known from other projects that some sensitive plant species in the project area of influence may suffer from air emissions or even vanish, due to acidification caused by wet deposition of NOx and SO2. Those areas, where high concentrations of these parameters are expected (air emission calculation maps for NOx and SO2 in Annex C to this EIA) are either swampland or secondary vegetation north-east or south-west of the power plant complex. The Proboscis habitat is not significantly affected by air emissions from the power plant complex. Considering the fact that the annual precipitation is almost 3,000 mm, the risk for acidification of the proboscis habitat due to emissions from the power plant complex is assessed as not significant. Mitigation and Monitoring 483. The plant operator has to take care that the requirements of the national regulations and international standards regarding protection of the natural environment (H&S, water quality, noise and air emissions) are met.
103 484. The operator has to take care that workers are not illegally poaching or fishing (e.g. with explosives or poison). Entering of the Proboscis habitat will be prohibited for all workers. The operator has to ensure that this commitment is strictly obeyed. 485. PLN has to report to provincial nature reserve agency (BKSDA) if protected wildlife is encountered; and to coordinate and consult with the BKSDA for further impact mitigation, if wildlife, trails or wildlife activity is noted at the Tanjung Batu Power plant complex. 486. The inaccessible swamp land between the power plant complex and the Proboscis habitat serves as a natural barrier and thus protects the eastern border of the habitat. It is important that this swamp land will not be filled up for any purpose and should be maintain swamps natural barrier function. The extension of the already existing access road at the western border of the power plant complex does not impair the barrier function of the swamp. 487. Appropriate measures against the colonization of Invasive neophyte’s species (replanting with autochthonous vegetation at the earliest possible time, cutting/removing of invasive species etc.) will be taken within and in the vicinity of the project site. 488. Noise has to be monitored at key locations (residential houses and areas), and actions will have to be taken to reduce noise, if levels are excessive.
7. Human Environment (Socio-economic resources) Impacts and benefits, Mitigation Measures: 489. Employment opportunities for operating the power plant and other related services will be created for limited surrounding workforce during the operational phase, which is an important positive impact. The employment opportunities will generate various benefits for local people’s income, particularly on the households whose family members are employed long-term, i.e. also during the operation of Kaltim Peaker 2. 490. However, foreign plant staff may disturb the way of life of the local population, due to the influx of money, transferrable diseases, behavior, cultural or religious differences, etc. The incremental impact of labor force during project operation is not expected to be significant given the presence of workers at the Keltim Peaker 1 site. 491. Key operational issues that may affect workers and nearby residents is the impact of the facility on ambient noise and air quality, and occupational and community safety risks during plant operation, especially in case of plant malfunctioning or accidents (fire, explosions, gas release). Issues related to noise and air quality have been discussed earlier. Air quality and noise will be monitored regularly by the plant operator at defined receptor points within the plant at at nearby residential areas, as it might impair community health (details of the monitoring routine are described in the EMP). Since the power plant will be operated as a Peaker, the impact will be intermittent. The ambient air quality and noise standards will refer to the IFC EHS General Guidelines (April 2007). 492. In terms of occupational health and safety during normal operation, the facility operator will be required to ensure compliance with the Law on Labor. In addition to the requirements on worker safety through the national law on Labor, PLN has issued its internal policy (decree) which requires facility operators to provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and occupational disease (see Appendix G). Each facility operator must establish a safety plan per PLN internal regulation. It also requires the establishment of preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures. The operator has to regularly inform and train his staff regarding health and safety issues (e.g. PPE), emergency response (e.g. accidents, spills), and transferrable diseases (e.g. HIV/AIDS). 493. Based on the outcome of the consequence analysis as well as detailed quantitative risk assessment of the Project after finalisation of project design, an emergency response and disaster management plan will be developed by the PLN. This will define protocols to be
104 followed in the event of emergencies or disasters in order to limit the impact on the employees and the local community. The plan will address both on-site and off-site emergency situations due to the operation of the project. 494. The plan will disclose potential disasters and potential risks from the plant to the local community as well as the plan of action on emergency protocol in the event of any such eventuality. This will also include awareness programs for the Plant personnel, local community and local administration. The plan will include information on the assembly area, allocation of responsibility for immediate on site medical care (first aid) and to organize evacuation to nearest hospital or shelter area . 495. The main risk of plant malfunctioning that may affect health and safety of workers and nearby communities mainly relate to the gas and diesel supply and storage system. Transport of HSD from the jetty to the storage tanks will be conducted through a pipeline; diesel will be stored in tanks that are designed and constructed in accordance to international good practice. The diesel storage system will consist of an HSD storage for 7 days operation, and one day tank for 1 day operation. The tanks will be designed in accordance with AP 650 and will include reinforced concrete foundation supported by piles, reinfroced concrete dike wall, oil separator. The tanks will be equiped with at least 3 fire detecting devices, with alarm to be transmitted to the fire protection panel in the central control room. 496. To minimize the risk of gas leaks, emergency shutdown walves (ESD) will be installed withint the pwer stations‘ inner boundary fence to isolate the gas fuel supply for the entire generating plant. Operation of the ESDV will be by pneumatic actuator. 497. The distance between the diesel storage tanks and the next residential houses is anticipated to be at least 500 m after relocation of the school (currently 100m south-eastern of project site), so that the safety risk to local residents in case of an accident is assessed to be low. However, this shall be confirmed at DED stage. The EPC contractor will be required to demonstrate through the conduct of a safety risk assessment at DED stage that no member of the community nearby the facilities will be at risk in case of a fire or explosion. The assessment shall also assess the risk of existing facilities at Kaltim Peaker 1, and the NG supply pipeline. 498. The facilities will also include an automatic fire protection, gas detection and alarm system. All critical facilities will be connected to the automated system. In order to prevent the spread of fire by cables in floor voids and other enclosed space not protected with fire extinguishing systems, all cables shall be completely coated with a water resistant fire retardant coating. The EPC contractor will be in charge for complete design, furtnishing, delivery and testing of the fire protection, gas detection and alarm system. 499. The emergency preparedness and response system will be triggered in case of gas leaks, fires or explosions. The EPC contractor will prepare a detailed manual and provide regular training to staff and nearby communities to respond to emergencies. 500. In order to address potential concerns of the nearby population during plant operation, the operator has to set up a grievance redress mechanism, where the local people must be informed how to file complaints. This grievance redress mechanism must be explained to the local residents during a public presentation at the beginning of the operation activities. 501. Hazardous substances must be stored in safe locations that shall comply with the Regionation of Chaurman of Bapedal No. 01 (1995) regarding hazardous building, storage and collecting of Toxic and Hazardous Goods. Hazardous waste should be collected and sorted separately from other waste in the temporary storage area of hazardous waste. Emergency procedures shall be set up by the contractor how to address spillage of hazardous substances.
105
F. Cumulative impacts 502. Cumulative Impacts are impacts that result from overlapping effects caused by impacts from the planned project together with other past, present or reasonably foreseeable projects or activities within the area of influence of the planned project. 503. Significant cumulative impacts in connection with thermal power plants are usually air pollution and noise and to a minor extend discharge of wastewater from the project site. 504. Cumulative impacts from the parallel operation of the existing plant sites Tanjung Batu Power Station Complex and Kaltim 1 together with Kaltim Peaker 2 are assessed in this EIA report in order to determine if the H&S standards especially for noise and air quality are met. Nearby coal fired power plant, CFK, has also been considered for air quality impacts. 505. As a sound basis for an assessment of noise and air emissions expert studies with noise and air emission calculations were conducted, which are considering the overlapping effects of the relevant noise and air emission sources from the already existing Power Plant facilities as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2. Wherever more than one project option exists “worst case scenarios” were used for the emission calculations and the impact assessment. The results of these calculations have been addressed in the discussion of the operation impacts above. 506. The amount of wastewater releases into the Mahakam river during operation will be a maximum of 7 m3/d (diluted in 1,000 to 1,500 m3/s of Mahakam River water. In the operation phase , the operator will regularly monitor the wastewater effluent and surface water quality and ensure that the state standards regarding wastewater effluent are fulfilled. Summing up these facts the environmental impact of the wastewater releases from the project site are anticipated to be minimal.
106 VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
A. Information disclosure to date 507. ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) requires the disclosure of a draft environmental assessment (including the EMP) in a timely manner, before project appraisal, in an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and other stakeholders. Disclose the final environmental assessment, and its updates if any, to affected people and other stakeholders. Indonesia’s legal framework on environment is fully equivalent to this policy principle and requires the disclosure of the draft and final environmental assessment (AMDAL-RKL-RPL) in a timely manner, before project appraisal, in an accessible place and in a form and a language(s) understandable to the affected people and other stakeholders. Disclosure of the final environmental assessment and its updates, if any, to affected people and other stakeholders is also required. 508. Disclosure of project information to potentially affected persons and key stakeholders occurred during the preparation of the project, the AMDAL Amendment and the EIA. Information about the project concept was first disclosed to local authorities and citizens through public meetings organized by PLN at project conceptualization stage in Oct-16 and Feb-17. PLN conducted information dissemination campains through the head of the local community for community members of Tanjung Batu. PLN presented the project idea, tentative project scope and location of the project facilities, likely social safeguards implications, and the tentative implementation schedule. 509. The AMDAL prepared for Kaltim 1 and the AMDAL Amendment for Kaltim 2 were disclosed on the website of PLN. This draft EIA was posted on the ADB website in March 2018. The final EIA will be disclosed on PLN’s and ADB’s website and hard copies will be provided to the village head of Tanjung Batu.
B. Public Consultation to date 510. Meaningful public consultation was conducted throughout project preparation, and will continue throughout project implementation. Formal stakeholder consultations on environmental safeguards were held on three occasions, i.e. October 2016/March 2017, September 2017 and July 2018. 511. First consultations were held in October 2016 March 2017 with 11 households, primarily local fishermen in Kampung Bawah (specifically in the sub-villages of Bukit Raja and RT 5) as part of social assessment to discuss issues related to the construction of the temporary jetty that may impact on the fishermen’s livelihood. The consultation established that the households do not consider construction and operation of the temporary jetty as a threat to fishing that they practice upstream near the HSD jetty. This was confirmed in the framework of the social safeguard due diligence conducted in March 2017, during which no issues were raised about disruptions on fishing. The temporary jetty will be far from the existing jetty where the fishpens (locally known as karambas) are located and will not be affected by the temporary jetty. They also expressed their wish that PLN will provide assistance to them, to improve their knowledge and skills during construction period so they can work in PLN – hoping that like PT CFK who recruited 50% of their workers from villages around CFK. 512. Second consultations were held on September 21-22, 2017 during which officials and students of the Junior High School SMP PGRI 14, Head Community Wellfare and the community leader of Tanjung Batu and one sharecropper impacted by the project were consulted. The consultations were help by holding two separate meetings with the Vice- Principal of PGRI 14 Junior High School and its students. The meeting with the students was also attended by the Head of Community Welfare and a community leader from Tanjung Batu village. Figure 31 and Figure 32, present the pictures of these meetings. The sharecropper
107 impacted by the project was consulted separately. By the time of the consultation, preliminary air quality and noise modelling was completed and need to relocate the Junior High School SMP PGRI 14 due to noise and air quality impacts was established. 513. During the consultation, consent of school autorities, students and commitment for such relocation by PLN were obtained. Discussions with the village leaders and students indicated that noise and air quality issues in relation of neighbouring coal fired power plant was a matter of concern and therefore the need to investigate these issues deeper during the preparation of EIA was established. More specifically, the following responses/wishes were received: The teachers, students, and village leaders are amenable for the school to be transferred near the village as long as school sessions are not disrupted. The Vice-Principal appreciated the support that PLN extends to the school, specifically on operational matters and medical assistance to teachers and students. He is in favor of the school relocation since the potential site is much closer to the residence of students. Students confirmed that they were informed by the Principal in August 2017 that the school would be relocated. They favor the relocation as the potential site is much closer to their homes. All reside in Kampung Bawah. They can therefore attend school more regularly by walking or taking their bicycles. The customary leader and the community leader propose that the school be relocated near the village on PLN land across the village office due to the following considerations: (i) closer to the residence of the students thus they can easily walk to and from school. Currently, many ride motorbikes; (ii) the community can help monitor student behavior. Under present conditions, many students skip classes to play online games; and (iii) the proposed area is closer to the elementary school, village office, and health clinic. They requested that the new school be ready before the old one is demolished so that learning activities will not be disrupted. The customary leader and the community leader offered that villagers can provide employment as staff, laborer or supplier of construction materials during construction and operation of Peaker 2. The Head of Community Welfare of the Tanjung Batu village said that there are no complaints from the community regarding noise and air emissions from the existing Kaltim power plant complex. However, several complaints were made regarding noise and air emissions from the coal fired power plant north-east of Tanjung Batu village. • Specfic wishes were expressed, including (i) the rehabilitation of the tarred access road, built by PLN, that leads from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu complex; (ii) providing water supply to the local communities (the head of Forum Adat informed that there is no CSR from PLN Tanjung Batu sector); and (iii) safe handling and no ’wild’ disposal of waste and hazardous materials from the power plant complex. Waste disposal shall be conducted in coordination with local communities. 514. PLN confirmed that PLN Wilayah Kaltimra will be the responsible PLN institution to implement the school relocation plan. Based on discussions made with Head of K2L and Administration of PLTGU Office, the proposed location on PLN land across the village office is appropriate and PLN confirmed that this land could be used as it has no plans to use it in the immediate future. PLN Wilayah committed to allocate CSR budget to build the new school including its facilities. PLN informed that the EPC contractor will be encouraged to recruit local labor for project implementation and operation whenever possible. 515. The sharecropper who will be affected by the development of Peaker 2 expressed that he has been informed already by PLN about the proposed project in October 2016 and
108 February 2017. He confirmed that he had no objection to relocate since he already received replacement farmland which is about the same size as the present farm. He was waiting for the signing of the agreement with PLN as sharecropper of the new farmland. 516. PLN Wilayah confirmed that they already extended the necessary assistance to attend to the needs of the sharecropper inasmuch as he already has another farmland where he has started farming while still maintaining his current farm. 517. PLN further confirmed that the access road built by PLN will be rehabilitated by the EPC contractor after completion of the works for Kaltim Peaker 2. However, PLN could not commit to improve the water supply system. 518. A third consultation meeting was held on July 19, 2018. During this meeting, the Project impacts and mitigation measures were presented in Bahasa, Indonesian. The meeting was attended by 61 stakeholders (46 males and 15 female). The meeting was held at the Office of Tanjung Batu Village, Tenggarong Seberang sub-district, Kutai Kertanegara district. Participants included members from PT PLN (Persero), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Environmental Agency (DLH) East Kalimantan, DLH Kutai Kertanegara district, the Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKASDA) East Kalimantan, the Head of Tenggarong Seberang Sub-district, the Head of Tanjung Batu Village, Village Owned Enterprise (BUMDES) of Tanjung Batu, the Head of Village Deliberation Agency (BPD) and its members, the Head of Youth Organization (Karang Taruna) Tanjung Batu, the junior high school PGRI 14 (SMP PGRI 14) Tenggarong Seberang, the Customary Leader, the Community Leader, Heads of Neighborhood Association Tanjung Batu, and members of the local community. Figure 33 and Figure 34, present the pictures of these meetings 519. PT PLN (Persero) informed the local community about the proposed gas power plant project of Kaltim Peaker-2 and committed to increase the electricity capacity that will be used for the benefit of the local community in order to support the central government program. 520. ADB explained the purpose of the project, the scope and the goal from this public consultation about the environmental and social impacts as part of the EIA document preparation, as well as ADB’s environmental and social safeguard objectives. 521. ADB’s environmental and social safeguards expert (consultant) presented key elements that are covered in the EIA, including potential environmental and social elements as well as its mitigation plan, principles of environmental and social policy, complaint mechanism, monitoring, and schedule for social and environmental safeguard activities. 522. The general attitude of the local communities towards the planned project was positive, mostly because new job opportunities will be created. No complaints were made by local residents regarding the operation of the already existing power plant complex Tanjung Batu. No complaints were made by local residents regarding the operation of the already existing power plant complex Tanjung Batu. Questions regarding possible complaints against air pollution or noise from this site were always negated. The complaints against CFK though indicated that noise and air emissions were important issues. Villagers also complained that since this coal power plant started operation the fish catches in the Mahakam river downstream the plant has declined. Specific requests were made during the meeting, most importantly: The Project is expected to provide job opportunities in Tanjung Batu for the local people who are currently unemployed (majority of elementary and junior high school graduates). It is necessary to have a skills development program for the local community near the project site, especially for the youth; The middle school should be relocated prior to commencement of works; Improvement of the existing approach road to the village (not to be used by construction vehicles for the Project) including lighting should be provided.
109 It is necessary to have partnership among contractor, sub-contractors and BUMDES to accelerate development in Tanjung Batu village, including the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. 523. The project team informed that noise and air emissions from the existing coal-fired power plant were accounted for in the cumulative impact assessment of the EIA, and that the new facility at Kaltim Peaker 2 is not anticipated to significantly increase noise and air pollution in the project area. 524. Regarding potential impacts on fishery resources, the project team advised that the impact of the Kaltim Peaker 2 on fishery resources would be minimal since effluent to be discharged to the river will be very small quantities, and will comply with stringent effluent quality standards. The compliance will be regularly monitored and documented in periodic monitoring reports which will be made available to the public. Furthermore, with the installation of the piped gas supply, the number of vessels going to and from the powerplant complex is anticipated to significantly reduce, mitigating disturbance of fishery resources. 525. With regard to special requests, PLN confirmed and committed to the following: The school will be relocated and be fully operational prior to commencement of works. Construction equipment and materials would primarily be transported through the temporary jetty. PLN will provide a CSR program for street lighting at Tanjung Batu village, and will include the work of road improvement in the village under the construction contract. Local workers will be recruited wherever possible for the project, based on the qualifications and needs for workers in the project. PLN informed that it was conducting a welding training program at PT PAL Surabaya for two weeks, and requested the Head of Tanjung Batu village to send a list of members of the local community interested in joining the training as long as they meet with the requirements. Training expenses will be covered by PLN. ADB emphasized that the project prohibits the recruitment of children and requested local authorities to inform PLN immediately if child labor is observed. PLN confirmed that it was supportive of the presence of BUMDES as a partner for the implementation of village development programs. PLN committed to facilitate communication and coordination between BUMDES and the EPC contractor and subcontractors related to the employment recruitment. 526. The details of the meeting including query/requests for support by the stakeholders and responses/assurance by PLN are included in Annex B to this EIA.
C. Future information disclosure and public consultation 527. Information disclosure initiated during project preparation is meant to form the beginning of continued information disclosure and stakeholder involvement as the Project is implemented. Regular information exchange, and meetings with potentially affected persons and key stakeholders will continue throughout implementation of the Project. 528. The EPC contractor will establish procedures to regularly inform the public about planned activities and potential environmental impacts and safety risks. PLN will regularly seek feedback from local authorities of Tanjung Batu on perceptions of the public and local authorities including environmental protection authorities, and will maintain a grievance redress mechanism to allow affected people to file their complaints. 529. Similarly, all Project progress reports with references to stakeholder consultation minutes, environmental monitoring, and reports on EMP implementation released by PLN will
110 be available at the same websites and will be shared with provincial environmental protection authorities.
Figure 32: Interview with the Vice Principal of PGRI 14 Junior High School (September 2017)
Figure 33: Consultation with Community Leaders and Students of Tanjung Batu Village (September 2017)
Figure 34: Consultation with Community of Tanjung Batu Village (July 2018)
111
Figure 35: Select Participants for Consultation with Community of Tanjung Batu Village (July 2018)
112 VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
530. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is a systematic process to receive, evaluate, and address the project-related grievances of affected persons (AP) and/or groups. 531. PLN system. PLN has a complaint management system accessible (i) through the call center 123, which can be accessed by anyone anywhere in Indonesia through the company website, email, telephone, or social media; (ii) online by using an integrated complaint-solving application; and (iii) through customer services (hotline 123). These facilities are available for affected persons to report any incident or complaint about PLN operations, but are not project specific and have not been used effectively for grievances involving environmental issues. 532. MOEF system. Addressing environmental issues and complaints is regulated by Indonesian law. In addition to the PLN hotline 123, affected persons can use the existing grievance redress mechanism provided by MOEF and its regional offices, which have primary responsibility for environmental compliance and law enforcement in any type of project. When MOEF or one of its regional offices receives an environmental complaint, the receiving office verifies it and either resolves it or forwards it to the appropriate agency for action. When a PLN office receives a notification or warning from MOEF or one of its regional offices, the corresponding regional office is supposed to act immediately. The MOEF GRM has a procedure requiring local authorities to document that the complaint was identified, noted, managed and solved. 533. Both systems currently applied are not considered fully equivalent with ADB’s SPS requirements. As a result, for this project, a GRM shall be established at regional level. 534. The GRM will be setup in consultation with relevant stakeholders and the contact information will be posted publicly on the project website with outreach for all project areas. An information disclosure mechanism in Bahasa will also be in place at district level to ensure that the local communities are aware of GRM and their potential involvement and responsibilities in the project activities. PLN will ensure a culturally and gender sensitive GRM to receive and address, in coordination with provincial authorities, project related concerns and to resolve the Affected Person (AP) and Affected Household (AH) related disputes that may arise during project implementation. It is anticipated that all grievances related to benefits and other assistance will be resolved at local level. However, there shall be an escalation possibility to involve PLN at headquarter for complaints unresolved at subproject level. The GRM shall be set up the latest with sub-project approval for ADB funding. 535. Grievances related to any aspects of the Project will be handled through negotiation with the aim to achieve consensus. The procedures to be followed in resolving complaints on the affected assets, the level of compensation offered by the government will be defined. All administrative levels will be employed in the effort to resolve any complaint. No cost shall be borne to the APs in relation with the grievance redress mechanism. 536. The following procedure shall be applied to grievances related all aspects of the Project: a) An aggrieved AP/AH may bring any complaint either directly to PLN local office (wilahya, area), to the contractor or to the customary leader in the village/sub- village level, who will bring the grievance to the Contractor or PLN Office, in the first instance to seek resolution. The PLN / contractor / customary leaders have 7 days to address the complaints or respond to the complainant on proposed actions. b) If the grievance is considered not eligible, PLN shall provide a written rejection of the complaint, but shall name PLN sub district office (PLN UPP) as institution for the next escalation. The AP/AHs may convey the grievance or bring to the
113 customary community in the sub district to get resolution. The sub district office will have 30 days to settle the complaint. c) If the grievance cannot be resolved, PLN shall provide a written rejection of the complaint, but shall name PLN district office (PLN UIP KALBAGTIM) institution for the next escalation. At this stage, the AP/AH may convey the grievance to the district office for resolution or can approach ADB, Jakarta Resident Mission. The district office of PLN/ADB will have 30 days to settle the complaint. d) If the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the final decision, she/he may file the complaint to the court for adjudication. 537. Reporting. All grievances shall be answered, even those which may be considered non-reasonable or not project related. The answer shall always be given using the same medium as the complainant used to place the grievance, but at least one written medium (fax, letter or e-mail) is mandatory. 538. A record shall be made of all complaints, as well as of the answer given to those. The record should contain: 1.1 the name of the individual or organization (if the grievance has not been made anonymously); 1.2 the date and nature of the complaint; 1.3 any follow-up actions taken; 1.4 the final result; and 1.5 how and when this decision was communicated to the complainant. 539. The grievance management system will include in addition a reporting procedure to the PLN Head Office and ADB Resident Mission to document that the complaint was identified, noted, managed and solved. The responsible authorities at the community level shall be identified prior to the start of the construction activities or prior to the mobilization to the site. The reporting procedure shall be discussed and agreed together with the community. 540. The grievance reporting system will also be in place during the operation phase with the similar procedure to receive, resolve and escalate the complaint. During the operations, PLN office at relevant levels will be responsible to resolve the complaint
114 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
A. Introduction 541. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is developed for the Kaltim Peaker 2 Core Subproject. It identifies the potential project environmental impacts and defines mitigation measures and monitoring requirements for the pre-construction, construction, and operational stages of the project. It also defines the institutional arrangements and mechanisms, the roles and responsibilities of different institutions, procedures and budgets for implementation of the EMP. 542. The EMP seeks to ensure environmental protection activities during preconstruction, construction, and operation continuously improve to prevent, reduce, or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and risks. The EMP draws on the findings of this EIA, the Project Preparation Technical Assistance (PPTA) reports and the AMDAL prepared for the project, and discussions and agreements with relevant government agencies and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). 543. This EMP is based on proposed preliminary engineering design as of March 2018. Detailed engineering design is yet to be initiated, and will be conducted in framework of a Engineer, Procure and Build (EPC) contract. The EMP will be included as a separate annex in the bidding document for the EPC contract. Interested firms will be informed of their obligations to implement the EMP, and to include EMP implementation costs in their bids for project works. 544. The EMP covers the following aspects: The environmental factor that is likely to be impacted; A brief summary of the potential impact and/or likely issue; The identified mitigation actions that aim to eliminate and/or reduce the potential impact to acceptable levels; Monitoring actions to ensure that the identified mitigation measures are implemented. Monitoring actions include: inspections, review of reports/plans, reporting, and the undertaking of certain monitoring measures; The frequency for implementing the monitoring actions, which include: once, continuously throughout the construction/operation period (depending on the mitigation measure identified this could include daily, weekly, or monthly), or upon occurrence of a certain issue; and The responsible entity for implementing the mitigation measures and monitoring actions identified. 545. The EMP includes an environmental monitoring program. The monitoring results will be used to evaluate (i) the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts, (ii) the performance of the environmental protection measures and compliance with relevant Indonesian laws and regulations as well as internationally accepted standards as defined in the IFC Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines, (iii) trends of impacts, and (iv) overall effectiveness of the project EMP. 546. The EMP is a “living document” that shall be updated by the contractor based on the then available detailed engineering before the beginning of the construction phase. In addition, the EMP shall be updated once per year, if necessary, in order to include new issues that were not or not sufficiently considered in the EMP so far. Monitoring must commence as soon as loan effectiveness date, as it includes monitoring of pre-construction measures and is required to establish baseline for some of the environmental components such as air quality and noise in a more comprehensive manner. Semi-annual monitoring reports must be provided, even if to confirm that no works commenced, etc.
115 B. Institutional arrangements for EMP implementation 547. PLN. PT PLN (Persero) Head Quarter (PLN Pusat) regulated by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises will act as the executing agency (EA) of this project and will be responsible for overall coordination, policy directions, and administration, including those related to environmental safeguards. 548. PLN will hire a Project Implementing Consultant (PIC) including the Environmental Safeguards Specialists and an External Monitor with the following roles and responsibilities: • The Environmental Safeguards Specialists (under the PIC), will be responsible for assisting PLN in supervising implementation of the subproject. They will coordinate closely with environmental specialists in the project management unit (PMU) and the subproject implementation unit (SPIU) and with PLN‘s consultants in charge of monitoring the implementation of the applicable environmental safeguards as defined in the EMP for the subproject along with potential corrective action plans as well as addressing environmental safeguards concerns across the various implementation stages. For environment category A sub-projects PLN will engage a qualified and experienced external environmental monitor, which will be approved by ADB. The external monitor will review and verify the monitoring reports regarding EMP implementation and determine if EMP provisions are being conducted in an appropriate and timely manner and in accordance with the budget identified within the EMP. The External Monitor shall undertake such monitoring on a semi-annual basis and shall submit semi-annual monitoring report to PLN and ADB. 549. EPC Contractor. The construction of the subproject will be performed by a EPC Contractor. The EPC contract and the tender documents will stipulate that the contractor is required to comply with the EMP that forms part of the EIA. The obligation shall also include the preparation of a contractor EHS Plan and eventual corrective or preventive actions set out in safeguards monitoring reports that PLN will prepare from time to time to monitor implementation of the EMP. 550. The Contractor is required to allocate a budget for compliance with these measures. Commencement of civil works is permitted only after approval of the EIA/AMDAL and completion of the compensation measures. If the bid submission or the EPC contract signature is prior to completion of the EMP, the contractor must be aware that the EMP as finalized later will apply. EPC Contractor must appoint their own environment, health and safety staff. The contract must not be awarded until EIA and EMP has been cleared nationally and by ADB and the EMP has been incorporated into the contract document. 551. ADB. ADB will review project performance against PLN’s commitments as agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will be commensurate with the project’s risks and impacts, and will be performed on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is issued. If PLN fails to comply with the legal agreements on safeguard requirements, including those described in the safeguard plans and frameworks, ADB will seek corrective measures and work with PLN to achieve compliance. If PLN fails to re-establish compliance, then ADB may exercise remedies, including suspension, cancellation, or acceleration of maturity that are available under ADB legal agreements. Before resorting to such measures, ADB will use other available means to rectify the situation satisfactory to all parties to the legal agreements, including initiating dialogue with the parties concerned to achieve compliance with legal agreements. 552. DLH. The Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) is mandated to formulate and implement policies concerning conservation and management of ecosystems and natural resources and control of pollution and climate change. MOEF regulates environmental regulation on strategic and central level, including AMDAL. MOEF at central level is the approving authority for environmental permits for projects crossing over more than
116 one province, and/or crossing over to other countries. Environmental permits for projects laying within province are mandated by provincial environmental agencies (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Propinsi (DLH)) and projects within one district are handled by district environmental agencies (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten/DLH - Local Environmental Agency).
C. Corrective Actions to be Implemented by PLN prior to contract award 553. The quantitative assessment of noise and air quality impacts of existing power plants at Tanjung Batu power complex reveals certain non-compliance with respect to national ambient noise standards and national regulation for stack heights. For noise standards, it is observed that existing units do not comply with ambient national regulations of 55 dB(A) at PGRI 14 Junior High School located close to entry to power plant complex. The noise levels are also estimated to exceed at Tanjung Batu village when these plants operate at full capacity. 554. Due to proximity of the school to Kaltim Peaker 1, it is impractical to exercise excessive control on noise emissions to meet the ambient noise standards. The location of Kaltim Peaker 2 is further closer to school compared to Kaltim Peaker 1. This will expose the school to even higher noise pollution. The school, at its present location, will also be subjected to noise and air pollution during construction phase. Considering these adverse impacts, PLN has decided to shift the school to a suitable location in consultation with the school authorities and local community. The school relocation will be accomplished before commencement of construction for Kaltim Peaker 2. 555. It is further observed that noise levels at Tanjung Batu village will exceed the ambient noise standards at full operational capacity of Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants. Both of these power plants therefore need to install additional noise control measures, as recommended in this EIA, to comply with ambient noise standards. These control measures also need to be implemented before award of construction contracts for Kaltim Peaker 2. 556. In relation to air quality impacts, it is noted that the height of stacks of Kaltim Peaker 1 is 26 m. The height of nearest tallest building (the building housing the GTs for Kaltim Peaker 2) is 20 m. Indonesian regulations for stack height require that the height of a stack should be a minimum of 2 times of the height of the nearest tallest building. Furthermore, good international industry practice also relates the stack height to the dimensions of nearest buildings. Accordingly, the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 should be a minimum of 50 m. PLN has therefore decided to raise the height of Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50 m. This corrective action will be completed before award of construction contract. Table 31 provides the estimated time and proposed schedule for implementation of these corrective actions. Table 31: Corrective Action Plan for Compliance with Environmental Safeguards Proposed Schedul Completion Before Required Corrective Action Duration Start Project Milestone End Date Date Relocation of PGRI 14 Junior High School to a location outside the influence of the power plant complex and acceptable to the school authorities and villagers. School Commencement of January September 8 months design and construction to meet Construction 2019 2019 seismic design standards and incorporate life and fire safety measures per IFC EHS Guidelines on Community Health and Safety Installation of Noise Control Measures Award of March at Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1 Constrcution 4 months July 2019 2019 as set out in the EIA (para. 476) Contract
117 First disburesement of ADB loan and Raising the height of Stacks of Kaltim March award of 3 months May 2019 Peaker1 to 50 m 2019 Construction Contract
D. Contractor Obligations Prior to Construction
1. Conduct of additional studies and surveys as part of DED 557. Following contract award but before approval of the DED, the EPC contractor must conduct a series of studies and surveys that shall inform final project design. These studies shall include, but may not be limited to, the following: 558. Operational noise impact assessment. The EPC contractor will be required to conduct a comprehensive operational noise impact assessment, to demonstrate compliance with (i) maximum sound pressure levels at 1m from any point on any item of equipment including valves (85dBA); maximum sound pressure level at site boundary (70 dBA during daytime and 60 dBA during nighttime); and (iii) maximum sound pressure level at nearest sensitive receptor (55 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime), or a maximum increment of 3 dBA should baseline indicate exceedance with the standard. This noise impact assessment will be based on a new baseline noise assessment at key sensitive receptors. This requirement shall be defined in the BD for the EPC contract. 559. Air quality modeling in accordance with the configuration of equipment which will be used. The dispersion modeling shall indicate the maximum concentrations of pollutants of concern at site boundary and nearest sensitive receptors, and demonstrate that national air quality standards can be achieved. 560. Water supply study, including assessment of the existing intake facility of Kupang Peaker 2 to confirm adequate supply capacity and design complying with EHS Guidelines. In case an extension is required, the EPC contractor will identify modifications in its DED. The modifications will be based on survey works to provide sufficient data on bathymetry, tidal levels, ecology, and others for design of intake structures. 561. Effluent discharge assessment, including identification of suitable discharge point to avoid any impact of corals and seaweed, and demonstrating that WWTP can achieve required effluent quality standard. 562. Detailed site investigation including soil analysis, ground elevation analysis, flood risk assessment, storm drainage analysis, and building condition survey along roads to be used by construction vehicles. 563. Operation hazard study, including fire and explosion hazard assessment and fire safety and gas detection proposal (fire detection and alarm system design); the assessment shall account for internal (i.e. within perimeter of Kupang Peaker 2) and external (e.g. LNG supply and storage system, regasification facility) hazards. The study should demonstrate that the facility will not result in unacceptable risks to facility operators and nearby communities during plant operation. The study shall be based on the rapid hazard identification (HAZID) and risk assessment conducted by an independent consulting firm (IJK Consultancy) in November 2018 ( Appendix F). 564. Site-specific seismic hazard study including liquefaction study.
2. Preparation of Contractor EHS Plan
118 565. Following contract award but before site works commence, the EPC contractor must produce a construction or contractor EHS Plan. 566. The measures defined in the EHS Plan must follow the General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines and the IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. The plan will include, but not be limited to: (i) site regulations (covering security, occupational health and safety, gate control, sanitation, medical care, fire prevention, emergency preparedness and response) to ensure worker and community safety, and prevent accidents during construction works; (ii) earthwork management plan; materials management plan, giving arrangements for supply of construction materials to avoid unnecessary stockpiling outside project site; (iii) waste management plan, for handling, transport, storage and disposal of solid and liquid wastes and hazardous materials at sites approved by local authorities; (iv) drainage plan, to ensure that construction works will not cause ponding or flooding at construction camp, temporary spoil disposal site, and other areas used for project-related activities and adjacent areas; (v) temporary traffic management plan, to control safe interaction of vehicular traffic and nearby communities during construction (vi) noise and dust control plan, to minimize impacts to sensitive receptors (residential areas, school etc.) due to construction works, sourcing and transport of construction materials, and other project-related activities. The EHS Plan will first be developed for the pre-construction and construction phase, but will eventually also include the operation phase (through the development of operational manuals for all processes of the plant, including emergency preparedness and response procedures, fire prevention and fighting procedures, etc). 567. The EHS Plan shall be submitted to the PIC and PLN for review and clearance prior to construction works. The CEMP is a dynamic document and may be subject to change by the contractor as the work progresses. Periodic reviews may be necessary and these should in fact be encouraged.
3. Securing Permits for Spoil Disposal Sites, Work Areas 568. The Contractor shall obtain all required environmental permits prior to construction. These include spoil disposal sites, concrete and asphalt batching plants, waste disposal sites, working areas, etc. The Contractor must confirm that any such spoil disposal site has the relevant environmental permits.
E. Impacts and Mitigation Measures 569. Potential environmental issues and impacts during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases, as identified in the EIA as well as corresponding mitigation measures designed to minimize the impacts are identified in the tables below. Mitigation includes two types of environmental measures: 570. Measures that will permanently become part of the infrastructure such as fire detection and protection facilities, wastewater collection and treatment facilities are included in the EPC contract costs, and are estimated to amount to 3% of the total investment costs. 571. Temporary measures during the construction stage (e.g. dust suppression, use of quiet / low noise powered mechanical equipment, provision of sedimentation basins for suspended solids in construction site runoff, provision of sanitary facilities for construction workers, etc) will be included in the bidding document to ensure that EPC contractor includes them in their budgets. The implementation of these measures is estimated to cost 1% of the total investment costs. 572. The mitigation measures defined in the EMP will be (i) checked and where necessary re-designed by the PIC prior to construction and the EMP subsequently updated, as needed; (ii) incorporated into the EHS Plan of the EPC Contractor; and (iii) implemented by EPC Contractor under supervision of the PLN/UIP and the PIC. The effectiveness of these
119 measures will be evaluated based on the results of the environmental effect monitoring conducted by the EPC Contractor and the UIP, and through EMP compliance verification conducted by the EEMC.
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Table 32: Environmental Management Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Pre-Construction and Construction phase
Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency
Detailed Design and Pre-Construction Phase
• The safety of the existing gas supply and HSD storage shall be assessed in the framework of a safety audit to be conducted once draft Detailed Engineering Design (DED) is available for Kaltim Peaker 2. Safety Audit for Before approval of PLN, Not Applicable- existing facilities • The safety audit shall assess the fire and explosion risk of existing DED Contractor facilities (gas supply, HSD storage at Kaltim Peaker 1) and proposed facilities (HSD storage). The assessment shall be submitted to PLN and ADB for review prior to approval of the DED. • Ensure that Kaltim Peaker 2 GTs are designed to achieve a net efficiency of 36-40% of LHV (Low Heat Value) and CO2 emissions Before approval of GHG performance Not Applicable Contractor below or equal to 561 tCO2/GWh as required by IFC EHS Guidelines DED for Thermal Power Plants for gas turbines. • Conduct detailed site investigation including soil analysis, ground All construction sites Detailed site elevation analysis, flood risk assessment, storm drainage analysis, and approaches to Before approval of Contractor investigation assessment of existing structures to be demolished (including the site (road and DED asbestos risk assessment), and vegetation to be cleared. river) • The design of Kaltim Peaker 2 power plant shall guarantee that the relevant performance standards for noise (day and night noise levels, as presented in Table 5 of EIA) can be achieved. Consideration of • The contractor shall conduct a comprehensive operational noise operation phase impact assessment as part of the DED, to demonstrate compliance impacts in the with (i) maximum sound pressure levels at 1m from any point on any detailed item of equipment including valves (85dBA); maximum sound pressure Before approval of engineering design Not Applicable- Contractor level at site boundary (70 dBA during daytime and 60 dBA during DED (noise, air nighttime); and (iii) maximum sound pressure level at nearest sensitive emissions, water receptor (55 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime), or a intake and effluent maximum increment of 3 dBA should baseline indicate exceedance discharge) with the standard. • As part of the noise impact assessment, the contractor shall undertake a 48 hours noise survey at the site boundary, Tanjung Batu village and
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency staff housing and closest location of Proposcis Monkey habitat to the project footprint to establish the baseline day and night noise conditions. Additional secondary noise mitigation (e.g. acoustic barriers) must be incorporated into the design to ensure that ambient noise at sensitive receptor locations due to project alone is <45dB(A) or results in <3dB(A) above night time background. • The updated noise impact assessment requires ADB review.
• Kaltim Peaker 2 shall be designed with 50m stack and acheive
emission standards set out in Table 3 of the EIA for turbines >50MWth Before approval of Not Applicable- Contractor for NO2 and TSP. DED • For SO2 fuel to be used must have sulfur content of 0.25% or below. • Conduct water supply and wastewater discharge study including assessment of the existing intake and discharge facility. Before approval of • The water intake must comply with IFC EHS Guidelines and the Not Applicable- Contractor DED wastewater treatment system must ensure that discharge standards set out in Table 6 of the EIA can be complied with. • Conduct seismic hazard study and demonstrate that power plant Seismic structural design is seismically safe for anticipated seismic risks. The Before approval of considerations in structural design is to be checked by a suitably qualified and Not Applicable Contractor DED plant design experienced third-party structural engineer who is independent of PLN, their designer and contractor. • Undertake quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of Kaltim Peaker 2 design to confirm risk to communities is normal and to workers is ALARP per BS 1473 or equivalent. • The study shall include fire and explosion hazard assessment and fire safety and gas detection proposal (fire detection and alarm system design account for internal (i.e. within perimeter of Kaltim Peaker 2) Fire and explosion Before approval of and external (e.g. HSD storage tank of Kaltim Peaker 1, NG supply Not Applicable Contractor risk assessment DED pipeline) hazards. • The study shall be based on, and make us of, the rapid HAZIP conducted by IJK Consultancy in November 2018 ( Appendix F) • The study should demonstrate that the facility will not result in unacceptable risks to facility operators and nearby communities during plant operation.
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency Integration of • Incorporate landscape architecture elements into the detailed project All construction Before approval of aesthetic elements design to optimize harmonious integration of the infrastructure into the Contractor areas. DED in design landscape.
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency • Before commencement of construction, develop, and submit to PLN and ADB for clearance, a contractor‘s EHS plan. The measures defined therein must follow the General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines and the IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. The plan shall include, but not be limited to: o site regulations (covering security, facilities and provisions at
construction camps, occupational health and safety, gate control, pollution prevention and sanitation, medical care, fire prevention, emergency preparedness and response) to ensure worker and community safety, and prevent accidents during construction works; o earthwork management plan including topsoil storage and management plan; Materials Management Plan, giving arrangements for supply of construction materials to avoid unnecessary stockpiling outside project site. o waste management plan, for handling, transport, storage and EHS Plan including All construction sites disposal of solid and liquid wastes and hazardous materials at sites Before site specific approved by local authorities; and approaches to commencement of Contractor construction phase o drainage plan, to ensure that construction works will not cause the site (road and construction management plans ponding or flooding at construction camp, temporary spoil disposal river) site, and other areas used for project-related activities and adjacent areas; o temporary traffic management plan, to control safe interaction of vehicular traffic and river traffic with nearby communities during construction. o noise, vibrations and dust control plan, to minimize impacts to sensitive receptors (residential areas) due to construction works, sourcing and transport of construction materials, and other project- related activities. o Jetty and access road construction and demolition method statement • The EHS Plan shall first be developed for the pre-construction and construction phase, but shall eventually also include the operation phase (through the development of operational manuals for all processes of the plant, including emergency preparedness and response procedures, fire prevention and fighting procedures, etc.).
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency • Before commencement of any works, the contractor must employ and have the following staff based full time at the site (separate positions): o Construction manager Before All Construction o H&S manager (Construction Safety Manager) commencement of Contractor Sites Staffing for o Environmental manager construction supervision of EMP o Ecologist to observe presence of Proboscis monkey and other protected species in the project area • Before commencement of any works PLN must employ the following: Before o Supervising Engineer with EHS certification and expertise Not Applicable commencement of PLN o External Environment Monitor (report verification) construction • Site specific construction phase EHS Plan must be presented to the community and their relevant suggestions should be incorporated. Before Tanjung Batu • Construction methods for temporary jetty and river traffic management commencement of Contractor Village must be discussed with fishing community and their concurrence to construction Community planned mitigation and management measures be taken consultations and • Grievance redress mechanism must be estalished and explained to awareness the local residents during a public presentation prior to the beginning Before of the construction activities. Tanjung Batu PLN, commencement of • PLN to implement awareness raising campaign for local community on Village Contractor construction dangers associated with construction works and power plant once operational. • Consult provincial nature conservation agency (BKSDA) to develop a BMP for Proboscis Monkey to achieve ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity in consultation with communities, setting out mitigation and enhancement measures for construction and operation of Kaltim Preparation of Peaker 2. Biodiversity • BMP to include a code of conduct for workers to eliminate any Project area of Before Management Plan likelihood of their involvement in illegal poaching, collection of influence as defined commencement of PLN (BMP) for monkeys or other protected wildlife for sale, otherwise harming, in the EIA construction Proboscis Monkey harassing or chasing animals, or fishing. • BMP to include educatation of workers on dos and don’ts and steps to take if sighting PM or other protected species, all workers to receive training as part of the induction, monthly refresher for all staff, and daily tool box talks for all workers for jetty and access road works.
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency • BMP to impose strict penalties for breaching code of conduct and include a surveillance protocol for contractor to follow throughout the construction and PLN/operator to follow during operation. • BMP to include measures for enhancement of the Proboscis monkeys’ habitat, including extension of tree planting across jetty area to link existing habitat to 300m long tree line east of temporary jetty. Following construction PM to be monitored seasonally to determine success of mitigation and enhancement measures. • BMP to include for restoration of the swamp habitat once construction is completed and temporary access track is removed. Following construction swamp habitat will be monitored seasonally to determine success of rehabilitation. • BMP to include for protection of swamp habitat post-construction to ensure it is maintained as a natural habitat and not filled or used for any other purpose. • BMP to be approved by ADB prior to commencement of any works. PLN/Competen All working areas, Prior to Emergency • Review existing, and revise emergency and rescue plan in case of a t local and areas downstream construction preparedness manmade or natural disasters (see section G of EMP). state the project site works authorities Priot to Corrective actions • Implement the corrective action plan defined in Section C of this EMP Not applicable construction PLN works • Employ a suitably qualified and experienced absestos surveying Before company under a ToR agreed with PLN to undertake survey of existing Not Applicable commencement of Contractor buildings for presence and management of asbestos in demolition demolition works Demolition of waste. Existing Buildings • If asbestos is found it is to be removed following good international Before and during industry practise prior to any demolition work. Removed asbestos Existing buildings at demolition of Contractor should be appropriately disposed to a suitably licensed and plant site buildings engineered hazardous waste disposal facility.
Construction Phase
Recording of • During construction the following must be recorded and reported to All construction sites Throughout the Contractor Pollution and H&S [PLN/ADB] within 24 hours of occurrence of major or fatal incident and and approaches construction
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency Incidence and 72 hours of near miss or minor incident with a plan for corrective Corrective Actions action: o Pollution incident (near miss, minor, major) o H&S incident (near miss, minor, lost time, fatal) Sourcing of • Only licensed sources of materials shall be used for construction. No Throughout the Construction Not Applicable Contractor borrow pit or quarry shall be opend for the project. construction material • Offices and workers accomodation must be located within the fenced KP2 site boundary. No office, workers accomodation, septic tank or soak pit shall be located within 200m of Proboscis monkey habitat, swamp habitat, or Mahakam River. The worker camp and all sanitary facilities shall be in accordance with the pollution, health and safety measures set out in the General IFC Health and Safety Guidelines
(2007) and EBRD/IFC Guidelines on Worker Accommodation.
• Portable/constructed toilets must be made available in the workers camps and the wastewater generated must be properly treated and disposed complying with effluent standards as per the Table 6 of EIA, Sanitation following the IFC EHS guidelines. Ensure that there are no environmental and Throughout the wastewater discharges into the swamp from any construction area. All construction sites Contractor PPE requirements construction • Workers must be provided with drinking water meeting INO drinking for Workers Camp water standards. If drinking water is imported, test certificates for compliance with drinking water standards must be obtained. If abstracted and treated at site, the drinking water must be tested weekly for compliance. • To minimize the personal risks for the workers, PPE equipment (ear muffs, safety boots, warning vests) must be provided to all workers and the proper use of this equipment must be regularly supervised. • No person under 18 years of age shall be employed in any role under the project.
Physical Environment
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency Immediately after • Appropriate grass mixtures will be planted to initially stabilize open completion of construction areas; afterwards, the soils shall be landscaped with All working areas Contractor Soil erosion, construction degradation of native plants common to the area. works water quality by physical and • All the potentially dangerous products that can contaminate the soil Regularly during chemical changes during the construction works must be stored, disposed or recovered All working areas construction Contractor as per requirements of IFC EHS Guidelines. works
• Dredging works must be performed in a way to minimize landslides and surface erosion.
• Silt curtains shall be placed at confluence of the bay with the river to minimise sediment flow into the river during construction of the temporary jetty. • Turbidity of the river shall be visually observed throughout dredging and daily readings shall be taken. If turbidity level in the river outside the silt curtains exceeds 10% of background river turbidity levels, Temporary jetty dredging work will cease until levels fall back to background level. area; Mahakam Regularly during Dredging • Besides construction of temporary jetty, no dredging activitiy shall be Contractor River adjoining the dredging works undertaken in Mahakam river for construction of Kaltim Peaker 2 project site project • No dumping of dredged or excavated material on river banks or in tributaries to the Mahakam river. The dredged material if found suitable shall be used in construction. Otherwise it shall be disposed in a licensed landfill for construction waste. • Disposal operations must be conducted so as to prevent any unnecessary destruction, scarring or defacing of the soils • Landscape the areas where excavation or dredging is carried out.
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• Develop a Waste Management Plan and an Emergency Prepardness
and Response Plan (within the EHS Plan). • Distribute appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and containers properly marked for the different types of waste, such as: recyclable, hazardous, for landfill, etc and enforce prohibition of littering. • Coordinate with the Municipality or hire a competent private contractor for the collection of solid and construction waste from the site to a suitably designed and licensed landfill. • Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of waste generated onsite, collected by contractor, and disposed of. • Fuel, oil, chemicals and wastes are to be stored in accordance with IFC EHS Guideline requirements. All liquid and putrescible wastes to be placed on impermeable surface bunded with 110% capacity to
contain any spills.
• Ensure that a minimum of 1,000 liters of general purpose spill Risk of soil, groundwater and absorbent is available at hazardous material storage facility. surface water • If spillage occurs, spill must be immediately contained, cleaned-up, Regularly during All construction and pollution due to and contaminated soil disposed as hazardous waste. construction Contractor surrounding areas spillage of oil and • Place contaminated soil safety at the temporary hazardous waste works fuels or waste storage area. disposal • Provide spill kits in all transport vehicles and at construction site. • Train drivers and equipment operators about the emergency spill response plan. • Use new and well maintained vehicles during construction and ensure that any maintenance works are done in areas located away from the water resources. • Construct appropriate temporary drainage system to accommodate storm water runoff and to protect the construction site from erosion- causing runoff useing appropriate structural measures to prevent erosion. • Run-off with sediments must be buffered in a sedimentation basin before release into the Mahakam river. If drainage water is contaminated, it must be drained into appropriate facilities (such as sumps and pits). Before disposal in Mahakam river, it is to be treated to comply with surface water discharge standards.
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency • Domestic wastewater from the worker camp must be collected in a Pollution of septic tank of adequate capacity to provide one-year retention of solids Regularly during downstream water and should be followed by a soak pit of adequate capacity to allow Worker camp construction Contractor due to the effective percolation of septic tank effluents into the ground. works discharge of • The design of septic tank and soak pit meeting these requirements wastewater from will be included in waste mangement plan. the construction • Runoff from the construction site must be collected in sump pits of camp; processing adequate capacity before the cleared water is released into a receiving All working areas, Regularly during Contractor of aggregates. water. The suspended solids in runoff discharge to Mahakam rivers Mahakam River construction should not exceed 50 mg/l as per the IFC EHS guidelines. works • Cover the internal pathways and the working area with non-pulverulent material (gravel, grit, concrete, bitumen) • Water the unpaved pathways and working areas at the minimum of two times a day and more fequently if required, especially on windy and dry days. • Cover the load of every truck transporting pulverulent materials with adequate screens.
Air pollution due to • Store the pulverulent materials in closed compartments; whenever this emissions of is not feasible, water these materials. Regularly during Construction areas particulates and • Set fences with enough height to separate the construction site from construction Contractor All transport routes gases from the outside areas. works construction • Drivers shall be instructed on the benefits of driving practices that operations and reduce both the risk of accidents and fuel consumption, within safe circulation and speed limits. usage of • Inform the local residents about the duration of the construction works equipment and and whenever an activity that generates high levels of particulates is vehicles to be performed. • Complete routine checks on dust generation from construction activities, and confirm that dust suppression is applied. Before and • Maintain the access road from the Murinin road to the Tanjung Batu Access road from regularly during Contractor complex in good operating condition all thorugh the construction. Murinin road construction works
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency
• Use of properly maintained equipment and vehicles. • Install acoustic bafflers in the structures housing noise generating machinery. • Perform noisy construction activities at Kaltim Peaker 2 site only during 8:00am to 4:00pm. No construction work at the temporary jetty or construction related transportation will be permitted during 5:00pm to 7:00am. • Ensure that IFC EHS Guidelines on OHS noise exposure are met and noisy working areas are signed accordingly and ear protection Prior to and during provided when performance standards are exceeded (85 dB(A) for 8 All working areas, construction Contractor hourly working shift or peak sound pressure level (instanteneous) 140 temporary jetty Noise nuisance works due to construction dB(C)). operations and • No blasting works for any purpose shall be undertaken during circulation and construction. usage of • Pile Driving will not be used for any purpose at Kaltim Peaker 2 plant equipment and site. vehicles • Use of pile driving for temorary jetty shall be permitted only during 8:00 am to 4:00 pm with installation of pile shielding leading to a minimum noise attenutation ot 10 dB(A).
• Noise levels shall be monitored weekly at site boundary, TB village and site office to confirm if 1 hourly Leq performance standards are being met. The noise levels at Probiscis monkey habitat near the temorary All through the jetty shall be monitored to confirm effectivness of noise attenuation at Monitoring points construction Contractor pile driving site. defined in the EIA works • If performance standards are exceeded, and/or in the event of a justified community complaint, additional noise abatement measures shall be promptly implemented.
Changes in • Remove all the waste and leftover materials promptly Immediately after All working areas landscape as a • Re-cultivate and re-vegetate the access roads and temporary completion of and transportation Contractor result of excavation construction sites that will no longer be needed, with local plant types construction routes works, withdrawal and soil cover works
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency and disposal of • Using natural materials e.g. for the enforcements of river banks for During materials erosion protection instead of concrete in order to maintain the Mahakam River construction Contractor character of the landscape works During • Delimitation of valuable biotopes and habitats before construction All construction construction Contractor activities begin with signal bands - if necessary areas works
Natural Environment
• Temporarily stop potentially disturbing construction activity if/when an IUCN-classified ‘critically endangered’, ‘endangered’, or ‘vulnerable wildlife’ species approaches the construction site (e.g., Proboscis monkey, False Gharial, Irrawaddy dolphin). • Report to provincial nature reserve agency (BKSDA) if protected wildlife is encountered; coordinate for further impact mitigation, if wildlife trails or wildlife activity is noted at the construction site
• Forbid construction workers from poaching wildlife including fishing of
any kind including with net/trap, poison, or explosives. Undertake strict Project area of surveillance and impose penalties for any deviations from workers influence as defined Disturbance of the protocol for protection of wildlife and conservation of biodiversity. in the EIA; All Proboscis habitat; • Prevent access to Proboscis monkey and swamp habitat (and other Proboscis habitat, All through swamp; Irrawaddy valuable ecological areas and features) through construction of especially west of construction Contractor dolphins, Mahakam fencing and barriers, placement of guards with training in conservation the temporary jetty; works River to monitor human activities on a daily basis. Mahakam River • Display clear sign boards and warnings to remind workers to stay away downstream the from natural habitat around the jetty and access road. construction site • Piling for temporary jetty and access road construction to be undertaken during the dry season in order to minimize damage to swamp and sediment laden runoff. • No storage of fuels, oil, chemicals or putresible waste and no refulling activity shall be undertaken within 200m of the swamp habitat. • Monitor presence of Irrawaddy dolphins during works are temporary jetty; In case, Irrawaddy dolphins are sighted, piling works shall be stopped.
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency
Quarterly, before
• Disseminate information and brief all workers about the Proboscis and during Worker camp Contractor monkeys, False Ghariyal and their habitats and the protection construction measures works
• Conduct vegetation survey and impact assessment as part of the site Prior to survey. If tree cutting is required, replace lost trees by new tree Construction site; construction, six Impact on planting in a 1:2 ratio at least. Mahakam River monthly during Contractor vegetation (trees) • Survey of the natural vegetation and cultural trees within and near banks downstream construction the construction site. Take corrective action is if a loss or adverse the construction site works change is observed.
Human Environment (Socio-economic resources)
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency • Establish and maintain health and safety plan including emergeny preparedness and response plan in accordance with the plan outlined in Section G of this EMP. • Appoint a Construction Safety Manager as accident prevention and response officer. He/she shall have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. • Organize environmental management, safety and health training and awareness for all workers. Provide training to all drivers and equipment Exposure of workers and local operators on safe operations of vehicles/equipments. people to hazards • Ensure that medical staff, first aid facilities and ambulance services Prior to and during Worker camp, all at the construction are available at all times at the Site. Regular medical checks by trained construction Contractor working areas site (pollution, medical staff will be performed for all construction workers works accidents, • Construction of the camp to accommodate the workers outside the diseases) village limits. • Ensure lodging and food supply to the workers, adequate water supply, sanitation system, management of waste and camp cleaning as per IFC EHS Guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety. • Mount general safety advice and warnings at prominent points at construction camps and working area • Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) for the workers • Use appropriate vehicles for the transport of hazardous materials.
Prior to Health • Prepare and implement health awareness program as per IFC EHS Project area construction authorities; Health problems in Guidelines for Community Health and Safety. works PLN the population due to the project During Health • Provide access to skilled medical personal to the population affected implementation Project area construction authorities; by the project (transferable works PLN diseases and psychological • Designate a representative of the project authorities to be regularly on Prior to and during stress) site and gather complaints of the people affected by the project through Project area construction PLN GRM mechanism or by direct communication. works
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Issue / Potential Timing and Mitigation Action Location Action Party Impact frequency • Employ the maximum possible number of qualified local community members. Prior to / at • Accommodate the foreign/migrant workers in a worker camp outside beginning of All working areas Contractor Social stress the limits of existing villages construction between the local • Limit the construction activities strictly to absolutely required areas - works residents and the usage of agricultural land, even if temporary, has to be avoided foreign workers Continuously • Designate a representative of the project authorities to be regularly on Construction site of during site and attend to early signs of discord among local population and PLN the project construction foreign workers, as appropriate. works Continuously Complaints and • Regularly address the community compaints through Greivance during the first 3 problems with the Project site PLN/Contractor Redress Mechanism set-up as per this EIA (Chapter VIII) years of the local population operation phase Impact on cultural heritage. • Implement appropriate measures for chance find procedures which Site preparation mainly include that construction activities be halted and the area activities could fenced, while immediately notifying the responsible authorities. potentially disturb • No additional work will be allowed before the authorities assess the All working and /damage Upon occurrence Contractor found potential archaeological site. surrounding areas archaeological • The contractor will include the respective contact data and the remains which procedure in his Environment, Health and Safety Plan and during could be present workers‘ training. within the Project site. All working areas: Construction site, disposal sites, access roads, workers camps
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Table 33: Environmental Management Plan for Kaltim Peaker 2 - Operation phase
Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location Action Party frequency
Physical Environment
• Develop and implement waste management plan/manual and an emergency spill response plan/manual. These shall be reviewed and approved by PLN prior to operation. • Manage the solid waste by segregating recyclables, non- recyclables, hazardous waste; and composting the organic waste.
• Provide appropriate number of properly contained litter bins and containers properly marked for the different types of waste, such as: recyclable, hazardous, oil, chemicals, waste for landfill/treatment, etc and enforce prohibition of littering. • Fuel, oil, chemicals and wastes are to be stored in accordance with IFC EHS Guideline requirements and Regulation of Chairman of Bapedal No. 01 (1995). All liquid and putrescible wastes to be placed on impermeable surface bunded with Soil pollution due to 110% capacity to contain any spills. Regularly during spills of waste and toxic • Coordinate with the Municipality or hire a competent private Plant site Plant operator operation substances contractor for the collection of solid waste from the site to a suitably designed and licensed landfill. • Ensure sound maintenance of approach roads and drainage facilities. • Use well maintained vehicles during operation and ensure that any maintenance works are done in areas located away from the water resources. • Provide spill kits in all transport vehicles and at plant site. • Train drivers and equipment operators to implement the emergency spill response plan. • Hazardous waste storage facilities should be regularly inspected and faults/gaps should be immediately rectified. Maintain records and manifests that indicate volume of hazardous waste generated onsite and collected by licensed contractors. The numbers within the records are to be
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location Action Party frequency consistent to ensure no illegal dumping at the site or other areas. Ensure that a minimum of 1,000 liters of general purpose spill absorbent is available at hazardous material storage facility. If spillage occurs, spill must be immediately contained, cleaned-up, and contaminated soil disposed as hazardous waste. Place contaminated soil safety at the temporary hazardous waste storage area. • PLN to apply for and obtain a new permit to cover the Prior to wastewater releases from Kaltim Peaker 2 before it is Plant site PLN operation permitted to operate. Ensure that process wastewater is collected on-site and treated in the on-site treatment facility. Ensure that treated Surface and groundwater effluents will comply with effluent standards provided in Table Regularly during pollution from 6-Standards for Kaltim Peaker 2 of this EIA. operation wastewater Domestic wastewater from the plant office and facilities must be collected in a septic tank of adequate capacity to provide Plant site /Plant Operator one-year retention of solids and should be followed by a soak Semi-annual pit of adequate capacity to allow effective percolation of septic monitoring of tank effluents into the ground. effluent The septic tank should be cleaned annually and the septage should be disposed of to a suitably licensed off-site facility. • Ensure that the plant meets the international standards for emissions of SO2, NO2 and PM10 as specified in IFC Environment Health and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants (December 2008) and presented in Table 3 of the EIA. The operation of the • Not later than by the date of completion of the project, the plant contributes to the operator shall fire the power plants at the site with gas instead Kaltim Peaker 2 All through degradation of air quality Operator of Diesel. Diesel shall be used only in rare emergency cases opertation and emissions of GHG in and for a short period of not more than 7 days per year for the project area annual maintenance of gas pipeline. • In case Diesel has to be used, the sulfur content of the HSD must be below 0.25 % S, as required by the national regulation.
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location Action Party frequency • Install continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) to monitor SO2, NO2 and PM10 at each stack of Kaltim Peaker 2. • Conduct monthly ambient air quality at site boundary and nearest sensitive receptors (Tanjung Batu village). • Quantify total greenhouse gas emissions for Kaltim Peaker 2 during operation and report these in regular monitoring reports. During the first year of operation, undertake quarterly stack monitoring to ensure compliance of standards. Once the regular compliance is achieved, the stack monitoring will be undertaken every six months. All through Kaltim Peaker 2 PLN Six monthly air quality monitoring will be undertaken at plant opertation site and Tanjung Batu village for SO2, NO2, and PM10. On each instance, air quality monitoring will be undertaken for 3 days.
• Implement additional noise controls at Tanjung Batu and Tanjung Batu and All through Kaltim Peaker 1 power plants as per para 479 of the EIA. Kaltim Peaker 1 operation
• Operate noise control measures for Kaltim Peaker 2 that includes stack silencer and silencer at gas turbine air intake Regularly during Noise from operation of openings for each GT units or the noise mitigations measures Kaltim Peaker 2 operation Kaltim Peaker 1, 2 and approved during the pre-consruction phase for Kaltim Peaker Operator Tanjung Baru power 2. plants • Conduct periodic noise monitoring near equipment, at site boundary and at nearest sensitive receptors. As required • Provide secondary noise protection measures, e.g. protection Sensitive receptor during walls or fences near sensitive receptors, if the ambient noise sites operations standards exceed those provided in Table 5 of this EIA (IFC EHS Guidelines for Noise).
Natural Environment
Impacts on habitats and • Implement all opertion phase recommendations of the BMP for Swamp, Proboscis local wildlife, especially Proposcis Monkey. All thorugh the habitat on PLN Operator disturbance of the • Provide semi-annual information dissemination and awareness operations Property Proboscis habitat campaigns for plant workers by a trained ecologist
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location Action Party frequency • Monitor human activity near ot within Proboscis habitat and restriction of access to the Proboscis habitat (fencing, road barriers) • Ensure during the leisure time the plant workers do not poach wildlife or do fishing or impair valuable habitats. • Introduce and maintain prohibition/ penalties to workers to ensure ‘zero‘ interaction of workers with monkeys. • Preserve the swamp area between the power plant complex and the Proboscis habitat as a natural protection barrier • Strictly restrict discharge of any wastewater from plant site to swamp area, littering of waste and disposal of any materials in the swamp or use of swamp are for any purpose • Maintain enclosure of noise producing installations in good condition
• Provide financial and logistical support to enable an effective “Bekantan conservation area”, as part of the PLN commitment Regularly during for “Proper Hijau (Green)”, in collaboration with BKSDA (Balai Proboscis habitat on operation PLN Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam – Natural Resources PLN Property Conservation Centre) for the protection of the Proboscis habitat on PLN Property.
Human Environment (Socio-economic resources) • Maintain noise protection measures and demonstrate compliance with (i) maximum sound pressure levels at 1m from any point on any item of equipment including valves (85dBA); maximum sound pressure level at site boundary (70 Noise generating Noise nuisance due to dBA during daytime and 60 dBA during nighttime); and (iii) Regularly during Power Plant Operator the operation of the maximum sound pressure level at nearest sensitive receptor operation Components power plant (55 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA during nighttime), or a maximum increment of 3 dBA should baseline indicate exceedance with the standard. • Avoid noisy operation between 10 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., when the limit of 45 dB for residential areas apply.
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location Action Party frequency • Limit the access to the ares of higher plant noise with clear warning signs and make use of ear muffs obligatory.
• Ensure compliance with the Law on Labor • Establish and implement emergency preparedness and response (EPR) procedures. The procedures shall be submitted to PLN for review and approval, and tested during trial operation. • Regularly inform and train his staff regarding health and safety issues (e.g. PPE), emergency response (e.g. accidents, spills),
and transferrable diseases (e.g. HIV/AIDS). • Provide all workers with, and enforce use of PPE.
Occupational Health and • Ensure adequate suppply of drinking water of tested water Continuously Kaltim Peaker 2 Operator Safety quality and sanitation for plant workers followin IFC EHS during operation Guidelines for Occupation Haelth and Safety. • All visitors to the site shall receive appropriate H&S instructions and personal equipment • Conduct regular visual inspection of the workers and their daily tasks to esure that the safety measures are adherred to. Limit access to dangersours area to only trained workers for the task. • Compile annual reports on EHS performance, implement corrective actions, if necessary. • Prepare and implement emergency preparedness and response (EPR) system which shall be triggered in case of gas leaks, fires or explosions. • Prepare a detailed manual and provide regular training to staff Risk of fires and and nearby communities to respond to emergencies. Install Continuously explosions (gas supply, and maintain emergency shutdown walves (ESD) will be Kaltim Peaker 2 Operator during operation HSD storage) installed within the power stations‘ inner boundary fence to isolate the gas fuel supply for the entire generating plant. • Install and maintain automatic fire protection, gas detection and alarm system. All critical facilities shall be connected to the automated system.
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Timing and Issue / Potential Impact Monitoring and mitigation actions Location Action Party frequency • In order to prevent the pread of fire by cables in floor voids and other enclosed space not protected with fire extinguishing ystems, s\all cables shall be completely coated with a water resistant fire retardant coating. • During operations the following must be recorded and reported
Recording of Pollution to [PLN/ADB] within 24 hours of occurrence of major or fatal Throughout the and H&S Incidence and incident and 72 hours of near miss or minor incident with a Plant site Plant operator plan for corrective action: Operation Corrective Actions o Pollution incident (near miss, minor, major) o H&S incident (near miss, minor, lost time, fatal) • Train the community on EPR plan, display the contact numbers of local authorities, hospitals and designated plant Community health and authorities and designate persons responsible to coordicate Tanjung Batu Regularly during safety risks, community immediate response actions with the community. Village and nearby PLN, Operator operation concerns • Set up a grievance redress mechanism, inform local people on residential areas how to file complaints during a public presentation at the beginning of the operation activities.
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F. Monitoring, Reporting
1. Monitoring 573. An environmental monitoring plan has been defined for the subproject in accordance with the Government of Indonesia and ADB requirements. The plan focuses on environmental compliance monitoring and environmental quality monitoring (e.g. air, water, soil, vibration and noise) during pre-construction, construction and operation. 574. Monitoring will include environmental compliance monitoring (to be conducted by the UIP with support of the PIC, and to be verified by the EEMC) and environmental quality monitoring (to be conducted by the UIP, potentially to be sub-contracted to a licensed monitoring entity). The EPC Contractor will also be required to conduct frequent air quality and noise monitoring around construction sites at nearest sensitive receptors. Monitoring arrangements defined for this subproject are described Table 33.
2. Reporting 575. The following reports related to the implementation of the EMP will be prepared and submitted to relevant agencies. 576. Monthly progress reports by the EPC Contractor (to the UIP, PMU). The EPC Contractor will submit monthly progress reports to the UIP and PMU. These reports will include reporting on EMP implementation performance as well as results of the internal ambient quality monitoring (noise, air quality, surface water quality). 577. Quarterly reports by the UIP (to the PMU). The UIP will submit quarterly reports to the PMU. These reports shall include a comprehensive section on EMP and EHS Plan implementation progress, grievances received, minor and major infringements, occupational accidents, and necessary corrective actions. 578. Semi-annual environmental monitoring reports by PMU/PLN (to ADB). The PMU will submit semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB for clearance and disclosure. The reports will follow the template prescribed by ADB. Semi-annual reporting shall continue after construction completion until the project completion report is issued. 579. Annual external verification reports by the EEMC (to PLN, ADB). Besides the internal self-monitoring, the auditing of the implementation of the mitigation and monitoring measures for the Project will be done by experienced external environmental monitoring consultant (EEMC). The progress of EMP implementation with supporting environmental monitoring and audit report will be submitted to ADB semi-annually during construction and operation. The EEMC will submit semi-annual independent EMP verification reports to PLN and ADB. These reports will be disclosed to AHs. Independent EMP verification shall continue after construction completion until the project completion report is issued.
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Table 34: Monitoring Requirements during Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation Phase
Timing and Purpose/Issue Monitoring actions Location Action Party Frequency
Pre-Construction Phase
Establish baseline Undertake noise monitoring continuously for 48 hours, recording the Tanjung Batu noise quality at hourly equivalent noise levels in dB(A) at Tanjung Batu Village and at village and Entry During DED Contractor sensitive receptors the entry gate to the plant near the security booth. gate to plant
Establish baseline for Undertake groundwater quality monitoring at 3 existing wells near site Nearest wells to site During DED Contractor groundwater quality boudary. boundary
Construction Phase
(A) Compliance Monitoring for EMP Implementation Daily during Visual inspection of all construction areas including temporary jetty and construction Contractor internal approach road to detect areas subject to erosion, works All working areas sedimentation, and soil pollution (signs of spillage of oil, municipal Monthly during waste or hazardous substance) during daily construction supervision. construction PLN (PIC) Soil erosion, works degradation of soil or Daily during water quality due to construction Contractor spillage of waste Monitor the application of waste (hazardous waste, construction waste works and municipal waste) management procedures (handling, storage, All working areas disposal and transportation); identify and report areas of concern for Monthly during immediate corrective actions construction PLN (PIC) works
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Timing and Purpose/Issue Monitoring actions Location Action Party Frequency Weekly during Contractor construction Monitor records of hazardous waste generation, storage and disposal Hazardous waste to ensure no illegal dumping/disposal of hazardous waste storage area Monthly during construction PLN (PIC) works Daily during Monitor sediments flow or visual signs of oily residues in water, at all Contractor All effluent outlets construction outlets from the site into the river. If abnormal presence of sediments or from construction oil is detected, identify cause of water pollution, review mitigation Monthly during site measures, idenify and implement corrective actions. construction PLN (PIC) works Weekly during Visually monitor banks of swamp area along the construction site Along the banks of construction Contractor boundary to detect any signs of dumping of waste, scarring of natural swamp adjoining the works vegetation or disposal of effluents to take immediate corrective actions, construction site Including restoration of damage, enhanced vigilance and action against Monthly during boundary the offenders. construction PLN (PIC) works Daily during Monitor the hazardous waste storage facility for compliance with Contractor Effective construction construction phase storage, inventory and disposal requirements. In Hazardous waste management of Monthly during case any gap/defect at the hazardous waste storage facility is storage facility hazardous waste construction PLN (PIC) observed, take immediate action to rectify it. works Weekly during Contractor Air pollution due to construction emissions of Monitor implementation of dust and air pollution control measures as Construction site particulates and per construction phase EMP. and approach roads Monthly during gases from construction PLN (PIC) construction works Daily during operations and Contractor construction circulation and usage Monitor use of personal protective equipment to protect from dust– face Construction site Monthly during of equipment and masks by the workers working at dusty construction areas vehicles construction PLN (PIC) works
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Timing and Purpose/Issue Monitoring actions Location Action Party Frequency
Weekly Contractor Construction sites Monitor implementation of noise control measures as per the Including temporary construction phase EMP. jetty (during jetty construction) Monthly during construction PLN (PIC) Noise Control works Random, all Conduct spot checks to ensure that construction machinery noise through Contractor Specified distance emission levels do not exceed the specifications provided in construction from construction construction contract and in compliance with the good international Monthly during machinery practice. construction PLN (PIC) works During construction of Contractor Monitor presence of Irrawaddy dolphins or False Gharial during works Mahakam River temporary jetty at temporary jetty. In case, Irrawaddy dolphins are sighted, piling works along the temporary Monthly during shall be stopped. jetty Disturbance of the construction PLN (PIC) Proboscis habitat, works Daily during Irrawaddy dolphins Daily monitoring of human activities near or within the Proboscis habitat Contractor and False Gharial adjoining the boundary of construction site (place permanent guards All along the construction with training in conservation) construction site Monthly during To avoid disturbance due to noise and human presence if Proboscis boundary with the construction PLN (PIC) monkey are observed within 100m works must cease until they leave PM habitat works the area. External verification Semi-annually External Verify compliance with EMP provisions, relevance and accuracy of of EMP At construction site during environment monitoring results. implementation construction monitor (B) Environmental quality monitoring for assessing effectiveness of EMP Implementation Surface water quality monitoring in Mahakam River upstream and Mahakam River, Surface water quality Quarterly Prior to downstream of effluent discharge point and temporary jetty. south bank (two Contractor monitoring and during points upstream and
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Timing and Purpose/Issue Monitoring actions Location Action Party Frequency Relevant standard: Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 two points construction regarding Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. downstream of phase construction site) Groundwater quality monitoring at 3 existing wells near construction site boudary. Nearest 3 wells to
Groundwater quality site boundary (same Quarterly during Relevant standard: Ministry of Health’s Regulation No.492/2010 with Contractor monitoring as baseline construction regard Drinking Water Quality Standard; Government Regulation No. monitoring points) 82 Year 2001 regarding Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. Effluent quality monitoring at effluent outlet leading to Mahakam River to ensure that effluent quality complies with the discahrge standards (Tabe 6 – Effluent standard for Kaltim Peaker 2). In case of any Inlet to effluent exceedance, take corrective actions within 48 hours. Monthly during Effluent monitoring channel to Mahakam Contractor construction river Relevant standard: Environmental Minister Decree No. 55/MENLH/2013, concerning wastewater discharge standard; EIA Table 6. Monitoring air quality for NOx, SO2 and PM10 for a minimum of three Tanjung Batu days extending over one week every quarter, at all sensitive receptors. Village, workers Quarterly during Air quality monitoring Monitoring of TSP at workers’ camp, construcion office and entry gate. camp and entry gate construction Contractor to plant near security works Relevant standard: Government Decree No. 41/1999 booth Noise monitoring during daytime and nighttime, measuring hourly equivalent noise levels at Tanjung Batu village and PM habitat (the nearest sensitive receptors) from construction site to demonstrate compliance with the IFC EHS standards for ambient noise. Tanjung Batu
village, boundary of Ambient noise Relevant standard: IFC EHS General Guidelines – Table 1.7 Noise PM habitat, Weekly Contractor monitoring Level Guidelines and Table 2.3.1 Noise Limits for Various Working boundary of Environment. construction site
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Timing and Purpose/Issue Monitoring actions Location Action Party Frequency
Operation Phase
(A) Compliance Monitoring for EMP Implementation Continuously Monitor implementation of EMP measures for operation phase Plant site Operator Operational Phase during operations EMP measures Monitor and supervise implementation of EMP measures for operation Monthly, during Plant site PLN phase operations (B) Environmental Monitoring to ensure policy compliance Water quality monitoring at inlet to effluent channel leading to Mahakam river to ensure that the effluent quality complies with the discharge standards (Table 6 – Effluent standard for Kaltim Peaker 2). In case of Water quality any exceedance, take corrective actions within 48 hours. Monthly, during Effluent Channel Operator monitoring operations Relevant standard: Environmental Minister Decree No. 55/MENLH/2013, concerning wastewater discharge standard; EIA Table 6. Continuous emissions monitoring (CEMS) of SO2, NO2 and PM10 at each stack of Kaltim Peaker 2. In addition, during the first year of operation, undertake quarterly manual stack monitoring to ensure compliance of emission standards Tanjung Batu Village Quarterly/every presented in Table 3 of the EIA for combustion turbines. Once the and entry gate to six months during regular compliance is achieved, the manual stack monitoring will be plant near security Operator operations undertaken every six months. booth
Air quality monitoring Relevant standard: Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 21 of 2008; IFC emission guidelines for facilities larger than 50 MWth with combustion turbines and combustion engines (IFC, 2008) Quarterly stack monitoring at the existing plants (Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 1), during first year of operations to confirm that these Quarterly/every Tajung Batu and plants comply with national emission standards. Once the compliance six months during Kaltim Peaker 1 (all PLN is established the stack monitoring frequency at the existing plants will operations stacks) be lowered to once in six months.
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Timing and Purpose/Issue Monitoring actions Location Action Party Frequency Relevant standard: Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 21 of 2008; IFC emission guidelines for facilities larger than 50 MWth with combustion turbines and combustion engines (IFC, 2008) Six monthly air quality monitoring at plant boundary at the entry gate near the security post and Tanjung Batu village for SO2, NO2, and PM10. On each instance, air quality monitoring shall be undertaken for Entry to plant and 3 days over a period of one week including a working day and a Six monthly PLN Tanjung Batu village weekend.
Relevant standard: Government Decree No. 41/1999 Noise monitoring during daytime and nighttime, measuring hourly equivalent noise levels at Tanjung Batu village (the nearest sensitive Near equipment, at receptor) from plant site to demonstrate compliance with the IFC EHS site boundary and at Ambient noise standards for ambient noise. nearest sensitive Monthly Operator monitoring receptors (Tanjung Relevant standard: IFC EHS General Guidelines – Table 1.7 Noise Batu Village) Level Guidelines and Table 2.3.1 Noise Limits for Various Working Environment.
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Table 35: External Auditing Plan for the Kupang Peaker 2
Action Project Phase Auditing Actions Auditing Party Reporting Schedule/ Status Semi-annual construction site audits shall be First audit at performed to start of Pre-construction ensure that the To PLN EEMC construction and Construction mitigation and Headquarters and from then monitoring every 6 months measures are being implemented.
Annual audits to First audit one ensure that the month after mitigation and start of To PLN Operation monitoring EEMC operation and Headquarters measures are from then on, being every year until implemented. PCR is issued
G. Emergency/Incident Response Procedures during Facility Installation
1. Institutional arrangements and responsibilities 580. As part of the contractor’s EMP and its EHS Plan, the EPC Contractor should develop emergency or incident response procedures during installation. In the operational phase, PLN, the operator and civil authorities will have responsibility for any emergencies or serious incidents. The installation phase should ensure: Emergency Response Team (ERT) of the EPC Contractor as initial responder with PLN staff support; The Samarinda fire and police departments, emergency medical services, etc, collectively referred to as the External Emergency Response Team (EERT), as ultimate responders. 581. The EPC Contractor will provide and sustain the required technical, human and financial resources for quick response during installation. 582. The EPC Contractor shall at all times take all reasonable precautions to maintain the health and safety of the Contractor’s Personnel. In collaboration with local health, police and fire fighting authorities, the Contractor shall ensure that medical staff, first aid facilities and ambulance services are available at all times at the Site. The EPC Contractor shall appoint a Construction Safety Manager as accident prevention and response officer. The Construction Safety Manager shall have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. 583. The EPC Contractor shall send to PLN details of any accidents as soon as possible but not later than 24 hours after its occurrence. The EPC Contractor shall maintain records
149 and make reports concerning health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property, as part of the monthly progress reports to PLN. Table 36: Roles and responsibilities in emergency/incident response Entity Responsibilities Contractor Team (ERT) Communicates/alerts the EERT. Prepares the emergency site to facilitate the response action of the EERT, e.g.: vacating, clearing, restricting site. When necessary and requested by the EERT, lends support/provides assistance during EERT’s response operations. External Emergency Response Team Solves the emergency/incident. (EERT) Contractor Resources Provides and sustain the people, equipment, tools and funds necessary to ensure quickly response to emergency situations. Maintain good communication lines with the EERT to ensure prompt help response and adequate protection, by keeping them informed of implementation progress. Send to PLN details of any accident as soon as practicable but not later than 24 hours after its occurrence.
584. The ERT will be led by the Construction Safety Manager (designated ERT Leader) on site with a suitably trained foreman or junior engineer as deputy. Trained first-aiders and security crew will be the core members of the ERT. The Contractor will ensure that ERT members are physically, technically and psychologically fit for their emergency response roles and responsibilities. Prior to the mobilization of civil works, the Contractor, through its Construction Manager, ERT Leader, in coordination with PLN, will meet with the ultimate response institutions to discuss the overall installation process, including, but not limited to: • work sites • installation time frame and phasing • any special construction techniques and equipment that will be used • any hazardous materials that will be brought to and stored in the construction premises and details on their applications and handling/management system • the Contractor’s Emergency Management Plan • names and contact details of the ERT members 585. The objective of this meeting is to provide the ultimate response institutions the context for: • their comments on the adequacy of the respective Emergency Management Plans • their own assessment of what types, likely magnitude and likely incidence rate of potential hazards are anticipated • the arrangements for coordination and collaboration. 586. To ensure effective emergency response, prior to mobilization of civil works, the Contractor will: • set up the ERT • set up all support equipment and facilities in working condition • make arrangements with the EERT • conducted proper training of ERT members, and encouraged and trained volunteers from the work force;
150 conduct orientation to all construction workers on the emergency response procedures and facilities, particularly evacuation procedures, evacuation routes, evacuation assembly points, and self-first response, among others; and conduct drills for different possible situations. 587. To sustain effective emergency response throughout implementation an adequate budget shall be provided to sustain the capabilities and efficiency of the emergency response mechanism, the emergency response equipment, tools, facilities and supplies. Drills and reminders will take place regularly.
2. Alert Procedures 588. Means of communicating, reporting and alerting an emergency situation may be any combination of the following: (i) audible alarm (siren, bell or gong); (ii) visual alarm (blinking/rotating red light or orange safety flag); (iii) telephone (landline); (iv) mobile phone; (v) two-way radio; and (vi) public address system/loud speakers. Some rules relative to communicating/alerting will be: 589. Whoever detects an emergency situation first shall immediately : (i) call the attention of other people in the emergency site; (ii) sound the nearest alarm, and/or; (iii) report/communicate the emergency situation to the ERT. 590. Only the ERT Leader and, if ERT Leader is not available, the Deputy ERT Leader are authorized to communicate with the EERT. Exceptional cases to this rule may be necessary and should be defined in the Emergency Management Plans. When communicating/alerting an emergency to the EERT, it is important to provide them with at least: (i) the type of emergency situation; (ii) correct location of the emergency; (ii) estimated magnitude of the situation; (iii) estimated persons harmed; (iv) time it happened; (v) in case of a spill, which hazardous substance spilled; and (vi) in case of fire and explosion, what caused it. Such details would allow the EERT to prepare for the appropriate response actions. 591. For an effective reporting/alerting of an emergency situation, the names and contact details of the relevant persons and institutions should be readily available in, or near to, all forms of communication equipment, and strategically posted ie: Most relevant construction/operations staffs namely, the ERT Leader, Deputy ERT Leader, first aiders, supervising engineers, foremen EERT institutions/organizations Concerned village authority/ies PLN 592. The site should have good access to any combination of audible and visual alarms, landline phones, mobile phones and two-way radio communication at all times.
3. Emergency Response Situations 593. The following tables suggest general procedures that will be refined during detailed design, and described in more detail in the EHS Plan of the Contractor’s construction EMP.
151 Table 37: Evacuation Procedure Procedure Remarks Move out as quickly as possible as a group, but All workers/staff, sub-contractors, site visitors to avoid panic move out, guided by the ERT Evacuate through the directed evacuation route. The safe evacuation shall have been determined fast by the ERTL/Deputy ERTL & immediately communicated to ERT members. Keep moving until everyone is safely away from A restricted area must be established outside the the emergency site and its influence area. emergency site, all to stay beyond the restricted area. Once outside, conduct head counts Foremen to do head counts of their sub-groups; ERTL/Deputy ERTL of the ERT. Report missing persons to EERT immediately. ERTL/Deputy ERTL to communicate with the EERT Assist the injured in evacuation & hand them over ERT to manage injured persons to ensure proper to the ERT first-aiders or EERT medical group handling. If injury warrants special care, DO NOT MOVE ERTL/Deputy ERTL communicates with EERT to them, unless necessary & instructed/directed by get instructions/directions in handling the injured. the EERT.
Table 38: Response Procedure During Medical Emergency Procedure Remarks Administer First Aid regardless of severity Fundamentals when giving First Aid: immediately. • Safety first of both the rescuer and the victim. • Do not move an injured person unless: • victim is exposed to more danger when left where they are, e.g., during fire, chemical spill it would be impossible for EERT to aid victims in their locations, e.g., under a collapsed structure • instructed or directed by the EERT. • First AID to be conducted only by a person who has been properly trained in giving First Aid. Call the EERT emergency medical services &/or ERTL/Deputy ERTL or authorized on-site nearest hospital. emergency communicator Facilitate leading the EERT to the emergency ERTL/Deputy ERTL to instruct: an ERT member site. on- site to meet EERT in access road/strategic location. He/she shall hold orange safety flag to get their attention & lead them to site. Other ERT members to clear access road for smooth passage of the EERT. If applicable, vacate site & influence area at Follow evacuation procedure. once, restrict site, suspend work until further notice.
Table 39: Response Procedure In Case of Fire/Explosion Procedure Remarks Alert a fire situation. Whoever detects the fire shall immediately: • call the attention of other people in the site, • sound the nearest alarm, and/or • Foreman or any ERT member among the construction sub-group contacts the fire department (in this case it should be agreed on that it is alright for any ERT member in the sub-group to alert the fire department) • report/communicate the emergency situation to the ERTL/Deputy ERTL
152 Stop all activities/operations and evacuate. All (non-ERT) workers/staff sub-contractors, site visitors and concerned public to move out to safe grounds following the evacuation procedure. Activate ERT to contain fire/control fire from Guided by the training they undertook, ERT spreading. members assigned to mitigate the fire shall assess their own safety situation first before attempting to control fire spread. Call the nearest fire & police stations &, if When alerting the EERT, ERTL will give the applicable, emergency medical services. location, cause of fire, estimated fire alarm rating, any injuries. ERT to vacate the site as soon as their safety is Follow appropriate evacuation procedure assessed as in danger.
H. Costs of EMP Implementation 594. In this specific planning case the EMP does not include all environmental components of construction or rehabilitation costs, as these measures still have to be defined based on the detailed planning by the contractor. This detailed planning was not available at the time when this EIA Reports was compiled. 595. The contractor has to take care that the EMP for the construction period are practically applied at the construction site during the whole construction period. 596. For this reason, a local environmental and safety expert will be employed by the contractor and must be present at the construction site to conduct continuous environmental and social site supervision, and to write down relevant findings in his daily, weekly, and monthly site supervision reports. Monitioring costs will be covered by the contractor. 597. The findings of the monthly reports from the contractor will be summarized in form of semi-annual construction site reports which will be prepared by PLN or environmental experts (under PIC) contracted by PLN. 598. During the operation phase it is the duty of the project operator to take care that the national environmental laws and regulations are met and that the EMP is practically applied. 599. Based on statements from the PLN staff the approximative costs are as follows: Annual costs of national environmental experts employed by PLN (PIU) during the construction period:IDR 30,000,000 - 40,000,000 per month per staff. Costs for the semi-annual monitoring of the operating plant, overall costs, including sampling and analyses, for the Monitoring Report: IDR 40,000,000 per half-year Costs for the relocation of the school building: IDR 2,500,000 per m2 (this amount has been included in the bidding documents for the contractor). The existing building has an approximate building area of 350 m2, so that the total costs will add up to IDR 875,000,000.
153 X. OVERALL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
600. The impacts caused by the planned standalone project Kaltim Peaker 2 are assessed as not -significant after application of the proposed mitigation measures. 601. As the land acquisition process was completed long ago, the Project will only use land owned by PLN. The certificate grants PLN the right to build (Hak Guna Bangunan) on the land for 30 years, i.e., until April 1st 2028. No resettlement of residential houses is necessary for the planned project. 602. A part of the project site is already a built-up area (25 %), with out-of-function buildings, which will be demolished at the beginning of the construction activities. 603. The vegetation within the project site is secondary bushland and grassy areas, with common species, due to the previous and still ongoing, strong human influence. No rare, endangered or protected plant species have been observed within the project site and none are expected. 604. The already existing Kaltim power plant complex is fenced and consists in most parts of built-up areas. The green areas between the buildings and roads are under intense human influence with lawns, single trees and bushes. The part of the project site Kaltim Peaker 2, which is located outside the fence, is covered with secondary, mostly eutrophic vegetation. Together with the noise emissions and the strong human influence only a few common, synanthrope species (e.g. synanthrope birds) can use the project area as habitats. 605. The wide swamp area west of the power plant complex could provide habitat for rare and endangered species but due to the year-long influence of the operating power plants only species adapted to those conditions could be nowadays left. 606. Beside the small-scale and inevitable physical impairments of the remaining flora, fauna, and habitats within the construction area, caused by the construction of the Kaltim Peaker 2, the major environmental issues in connection with a gas and Diesel fired power plant are air emissions, noise emissions, and emissions of wastewater into the aquatic environment. 607. From the protected species in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency a small population of the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) has been verified within the project AoI in a forest area, which begins 500 m east of the planned project site. The eastern part (8 ha) of the overall proboscis habitat is located on PLN property and according to the available information it is used by the monkeys mainly as food habitat. The whole proboscis habitat area has to be regarded as natural habitat for this endemic species, following the description of ADB’s SPS 2009, Safeguard Requirement 1, para. 26 and 28. The local Proboscis group presently seems to survive under already strained conditions, with a limited habitat size and under constant threat of illegal hunting and human disturbances. Around 8 ha of the habitat is located on PLN property and this area is hard to access, as it is bordering swamp land at its eastern side. PLN already took steps to protect the area. 608. There are two more rare and endangered species in the Mahakam River, that could be affected in theory by the planned project, the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelli). The river section, which could be affected theoretically by the planned project, is not critical habitat, as it does not belong to the core habitats of these species. A core habitat is a habitat which is essential and irreplaceable for a local population e.g. for reproduction, feeding, or residence. Neither the temporary impacts in the construction phase (hammering of the piles for the temporary jetty) nor the small volumes of water releases from the planned project site into the Mahakam river during operation of the Kaltim Peaker 2 can be regarded as significant risks to Irrawaddy dolphin or false Gharial. 609. As a sound basis for an assessment of noise and air emissions, expert studies with noise and air emission calculations were conducted, which are considering the cumulative
154 impacts of the relevant noise and air emission sources from the already existing Power Plant facilities including a nearby coal fired power plant as well as the forecasted emissions from the planned Kaltim Peaker 2. 610. The results of these calculations showed that, of the investigated air pollution parameters NOx, SO2, and PM10 / TSP, the airshed is considered degraded for SO2 due to exceedance of WHO guideline for 24 hourly average concentrations. The contribution of the Project (Kaltim Peaker 2) to SO2 however is within the permissible limits prescribed by the policy. For NO2 there is exceedance of the WHO guideline value for 1-hourly standard only at one location away from any sensitive land use. The ground level concentrations at all sensitive receptors were well within the standards. The contribution of the Project to NO2 is within 25% permissible limit of the applicable ambient standard. The Project therefore complies with the policy for NO2. The contribution of project to PM10 is low and well within the WHO standard. These results have been achieved by considering the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 as 50 m. PLN therefore will raise the stack height for Kaltim Peaker 1 from current 26 m to 50 m so that the project is complaint with national and international policies. 611. Regarding noise, as expert noise study has been completed for the project and mitigation measures for existing (Tanjung Batu and Kaltim Peaker 2) have been recommended. Kaltim Peaker 2 will also have in-plant noise control to ensure compliance of national and international noise standards, 612. Summing up the findings above, the noise contribution of the planned Kaltim Peaker 2 to the overall noise level in the surroundings of the power plant complex is barely audible for a normal hearing person. The only exception is the school, where the noise increase will be clearly noticeable. Therefore, the school will be re-located to a quieter location, which has been agreed between PLN and the representatives of the school and the community. 613. The following commitments are necessary to reduce environmental and social impacts to an acceptable level: Relocation of the school building before the beginning of the construction activities to an area, which is not severely affected by the planned and the already operating power plants Normal operation of the Kaltim Peaker 2 and the neighbouring plants with gas and only in emergency cases and short-term with HSD of low sulfur content according to Indonesian standards. Adoption of recommended noise control measures in the plant design by the contractor. Otherwise, the contractor needs to satisfy PLN and ADB that by design-specific noise emission calculation that the noise emission standards are kept (National and IFC standard 55 dB(A) and do not lead to exceedance of up to 3 dB to ambient noise levels at Tanjung Batu village. In case the noise limits are exceeded by more than 3 dB(A) the contractor has to provide primary noise protection measures at the plant site, and/or secondary noise protection measures (e.g. noise protection walls or fences) near sensitive receptors. Increase the stack height of Kaltim Peaker 1 to 50 m.
155 XI. REFERENCES
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156 WHO, 1999: Hazard prevention and control in the work environment: Airborne Dust, WHO, Geneva, August 1999
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