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Geologi Situs Lahan Basah Saka Kawang, Kabupaten Pulang Pisau

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Geologi Situs Lahan Basah Saka Kawang, Kabupaten Pulang Pisau GEOLOGI SITUS LAHAN BASAH SAKA KAWANG, KABUPATEN PULANG PISAU, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH GEOLOGY SITE WETLAND SAKA KAWANG, PULANG PISAU DISTRICT, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN PROVINCE M. Fadhlan S. Intan Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional Jalan Raya Condet Pejaten No. 4, Jakarta 12510 [email protected] Abstract Saka Kawang is a swamp area in archeology called wetland archeology. The area is a residential area of the 14th century until the 15th century AD. The research location is focused in Saka Kawang area, Kahayan Hilir Sub-district, Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province. This paper discusses the condition of the geological environment, which includes the shape of the landscape and flow patterns as well as the position and relationship of the old river with the Kahayan River. The purpose of mapping the old river trail is to look for links between old rivers and rivers that are still flowing. The research method used is literature study, survey, map analysis, mapping of old river trail. The study area is included in the morphology of the terrain, with a height of 2-10 meters above sea level. Stadia adult rivers, old river stadia, periodic/permanent rivers and episodic/intermittent rivers. It is composed by alluvials of Holocene, and undergoes geological structural disturbances in the form of a strike slip fault. The mapping results show that the old river is estimated to be connected with the Kahayan River. Keywords: archaeology wetlands, old river trail, the site Saka Kawang Abstrak Saka Kawang merupakan daerah rawa yang dalam arkeologi disebut arkeologi lahan basah. Daerah itu adalah suatu wilayah pemukiman abad ke-14 hingga abad ke-15 Masehi. Lokasi penelitian difokuskan di wilayah Saka Kawang, Kecamatan Kahayan Hilir, Kabupaten Pulang Pisau, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Tulisan ini membahas kondisi lingkungan geologi, yang mencakup bentuk bentang alam dan pola aliran serta posisi dan hubungan sungai lama dengan Sungai Kahayan. Tujuan pemetaan jejak sungai lama adalah mencari hubungan sungai-sungai lama dengan sungai-sungai yang hingga kini masih mengalir. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka, survei, analisis peta, pemetaan jejak sungai lama. Wilayah penelitian termasuk dalam satuan morfologi dataran, dengan ketinggian 2-10 meter di atas permukaan air laut. Stadia sungai dewasa-tua, stadia sungai tua, sungai periodik/permanen dan sungai episodik/intermittent. Tersusun oleh aluvial yang berumur Holosen, dan mengalami gangguan struktur geologi berupa sesar geser. Hasil pemetaan menunjukkan bahwa sungai lama diperkirakan menyambung dengan Sungai Kahayan. Kata kunci: arkeologi lahan basah, jejak sungai lama, situs Saka Kawang PENDAHULUAN Timur dan 1°32’00” - 3°28’00” Lintang Selatan. Kabupaten Pulang Pisau merupakan salah Kabupaten ini berbatasan langsung dengan Kota satu kabupaten dalam wilayah Provinsi Palangkaraya dan Kabupaten Katingan di Kalimantan Tengah, terletak di bagian tengah sebelah barat, Kabupaten Kapuas di sebelah Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Secara astronomis timur, Kabupaten Gunung Mas di sebelah utara, terletak antara 113°30’00” - 114°15’00” Bujur serta Laut Jawa di sebelah selatan (BPS, 2016). Geologi Situs Lahan Basah Saka Kawang, 37 Kabupaten Pulang Pisau, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah - M. Fadhlan S. Intan Situs Saka Kawang merupakan lahan basah (wetland) yang sangat luas. Lahan basah (wetland) adalah suatu tempat yang cukup basah selama waktu yang panjang bagi pengembangan vegetasi dan organisme lain yang teradaptasi khusus (Maltby, 1986:200). Lahan basah dibentuk berdasarkan tiga parameter yaitu hidrologi, vegetasi hidrofitik, dan tanah hidrik (Cassel, 1997:50). Lahan Basah mulai dikenal sejak adanya Konvensi Ramsar, Iran, yaitu sebuah konvensi internasional pada tanggal 2 Februari 1971 (Ramsar, 2013) yang dihadiri 18 Gambar 1. Keletakan Situs Saka Kawang negara, dimana lahan basah didefinisikan dalam peta Kabupaten Pulang Pisau. sebagai daerah payau, paya, tanah gambut atau (Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012) perairan, baik yang bersifat alami maupun buatan, tetap ataupun sementara, dengan Kabupaten Pulang Pisau terdiri dari 8 perairannya yang tergenang ataupun mengalir, kecamatan dengan total luas wilayahnya yaitu tawar, agak asin ataupun asin, termasuk daerah- sebesar 8.997 Km2. Kecamatan Sebangau Kuala daerah perairan laut yang kedalamannya tidak adalah kecamatan yang memiliki wilayah terluas lebih dari enam meter pada waktu air surut. yaitu sebesar 3.801 Km2 atau sekitar 42,25 % Penelitian di Situs Saka Kawang pertama dari total luas wilayah Kabupaten Pulang Pisau. kali dilakukan oleh M. Kiwok pada tahun 1986 Kabupaten Pulang Pisau pada umumnya (atas laporan Igon M. Galong), dengan hasilnya termasuk daerah beriklim tropis dan lembab, berupa fragmen keramik, fragmen tembikar, dengan temperature berkisar antara 20,0˚C – manik-manik, tongak-tonggak kayu, dan sisa 35,8˚C, sedangkan kelembaban udara berkisar perahu (Cahyaningtyas N. Yuka, 2012:142- antara 75,0% – 87,4% (BPS, 2016). 145). Eksplorasi dilanjutkan pada tahun 1996 Kabupaten Pulang Pisau memiliki berhasil menemukan fragmen keramik, fragmen topografi yang beragam, di sebelah Selatan tembikar, artefak kayu, dan artefak batu (utuh merupakan daerah pantai, pesisir, dan rawa-rawa dan fragmen). Tahun 1998, dengan hasilnya gambut, sedangkan di daerah Utara merupakan keramik-keramik berasal dari Abad 14 hingga 15 daerah perbukitan. Umumnya daerah di Pulau Masehi. Tahun 2011 dilakukan penelitian Kalimantan yang di lintasi oleh sungai-sungai bersifat eksplorasi di dua kabupaten (Kabupaten besar, Kabupaten Pulang Pisau juga dilintasi Kapuas dan Kabupaten Pulang Pisau). Ekskavasi oleh lima sungai utama yaitu: Sungai Kahayan, yang dilakukan pada tahun 2012, menghasilkan Sungai Sebangau, Sungai Anjir Kalampan, data berupa fragmen tembikar, fragmen keramik, Sungai Anjir Basarang, dan Sungai Terusan manik-manik, tanah liat bakar, hematite, dan Raya (BPS, 2016). potongan kayu (Cahyaningtyas N. Yuka, 2012:142-145). Selain itu, juga memetakan alur sungai lama. Hampir seluruh Kecamatan Kahayan Hilir menyimpan temuan-temuan arkeologi. Tidak hanya di areal permukiman tetapi juga di areal hutan dan rawa-rawa. Tulisan ini membahas tiga hal, yaitu 1) kondisi lingkungan geologi wilayah Saka Kawang, 2) bentuk dan pola aliran sungai lama di wilayah Saka Kawang, dan 3) posisi Gambar 2. Keletakan Situs Saka Kawang terhadap sungai lama tersebut, apakah ada hubungan Sungai Kahayan. aliran dengan Sungai Kahayan. Tujuan (Sumber: Intan 2012; Data Topografi berdasarkan penelitian di Situs Saka Kawang, selain untuk Jarvis et al. 2008) mengetahui kondisi geologi secara umum, juga mencoba melakukan pemetaan jejak sungai lama dan mencari hubungan dengan sungai-sungai 38 Jurnal Tumotowa Volume 2 Nomor 1, Juli 2019: 37 - 46 yang hingga kini masih mengalir (Sungai merupakan daerah perbukitan, dengan Kahayan). Lokasi penelitian pemetaan jejak ketinggian antara 50-100 meter dari permukaan sungai lama difokuskan di wilayah Kecamatan laut, dengan kemiringan 8º–15º, sedangkan Kahayan Hilir, Kabupaten Pulang Pisau, daerah pegunungan dengan tingkat kemiringan ± Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, yang termasuk 15º–25º. Bagian selatan terdiri dari area Handil Saka Kawang. Data yang digunakan pantai/pesisir, rawa–rawa dengan ketinggian dalam tulisan ini, adalah hasil penelitian penulis antara 0-5 meter dari permukaan laut, yang di Situs Saka Kawang, bersama-sama dengan mempunyai elevasi 0º–8º, dipengaruhi oleh Tim Penelitian Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan pasang surut dan merupakan daerah yang Selatan. intensitas banjir yang cukup besar. Secara geografis, Situs Saka Kawang Selain itu juga memiliki perairan yang termasuk wilayah administratif Kelurahan meliputi danau, rawa-rawa, dan dilintasi jalur Kalawa, Kecamatan Kahayan Hilir, Kabupaten sungai yaitu Sungai Kahayan dengan Pulang Pisau, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, panjang 600 km, Sungai Sebangau dengan terletak pada garis lintang 114°13'56,1" bujur panjang 200 km, Anjir Kalampan dengan timur dan 2°45'22,1” lintang selatan, dengan panjang ±14,5 km, yang menghubungkan ketinggian 8 meter diatas permukaan air laut, Mandomai Kecamatan Kapuas Barat, Kabupaten serta tercantum pada Peta Topografi lembar Kapuas dengan Kabupaten Pulang Pisau Amuntai (SA 50-9 Series T503), berskala mengarah ke Palangka Raya,dari jumlah tersebut 1:250.000. Situs ini dapat dicapai dengan di atas yang masuk wilayah Kabupaten Pulang ± menggunakan kendaraan beroda dua dan empat 6,5 km. Anjir Basarang dengan panjang ± 24 km, dari ibukota kabupaten. menghubungkan Kuala Kapuas dengan wilayah Kabupaten Pulang Pisau, dari jumlah tersebut yang masuk Wilayah Kabupaten Pulang ± 7 km. METODE Anjir (Terusan Raya) dengan panjang ± 18 km Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara 1) yang menjadi alur transportasi sungai dari Kuala analisis peta topografi, peta rupa bumi, dan peta Kapuas ke Bahaur, Kecamatan Kahayan Kuala geologi untuk menggambarkan kondisi geologi melalui Terusan Batu. Terusan yang masuk Kawasan Situs Saka Kawang; 2) survei dengan wilayah Kabupaten Pulang ± 6 km. Daerah mengamati bentuk bentang alam, lithologi, dan pantai/pesisir Laut dengan panjang bentangan ± struktur geologi wilayah Saka Kawang dan 153,4 km. sekitarnya; 3) pemetaan geologi dan pemetaan Daerah Pulang Pisau dan sekitarnya jejak sungai lama dan; 4) pembuatan peta jejak secara geologi termasuk pada Cekungan Barito. sungai lama yang bermuara di Sungai Kahayan. Cekungan ini menempati sebagian daerah Data-data dari kajian pustaka dengan hasil Kalimantan bagian tengah dan selatan dengan penelitian
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