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Growth, Biomass Production and Nutrient Accumulation of Macaranga Gigantea in Response to NPK Fertilizer Application

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Growth, Biomass Production and Nutrient Accumulation of Macaranga Gigantea in Response to NPK Fertilizer Application NUSANTARA BIOSCIENCE ISSN: 2087-3948 Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 330-337 E-ISSN: 2087-3956 August 2017 DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n090315 Growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation of Macaranga gigantea in response to NPK fertilizer application DWI SUSANTO1,♥, SRI MULYATI1, HERI PURNOMO1, DADDY RUHIYAT2, RUDIANTO AMIRTA2 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Barong Tongkok No. 4, Gunung Kelua, Samarinda- 75123, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Tel./Fax.: +62-541-749140, 749152, 749153, ♥email: [email protected] 2Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Mulawarman. Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda-75123, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Manuscript received: 23 November 2016. Revision accepted: 31 August 2017. Abstract. Susanto D, Mulyati S, Purnomo H, Ruhiyat D, Amirta R. 2017. Growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation of Macaranga gigantea in response to NPK fertilizer application. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 330-337. Research described in this paper investigated the effect of fertilizer application on the growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation of mahang (Macaranga gigantea) plant components. The experiment was carried out in a research area of the Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan. The effects of five dose levels of an NPK (16-16-16) fertilizer on the growth rate of mahang seedlings planted in field conditions were compared. The treatments consisted of a control group (with no fertilizer), and dosages of 40 g, 80 g, 120 g and 160 g per plant. Fertilization at those levels was applied twice: the first application at four weeks after the planting and the second application at 6 months after the first. Growth rates between treatments were compared over a twelve month period. The research findings revealed that as the dosages of fertilizer increased, so the growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation in components of the plants also increased. The best growth was found in the treatment in which fertilizer was applied (twice) at a dosage of 120 g per plant; at this dose level, by twelve months of age, the stem basal diameter had reached 45.24.9 cm, stem height 219.239.1 cm, number of leaves per plant 17.31.2, and canopy diameter 246.725.0 cm. The highest production of above-ground biomass was also found in the fertilizer treatment of 120 g per plant; the largest proportion of the biomass was in the leaves, followed by the wood, and then bark. The nutrient element that had accumulated most in plants at 1 year of age was potassium, followed by phosphorus and then nitrogen. The highest nitrogen uptake of stands was found in the NPK fertilization with a dosage of 160 g per tree, while the highest phosphorus and potassium uptake was found at a fertilizer dosage of 120 g per tree. The amount of nutrients accumulated in producing one tonne of above-ground biomass increased in response to different fertilization treatments. The fertilizer treatment of 120 g per plant (applied twice; the first soon after planting and the next after 6 months) resulted in the accumulation within the 1 year old plants of 2.38 kg of nitrogen, 6.36 kg of phosporus and 17.83 kg of potassium, with an N:P:K ratio of 13.3 : 35.6 : 100. The availability of the element potassium needs special attention when this species is cultivated. Keywords: Macaranga gigantea, pioneer species, growth, biomass production and nutrient accumulation INTRODUCTION highest reduced sugar (82.47%) if compared with other types of wood which are potential to develop as raw The global fuel crisis has stimulated the development of material for ethanol (Amirta et al. 2010). alternative renewable biofuel energy sources. Utilization of Information about the cultivation of this plant is rare. biofuels, derived from agricultural crops like sugarcane, M. gigantea grows naturally in lowland tropical rainforests, corn, cassava, palm wine, and oil palm, converted into especially in gaps that result from timber harvesting, forest ethanol, presents challenges as well as opportunities. fires, and shifting cultivation (Lawrence 2005; Eichorn Various efforts made to optimize these biofuel industries 2006; Silk 2008). This plant is a pioneer species which have implications for agricultural production and on prices requires high levels of light in extensive forest gaps and of food materials. Liquid bioethanol derived from wood is secondary forest habitats (Davies et al. 1998; Romell et al. an alternative to the use of agricultural crops in biofuel 2008). The percentage and rate of germination of seeds production and could be sustainable as long as the forests extracted through the wet extraction process are higher than are managed sustainably. those extracted through the dry extraction process. Highest One type of soft wood that could be used for this rates of germination (65%) have been reported from seeds purpose is produced by the forest tree species Macaranga extracted through the wet extraction process and grown on gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg. The production of compost media (Susanto et al. 2016a). Nussbaum at al. wood from this tree varies from 320 kg3m-1 (low), to 370 (1995) states that nutrient deficiency is an important factor kg3m-1 (medium), to 460 kg3 m-1 (high), with a water that hinders the initial growth of Dipterocarpaceae plants content of 35% (Suzuki 1999). Based on chemical analysis (Dryobalonops lanceolata and Shorea leprosula) planted of M gigantea biomass, it is found to contain 24.4% lignin. simultaneously with pioneer species (M. gigantea and M. 71.14% holocellulose, and 46.67% -cellulose (Amirta et hipoleuca) at the age of 6 months in the degraded lands of al. 2016b). Enzymatic hydrolysis of this plant produces the unused log stock piling areas and roadworks in Malaysia. SUSANTO et al. – Nutrient accumulation of Macaranga gigantea 331 Susanto et al. (2016a) investigated the relative growth rate exchange capacity: 7.06 meq.100g-1 , base saturation: of seedlings planted on different planting media and found 7.45%, and bulk density: 1.16 g. ml-1, and soil nutrients that mushroom spawn waste media resulted in the highest concentration are C Organic: 1.45%, N: 0.12%, P: 3.61 ppm, rate (0.36 ±0.42%), followed by compost media K: 67.48 ppm, Ca: 1.17 cmol. kg-1, Mg: 0.13 cmol. kg-1. (0.15±0.09%), top soil media (0.10±0.04%) and sand media (0.10±0.07%). According to Okuda (1996), Procedures seedlings of M. gigantea produce their leaves and shed Preparing seedlings them every 18.86 and 16.75 days respectively, while their Seedling were obtained by germinating M. gigantea leaves reach their full extent in 20.8 days and their twigs seed collected from ripe fruits of parent trees in the their full length in 91.8 days. Photosynthetic capacity Botanical Garden of Mulawarman University, Samarinda. increases rapidly during the development of leaves, The seeds obtained from the parent trees were spread on reaching a maximum as soon as the leaves reach their full soil beds. When the seeds were germinated and 2-3 leaves extent and then decreasing with increasing age. Effective had appeared, the seedlings were then planted in polybags placement of young leaves on the plant creates a high filled with growing media in the form of a mixture of capacity for photosynthesis to increase the capture of topsoil, rice husks, and chicken manure (4:1:1). Seedlings carbon by the whole plant. The seedlings of M. gigantea aged 3 months, with average height 2573.8 mm, basal reduce self-shading of their leaves by increase in the stem diameter 5.21.3 mm and with number of leaves petiole length and in the angle between petiole and the 4.72.4, were ready to plant in the research plots. upright main stem, from youngest to oldest leaves on the plant (Okuda et al. 1996; Yamada et al. 2000). Land preparation Seedlings of M. gigantea grow rapidly over the first 18 Initial vegetation found in the research location was in weeks when planted in polybags if supplied with a the form of bushes dominated by Melastoma sp and combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers saplings of pioneer plants such as Macaranga. The land (Lawrence 2001). Ishida et al. (2005) reported that the was prepared by clearcutting the area and this was carried lowest total photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area in out manually by exploring, cutting, slashing and burning. M.gigantea is found at the seedling stage and the highest at Planting holes were prepared at a spacing of 3m x 3m. The the sapling stage. The leaves at the sapling stage have the size of each planting hole was 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm. The highest nitrogen concentration, total photosynthesis rate, total size of the research plot was 50 x 90 m. and stomatal conductance, indicating that the gradual transition from seedling stage to sapling stage is Experimental design accompanied by accumulating N in the plant body and The trial was set up with five randomized treatments plots development of effiency of the plant’s water transport with 3 block (each containing 20 plants, making 20 x 5 x system to face unpredictable environmental stresses. 3= 300 plants in the entire trial area). The treatments were Our research reported in this paper focused on an five dosages of NPK fertilizer (16-16-16), consisting of a experiment examining the effect of dose level of an NPK control (with no fertilizer), and either 40 g, 80 g, 120 g or fertilizer on the growth of M. gigantea planted in a 160 g applied per plant. Fertilization was carried out twice. monoculture system in an open field. The growth in total The first application was four weeks after the planting and above-ground biomass and of its component plants parts the second application was applied 6 months after the first was measured, and the accumulation of nutrient elements application.
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