The distribution and status of the rhinoceros,

sum Dicerorhinus atrensis, in —

a review

by

L.C. Rookmaaker

Dokter Guepinlaan 23, Ommeren, The Netherlands

Abstract ces to the rhinoceros. The following is an attempt

In the second half of the 19th century, the rhinoceros occurred to collect these.

northwestern throughout Borneo except southern Sarawak, For the latitudes and longitudes of the localities and some parts of southern Kalimantan. The

I refer to "Atlas van Nederland" animal coastal and other areas tropisch was extinct in the populated may

in about 1930, especially in the southern part of Kaliman- (anonymous, 1938) and "Gazetteerno. 13" (anon- scattered tan. Presently some small populations remain, over ymous, 1955). the Sarawak interior (if the rhinoceros survives at all there),

northeastern , possibly also southern Sabah and around DISTRIBUTION Mt. Kinabalu, and the interior of Central and East Kali-

It mantan. is estimated that some 15 to rhinos are still Some distribution the whole island 25 maps covering alive in Borneo. were published earlier. According to Guggisberg

INTRODUCTION

Since 1840 the rhinoceros is known to inhabit

Borneo, but agreement about its specific identity

reached until was not 1895 (Rookmaaker, 1977).

The Bornean rhinoceros is presently regarded as a

subspecies of the two-horned Sumatran kind, Di-

cerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni (Groves, 1965).

Erroneous beliefs in the aphrodisiacal and me-

dicinal of rhinoceros properties many parts, espe-

cially its horn, have reduced the animal to near- extinction. Protective laws are available (Chin,

is 1971; Van Strien, 1974: 62-63) and generally it

tried to practice them, but the difficulties are great.

The survival of the rhinoceros to this day is mainly

due to its occurrence in remote and uninhabitable regions. Consequently, studying it in the field, al-

becomes hard has been though necessary, very as

experienced in supposedly better populated areas

in and . Map 1. Sketch-map of Borneo showing the rhinoceros distri- Therefore, the literature on Borneo remains as bution...... political boundaries; — possibleboundary

the source to establish the only practical present of distribution ca. 1850; ------approximate boundaries of which rhinoceros populations be and former distribution of the rhinoceros there. areas in can expected today.

Fossil evidence shown as F1 (Niah cave), and F2 (Bau); More written statements about Borneo exist than rhinoceros became around d shows areas where the extinct but include rather few referen- one supposes, they 1930.

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(1966: 104), the animal lived throughout Borneo and Loch (1937: 145). Lydekker used the incor-

in 1850, but "presently" only in northern Sarawak rect criteria of Busk (1869) to identify the teeth. and in East Kutai Therefore (unconfirmed) Kotawaringin, Hooijer (1945: 253; 1946a: 10) sus- and along the Reyang river. Groves (1967: 225) pected that they in fact belonged to D. sumatrensis,

shows localities of some museum specimens. Krum- which was later confirmed by Medway (1965b:

and Groves Kurt biegel (I960: 16, left) & (1972: 80, pl. XXI) who, unlike Hooijer, was able to

fig. 4) doubt the former distribution in southern inspect the actual specimens. and Van Strien's Busk southwestern parts. maps (1974: (1869) discussed two further second

exhibit the records he could find in the molars from Sarawak but their is 33, 34) upper origin

literature. His of the shows unknown map present occurrence (Rookmaaker, 1977).

Mt. Kinabalu and the East Kutai reserve.

1.2. Recent records

Northern Sarawak: 1. SARAWAK

Harrisson (1949: 71): formerly upper Limbang, especially 1.1. Fossil records Mt. Batu Lawi. — Banks (1931: 19): Lawas interior. —

Banks (1935: 329): Mt. Mulu; none there in 1946 (Har- The excavations in the Niah cave have unearthed risson, 1949: 71). — Harrisson (1949: 71; 1955: 134; fossil rhinoceros material in several the 1956: Kelabit "within layers, 264): plateau living memory", or

near Raya river. oldest with 14 183 cm deep corresponding a C

date of 30,673 ± 700 B.C. years (upper pleisto- Upper Baram river:

The material has been discussed Har- cene). by Banks (1931: 19), Harrisson (1949: 71): Baram district.

risson (1957: 164, pi. Pb; 1961b: 90) and Med- — Harrisson (1956: 264): 79 rhinos killed in Baram

district, — Arnold on 1964: 1925-1931. (1959: 94): hunting way (1958; 1959: 157-158; 37; especially first half Usun Apau plateau, 20th century; no traces in 1965b: 77-79). The fragments must belong to 1959. — Mjöberg (1929: 68): Mt. Murud, 1922. — D. of be sumatrensis, although none them can Cambridge Zoological Museum, no. 6383: Mt. Kalulong,

Baram district; donated by Hose in 1896 (Groves & Kurt, identified unequivocally. A tendency to decrease

1972: fig. 2). — Cambridge Zoological Museum, no. in size from the pleistocene to the average present, 6381: Baram district; donated by Hose in 1898 (Groves,

demonstrated in — several large mammals, has been in litt., June 1975). Sarawak Museum, Kuching, no.

64.19: lower jaw from Baram in described for Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, (Chin, litt., February 1976) . 1822, by Hooijer (1946a: 27; 1946b). Similarly,

Sumatran of recent teeth D. sumatrensis are nor- Reyang river:

smaller than from that mally the subfossil ones Wallace (1874), Bartlett (1891), Banks (1931: 19),

Harrisson (1965: 102): course of Reyang river. — island (Hooijer, 1946a: 16-29), which Sody upper Harrisson (1955: 134), Chin (in litt., February 1976): (1946) named D. s. eugenei. There is some evi- Baleh, upper Reyang river; front horn confiscated (Sarawak

dence for similar — a trend towards size diminution Museum, Kuching, no. 59/64). Banks (1931: 19):

strays in ulus Oya and Mukah !). — Sarawak Museum, in Borneo material (Medway, 1965b: 81; Groves no. 64.20: Jalat, 1926 (Chin, in litt., February 1976). — & Kurt, 1972: 3), but it is insufficient to draw Sarawak Museum: several skulls and horns from Reyang certain any conclusions. district (Bartlett, 1891; Chin, in litt., February 1976).

The British Museum received in 1884, from Southern Sarawak: P. L. Sclater, some fossil rhinoceros bones and Banks (1931: 19): never found "on the left bank of the in upper molars, found an alluvial cave deposit Rejang or down into Saribas and Sarawak proper", cf. Bau (upper pleistocene?) near in southwestern Gomes (1911: 149) and Low (1848). Only fossil remains from Bau (see § 1.1). Sarawak, at a depth of some 20 m (Beccari, 1904:

135; Medway, 1965b: — not at Paku 80) (Banks, 1.3. Conclusion The skeleton 1931: 21). was catalogued under In the this first decennia of century the species D. sumatrensis, but the molars (British Museum occurred from the Lawas interior in the north M. (Natural History) cat. no. 1968) were "pro- (ca 04°30'N) southward along the border with visionally referred to" R. sondaicus (cf. Lydekker,

1886: 129), as was noted by Banks (1931: 21) !) ulu = headwaters.

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Baram and ulu Kin a a Kalimantan (ulu Reyang). The Upper bat n g a n :

Harrisson Kina- regions nearer to the coast were inhabited formerly (1956: 265), Burgess (1961: 150): upper

batangan river. — in a conviction in Burgess (loc. cit.): 1958 (fossil evidence Niah) but in more recent times in Ranau for illegally shooting a rhinoceros. only occasionally. The rhinoceros recently did not Western Sabah: occur south of the Reyang river, but again fossil

Sandilands (1974): Tambunan man told him that permits remains were found there, at Bau. to shoot one specimen were sold for $ 25 between 1903

and 1928. He found tracks in the ulu Karamuak in I960,

but none in 1974. — Harrisson (1956: 265): around Mt. 2. SABAH Trus Madi and eastward to the , asserted

officials by government in 1952; no traces there in 1956. 2.1. Recent records

— Harrisson (1956: 266): Pretyman shot a rhinoceros

General: — near Kota Kinabalu, early this century. British Museum

(Natural History), no. 1875.8.9.18.: mainland opposite Raffles Museum, Singapore: North Borneo, donated by Labuan Island, according to Jentink (1884: 556); possibly Rowe in 1901 (Hanitsch, 1908: 8). — Bristol City Mu- incorrect. seum, no. A. 1031: "British Borneo" (Groves, in litt.,

June 1975). — De Silva (1968: 145): one seen by Northwestern Sabah:

member of Forest Department in 1957. — De Silva (in

Medway (1965a: 155): J. L. Harrison saw tracks on Mt. litt., June 1975): one seen in 1969 and evidence of

Kinabalu — in 1962. Corner (1964: 17, 20): Mt. Kinabalu, rhinoceros found in 1971 and 1974.

8,000 feet, toothmarks on bark of a tree; a few animals

10,000 feet — Sandakan district: expected on eastern ridge. Jenkins (1971:

177), Harroy (1971: 337), Van Strien (1974: 34): Mt. Pryer (1881: 394): specimens and tracks often seen near Kinabalu, based — on Corner and Medway. Museum

Sandakan. — shot Burbidge (1880: 302): young on Saga- specimen from Mt. Kinabalu incorrectly shown on the

liad river, 20 miles from Sandakan, by T. S. Dobree. — in Groves Van Strien map (1967: 225), repeated by (1974: Harrisson (1956: 266-267): in 1889 H. Edgar Hughes 31). — Jenkins (1971: 177): unauthenticated record from

shot one along the lower ( ?) Kinabatangan river. — Mt. Tambuyokan in 1970. — Evans (1922: 58): occasion- Several specimens were sent to European musea from "in the which from Kinabalu in the ally seen range runs Sandakan in the cf. Rookmaaker 19th century, (1977: 59). direction of Kudat."

— No 20th century records from this region.

2.2. Conclusion

Northeastern Sabah: Formerly the rhinoceros was probably distributed Harrisson (1949: 71; 1965: 102): some survivors in north- throughout Sabah. Reports from the first half of eastern Sabah. — Burgess (1961: 150): forests

this are almost nonexistent. it and Dent peninsula; in 1958 indications of illegal hunting century Presently

in the Darvel bay district. — Medway (1965a: 155): Dent live scattered the ulu may from Kinabatangan

peninsula. — Dingley (in litt., January 1975): specimen southward to the border with Kalimantan, and

killed 1970. — in Semporna/ area, ca. British from the ulu eastward the Darvel Museum (Natural History), no. 1901.8.15.1.: Suan-Lam- Segama along

— A. bah (Groves, 1965: 130). Zoologisches Museum bay to the Dent peninsula. In those regions, at

Humboldt, Berlin, no. A 85.10: La Datu (=? Lahad least, occasionally rhinos are killed or poached, Datu) (Groves, in litt., June 1975). — Davis (1962: 120):

their This situation will not mounted head from Tingkayu river, collected in 1927, or footprints are seen.

seen in Singapore National Museum, but it is no longer is done. The last very long if nothing present there (Singapore National Museum, in litt., February occurrence on Mt. Kinabalu is doubtful since the 1975). few records all existing are very vague. However,

it is not Segama river: totally impossible.

Medway (1965a: 155): Bole river on Segama river. — 3. BRUNEI MacKinnon (1970; 1974: 37, 112): tracks infrequently

seen in the ulu in 1968-1970. -— It is the rhinoceros Segama Medway (1965a: questionable whether ever

155): ulu Kuamat. — Zoologische Staatssammlung, Mün- existed in Brunei. Reports seem to be absent (Van chen, and nos. 1903/1 1903/2: Segama river (Groves, in 1974: Van Groll litt., June 1975). Strien, 63). Lynden & (1851:

565), without direct experience in the region, said

Southern Sabah: it would occur in Brunei. However, Brunei former-

Burgess (1961: 150): increase in Interior Residency in ly included parts of Sarawak. If the rhinoceros

1957. — Harrisson (1949: 71): single rhino recorded in ever occurred within Brunei, it perished there early upper Padas early 1946. — Little information from this in the 19th at the latest. region along the Kalimantan border is recorded. century

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river 4. KALIMANTAN Upper Kayan (= “Apo Kayan ”):

Heynsius-Viruly & Van Heurn (1935: 48), Voogd & Ren- Both and Westermann Zondag (1931: 222) Siccama — gers Hora (1939: 141): Apo Kayan. Tehu-

(1939: 352-354) reviewed the distribution of the peiorij (1906: 87): his cook saw one on Mudung Butu in

1903- -— Westermann between Heban in the (1939: 353): Long rhinoceros Dutch, now Indonesian, part of and Kiham (= rapid) Awon. — Lumholtz (1921: 38): Borneo. Besides earlier publications, they had tracks along . — Tillema (1936: 45): tracks some unpublished reports at their disposal. Their in Kiham region of the Kayan river. — Merens (1910:

545): one shot in that region. — Tehupeiorij (1906: the rhinoceros maps are an important source for inhabitants 191): of Longuro gave him rhinohorns in occurrence during the 1930's. The number of 1904; Jongejans (1922: 165) saw a large horn in that records from certain marked their village. — Westermann ulus of a area, on maps, (1939), Zondag (1931): Iwan and rivers (tributaries of here Marung upper Kayan), viz., are given as: Zondag, or Westermann, 1 X,

along the Sarawak border, and along "lower Kayan lut." —- etc. 2 X, Other significant contributions were the Pfeffer (1958: 135): one killed near Nameh in early

for the Kutai — Pfeffer (1958: accounts by Witkamp (1932) prov- 1956. 134-135): traces seen by headman

of Long Berini on right bank of the Kayan river in March/ ince, and by Pfeffer (1958) for the Kayan river

— Beta April 1957. Fischer (1910: 278): one shot on area (cf. anonymous, 1958). river in 1906.

Two skulls, the localities of which I could not Upper : be it is find, may mentioned here, although un-

Mjöberg (1929: 113): one seen in Babuin Mts. (between certain that they came from Kalimantan. They are:

and — of Kayan Mahakam). Mjöberg (1930: 11): group Smithsonian Institution, Washington, no. 19955: four in source area of observation — Boh river, a unique !

Belupaiah, Linoh river; and Academy of Science, Nieuwenhuis (1900): one seen in upper Mahakam region tracks (: 61); on Batu Ajo (=? Mt. Batuajau) (: 319- Philadelphia: Selat river (Groves, in litt., June

— Nieuwenhuis tracks 320). (1904): on Batu Situn (: 1975). 361) and Batu Lesong (: 392). — Medway (1965a: 156):

Raven saw tracks at Merah river in 1914. — Smithsonian

Institution, no. 98854: Mahakam river 4.1. Recent records Washington, (Groves, in litt., June 1975). Northern Kalimantan Timur northern (= part of ): Lower Kayan and Berau rivers:

Voogd & Rengers Hora Siccama (1939: 141): "Tidoeng- Zondag (1931: 222): one record on lower Kayan river, not

landen" = — sche ( northern Kalimantan). Harrisson repeated by Westermann (1939). — Pfeffer (1958: 133):

survivors in this in — — (1965: 102): some region 1965. Mara, 1957. Tillema (1936: 45): trader in Muarapan-

& Van Heurn from Sabah had — Heynsius-Viruly (1935: 48): gean several horns and nails in stock. Pfeffer

border southward river. — to Sesayap Schneeberger (1945: (1958): man from Long-Pudjungan saw footprints of two

562): Sulon valley. — Zondag (1931, IX), Westermann animals between the Kayan and the Kelaï rivers, June-

2 Sarawak border between — (1939, X): and the Pakerayan July 1956 (: 134); some reported there in 1957 (: 135).

river. — (1929: 68): Mt. Murud. — Mjöberg Zondag Pfeffer (1958: 133): rhino killed by man from Long Liang

(1931, 2 X), Westermann (1939, 5 X), Heynsius-Viruly in June 1957, between Kelaï and Seggah rivers, and tracks

& Van Heurn (1935: 48): source areas of the Malinau of two others seen. — Tehupeiorij (1906: 47, 101): trade

and Tubu rivers. — Westermann ulu (1939: 353): Sekatok in horns recorded for upper Kelaï river. — Westermann

river. (1939: 353): in 1935 scarcely around Nyapa and Suwaran

Mts. (south of Tanjungredeb). — Westermann (loc. cit.):

recorded Ulu : never near Sangkulirang.

Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, no. 1908/571: West Kutai: Mts. 1967: — his Kapan (Groves, 225 wrong place on

cf. Strien, — Pfeffer map, Van 1974: 31). (1958: 133- Witkamp (1932: 172): traces on upper course of Atari

chief of sold a affluent of 137): kampong Long-Laat (upper Bahau) river, the Klindjau river, in 1924. — Buys

rhinoceros horn of unknown in origin to a trader Tan- (1927: 45), Endert (1927: 173): tracks on Kongkemul

of killed jungselor (1957); Punans ulu Bahau at least (Mt. Kemul) seen by Dutch Midden-Oost Borneo expedi-

27 rhinos, 1925-1945. — Pfeffer (1958: 135; 1963: 89- tion, 1925. — Witkamp (1932: 172), Heynsius-Viruly &

90): the bank of the Aran river Van Heurn mountain one seen on (affluent (1935: 48): range along source

of in later. — Piazzini of Bahau) 1953, but none (1963: areas Belayan, Klindjau, Telen and Wahau rivers.

163): upper Bahau river. — Westermann (1939, 1 X):

between Bahau and rivers. — upper Kayan Harrisson East Kutai:

1956: 263 in Bock (1949: 71; footnote; 1975: 71): one seen (1887: 111): sultan had horn of rhino shot near

feet October the at in — Pfeffer — same region 3,000 1945. Tenggarong. Witkamp (1932: 172): relatively common

tracks of two animals (1958: 137): seen there, near Long- in 1920 s in mountains between Rantau and Telen rivers

side and Mesaan, May-June 1957. on one Street on the other; also little

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north of Samarinda, on upper Separi, upper Karangmumus in this is Sangkulirang (rhinoceros presence area and upper Kutailama rivers; one shot there in 1905; shown the of Van Strien but on map (1974: 33), traces often seen in 1905-1907. — Museum Bogor: Bun- I have been unable to find the record in his galon river (Groves, in litt., January 1976). — The Kutai text) ;

national km 2 established park (3,060 ), 10 July 1936, (3) in north of the Kapuas

harboured some rhinos (anonymous, 1937b: 20; 1937c: river, nor just south of it in the lower part of its 274); recently some expected (Van Strien, 1974: 35), course. The reason for the total lack of records but no unequivocal records exist. — Witkamp (1932):

Kutai river is southern boundary of rhino in Kutai from range these regions, and my subsequent conclusion province. Keller tracks (1932), however, saw and living that the animal never was found there, is not clear specimen in source area of the Kembodja and Nangha

to me. The kind of and — vegetation, river area. Zondag (loc. cit.), Heynsius-Viruly & Van landscape

(1939: 354) that the animal wandered from more however, have role. The rhinoceros suggests may played a southern regions (?). had from of perished most the other southern areas

Kalimantan and Kalimantan Selatan (= ): (southern Barat, Kotawaringin Kalimantan the = Selatan) by 1930's. Lyon (1911: 58): until "recently" at Manungal river (

Menunggul river), Pamukan bay. — Zondag (1931: 223), The present distribution can only be guessed

Westermann (1939: 345): Mt. Lumut area and ulu since practically no reports later than 1945 are , north of Tanjung; scarce in upper Pasir A known. few wandering individuals, or tiny rem- river area. — Zondag (loc. cit.), Heynsius-Viruly & Van still in the Heurn (1935: 48): formerly in Martapura district, but nant populations, may occur ulus of the

there exterminated in early 1930's. — No later reports. Mahakam, Kayan and Bahau rivers, and in north-

ern Kalimantan Timur. More exact information Kalimantan Tengah (= ): does not exist. Heynsius-Viruly & Van Heurn (1935: 48): Buntok (on

Barito river), unconfirmed. — Schwaner (1853: 36), Zon- STATUS dag (1931, 1 X), Westermann (1939, 1 X): upper

Barito river. — Müller (1840: 39): upper . The number of rhinoceroses in the different parts — Zondag (1931, 3 X), Westermann (1939, 4 X): ulu of = has been — Borneo Mendawai ( Katingan) river. Hoogerwerf & Van estimated several times, as can

Steenis (1936: 97), (1937c: 274): on anonymous frequent be seen in table I. Due to the lack of sufficient

and around Mt. Raya. — Pfeffer (1958: 137): presently most of them be than data, can no more guesses. extinct there. — Van Lynden & Groll (1851: 565), Zon- A caused extensive is dag (1931, 4 X), Westermann (1939, 4 X), Voogd & decline, mainly by hunting,

Hora Siccama (1939: 141): Kotawaringin district, Rengers more or less visible.

including the southern part, which is doubted by Wester- have been The animal must quite numerous at mann (1939: 354). the end of the 19th century, especially in Sabah.

Kalimantan Barat (= West H. four Kalimantan): N. Ridley "passed in one trip" near San-

Büttikofer tracks (in Jentink, 1897: 64): on Mt. Liang dakan (Shelford, 1916: 41). Similar statements

Kubung, but not in surroundings. — Büttikofer (loc. cit.), found in are Pryer (1881: 394), anonymous Van Balen (1914: 219), Voogd & Rengers Hora Siccama and Bartlett of southern tributaries of (1939: 139): source areas upper (1886) (1891).

Kapuas and Melawai rivers. — Lumholtz (1921: 177): A few examples of the rhinoceros slaughter in

scarce north and northwest of Tamaloë (?). — Lyon our century should be given. In the 1920's 36 (1911: 54), anonymous (1937a: 14), Voogd & Rengers two Hora Siccama (1939: 139): Mt. Palung (= Mt. Panti, trophées came to Belaga (Sarawak) within

in districts Simpang, Matan and Sukadana). — Lyon Near Marudi years (Banks, 1931: 20). (Sarawak) (1911): "upper Sempang about [Mt.] Batu Dayeu" (Sim- 79 rhinos were killed between 1925 and 1931 ac-

Mt. Kedio — pang river) (: 54); near (= Kedijo) (: 56). to official records 1956: Veth (1854: 38), Büttikofer (loc. cit.): unknown from cording (Harrisson, 264).

(lower course . From rhino of) 1919 to 1927, 344 kg horn was

the Dutch exported from Netherlands Indies ex- 4.2. Conclusion cluding Java. Tanjungselor was the main port for

this either Once the rhinoceros inhabited most of Kalimantan. product which was shipped to Singapore

It did the last centuries China probably not occur, during or directly to (Dammerman, 1929: 8, 84- at least, in: (1) the southern part of Central Kali- 85).

between and mantan, roughly Banjarmasin Kota- Whether the rhinoceros today still exists in Sara-

in the of East Kalimantan near wak is unknown. If it survives, there waringin; (2) point are, very

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TABLE I

Estimates of the rhinoceros population in Borneo.

Source Total Sarawak Sabah Kalimantan

Pryer, 1881: 394 frequent

655 — Bartlett, 1891: rare numerous common

— — Shelford, 1916: 41 common — — Banks, 1931: 20 common — —

none? Harrisson, 1949: 71 — many some

Harrisson, 1955: 134 — 2-3 some handful

265 — few few Harrisson, 1956: <2 very a

Pfeffer, 1958: 133 — none none some

Harrisson, 1961a: 127 30 — 10? —

— — Burgess, 1961: 150 — 20-30

— — — Ripley, 1964: 149 20 — Harrisson, 1965: 102 a few? 11-13 10 (5?)

— Simon, 1967 10 — —

— — Anderson, 1968: 500 virtually extinct —

De Silva, 1968: 145 — — nearly extinct —

— — — Carson, 1968: 496 extinct soon

— — MacKinnon, 1970: 347 <100 —

Van ? Strien, 1974: 35 — extinct few few

71 10-20 10-20 Harrisson, 1975: none 1-2

Present study 15-25 0-3 10-20 5

not more than 1937b. Nederlandsch-Indië. Meded. ned. Comm. int. optimistically, three individuals. ,

Natuurbesch., 11: 19-22. The situation in Sabah seems somewhat better. , 1937c. Wildreservaten ook in Borneo. Indische Gids, There might be between 10 and 20 rhinos spread 59 (1): 273-274.

over some parts of Sabah (mentioned above), with , 1938. Atlas van tropisch Nederland: [i-xi], maps 1-31

the the lower (with accompanying text 1-3lb), [i-xvii] (Koninklijk odds lying on side. I am also confi- Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap & Topogra- dent that some individuals survive in Kalimantan, fische Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië, Amsterdam; M. but probably not more than five. How long these Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage).

1955. , Netherlands New and Portu- , Guinea, animals will be able to remain hidden from the guese Timor. Gazetteer, 13 (1): i-vi, 1-695; (2) i-vi,

human eye — theironly chance of survival -— must 695-1376 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- remain unanswered. ton D.C.).

1958. The mammals of Borneo. I.U.C.N. , large Bull.,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 (1/2): 1-2.

Many thanks are due to Dr. C. P. Groves, Canberra, and ARNOLD, G., 1959. and jungle. An expedition to

Lord Medway, Saxmundham, for reading earlier drafts of the Sarawak: 1-206 (Chatto & Windus, London).

and I for H. De dierenwereld Insulinde in manuscript commentingon it. am grateful additional BALEN, J. VAN, [1914]. van

I. information received from Dr. L. Chin, Kuching; mrs. S. woord en beeld, De zoogdieren: i-vii, i-xi, 1-505

Kinabalu; J. C. van den Deventer). Dingley, Kota mr. D. V. Jenkins, Kota Kinabalu; (J. Burgh,

mr. G. S. de Silva, Sandakan; from the British Museum BANKS, E., 1931. A popular account of the mammals of

(Natural History), London, and the Singapore National Borneo. J. Malay. Brch. R. Asiat. Soc., 9 (2): 1-139,

Museum. have from I profited the encouragements of the pis. XI-XIX, 1 map.

late Dr. Tom Harrisson. A small financial in the 1935. A collection of montane mammals and birds support ,

of from Mulu in Sarawak. Sarawak 4: publication costs this paper by the Van Tienhoven Founda- Mus. J., 327-341.

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