Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Sustainability, Cultural Sustainability, Green Development Green Structures and Clean Cars
Constructive Principles of the Italian System Used To build the bastioned fortification of Oradea Fortress
VALENTIN CAPOTESCU. Department of Civil Engineering Politehnica University of Timişoara 2nd T. Lalescu, 300223 – Timişoara ROMANIA [email protected],[email protected], http://www.ct.upt.ro
Abstract: This paper presents a constructive concept of the Italian system of fortification and demonstrates that the fortification of the Fortress Oradea is belonging to this principle. The Italian system appears in the same time with the Renaissance. This is the very first modern bastioned fortification which is using the sharp salient-angle (the feather model). Renaissance`s Principles arrived in Transylvania also with the Italian architects and engineers brought here by Caterina de Medici. This paper presents a detailed analyse of the Oradea fortress,and contain a demonstration and explanation of the constructive concept which was used.
Key-Words: - Military Architecture Theory ,Fortifications, bastioned fortress, rampart, bastion, artillery, fortification, Renaissance, artillery.
1 Introduction The construction of the star shape fortress The architects chose a pentagonal shape Oradea starts around 1540 and is was pattern with 5 bastions ,adapted for artillery, made according with the Italian System on each corner. The project was assigned trace, drafted by Pietro Cataneo which to the Italian architect Domenico di Bologna were later used by Italian military architects who has visited the court og Gheorghe who worked in Oradea (fig.1) Martinuzzi. Other Italian architects such as Ottavio Baldigara, Domenico dei Ridolfini da Camerino, Simone Genga, Achille Tarducci da Carinaldo, Giovan Marco Isolano da Bologna, Maurizio Veneiro or Giacomo Resti got involved in this huge
project for building this fortress.
The fortress was erected in 2 large st stages: the 1 stage was between 1518- 1550 under the leadership of Gabriel nd Bethlen and Rackoczi family; the 2 stage was between 1569-1598 under the leadership of Ioan Sigismund of Bathory and of Bathory family. The fortress is surrounded by a very large ditch between 60 and 80 meters wide and 6 meters deep, supplied with warm water from Peta river that did not freeze in winter.
Fig.1. Cataneo`s System
47 Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Sustainability, Cultural Sustainability, Green Development Green Structures and Clean Cars
2 Material and method.
Constructive principles of the Italian system
The bastion had the shape of the feather with a salient angle, the flanks formed a salient angle 0 generally of 60 , being ended and protected by orillons. The orillons were linked with the curtain wall through the lateral flanks of the bastion that,
connecting the bastion to the curtain side, were further strengthen by a wall endowed with a platform and a parapet, for a better lateral flanking of the curtain wall. A parallel fire was thus established
Volumetry volumetry
Cross-section Cross-section
Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4. Cataneo`s Italian system used at Fig 2-bastion with a cavalier, Fig.3-bastion Oradea Fortress. without a cavalier. Castle and bastion precinct represented in yellow. The defence ditch surrounds the By placing a cavalier or a lunette on the fortress on all sides of the starred perimeter bastion, the fortified element became even and it is represented in blue. In fif.5-left harder to conquer, and very resistant to corner, the fortress ditch is represented in enemy fire. Cataneo`s concept that was red and the old glacis which does not exist used at Oradea is explained in figure 4. anymore, is represented in yellow. Thus, Figure`s 4 legend: g-glacis, W-re-entering one can notice the way in which the urban places of arms, a-orillon, b-ravelin, structure got too close to the fortress c-cavalier. entering even the protection area. The In order to understand this concept from fortification had 2 interior concentric yards, fig.4, we will analyse thoroughly all the the 1st being the castle yard-represented in elements of the fortress of Oradea and we yellow in fig.5 (3rd figure on the column), will compare them with the theoretical while the 2nd was the bastioned fortification pattern. yard which included the first one as well, represented in green (last figure in the The defensive structure of the Oradea column). In fig.6 is presented the study of fortress is analysed in figure 5. One can the fortress today-stage, and an epoch notice that the fortification consist of 2 stamp (16th century). Notice in fig.7,8,9 the fortified pentagonal precincts (fig.5 upper way the system works. In those figures is right)- the red pentagon that represents the analysed the different types of fire.
48 Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Sustainability, Cultural Sustainability, Green Development Green Structures and Clean Cars
Fig.6. Present study of the Oradea Fortress and its representation in an epoch stamp.
Fig.7. Carrying out the cross fire and flanking fire from the lateral flanks and bastions.
Fig.5. Anallytic study of the component elements of Oradea Fortress Fig.8. Carrying out the cross fire from the lateral flanks of the bastion in combination with the cross-fire of the first precinct towers.
49 Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Sustainability, Cultural Sustainability, Green Development Green Structures and Clean Cars
the bastion was filled with earth. The main strong point of this type of fortification is to give up passive defence and adopt the active defence. The advantages of the Italian system are: usage of cross-fire, the adoption of the starred plan and the salient angle-sharp shape of the bastion which removes the dead angle of the medieval bastion in circular plan (fig.11).
Fig.9. The demonstration of the Italian geometrical pattern over the fortress ground-plane (the composition axis are represented in red and O1,O2,O3 are the centres of the geometrical plan of the fortress)
Fig.11. The demonstration of the dead- angle elimination in the Italian trace.
Fig.10. The demonstration of the Italian 3 Problem Solution geometrical trace of the bastion 5 with Reshaping the protection area is utterly explanation of the drawing method and the necessary for the rescue of the monument. component elements: AB,AC-bastion A simple restoration is not enough, if a flanks, CD,BF-bastion orillons, DE,FG-side method required for the revival and urban flanks. inclusion of the fortress can not be found. It is also important to acknowledge the value Figure 9 points out the concept of ideal of the monument since it is the only one of pentagonal fortification, the 3 geometrical this type in Romania, and the only example centres being collinear and equally apart of Renaissance military architecture of from one another. This manner in which a Italian type in Romania. ( there was another square bastioned fortification built on the bastion was built (it has an identical pattern th for all 5 bastions), is represented in fig.10. Italian system al Alba Iulia, but in the 18 The cannons could be placed in two ways:- century was part-demolish and included 1 one the bastion platform, fireing from the inside the modern Vauban-type fortification the parapet, or 2- inside the bastion, but of Alba-Iulia- Carolina Fortress). only in lateral flanks, in order to create a flanking-fire for the curtain, and the rest of
50 Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Sustainability, Cultural Sustainability, Green Development Green Structures and Clean Cars
4 Conclusion: [3] Captain A.F.Lendy ELEMENTS OF In order to restore the citadel`s old look, FORTIFICATION: FIELD AND and to bring it to an acceptable shape, it is PERMANENT FOR THE USE OF necesarely to bring life inside it. You can`t STUDENTS,CIVILIAN AND bring life inside if is not restored properly. MILITARY.,LONDON John W Parker Knowing the past, helps you knowing to and son,West Strand 1857 restore the present and preserve it for the [4] Gheorghiu Teodor Octavian, Realităţi future. This case in particular is the single şi perspective în cercetarea, protecţia şi one in Romania, so it is necesarelly to save reabilitarea locuirii tradiţionale din Banat, the monument asap. A quick, fast and în “Circulaţia influenţelor culturale professional intervention is required. reciproce între români şi saşi în sud- This paper explains the building estul Transilvaniei, reflectată în method of Oradea Fortress and why it does arhitectura vernaculară şi evoluţia belong to the Italian School, and it contemporană a satelor din judeţele demonstrates the concept and analyses the Sibiu şi Braşov”, Universitatea de reconversion and resquing possibilities of Arhitectura şi Urbanism “Ion Mincu” this monument; this act can only be made Bucureşti, 2004, 16 pag. ISBN 973- after a good knowledge of the monument 7999-22-3 past ant the way in which it was built. [5] BOIRET, Y. , 1983. La formation des architectes français aux tâches de la restauration des monuments anciens, in 5 Acknowledgements “International Meeting of Coordinators of The research works was based on the book Training in Architectural Conservation”, wrote by the author, and elements which UNESCO – ICCROM – ICOMOS Rome, 2- are part from some other private collections 4, XII, 1982 Rome. and Museum archives, from Romania. The [6] DI STEFANO, R., 1994. L’autenticità dei author would also like to thank to valori, in BARTHELEMY, J., BORSI, F., Prof.dr.ing. Stoian Valeriu, and CARBONARA, G., DI STEFANO, R., DE Prof.dr.arh.T. Octavian Gheorghiu for FUSCO, R., KRESTEV, T., LEMAIRE, providing historic material from their R.,MARCONI, P., PARENT, M., personal collection. ROGGERO, M.F., SILVA R,. In «Autenticità e patrimonio monumentale», in “Restauro”, This work was partially supported by the n. 129,p. 126. strategic grant POSDRU 6/1.5/S/13, (2008) [7] AA.VV., 2005. Che cosa è il restauro?, of the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social nove studiosi aconfronto, Marsilio editori, Protection, Romania, co-financed by the Venice. European Social Fund – Investing in [8] MERIMEE, P. , Lettres à Viollet – Le – Duc People. (1839-1879), byP. TRAHARD, Paris s.d., p. 215.4. CASIELLO, S., 1983. Restauri a Napoli nei primi decenni del‘900, in References: “Restauro” nn. 68-69, p. 42. [9] DI STEFANO, R., 1990. Metodologia [1] Valentin Capotescu., Arhitectura dell’intervento tecnico,in “Il consolidamento militara bastionara in Romania, vol 1 strutturale nel restauro architettonico”,ESI, Cetatea Timisoarei, Editura Bation, Naples, p. 33 – 34. Timisoara, Romania, 2008. [10] GENOVESE, R.A., 1994. Tecniche per il [2] J.B WHEELER , JOHN WILEY AND restauro. Note sulrilevamento SONS- A TEXT BOOK OF MILITARY fotogrammetrico, with an introduction by R. ENGENEERING for the use of the DiStefano, ESI, Naples, p. 7. CADETS OF UNITED STATES [11] GENOVESE, R. A., Tecniche per il restauro…, op.cit. , p. 8. MILITARY ACADEMY - NEW YORK 1894
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